title: Predicting energy expenditure from photo-plethysmographic measurements of heart rate under beta blocker therapy: Data driven personalization strategies based on mixed models.
abstract: Energy expenditure have been often estimated using computational models based on heart rate (HR) and appropriate personalization strategies to account for users cardio-respiratory characteristics. However, medications like beta blockers which are prescribed to treat several cardiac conditions have a direct influence on the cardiovascular system and may impact the relationship between HR and energy expenditure during physical activity (AEE). This study proposes to estimate AEE from HR using mixed models (MIX-REG) by introducing a novel method to personalize the prediction equation. We selected as features to represent the individual random effect in the MIX-REG model those subject characteristics which minimized both estimation error (RMSE) and between-subjects error bias variability. Data from 17 patients post-myocardial infarction were collected during a laboratory protocol. AEE was measured using indirect calorimetry and HR using an innovative wrist worn activity monitor equipped with the Philips Cardio and Motion Monitoring Module (CM3-Generation-1), which is an integrated module including a photo-plethysmographic and accelerometer sensor. The presented method showed large AEE estimation accuracy (RMSE = 1.35 kcal/min) which was comparable to that of models personalized using data from laboratory calibration protocols (HR-FLEX) and was superior to multi-linear regression and MIX-REG models trained using a stepwise features selection procedure.
authors.forename: Alberto G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bonomi
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papini
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kraal
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stut
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: Hareld
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kemps
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000465:Algorithms; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists