title: Incidence, Spread and Mechanisms of Pyrethroid Resistance in European Populations of the Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB), Psylliodes chrysocephala L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major early season pest of oilseed rape throughout Europe. Pyrethroids have been used for controlling this pest by foliar application, but in recent years control failures have occurred, particularly in Germany due to the evolution of knock-down resistance (kdr). The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and spread of pyrethroid resistance in CSFB collected in Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom during 2014. The level of pyrethroid resistance was measured in adult vial tests and linked to the presence of kdr genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although kdr (L1014F) genotypes are present in all three countries, marked differences in pyrethroid efficacy were found in adult vial tests. Whereas Danish CSFB samples were in general susceptible to recommended label rates, those collected in the UK mostly resist such rates to some extent. Moderately resistant and susceptible samples were found in Germany. Interestingly, some of the resistant samples from the UK did not carry the kdr allele, which is in contrast to German CSFB. Pre-treatment with PBO, prior to exposure to λ-cyhalothrin suggested involvement of metabolic resistance in UK samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Danish samples were mostly susceptible with very low resistance ratios, while most other samples showed reduced sensitivity in varying degrees. Likewise, there was a clear difference in the presence of the kdr mutation between the three countries. In the UK, the presence of kdr genotypes did not always correlate well with resistant phenotypes. This appears to be primarily conferred by a yet undisclosed, metabolic-based mechanism. Nevertheless our survey disclosed an alarming trend concerning the incidence and spread of CSFB resistance to pyrethroids, which is likely to have negative impacts on oilseed production in affected regions due to the lack of alternative modes of action for resistance management purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorte H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Højland
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, Pest Control Biology, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nauen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003718:Denmark; D005858:Germany; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins