title: Clinical and pathological features of kidney transplant patients with concurrent polyomavirus nephropathy and rejection-associated endarteritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinicopathologic features of concurrent polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) and endarteritis due to rejection in renal allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched our electronic records database for cases with transplant kidney biopsies demonstrating features of both PVN and acute rejection (AR). PVN was defined by the presence of typical viral cytopathic effect on routine sections and positive polyomavirus SV40 large-T antigen immunohistochemistry. AR was identified by endarteritis (v1 by Banff criteria). All cases were subjected to chart review in order to determine clinical presentation, treatment course and outcomes. Outcomes were recorded with a length of follow-up of at least one year or time to nephrectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 94 renal allograft recipients who developed PVN over an 11-year period at our institution, we identified 7 (7.4%) with viral cytopathic changes, SV40 large T antigen staining, and endarteritis in the same biopsy specimen, indicative of concurrent PVN and AR. Four arose after reduction of immunosuppression (IS) (for treatment of PVN in 3 and tuberculosis in 1), and 3 patients had no decrease of IS before developing simultaneous concurrent disease. Treatment consisted of reduced oral IS and leflunomide for PVN, and anti-rejection therapy. Three of 4 patients who developed endarteritis in the setting of reduced IS lost their grafts to rejection. All 3 patients with simultaneous PVN and endarteritis cleared viremia and were stable at 1 year of follow up. Patients with endarteritis and PVN arising in a background of reduced IS had more severe rejection and poorer outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent PVN and endarteritis may be more frequent than is currently appreciated and may occur with or without prior reduction of IS.
authors.affiliation: Stephanie M McGregor, Anthony Chang, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.affiliation: Stephanie M McGregor, Anthony Chang, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: W James
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.affiliation: Stephanie M McGregor, Anthony Chang, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Stephanie M McGregor, Anthony Chang, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Stephanie M McGregor, Anthony Chang, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Shane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meehan
keywords: Acute rejection; BK polyomavirus; Kidney transplant; Polyomavirus nephropathy