title: The properties of the nano-minerals and hazardous elements: Potential environmental impacts of Brazilian coal waste fire.
abstract: Brazilian coal area (South Brazil) impacted the environment by means of a large number of coal waste piles emplaced over the old mine sites and the adjacent areas of the Criciúma, Urussanga, and Siderópolis cities. The area studied here was abandoned and after almost 30 years (smokeless visual) some companies use the actual minerals derived from burning coal cleaning rejects (BCCRs) complied in the mentioned area for industry tiles or refractory bricks. Mineralogical and geochemical similarities between the BCCRs and non-anthropogenic geological environments are outlined here. Although no visible flames were observed, this study revealed that auto-combustion existed in the studied area for many years. The presence of amorphous phases, mullite, hematite and other Fe-minerals formed by high temperature was found. There is also pyrite, Fe-sulphates (eg. jarosite) and unburnt coal present, which are useful for comparison purposes. Bad disposal of coal-dump wastes represents significant environmental concerns due to their potential influence on atmosphere, river sediments, soils and as well as on the surface and groundwater in the surroundings of these areas. The present study using advanced analytical techniques were performed to provide an improved understanding of the complex processes related with sulphide-rich coal waste oxidation, spontaneous combustion and mineral formation. It is reporting huge numbers of rare minerals with alunite, montmorillonite, szomolnokite, halotrichite, coquimbite and copiapite at the BCCRs. The data showed the presence of abundant amorphous Si-Al-Fe-Ti as (oxy-)hydroxides and Fe-hydro/oxides with goethite and hematite with various degrees of crystallinity, containing hazardous elements, such as Cu, Cr, Hf, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, Th, U, Zr, and others. By Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the mineralogical composition was related with the range of elemental concentration of each sample. Most of the nano-minerals and ultra-fine particles found in the burned coal-dump wastes are the same as those commonly associated with coal cleaning rejects, in which oxidation of sulphides plays an important role to environment and human health.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Civeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Ainara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gredilla
authors.affiliation: University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia Fdez Ortiz
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: de Vallejuelo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos L S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudete G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvio R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taffarel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kautzmann
authors.affiliation: University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Madariaga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: felipeqma@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Luis F O
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005390:Fires; D017745:Incineration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008903:Minerals
keywords: Burning coal cleaning rejects (BCCRs); Coal fires; Human exposure; Nano-minerals