title: Development and Initial Validation of the Activity Patterns Scale in Patients With Chronic Pain.
abstract: Several self-report measures were used to identify 6 activity patterns in chronic pain patients: pain avoidance, activity avoidance, task-contingent persistence, excessive persistence, pain-contingent persistence, and pacing. Instruments for assessing pacing should include 3 pacing behaviors (breaking tasks into smaller tasks, taking frequent short rests, slowing down), each of which relate to a single goal (increasing activity levels, conserving energy for valued activities, and reducing pain). This article presents the Activity Patterns Scale (APS), which assesses these 6 activity patterns. Study 1 included 291 participants with chronic pain, and tested 3 structures using confirmatory factor analyses. The structure with the best fit had 8 factors corresponding to the hypothesized scales. High correlations in the expected direction were found between the APS subscales and the "Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain." Study 2 included 111 patients with chronic pain, and aimed at examining the association between the APS subscales and adjustment to pain. It was found that that activity avoidance was associated with daily functioning and impairment. Negative affect was positively associated with activity avoidance and excessive persistence, and negatively associated with task-contingent persistence, which was also positively associated with positive affect. This study showed that the APS is a valid and reliable instrument for clinical practice and research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article presents a valid and reliable instrument to assess activity patterns in patients with chronic pain. The findings suggest that avoidance, persistence, and pacing are multidimensional constructs. Distinguishing between these dimensions sheds light on previous contradictory results and has direct clinical implications regarding recommending the most advisable activity patterns.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain. Electronic address: zarazaga@uma.es.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Maestre
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Clinical Psychological Science, Behavioural Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Madelon L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Serrano-Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Párraga
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: López-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Activity patterns; avoidance; chronic pain; pacing; persistence