title: Turkish Scorzonera Species Extracts Attenuate Cytokine Secretion via Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Showing Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Vitro.
abstract: Scorzonera species are used in different folk medicines to combat many diseases, including the illnesses connected with inflammation. Previous experiments showed anti-inflammatory activity of Scorzonera extracts in vivo. S. latifolia, S. cana var. jacquiniana, S. tomentosa, S. mollis ssp. szowitsii, S. eriophora, S. incisa, S. cinerea, and S. parviflora extracts were, therefore, evaluated for their inhibitory activities of TNF-α and IL-1β production, and NF-κB nuclear translocation in THP-1 macrophages. The HPLC analysis was carried out to elucidate and to compare the composition of these extracts. Major compounds of the tested extracts have been isolated using different chromatographic techniques and further tested for their inhibitory activities on TNF-α and IL-1β production. Several extracts showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in these in vitro tests. Results of HPLC analysis revealed chlorogenic acid as a compound present in all tested extracts. Hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside and rutin were also present in varying amount in some Scorzonera species analyzed. Furthermore, eight phenolics which were identified as quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (1), hyperoside (2), hydrangenol-8-O-glucoside (3), swertisin (4), 7-methylisoorientin (5), 4,5-O-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid (6), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (7), and chlorogenic acid (8) have been isolated as major phenolic compounds of the tested extracts and, together with eight terpenoids (9-16) previously obtained from different Scorzonera species, have been tested for the inhibition of TNF-α production, unfortunately with no activity comparable with standard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. bahadir-ozlem@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Bahadır Acikara
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic. hosekj@vfu.cz.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hošek
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic. babulap@vfu.cz.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Babula
authors.affiliation: Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic. cvacka@uochb.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cvačka
authors.affiliation: NMR Laboratory, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic. budesinsky@uochb.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Miloš
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budešínský
authors.affiliation: NMR Laboratory, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic. dracinsky@uochb.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dračinský
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. gulcin.saltan@pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Gülçin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saltan İşcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic. danniives@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kadlecová
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia. ludmila.ballova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballová
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. karel.mejkal@post.cz.|Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic. karel.mejkal@post.cz.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Šmejkal
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D031186:Scorzonera / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: IL-1β; NF-κB; Scorzonera; TNF-α; anti-inflammatory activity; phenolic; triterpen