title: Can the attention training technique turn one marshmallow into two? Improving children's ability to delay gratification.
abstract: The seminal Marshmallow Test (Mischel & Ebbesen, 1970) has reliably demonstrated that children who can delay gratification are more likely to be emotionally stable and successful later in life. However, this is not good news for those children who can't delay. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether a metacognitive therapy technique, Attention Training (ATT: Wells, 1990) can improve young children's ability to delay gratification. One hundred children participated. Classes of 5-6 year olds were randomly allocated to either the ATT or a no-intervention condition and were tested pre and post-intervention on ability to delay gratification, verbal inhibition (executive control), and measures of mood. The ATT intervention significantly increased (2.64 times) delay of gratification compared to the no-intervention condition. After controlling for age and months in school, the ATT intervention and verbal inhibition task performance were significant independent predictors of delay of gratification. These results provide evidence that ATT can improve children's self-regulatory abilities with the implication that this might reduce psychological vulnerability later in life. The findings highlight the potential contribution that the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model could make to designing techniques to enhance children's self-regulatory processes.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Rawnsley Building, MRI, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland 1 Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theakston
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Rawnsley Building, MRI, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK. Electronic address: adrian.wells@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D065786:Delay Discounting; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition; D012201:Reward; D012927:Social Control, Informal / Q000379:methods; D013663:Teaching / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Attention training; Children; Delay of gratification; Metacognition; Self-regulation