title: Sentinel model for influenza A virus monitoring in free-grazing ducks in Thailand.
abstract: Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause influenza in birds and mammals. In Thailand, free-grazing ducks are known IAV reservoirs and can spread viruses through frequent movements in habitats they share with wild birds. In this study, the sentinel model for IAV monitoring was conducted over 4 months in two free-grazing duck flocks. IAV subtypes H4N6 (n=1) and H3N8 (n=5) were isolated from sentinel ducks at the ages of 13 and 15 weeks. Clinical signs of depression and ocular discharge were observed in the infected ducks. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic characterization of the isolated IAVs indicated that all Thai IAVs were clustered in the Eurasian lineage and pose low pathogenic avian influenza characteristics. Serological analysis found that antibodies against IAVs could be detected in the ducks since 9-weeks-old. In summary, our results indicate that the sentinel model can be used for IAV monitoring in free-grazing duck flocks. Since free-grazing ducks are potential reservoirs and transmitters of IAVs, routine IAV surveillance in free-grazing duck flocks can be beneficial for influenza prevention and control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supanat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonyapisitsopa
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supassama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaiyawong
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nutthawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nonthabenjawan
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Waleemas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jairak
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Duangduean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prakairungnamthip
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Napawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bunpapong
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: alongkorn.a@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Alongkorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amonsin
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004372:Ducks; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Free-grazing duck; Influenza A; Sentinel; Thailand