title: Anti-inflammatory effects of the butanolic fraction of Byrsonima verbascifolia leaves: Mechanisms involving inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E(2) production and migration of polymorphonuclear leucocyte in vivo experimentation.
abstract: The leaves of Byrsonima verbascifolia (Malpighiaceae) are traditionally used to treat various diseases including inflammatory conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the polar constituents from the butanolic fraction of B. verbascifolia leaves (BvBF), as well as to investigate the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity. The polar constituents were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD–MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to obtain a complete chemical profile of the fraction. Forty-five compounds were detected in the BvBF by LC-DAD–MS/MS, including condensed tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids (flavones and flavonols) and other compounds. In addition, several condensed tannins were identified by MALDI-MS/MS, which are composed predominantly by procyanidin units (PCY) and up to six flavan-3-ol units. The BvBF exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The BvBF inhibited paw edema and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte migration to the footpad and pleural cavity induced by carrageenan. Furthermore, a minor dose (12.50 mg/kg) of BvBF effectively decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in the footpad. These findings suggest that the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action in the BvBF is linked to the inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and PGE2 and the PMN cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Aparecida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Saldanha
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Máximo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobotany and Medicinal Plants Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Hortência Fonsêca
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosy Iara Maciel
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: de Azambuja Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Martins
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Lopes
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 36307-352, São João del-Rei, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Carmo Horta
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Brentan
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Laboratory, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Brazil. Electronic address: adrianasouza@ufsj.edu.br.
authors.forename: Adriana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D000440:Butanols / Q000737:chemistry; D002351:Carrageenan; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D029581:Malpighiaceae / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000440:Butanols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002351:Carrageenan; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Byrsonima verbascifolia; Condensed tannins; Cytokines; Paw edema; Pleurisy