title: Complications and management of hyponatremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyponatremia causes significant morbidity, mortality, and disability. This review considers the literature of the past 18 months to improve understanding of these complications and to identify therapeutic strategies to prevent them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute hyponatremia causes serious brain swelling that can lead to permanent disability or death. A 4-6 mEq/l increase in serum sodium is sufficient to reverse impending herniation. Brain swelling is minimal in chronic hyponatremia, and to avoid osmotic demyelination, correction should not exceed 8 mEq/l/day. In high-risk patients, correction should not exceed 4-6 mEq/l/day. Inadvertent overcorrection of hyponatremia is common and preventable by controlling unwanted urinary water losses with desmopressin. Even mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with increased mortality, attention deficit, gait instability, osteoporosis, and fractures, but it is not known if the correction of mild hyponatremia improves outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlled trials are needed to identify affordable treatments for hyponatremia that reduce the need for hospitalization, decrease hospital length of stay, and decrease morbidity. Such trials could also help answer the question of whether hyponatremia causes excess mortality or whether it is simply a marker for severe, lethal, underlying disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Nephrology Division, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sterns
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin