title: Utilization of deep eutectic solvents as novel mobile phase additives for improving the separation of bioactive quaternary alkaloids.
abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as novel mobile phase additives to improve chromatographic separation of four quaternary alkaloids including coptisine chloride, sanguinarine, berberine chloride and chelerythrine on a C18 column. DESs as a new class of ionic liquids are renewably sourced, environmentally benign, low cost and easy to prepare. Seven DESs were obtained by mixing different hydrogen acceptors and hydrogen-bond donors. The effects of organic solvents, the concentration of DESs, the types of DESs and the pH values of the buffer solution on the separation of the analytes were investigated. The composition of acetonitrile and 1.0% deep eutectic solvents aqueous solution (pH 3.3, adjusted with hydrochloric acid) in a 32:68 (v/v) ratio was used as optimized mobile phase, with which four quaternary alkaloids were well separated. When a small amount of DESs was added in the mobile phase for the separation of alkaloids on the C18 column, noticeable improvements were distinctly observed such as decreasing peak tailing and improving resolution. The separation mechanism mediated by DESs as mobile phase additives can be attributed to combined effect of both hydrogen acceptors and hydrogen-bond donors. For example, choline chloride can effectively cover the residual silanols on silica surface and ethylene glycol can reduce the retention time of analytes. The proposed method has been applied to determine BerbC in Lanqin Chinese herbal oral solution and BerbC tablet. Utilization of DESs in mobile phase can efficiently improve separation and selectivity of analytes from complex samples.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
authors.forename: Mingliang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China. Electronic address: wanyiqun@ncu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: hdqiu@licp.cas.cn.
authors.forename: Hongdeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013607:Tablets; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D013607:Tablets; D019343:Citric Acid; D014508:Urea; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D002794:Choline; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Choline chloride; Deep eutectic solvents; HPLC; Mobile phase additives; Quaternary alkaloids; Retention mechanism