title: Tularaemia: clinical aspects in Europe.
abstract: Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium. Typically, human and animal infections are caused by F tularensis subspecies tularensis (type A) strains mainly in Canada and USA, and F tularensis subspecies holarctica (type B) strains throughout the northern hemisphere, including Europe. In the past, the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of tularaemia reported in the English medical literature were mainly those that had been reported in the USA, where the disease was first described. Tularaemia has markedly changed in the past decade, and a large number of studies have provided novel data for the disease characteristics in Europe. In this Review we aim to emphasise the specific and variable aspects of tularaemia in different European countries. In particular, two natural lifecycles of F tularensis have been described in this continent, although not fully characterised, which are associated with different modes of transmission, clinical features, and public health burdens of tularaemia.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Référence des Francisella, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, cedex 9, France; Université Grenoble Alpes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes, IMR 5163, Grenoble, France. Electronic address: mmaurin@chu-grenoble.fr.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maurin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; OIE Reference Laboratory for Tularemia, Budapest, Country.
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gyuranecz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D014406:Tularemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology*