title: Haptic Communication in Collaborative Virtual Environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the interaction between haptic and verbal communication, we quantified the relative effect of verbal, haptic, and haptic-plus-verbal feedback in a collaborative virtual pointing task.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) provide a medium for interaction among remote participants. Better understanding of the role of haptic feedback as a supplement to verbalization can improve the design of CVEs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six participants were randomly paired into 18 dyads to complete a 2-D pointing task in a CVE. In a mixed experimental design, participants completed the task in three communication conditions: haptic only (H), verbal only (V), and haptic plus verbal (HV). The order of the conditions presented to the participants was counterbalanced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time to task completion, path length, overshoot, and root mean square error were analyzed. Overall, performance in the V and HV conditions was significantly better than in the H condition. H was the least efficient communication channel but elicited response with the shortest reaction time. When verbalization was not available, the use of the haptic device was more likely to be exaggerated to ensure information transmission. When verbalization was used, participants converged on the use of a Cartesian coordinate system for communicating spatial information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haptic communication can be used to complete a collaborative virtual task but is less efficient than verbal communication. A training period may help to improve the efficiency of haptic communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results can be used to design remote collaboration tasks incorporating haptic components and for improving the design of CVEs that support haptic communication.
authors.affiliation: Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Université d'Évry Val d'Essonne, Évry, France.
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chellali
authors.affiliation: Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio caroline.cao@wright.edu.
authors.forename: Caroline G L
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: computer-supported collaborations; multimodality; team collaboration; team communication; virtual environments