title: A simple accurate chest-compression depth gauge using magnetic coils during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: This paper describes a new method for calculating chest compression depth and a simple chest-compression gauge for validating the accuracy of the method. The chest-compression gauge has two plates incorporating two magnetic coils, a spring, and an accelerometer. The coils are located at both ends of the spring, and the accelerometer is set on the bottom plate. Waveforms obtained using the magnetic coils (hereafter, "magnetic waveforms"), which are proportional to compression-force waveforms and the acceleration waveforms were measured at the same time. The weight factor expressing the relationship between the second derivatives of the magnetic waveforms and the measured acceleration waveforms was calculated. An estimated-compression-displacement (depth) waveform was obtained by multiplying the weight factor and the magnetic waveforms. Displacements of two large springs (with similar spring constants) within a thorax and displacements of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation training manikin were measured using the gauge to validate the accuracy of the calculated waveform. A laser-displacement detection system was used to compare the real displacement waveform and the estimated waveform. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between the real displacement using the laser system and the estimated displacement waveforms were calculated. The estimated displacement error of the compression depth was within 2 mm (<1 standard deviation). All ICCs (two springs and a manikin) were above 0.85 (0.99 in the case of one of the springs). The developed simple chest-compression gauge, based on a new calculation method, provides an accurate compression depth (estimation error < 2 mm).
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Hitachi Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandori
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Hitachi Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Hitachi Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010173:Palpation / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*