title: Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots.
abstract: The Juan Fernández and Desventuradas islands are among the few oceanic islands belonging to Chile. They possess a unique mix of tropical, subtropical, and temperate marine species, and although close to continental South America, elements of the biota have greater affinities with the central and south Pacific owing to the Humboldt Current, which creates a strong biogeographic barrier between these islands and the continent. The Juan Fernández Archipelago has ~700 people, with the major industry being the fishery for the endemic lobster, Jasus frontalis. The Desventuradas Islands are uninhabited except for a small Chilean military garrison on San Félix Island. We compared the marine biodiversity of these islands across multiple taxonomic groups. At San Ambrosio Island (SA), in Desventuradas, the laminarian kelp (Eisenia cokeri), which is limited to Desventuradas in Chile, accounted for >50% of the benthic cover at wave exposed areas, while more sheltered sites were dominated by sea urchin barrens. The benthos at Robinson Crusoe Island (RC), in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, comprised a diverse mix of macroalgae and invertebrates, a number of which are endemic to the region. The biomass of commercially targeted fishes was >2 times higher in remote sites around RC compared to sheltered locations closest to port, and overall biomass was 35% higher around SA compared to RC, likely reflecting fishing effects around RC. The number of endemic fish species was extremely high at both islands, with 87.5% of the species surveyed at RC and 72% at SA consisting of regional endemics. Remarkably, endemics accounted for 99% of the numerical abundance of fishes surveyed at RC and 96% at SA, which is the highest assemblage-level endemism known for any individual marine ecosystem on earth. Our results highlight the uniqueness and global significance of these biodiversity hotspots exposed to very different fishing pressures.
authors.affiliation: Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.|Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Estudis Avançats (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Caselle
authors.affiliation: Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile.|Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.|Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile.|Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Coquimbo, Chile.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Gaymer
authors.affiliation: FisioAqua, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alvaro T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: FisioAqua, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varas
authors.affiliation: OCEANA, SA, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz Wilson
authors.affiliation: Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sala
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D018533:Biomass; D002677:Chile; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology; D062312:Islands; D013045:Species Specificity