title: Usage of gloves for hair shampooing in German hairdressing salons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational skin disease caused by wet work is particularly common in employees in hairdressing salons. The objective of this paper was to determine the frequency of glove use for hair shampooing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the usage of gloves for hair shampooing were collected by covert observations in four cross-sectional surveys of newly opened hairdressing salons located in Cologne. Measurements were conducted between 2009 and 2012. A team of five trained observers were involved in the measurements. As a second assessment method, salon owners of other newly opened salons from five districts of Germany were interviewed by telephone at three of the four measurement points. Trend analysis was performed with the Mantel-Haenszel test for trends and simple linear regression. Differences in proportions of glove use between the two assessment methods were compared by chi-squared tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 435 hair shampoos were observed and 630 salon owners interviewed. Gloves were worn in 14 % of the observed hair shampoos. Proportions of glove use differed significantly according to assessment measurement. Proportions of glove use assessed by covert observation increased from 10.5 % to 18.5 % (ptrend = 0.044) whereas the proportions obtained by telephone interview decreased over the study period from 84 % to 76 % (ptrend = 0.037). No trend was found for the intensity of glove use (ptrend = 0.204).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gloves were worn in less than 20 % of hair shampoos. This rate is much lower than values reported from other written or verbal surveys. Future measures for skin protection in hairdressing salons should take this into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Research, German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Health and Welfare Services, Pappelallee 33/35/37, 22089 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dulon
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Research, German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Health and Welfare Services, Pappelallee 33/35/37, 22089 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kähler
authors.affiliation: Society for Research and Consulting in the Health and Welfare Sector, Prälat-Otto-Müller-Platz 2, 50670 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirvel
authors.affiliation: Society for Research and Consulting in the Health and Welfare Sector, Prälat-Otto-Müller-Platz 2, 50670 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schlanstedt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP; CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nienhaus
keywords: Hairdressers; Occupational disease; Prevention; Skin disease; Wet work