title: Accumulation and depuration of trinitrotoluene and related extractable and nonextractable (bound) residues in marine fish and mussels.
abstract: To determine if trinitrotoluene (TNT) forms nonextractable residues in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and fish (Cyprinodon variegatus) and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to extractable TNT and its major metabolites, organisms were exposed to water fortified with (14)C-TNT. After 24 h, nonextractable residues made up 75% (mussel) and 83% (fish) while TNT accounted for 2% of total radioactivity. Depuration half-lives for extractable TNT, aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs) and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANTs) were fast initially (<0.5 h), but slower for nonextractable residues. Nonextractable residues from organisms were identified as ADNTs and DANTs using 0.1 M HCL for solubilization followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Recovered metabolites only accounted for a small fraction of the bound residue quantified using a radiotracer likely because of low extraction or hydrolysis efficiency or alternative pathways of incorporation of radiolabel into tissue.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA. Electronic address: guilherme.lotufo@usace.army.mil.
authors.forename: Guilherme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Belden
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Sciences, Northwestern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Shou-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mowery
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.affiliation: Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Center Pacific, 53475 Strothe Rd., San Diego, CA 92152, USA.
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007695:Killifishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D053834:Explosive Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene
keywords: Bound residue; Fish; Mussel; Nonextractable; Trinitrotoluene