title: A near-infrared spectroscopy routine for unambiguous identification of cryptic ant species.
abstract: Species identification-of importance for most biological disciplines-is not always straightforward as cryptic species hamper traditional identification. Fibre-optic near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and inexpensive method of use in various applications, including the identification of species. Despite its efficiency, NIRS has never been tested on a group of more than two cryptic species, and a working routine is still missing. Hence, we tested if the four morphologically highly similar, but genetically distinct ant species Tetramorium alpestre, T. caespitum, T. impurum, and T. sp. B, all four co-occurring above 1,300 m above sea level in the Alps, can be identified unambiguously using NIRS. Furthermore, we evaluated which of our implementations of the three analysis approaches, partial least squares regression (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and random forests (RF), is most efficient in species identification with our data set. We opted for a 100% classification certainty, i.e., a residual risk of misidentification of zero within the available data, at the cost of excluding specimens from identification. Additionally, we examined which strategy among our implementations, one-vs-all, i.e., one species compared with the pooled set of the remaining species, or binary-decision strategies, worked best with our data to reduce a multi-class system to a two-class system, as is necessary for PLS. Our NIRS identification routine, based on a 100% identification certainty, was successful with up to 66.7% of unambiguously identified specimens of a species. In detail, PLS scored best over all species (36.7% of specimens), while RF was much less effective (10.0%) and ANN failed completely (0.0%) with our data and our implementations of the analyses. Moreover, we showed that the one-vs-all strategy is the only acceptable option to reduce multi-class systems because of a minimum expenditure of time. We emphasise our classification routine using fibre-optic NIRS in combination with PLS and the one-vs-all strategy as a highly efficient pre-screening identification method for cryptic ant species and possibly beyond.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin-Carl
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kinzner
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Herbert C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peskoller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Statistics and Computing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moder
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Floyd E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arthofer
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Birgit C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Schlick-Steiner
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Florian M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Steiner
keywords: Ants; Cryptic-species complex; Formicidae; Neural networks; One-vs-all strategy; Partial least squares regression; Random forests; Species identification tool; Tetramorium