title: Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma.
abstract: Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Zissler
authors.affiliation: Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esser-von Bieren
authors.affiliation: Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jakwerth
authors.affiliation: Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chaker
authors.affiliation: Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Weber
mesh_terms: D056151:Airway Remodeling; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D064307:Microbiota
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: allergic asthma; allergic rhinitis; epithelium; infiltrate; local biomarkers