title: Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with celiac disease (CD) might be at an increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to chronic inflammation and vitamin deficiency. However, epidemiologic studies attempting to investigate this risk have yielded inconsistent results. We conducted this meta-analysis with the aims to better characterize this possible association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies that reported odds ratio, relative risk, hazard ratio, or standardized incidence ratio comparing the risk of VTE in patients with CD versus participants without CD. Generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird was used to calculate the pooled risk ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 279 potentially relevant articles, four studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. We found a statistically significant increased risk of VTE among patients with CD with the pooled risk ratio of 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.53). The statistical heterogeneity was moderate with an I(2) of 69%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significantly increased risk of VTE among patients with CD was demonstrated in this meta-analysis. Further studies are required to clarify how this risk should be addressed in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.|Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Patompong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ungprasert
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Karn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wijarnpreecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pansakorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tanratana
mesh_terms: D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000150:complications; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: celiac disease; epidemiology; meta-analysis; venous thromboembolism