title: Cooperation between non-relatives in a primitively eusocial paper wasp, Polistes dominula.
abstract: In cooperatively breeding vertebrates, the existence of individuals that help to raise the offspring of non-relatives is well established, but unrelated helpers are less well known in the social insects. Eusocial insect groups overwhelmingly consist of close relatives, so populations where unrelated helpers are common are intriguing. Here, we focus on Polistes dominula-the best-studied primitively eusocial wasp, and a species in which nesting with non-relatives is not only present but frequent. We address two major questions: why individuals should choose to nest with non-relatives, and why such individuals participate in the costly rearing of unrelated offspring. Polistes dominula foundresses produce more offspring of their own as subordinates than when they nest independently, providing a potential explanation for co-founding by non-relatives. There is some evidence that unrelated subordinates tailor their behaviour towards direct fitness, while the role of recognition errors in generating unrelated co-foundresses is less clear. Remarkably, the remote but potentially highly rewarding chance of inheriting the dominant position appears to strongly influence behaviour, suggesting that primitively eusocial insects may have much more in common with their social vertebrate counterparts than has commonly been thought.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK j.field@sussex.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
authors.forename: Ellouise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leadbeater
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D012919:Social Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance; D014863:Wasps / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Polistes; cooperative breeding; direct fitness; eusocial; inheritance; social wasps