title: Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of adjuvanted Salmonella Typhimurium ghost vaccine against salmonellosis in chickens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmonella Typhimurium, a non-host-adapted Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, is capable of infecting a variety of animal hosts and humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study utilized the prime-booster immunization strategy using Salmonella Typhimurium-LTB (S. Typhimurium-LTB) ghost with the aim of inducing a robust immune response for the prevention of avian salmonellosis. In addition, the effect of Montanide(TM) ISA 70VG adjuvant on S. Typhimurium-LTB ghost vaccination was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 chickens were divided into three groups (n=25) for intramuscular immunization: group A (non-immunized control injected with sterile PBS), group B (immunized with S. Typhimurium-LTB ghost), and group C (immunized with S. Typhimurium-LTB ghost plus Montanide(TM) ISA70VG adjuvant).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with group A, the immunized chickens (groups B and C) exhibited increased titers of antigen specific plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA antibodies. In addition, group C showed enhanced induction of the humoral immune response compared to group B. The populations of splenic CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T-cells increased significantly in both immunized groups. In addition, increased mRNA expression of the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, and IL-2 were observed in S. Typhimurium antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from groups B and C chickens. Chickens from both vaccinated groups showed significant protection against virulent S. Typhimurium oral challenge compared to non-vaccinated chickens and a lower challenge strain count was recovered from the internal organs of group C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of S. Typhimurium-LTB ghost with or without Montanide(TM) ISA70VG adjuvant is capable of inducing protective immunity against the virulent S. Typhimurium infection in chickens.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Department of Veterinary Public Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University , Iksan Campus , Jeonju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chetan V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Jawale
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Department of Veterinary Public Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University , Iksan Campus , Jeonju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: John Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli
keywords: Poultry; Salmonella Typhimurium; bacterial ghost; chicken; vaccine