title: Learning the Languages of the Chloroplast: Retrograde Signaling and Beyond.
abstract: The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process, termed retrograde signaling, regulates expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and yield. Recent advances have identified many signals and pathways-including carotenoid derivatives, isoprenes, phosphoadenosines, tetrapyrroles, and heme, together with reactive oxygen species and proteins-that build a communication network to regulate gene expression, RNA turnover, and splicing. However, retrograde signaling pathways have been viewed largely as a means of bilateral communication between organelles and nuclei, ignoring their potential to interact with hormone signaling and the cell as a whole to regulate plant form and function. Here, we discuss new findings on the processes by which organelle communication is initiated, transmitted, and perceived, not only to regulate chloroplastic processes but also to intersect with cellular signaling and alter physiological responses.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; email: kai.chan@anu.edu.au , suyin.phua@anu.edu.au , peter.crisp@anu.edu.au , ryan.mcquinn@anu.edu.au , barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kai Xun
authors.initials: KX
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; email: kai.chan@anu.edu.au , suyin.phua@anu.edu.au , peter.crisp@anu.edu.au , ryan.mcquinn@anu.edu.au , barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Su Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Phua
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; email: kai.chan@anu.edu.au , suyin.phua@anu.edu.au , peter.crisp@anu.edu.au , ryan.mcquinn@anu.edu.au , barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; email: kai.chan@anu.edu.au , suyin.phua@anu.edu.au , peter.crisp@anu.edu.au , ryan.mcquinn@anu.edu.au , barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McQuinn
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; email: kai.chan@anu.edu.au , suyin.phua@anu.edu.au , peter.crisp@anu.edu.au , ryan.mcquinn@anu.edu.au , barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pogson
mesh_terms: D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010788:Photosynthesis; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: abiotic stress; biogenesis; development; high light; photosynthesis; plastid