title: Effects of cryotherapy combined with therapeutic ultrasound on oxidative stress and tissue damage after musculoskeletal contusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the combined effects of cryotherapy and pulsed ultrasound therapy (PUT) on oxidative stress parameters, tissue damage markers and systemic inflammation after musculoskeletal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, lesion, cryotherapy, PUT, and cryotherapy+PUT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gastrocnemius muscle was injured by mechanical crushing. Cryotherapy was applied immediately after injury (immersion in water at 10°C for 20minutes). PUT was commenced 24hours after injury (1MHz, 0.4W/cm2SPTA, 20% duty cycle, 5minutes). All animals were treated every 8hours for 3 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxidative stress in muscle was evaluated by concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), anti-oxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and catalase. Plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When applied individually, cryotherapy and PUT reduced CK, LDH, CRP and LPO caused by muscle damage. Cryotherapy+PUT in combination maintained the previous results, caused a reduction in ROS [P=0.005, mean difference -0.9×10-8relative area, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.2 to -1.9], and increased ACAP {P=0.007, mean difference 0.34 1/[relative area with/without 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride], 95% CI 0.07 to 0.61} and catalase (P=0.002, mean difference 0.41units/mg protein, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.73) compared with the lesion group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryotherapy+PUT in combination reduced oxidative stress in muscle, contributing to a reduction in adjacent damage and tissue repair.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Franciscan University Center, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Rossato
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: l.signori@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: L U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Signori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D003288:Contusions / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Physical therapy modalities; Rehabilitation; Skeletal muscle; Ultrasonic therapy