title: Assessment of selected carbohydrate parameters in children exposed to gestational diabetes in utero.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to assess the selected carbohydrate parameters in children exposed to gestational diabetes in utero.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 children exposed to gestational diabetes were compared with 46 control subjects. Anthropometric parameters of a newborn were obtained from the medical records. In all participants height, body mass, waist and hip circumferences were measured; BMI, WHR and WHtR were calculated. Values of fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide and HbA1c were measured and HOMA2-IR, HOMA2-S, HOMA2-B were calculated. In obese children (BMI ≥95th percentile) OGTT was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of overweight/obesity in the study group was 38%, in the control group 41% (p=0.19). Higher fasting glucose level (p=0.02) and HbA1c (p=0.00004) were found in the study group comparing to the control. In children exposed to GDM in utero a positive correlation of fasting insulin and WHR (Rs=0.31, p=0.028) as well as significantly lower HOMA2-B (p=0.03) were observed. In the study group higher HOMA2-IR (p=0.0002) and HOMA2-B (p=0.0000039) and also lower HOMA2-S (p=0.0002) were observed among participants with overweight/obesity comparing to children with normal body weight. In the study group a correlation of HOMA2-IR and SD of the birth weight was found (Rs=0.28, p=0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children exposed to gestational diabetes in utero, in spite of similar prevalence of overweight/obesity comparing to their non-exposed peers, could have higher risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in future. Towards observed decreased insulin sensitivity and compensatory increase in insulin secretion, prevention of overweight and obesity in this group seems to be essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horodnicka-Józwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moleda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petriczko
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Safranow
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery and Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chojnacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery and Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gawrych
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygienae and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Mieczysław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walczak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human