title: Abundance and Biogeography of Picoprasinophyte Ecotypes and Other Phytoplankton in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean.
abstract: Eukaryotic algae within the picoplankton size class (≤2 μm in diameter) are important marine primary producers, but their spatial and ecological distributions are not well characterized. Here, we studied three picoeukaryotic prasinophyte genera and their cyanobacterial counterparts, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, during two cruises along a North Pacific transect characterized by different ecological regimes. Picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus reached maximum abundances of 1.44 × 10(5) and 3.37 × 10(5) cells · ml(-1), respectively, in mesotrophic waters, while Prochlorococcus reached 1.95 × 10(5) cells · ml(-1) in the oligotrophic ocean. Of the picoeukaryotes, Bathycoccus was present at all stations in both cruises, reaching 21,368 ± 327 18S rRNA gene copies · ml(-1). Micromonas and Ostreococcus clade OI were detected only in mesotrophic and coastal waters and Ostreococcus clade OII only in the oligotrophic ocean. To resolve proposed Bathycoccus ecotypes, we established genetic distances for 1,104 marker genes using targeted metagenomes and the Bathycoccus prasinos genome. The analysis was anchored in comparative genome analysis of three Ostreococcus species for which physiological and environmental data are available to facilitate data interpretation. We established that two Bathycoccus ecotypes exist, named here BI (represented by coastal isolate Bathycoccus prasinos) and BII. These share 82% ± 6% nucleotide identity across homologs, while the Ostreococcus spp. share 75% ± 8%. We developed and applied an analysis of ecomarkers to metatranscriptomes sequenced here and published -omics data from the same region. The results indicated that the Bathycoccus ecotypes cooccur more often than Ostreococcus clades OI and OII do. Exploratory analyses of relative transcript abundances suggest that Bathycoccus NRT2.1 and AMT2.2 are high-affinity NO3 (-) and low-affinity NH4 (+) transporters, respectively, with close homologs in multiple picoprasinophytes. Additionally, in the open ocean, where dissolved iron concentrations were low (0.08 nM), there appeared to be a shift to the use of nickel superoxide dismutases (SODs) from Mn/Fe/Cu SODs closer inshore. Our study documents the distribution of picophytoplankton along a North Pacific ecological gradient and offers new concepts and techniques for investigating their biogeography.
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.|Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudek
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.|Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monier
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.|Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Limardo
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.|Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Department of Math and Sciences, Florida State College at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Perle
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Elrod
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA.
authors.forename: J Timothy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA azworden@mbari.org.|Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Worden
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D060146:Ecotype; D056186:Metagenomics; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D058974:Phylogeography; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S