title: HTLV-1, Immune Response and Autoimmunity.
abstract: Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (PET/HAM) is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). The development of HTLV-1-driven autoimmunity is hypothesized to rely on molecular mimicry, because virus-like particles can trigger an inflammatory response. However, HTLV-1 modifies the behavior of CD4⁺ T cells on infection and alters their cytokine production. A previous study showed that in patients infected with HTLV-1, the activity of regulatory CD4⁺ T cells and their consequent expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are altered. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying changes in cytokine release leading to the loss of tolerance and development of autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil. juarez@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Juarez A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Quaresma
authors.affiliation: Science Health Institute, Federal University of Pará, Praça Camilo Salgado, 1, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil. gyoshikawa@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Gilberto T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil. robertakoyamareumato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roberta V L
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil. georgealbertodias@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: George A S
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil. satomifujihara@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil. hellenfuzii@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hellen T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Fuzii
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans
keywords: Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); autoimmunity; immune response