title: Modeling and Validation of the Three-Dimensional Deflection of an MRI-Compatible Magnetically Actuated Steerable Catheter.
abstract: This paper presents the 3-D kinematic modeling of a novel steerable robotic ablation catheter system. The catheter, embedded with a set of current-carrying microcoils, is actuated by the magnetic forces generated by the magnetic field of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner.
  
  
  
  This paper develops a 3-D model of the MRI-actuated steerable catheter system by using finite differences approach. For each finite segment, a quasi-static torque-deflection equilibrium equation is calculated using beam theory. By using the deflection displacements and torsion angles, the kinematic model of the catheter system is derived.
  
  
  
  The proposed models are validated by comparing the simulation results of the proposed model with the experimental results of a hardware prototype of the catheter design. The maximum tip deflection error is 4.70 mm and the maximum root-mean-square error of the shape estimation is 3.48 mm.
  
  
  
  The results demonstrate that the proposed model can successfully estimate the deflection motion of the catheter.
  
  
  
  The presented 3-D deflection model of the magnetically controlled catheter design paves the way to efficient control of the robotic catheter for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
authors.forename: Taoming
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Nate Lombard
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Poirot
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seiberlich
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.forename: M Cenk
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cavusoglu
mesh_terms: D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*