title: The Performance Analysis of the Map-Aided Fuzzy Decision Tree Based on the Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Algorithm in an Indoor Environment.
abstract: Hardware sensors embedded in a smartphone allow the device to become an excellent mobile navigator. A smartphone is ideal for this task because its great international popularity has led to increased phone power and since most of the necessary infrastructure is already in place. However, using a smartphone for indoor pedestrian navigation can be problematic due to the low accuracy of sensors, imprecise predictability of pedestrian motion, and inaccessibility of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in some indoor environments. Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) is one of the most common technologies used for pedestrian navigation, but in its present form, various errors tend to accumulate. This study introduces a fuzzy decision tree (FDT) aided by map information to improve the accuracy and stability of PDR with less dependency on infrastructure. First, the map is quickly surveyed by the Indoor Mobile Mapping System (IMMS). Next, Bluetooth beacons are implemented to enable the initializing of any position. Finally, map-aided FDT can estimate navigation solutions in real time. The experiments were conducted in different fields using a variety of smartphones and users in order to verify stability. The contrast PDR system demonstrates low stability for each case without pre-calibration and post-processing, but the proposed low-complexity FDT algorithm shows good stability and accuracy under the same conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geomatics, National Cheng-Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan. kwchiang@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kai-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geomatics, National Cheng-Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan. cacalut1690@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jhen-Kai
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Geomatics, National Cheng-Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan. tpp1114@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guang-Je
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Geomatics, National Cheng-Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan. seawing1984@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
keywords: fuzzy logic; indoor navigation; map aided; pedestrian dead reckoning; smartphone