title: Design and characterization of human exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles in a pilot chamber study.
abstract: A number of literatures have documented adverse health effects of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and secondary sulfate aerosol and black carbon may contribute to health impacts of PM2.5 exposure. We designed an exposure system to generate sulfate and traffic soot particles, and assessed the feasibility of using it for human exposure assessment in a pilot human exposure study. In the designed exposure system, average mass concentrations of generated sulfate and soot particles were 74.19 μg/m3 and 11.54 μg/m3 in the chamber and did not vary significantly during two-hour human exposure sessions. The size ranges of generated sulfate were largely between 20 to 200 nm, whereas those of generated soot particles were in the size ranges of 50 to 200 nm. Following two-hour exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles, we observed significant increases in fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) in young and health subjects. Building on established human exposure system and health response follow-up methods, future full-scale studies focusing on the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM2.5 components would provide data in understanding the underpinning cardio-respiratory outcomes in relation to air pollution mixture exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlled exposure is a useful design to measure the biological responses repeatedly following particulate exposures of target components and set exposure at target levels of health concerns. Our study provides rational and establishes method for future full-scale studies to focus on examining the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM2.5 components.
authors.affiliation: a Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yitong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: a Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: a Peking University School of Public Health, Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: b College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: b College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: b College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: c Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen-HongKong Institution , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: c Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen-HongKong Institution , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shengji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luan
mesh_terms: D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001944:Breath Tests; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D053260:Soot / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053260:Soot; D013431:Sulfates