title: Maintenance measures for preservation and recovery of permeable pavement surface infiltration rate--The effects of street sweeping, vacuum cleaning, high pressure washing, and milling.
abstract: The surface infiltration rates (SIR) of permeable pavements decline with time as sediment and debris clog pore spaces. Effective maintenance techniques are needed to ensure the hydraulic functionality and water quality benefits of this stormwater control. Eight different small-scale and full-scale maintenance techniques aimed at recovering pavement permeability were evaluated at ten different permeable pavement sites in the USA and Sweden. Maintenance techniques included manual removal of the upper 2 cm of fill material, mechanical street sweeping, regenerative-air street sweeping, vacuum street sweeping, hand-held vacuuming, high pressure washing, and milling of porous asphalt. The removal of the upper 2 cm of clogging material did not significantly improve the SIR of concrete grid paves (CGP) and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) due to the inclusion of fines in the joint and bedding stone during construction, suggesting routine maintenance cannot overcome improper construction. For porous asphalt maintenance, industrial hand-held vacuum cleaning, pressure washing, and milling were increasingly successful at recovering the SIR. Milling to a depth of 2.5 cm nearly restored the SIR for a 21-year old porous asphalt pavement to like-new conditions. For PICP, street sweepers employing suction were shown to be preferable to mechanical sweepers; additionally, maintenance efforts may become more intensive over time to maintain a threshold SIR, as maintenance was not 100% effective at removing clogging material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. Electronic address: rjwinsto@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden. Electronic address: Ahmed.al-rubaei@ltu.se.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Rubaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden. Electronic address: Godecke-tobias.blecken@ltu.se.
authors.forename: Godecke T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Blecken
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden. Electronic address: Maria.viklander@ltu.se.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viklander
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. Electronic address: wfhunt@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D003252:Construction Materials; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013548:Sweden; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D014867:Water; C006647:asphalt
keywords: Clogging; Low impact development (LID); Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP); Pervious concrete; Porous asphalt; Stormwater