title: Prevention of meningococcal disease during the Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings: past and current measures and future prospects.
abstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has a long history of instituting preventative measures against meningococcal disease (MD). KSA is at risk of outbreaks of MD due to its geographic location, demography, and especially because it hosts the annual Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings. Preventative measures for Hajj and Umrah include vaccination, targeted chemoprophylaxis, health awareness and educational campaigns, as well as an active disease surveillance and response system. Preventative measures have been introduced and updated in accordance with changes in the epidemiology of MD and available preventative tools. The mandatory meningococcal vaccination policy for pilgrims has possibly been the major factor in preventing outbreaks during the pilgrimages. The policy of chemoprophylaxis for all pilgrims arriving from the African meningitis belt has also probably been important in reducing the carriage and transmission of Neisseria meningitidis in KSA and beyond. The preventative measures for Hajj and Umrah are likely to continue to focus on vaccination, but to favour the conjugate vaccine for its extra benefits over the polysaccharide vaccines. Additionally, the surveillance system will continue to be strengthened to ensure early detection and response to cases and outbreaks; ongoing disease awareness campaigns for pilgrims will continue, as will chemoprophylaxis for target groups. Local and worldwide surveillance of the disease and drug-resistant N. meningitidis are crucial in informing future recommendations for vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and treatment. Preventative measures should be reviewed regularly and updated accordingly, and compliance with these measures should be monitored and enhanced to prevent MD during Hajj and Umrah, as well as local and international outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: saber.yezli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yezli
authors.affiliation: The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bin Saeed
authors.affiliation: Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Assiri
authors.affiliation: Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rafat F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Alhakeem
authors.affiliation: Immunization Unit, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muslim A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.affiliation: Makkah Regional Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulhafiz M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Turkistani
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Booy
authors.affiliation: The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Badriah M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Alotaibi
mesh_terms: D003441:Crowding; D003710:Demography; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D014611:Vaccination; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate
keywords: Hajj; Mass gathering; Meningitis; Meningococcal disease; Prevention; Vaccine