title: Vortex- and CO2 -gas-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with salt addition for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furanic compounds in concentrated juices and dried fruits.
abstract: A novel microextraction method based on vortex- and CO2 -assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with salt addition for the isolation of furanic compounds (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, 3-furaldehyde, 2-furoic and 3-furoic acids) was developed. Purging the sample with CO2 was applied after vortexing to enhance the phase separation and mass transfer of the analytes. The optimum extraction conditions were: extraction solvent (volume), propyl acetate (125 μL); sample pH, 2.4; vortexing time, 45 s; salt concentration, 25% w/v and purging time, 5 min. The analytes were separated using an ODS Hypersil C18 column (250×4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm) under gradient flow. The proposed method showed good linearities (r(2) >0.999), low detection limits (0.08-1.9 μg/L) and good recoveries (80.7-122%). The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of the furanic compounds in concentrated juice (mango, date, orange, pomegranate, roselle, mangosteen and soursop) and dried fruit (prune, date and apricot paste) samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nur-Bahiyah
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Abu-Bakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makahleh
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Bahruddin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C039281:furan
keywords: Furanic compounds; High-performance liquid chromatography; Liquid-liquid microextraction; Vortex