title: A Pore Idea: the ion conduction pathway of TMEM16/ANO proteins is composed partly of lipid.
abstract: Since their first descriptions, ion channels have been conceived as proteinaceous conduits that facilitate the passage of ionic cargo between segregated environments. This concept is reinforced by crystallographic structures of cation channels depicting ion conductance pathways completely lined by protein. Although lipids are sometimes present in fenestrations near the pore or may be involved in channel gating, there is little or no evidence that lipids inhabit the ion conduction pathway. Indeed, the presence of lipid acyl chains in the conductance pathway would curse the design of the channel's aqueous pore. Here, we make a speculative proposal that anion channels in the TMEM16/ANO superfamily have ion conductance pathways composed partly of lipids. Our reasoning is based on the idea that TMEM16 ion channels evolved from a kind of lipid transporter that scrambles lipids between leaflets of the membrane bilayer and the modeled structural similarity between TMEM16 lipid scramblases and TMEM16 anion channels. This novel view of the TMEM16 pore offers explanation for the biophysical and pharmacological oddness of TMEM16A. We build upon the recent X-ray structure of nhTMEM16 and develop models of both TMEM16 ion channels and lipid scramblases to bolster our proposal. It is our hope that this model of the TMEM16 pore will foster innovative investigation into TMEM16 function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Jarred M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. criss.hartzell@emory.edu.
authors.forename: H Criss
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3393-1528
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hartzell
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000075369:Anoctamin-1; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: C476213:ANO1 protein, human; D000075369:Anoctamin-1; D018118:Chloride Channels; D002712:Chlorides; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010743:Phospholipids
keywords: Anoctamin; Calcium; Chloride channel; Phospholipid scrambling; Protein-lipid interactions; TMEM16