title: Toxicity and resistance of field collected Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) against insect growth regulator insecticides.
abstract: The house fly, Musca domestica, is a serious pest of public health importance with the ability to develop insecticide resistance. The focus of the present study was to evaluate toxicity and resistance of the field collected house flies from Punjab, Pakistan, against insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides. House flies collected from six different localities exhibited very low levels of resistance to cyromazine, triflumuron, and methoxyfenozide compared with the Lab-susceptible reference strain, with resistance ratios (RRs) ranging between 3.56- to 8.19-fold, 1.45- to 3.68-fold, and 2.20- to 8.60-fold, respectively. However, very low to low levels of resistance were observed for pyriproxyfen and very low to moderate levels for lufenuron with RRs ranged from 4.13- to 11.63-fold to 8.57- to 22.75-fold, respectively. There was a significant correlation between RRs of cyromazine and triflumuron (r = 0.976, p < 0.001), suggesting the possibility for cross-resistance. Susceptibility status of different IGRs in Pakistani strains of house flies is reported here for the first time. The trend observed in decreasing susceptibility towards different IGR insecticides tested will continue unless resistance management practices are followed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. azharnaturalist@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hafiz Azhar Ali
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafeez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010154:Pakistan
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones
keywords: Biorational insecticides; Dairy pest management; House flies; Insecticide resistance