title: Effects of Mirror Therapy in Stroke Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1: A Randomized Controlled Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of mirror therapy on upper limb motor functions, spasticity, and pain intensity in patients with hemiplegia accompanied by complex regional pain syndrome type 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Training and research hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with first-time stroke and simultaneous complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper extremity at the dystrophic stage (N=30).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both groups received a patient-specific conventional stroke rehabilitation program for 4 weeks, 5 d/wk, for 2 to 4 h/d. The mirror therapy group received an additional mirror therapy program for 30 min/d.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the scores of the Brunnstrom recovery stages of the arm and hand for motor recovery, wrist and hand subsections of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and motor items of the FIM-motor for functional status, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for spasticity, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 weeks of rehabilitation, both groups had significant improvements in the FIM-motor and VAS scores compared with baseline scores. However, the scores improved more in the mirror therapy group than the control group (P<.001 and P=.03, respectively). Besides, the patients in the mirror therapy arm showed significant improvement in the Brunnstrom recovery stages and FMA scores (P<.05). No significant difference was found for MAS scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with stroke and simultaneous complex regional pain syndrome type 1, addition of mirror therapy to a conventional stroke rehabilitation program provides more improvement in motor functions of the upper limb and pain perception than conventional therapy without mirror therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: secilvural@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Secil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pervane Vural
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Guldal Funda
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Nakipoglu Yuzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sezgin Ozcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demir Ozbudak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozgirgin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Complex regional pain syndromes; Hemiplegia; Pain; Rehabilitation; Therapeutics