title: β-Carbolines in alcohol-dependent intensive care patients during prophylactics and therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
abstract: The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether the naturally occurring beta-carbolines norharman and harman differed between alcohol-dependent patients who developed alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and those who did not. The secondary aim was to determine whether different treatment regimens influenced the levels of the beta-carbolines. Thirty chronic alcoholics with carcinoma of the upper digestive tract were included in this study. They were prophylactically treated by two different medical regimens: flunitrazepam and clonidine (FNZ regimen) and gamma-hydroxybutyrate and clonidine (GHB regimen). Patients exceeding the Revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale (CIWA-Ar) score of 20 were assigned to the AWS therapy group and received haloperidol in addition to their prevous prophylactic treatment. Patients without AWS remained in the prophylactic group. From days 1-4 of the intensive care unit (ICU) stay norharman, but not harman, was increased in the AWS therapy group. In the FNZ regimen, six of 16 patients (38%) and in the GHB regimen, nine of 14 patients (64%) developed AWS (p= 0.14). Norharman levels did not differ between the two regimens. However, harman levels were increased in the GHB treated regimen on days 1, 2 and 4 following admission to the ICU and correlated with the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. As norharman was elevated in the therapeutically treated ICU patients, this marker appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of AWS. As harman was elevated before and during hallucinations on the GHB regimen, it seems reasonable to carry out further investigations into the potential role of harman as a hallucinatory substance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morciniec
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lenzenhuber
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helling
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Runkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Abdominal, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of ENT, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Medical Centre, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rommelspacher