title: PEO-generated Surfaces Support Attachment and Growth of Cells In Vitro with No Additional Benefit for Micro-roughness in Sa (0.2-4 μm).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), also known as micro-arc oxidation, is a promising electrochemical surface treatment technique for metals which has been used for the generation of various material surfaces and has been the focus of recent biomaterial research. It has been hypothesized that rough PEO surfaces should generally have properties that support cellular attachment and proliferation. However, this has not yet been demonstrated in systematically conducted studies. The present study investigated fibroblast cell proliferation and attachment to ground, electric discharge machining (EDM) and PEO-treated titanium surfaces differing in roughness and porosity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three surface variants with 'smoother', 'medium-coarse' and 'rough' surface topographies were generated by PEO and EDM on specimens of titanium alloy (with 6 wt% aluminum and 4 wt% vanadium) for comparison with more smoothly ground specimens. The in vitro effects on cellular attachment and proliferation were determined in 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and live/dead staining assays with L929 fibroblasts cultivated directly on the metal specimens. Cytocompatibility was determined in accordance with DIN 10993-5/-12 regulations by extract assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides cytocompatibility, all PEO specimens exhibited similar biocompatibility and attachment properties, with vital, spindle-shaped adherent cells growing on the surface, regardless of their surface topology. There were no significant differences in cellular proliferation between the different surfaces and negative controls (cells growing in cell-culture plates).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With no differences in cellular proliferation and attachment between PEO surfaces with different roughness, we find no evidence to support the notion that rougher PEO surfaces are more favorable for cellular growth of fibroblasts in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ol.jung@uke.de.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.affiliation: Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.affiliation: Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Porchetta
authors.affiliation: Meotec GmbH & Co. KG, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hiester
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Precht
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanken
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gröbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hartjen
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000379:methods; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D014025:Titanium; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine
keywords: PEO; Plasma electrolytic oxidation; cell adhesion; cell growth; roughness; surface topography