title: The role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle injury and regeneration: focus on antioxidant enzymes.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in skeletal muscle both during the rest and contractile activity. Myogenic cells are equipped with antioxidant enzymes, like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and heme oxygenase-1. These enzymes not only neutralise excessive ROS, but also affect myogenic regeneration at several stages: influence post-injury inflammatory reaction, enhance viability and proliferation of muscle satellite cells and myoblasts and affect their differentiation. Finally, antioxidant enzymes regulate also processes accompanying muscle regeneration-induce angiogenesis and reduce fibrosis. Elevated ROS production was also observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a disease characterised by degeneration of muscle tissue and therefore-increased rate of myogenic regeneration. Antioxidant enzymes are consequently considered as target for therapies counteracting dystrophic symptoms. In this review we present current knowledge regarding the role of oxidative stress and systems of enzymatic antioxidant defence in muscular regeneration after both acute injury and persistent muscular degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. m.kozakowska@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozakowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. katarzyna.pietraszek@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pietraszek-Gremplewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. alicja.jozkowicz@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jozkowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. jozef.dulak@uj.edu.pl.|Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. jozef.dulak@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dulak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: Catalase; Glutathione peroxidase; Heme oxygenase-1; Muscle regeneration; Reactive oxygen spices; Superoxide dismutase