title: Polyphenolic Composition and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Osmotic Fragility and Cytotoxic Effects of Raphiodon echinus (Nees &amp; Mart.) Schauer.
abstract: Raphiodon echinus (R. echinus) is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, coughs, and infectious diseases. However, no information is available on the potential antioxidant, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this plant. In this study, the polyphenolic constituents, antioxidant capacity and potential toxic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. echinus on human erythrocytes and leukocytes were investigated for the first time. R. echinus extracts showed the presence of Gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic and ellagic acids, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. echinus exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 = 111.9 μg/mL (EtOH extract) and IC50 = 227.9 μg/mL (aqueous extract). The extracts inhibited Fe(2+) (10 μM) induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in rat brain and liver homogenates. The extracts (30-480 μg/mL) did not induce genotoxicity, cytotoxicity or osmotic fragility in human blood cells. The findings of this present study therefore suggest that the therapeutic effect of R. echinus may be, in part, related to its antioxidant potential. Nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to ascertain the safety margin of its use in folk medicine.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde-CCBS, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Pimenta, Crato CEP 63.100-000, CE, Brazil. duarte105@yahoo.com.br.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. duarte105@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Antonia Eliene
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. memypw@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Emily Pansera
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Waczuk
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. katianeroversi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katiane
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roversi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Botânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Pimenta, Crato CEP 63.100-000, CE, Brazil. arlene.pessoa@urca.br.
authors.forename: Maria Arlene Pessoa
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde-CCBS, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Pimenta, Crato CEP 63.100-000, CE, Brazil. lmarivando@hotmail.com.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. lmarivando@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Luiz Marivando
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde-CCBS, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Pimenta, Crato CEP 63.100-000, CE, Brazil. cunha.urca@gmail.com.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. cunha.urca@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francisco Assis Bezerra
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacologia e Química Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Pimenta, Crato CEP 63.100-000, CE, Brazil. irwin.alencar@urca.br.
authors.forename: Irwin Rose Alencar
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato CEP 63.105.000, CE, Brazil. galberto.martins@urca.br.
authors.forename: José Galberto Martins
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. alineboligon@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. aoademiluyi@futa.edu.ng.|Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria. aoademiluyi@futa.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Adedayo Oluwaseun
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ademiluyi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. kamdemjeanpaul2005@yahoo.fr.|Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre CEP 90035-003, RS, Brazil. kamdemjeanpaul2005@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kamdem
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. jbtrocha@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: João Batista Teixeira
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil. mariliseeb@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Marilise Escobar
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009996:Osmotic Fragility / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D004247:DNA
keywords: HPLC-DAD; Raphiodon echinus; antioxidant activity; phenolic acids