title: Mandibular angle split osteotomy based on a novel augmented reality navigation using specialized robot-assisted arms--A feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Augmented reality (AR) navigation, is a visible 3-dimensional display technology, that, when combined with robot-assisted surgery (RAS), allows precision and automation in operational procedures. In this study, we used an innovative, minimally invasive, simplified operative method to position the landmarks and specialized robot-assisted arms to apply in a rapid protyping (RP) model. This is the first report of the use of AR and RAS technology in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with prominent mandibular angle were randomly chosen for this feasibility study. We reconstructed the mandibular modules and created preoperational plans as semi-embedded and nail-fixation modules for an easy registration procedure. The left side of the mandibular modules comprised the experimental groups with use of a robot, and the right sides comprised the control groups without a robot. With AR Toolkits program tracking and display system applied, we carried out the operative plans and measured the error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were successfully treated in this study, but the RAS was more accurate and stable. The average position and angle were significant (p < 0.01) between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports a novel augmented reality navigation with specialized robot-assisted arms for mandibular angle split osteotomy. AR and RAS can be helpful for patients undergoing craniomaxillofacial surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
authors.forename: Yunyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Melia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogari
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Haisong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China. Electronic address: 13651817522@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; National Digital Manufacturing Technology Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Electronic address: lexie@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China. Electronic address: 13918218178@163.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Augmented reality; Computer-assisted surgery; Mandibular angle split osteotomy; Robot-assisted surgery