title: HUHS1015 Suppresses Colonic Cancer Growth by Inducing Necrosis and Apoptosis in Association with Mitochondrial Damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The newly-synthesized naftopidil analog HUHS1015 suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis of cells from a variety of cancer types. The present study was conduced to assess the effect of HUHS1015 on human colonic cancer cells and to clarify the underlying mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HUHS1015 reduced cell viability of Caco-2 and CW2 human colonic cancer cell lines in a concentration (0.3-100 mM)-dependent manner. HUHS1015 increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells in both cell lines. In flow cytometry using propidium iodide and annexin V, HUHS1015 significantly increased the populations of cells undergoing primary necrosis, early apoptosis, and late apoptosis/secondary necrosis in both cell lines. In the cell-cycle analysis, HUHS1015 increased the proportion of the sub-G1 phase of cell, which corresponds to apoptotic cells. HUHS1015 perturbed the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced the intracellular ATP level. HUHS1015 activated caspases 3, -4, -8, and -9, particularly caspase-3. HUHS1015 promoted cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. HUHS1015 significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice inoculated with CW2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HUHS1015 induces necrosis by lowering the intracellular ATP level in association with mitochondrial damage and caspase-dependent apoptosis. This occurs in part by stimulating cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to activate caspase-9 followed by the effector caspase-3, responsible for suppression of colonic cancer proliferation in the mouse xenograft model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan tomoyuki@hyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishizaki
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C586405:1-(2-(2-methoxyphenylamino)ethylamino)-3-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)propan-2-ol; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011412:Propanolamines; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases
keywords: HUHS1015; apoptosis; colonic cancer cell; necrosis