title: Nanomechanical responses of human hair.
abstract: Here we report the first ever studies on nanomechanical properties e.g., nanohardness and Young׳s modulus for human hair of Indian origin. Three types of hair samples e.g., virgin hair samples (VH), bleached hair samples (BH) and Fe-tannin complex colour treated hair samples (FT) with the treatment by a proprietary hair care product are used in the present work. The proprietary hair care product involves a Fe-salt based formulation. The hair samples are characterized by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) genesis line map, EDAX spot mapping, nanoindentation, tensile fracture, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The nanoindentation studies are conducted on the cross-sections of the VH, BH and FT hair samples. The results prove that the nanomechanical properties e.g., nanohardness and Young׳s modulus are sensitive to measurement location e.g., cortex or medulla and presence or absence of the chemical treatment. Additional results obtained from the tensile fracture experiments establish that the trends reflected from the evaluations of the nanomechanical properties are general enough to hold good. Based on these observations a schematic model is developed. The model explains the present results in a qualitative yet satisfactory manner.
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: aniruddha.chm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aniruddha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: mbmanjima7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manjima
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: sk_dalui@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Srikanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalui
authors.affiliation: Department of Ceramic Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India. Electronic address: megha.mamulu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Megha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: pradipsd@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Pradip Sekhar
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: dipak58c@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dipak Kr
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: saikat@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Saikat Deb
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: CavinKare Research Center, No.12 Poonamalee Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India. Electronic address: kalidaschemengiisc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sankar Kalidas
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sivaraman
authors.affiliation: CavinKare Research Center, No.12 Poonamalee Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India. Electronic address: shekhar.nath@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shekhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: ashok@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: jiten@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Jiten
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S C Mullik Road, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: anoopmukherjee@cgcri.res.in.
authors.forename: Anoop Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006197:Hair / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D036103:Nanotechnology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: Cortex; Cuticle; FESEM; Hardness; Medulla; Nanoindentation