title: Predictors of Long-Term Change in Adult Cognitive Performance: Systematic Review and Data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several social life events and challenges have an impact on cognitive development. Our goal was to analyze the predictors of change in cognitive performance in early midlife in a general population sample. Additionally, systematic literature review was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample was drawn from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 at the ages of 34 and 43 years. Primary school performance, sociodemographic factors and body mass index (BMI) were used to predict change in cognitive performance measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, Visual Object Learning Test, and Abstraction Inhibition and Working Memory task. Analyses were weighted by gender and education, and p-values were corrected for multiple comparisons using Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (B-H).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male gender predicted decrease in episodic memory. Poor school marks of practical subjects, having no children, and increase in BMI were associated with decrease in episodic memory, though non-significantly after B-H. Better school marks, and higher occupational class were associated with preserved performance in visual object learning. Higher vocational education predicted preserved performance in visual object learning test, though non-significantly after B-H. Likewise, having children predicted decreased performance in executive functioning but non-significantly after B-H.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent cognitive ability, change in BMI and several sociodemographic factors appear to predict cognitive changes in early midlife. The key advantage of present study is the exploration of possible predictors of change in cognitive performance among general population in the early midlife, a developmental period that has been earlier overlooked.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rannikko
authors.affiliation: b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|c Center for Life Course Health Research , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jääskeläinen
authors.affiliation: b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|c Center for Life Course Health Research , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miettunen
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychiatry , Weill Cornell Medical College , White Plains , NY USA.
authors.forename: Anthony O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|e Department of Psychiatry , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: f Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.|g Department of Neurology , Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Remes
authors.affiliation: h Department of Psychiatry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.|i University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , Cambridge , UK.
authors.forename: Graham K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|e Department of Psychiatry , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Anja P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Husa
authors.affiliation: c Center for Life Course Health Research , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|j Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College , London , UK.|k Biocenter Oulu , University of Oulu , Oulu ¸ Finland.|l Unit of Primary Care , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.|m Department of Children and Young People and Families , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Marjo-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Järvelin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|e Department of Psychiatry , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isohanni
authors.affiliation: b Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|c Center for Life Course Health Research , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|e Department of Psychiatry , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.|n Department of Diagnostic Radiology , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Birth Cohort.; Cognitive ability; Follow-up; Middle age; Predictor