title: Affective temperaments play an important role in the relationship between childhood abuse and depressive symptoms in major depressive disorder.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that various factors, such as genetic and environmental factors, contribute to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study is to clarify how multiple factors, including affective temperaments, childhood abuse and adult life events, are involved in the severity of depressive symptoms in MDD. A total of 98 participants with MDD were studied using the following self-administered questionnaire surveys: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measuring the severity of depressive symptoms; Life Experiences Survey (LES) measuring negative and positive adult life events; Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) measuring affective temperaments; and the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS) measuring childhood abuse. The data were analyzed using single and multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM). The neglect score reported by CATS indirectly predicted the severity of depressive symptoms through affective temperaments measured by TEMPS-A in SEM. Four temperaments (depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious) directly predicted the severity of depressive symptoms. The negative change in the LES score also directly predicted severity. This study suggests that childhood abuse, especially neglect, indirectly increases the severity of depressive symptoms through increased scores of affective temperaments in MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan. Electronic address: toda1973@ndmc.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan. Electronic address: tinoue@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Teppei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaesu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitaichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuken
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boku
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Human Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nibuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors.forename: Aihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North15, West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kusumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Affective temperament; Early life stress; Neglect; Stressful life event; Structural equation model; TEMPS-A