title: The Influence of Low Salivary Flow Rates on the Absorption of a Sublingual Fentanyl Citrate Formulation for Breakthrough Cancer Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salivary gland hypofunction may affect the absorption of drugs through the oral mucosa, which in turn may affect their clinical efficacy (e.g., onset of action).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of a sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet (Abstral, Prostrakan Inc.) in a group of cancer patients with salivary gland hypofunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine cancer patients with salivary gland hypofunction underwent a series of three pharmacokinetic studies with the sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet. In the first phase, the patients received no pretreatment; in the second phase, the patients were allowed to moisten the oral cavity before dosing; in the third phase, the patients were given pilocarpine hydrochloride (saliva stimulant) before dosing. Fentanyl concentrations were measured using a method of high-performance liquid chromatography with validated tandem mass spectrometric detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Tmax was longer, the Cmax was lower, the AUC0-30 lower, and the AUClast lower in the phase involving no pretreatment; the Tmax/Cmax/AUC0-30/AUClast were similar in the phase involving moistening of the oral cavity and the phase involving giving pilocarpine hydrochloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of the sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet appear to be negatively affected by the presence of salivary gland hypofunction, although the moistening of the oral cavity before dosing results in a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that seen with the giving of pilocarpine hydrochloride.
authors.affiliation: Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom. Electronic address: adavies12@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Mundipharma Research Ltd., Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mundin
authors.affiliation: Princess Alice Hospice, Esher, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vriens
authors.affiliation: Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.affiliation: Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.affiliation: Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waghorn
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001337:Autonomic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059390:Breakthrough Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000072716:Cancer Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001337:Autonomic Agents; D060766:Drinking Water; D010862:Pilocarpine; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: Breakthrough cancer pain; fentanyl; opioid analgesic; oral transmucosal route; salivary gland hypofunction