title: Prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses.
abstract: Pigs are important intermediate hosts for generating novel influenza viruses. The Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have circulated in pigs since 1979, and human cases associated with EAH1N1 SIVs have been reported in several countries. However, the biologic properties of EAH1N1 SIVs are largely unknown. Here, we performed extensive influenza surveillance in pigs in China and isolated 228 influenza viruses from 36,417 pigs. We found that 139 of the 228 strains from pigs in 10 provinces in China belong to the EAH1N1 lineage. These viruses formed five genotypes, with two distinct antigenic groups, represented by A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 and A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013, both of which are antigenically and genetically distinct from the current human H1N1 viruses. Importantly, the EAH1N1 SIVs preferentially bound to human-type receptors, and 9 of the 10 tested viruses transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. We found that 3.6% of children (≤10 y old), 0% of adults, and 13.4% of elderly adults (≥60 y old) had neutralization antibodies (titers ≥40 in children and ≥80 in adults) against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 virus, but none of them had such neutralization antibodies against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 virus. Our study shows the potential of EAH1N1 SIVs to transmit efficiently in humans and suggests that immediate action is needed to prevent the efficient transmission of EAH1N1 SIVs to humans.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Huanliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Chuanling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Xijun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150070, China;
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150070, China;
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Qianyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Chunyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Chengjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China;
authors.forename: Zhigao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu chenhualan@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaoka
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China; kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu chenhualan@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Hualan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005289:Ferrets / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007157:Immunologic Surveillance; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013552:Swine; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D006388:Hemagglutinins
keywords: Eurasian lineage; H1N1; evolution; pandemic potential; swine influenza