title: Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study of rhesus optic nerve radiation injury caused by a single dose/fractionation scheme stereotactic radiosurgery at an early stage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is a devastating late complication of radiotherapy. However, research on the imaging performance of RION is not sufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) early after injury of the optic nerve of rhesus monkeys by a single-dose/fractionation-scheme of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The intraorbital optic nerve contour of 5 rhesus monkeys was acquired by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Then, the unilateral intraorbital optic nerves of 5 rhesus monkeys were injured by gamma knife surgery (GKS) with a single-dose/fractionation scheme (marginal dose of 15Gy, 50% isodose curve). DTI was performed before the irradiation and 1week, 2weeks, 4weeks, and 24weeks after injury to obtain the cross-sectional area, and the fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-sectional area of the injured optic nerve exhibited significant atrophy 24weeks after SRS. FA declined 1week after injury; this value then increased slightly but remained lower than before injury (P<0.05). AD began to decline in the 2weeks after injury and gradually disappeared (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRS with a single-dose/fractionation scheme (marginal dose of 15Gy, 50% isodose curve) on the unilateral intraorbital optic nerve can induce RION. DTI can detect RION at an early stage. FA and AD are useful indicators for RION diagnosis. In the early stage, the primary site of RION may be the vascular endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yue Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China. Electronic address: chenjing6811@126.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Diffusion tensor imaging; Radiation-induced optic neuropathy; Radiosurgery; Rhesus monkeys