title: Identification of candidate synovial membrane biomarkers after Achyranthes aspera treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease whose main symptom is a heightened inflammatory response in synovial tissues. To verify the anti-arthritic activities of Achyranthes aspera and its possible therapy-related factors on the pathogenesis of RA, the saponins in A. aspera root were isolated and identified to treat the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Phytochemical analysis isolated and identified methyl caffeate, 25-S-inokosterone, 25-S-inokosterone β-D-glucopyranosyl 3-(O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-oleanolate, and β-D-glucopyranosyl 3-(O-β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→2)(O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-oleanolate as main compounds in the root of A. aspera. Proteomics was performed to determine the differentially expressed proteins in either inflamed or drug-treated synovium of CIA rats. Treatment resulted in dramatically decreased paw swelling, proliferation of inflammatory cells, and bone degradation. Fibrinogen, procollagen, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, and apolipoprotein A-I were all increased in inflamed synovial tissues and were found to decrease when administered drug therapy. Furthermore, Alpha-1-antiproteinase and manganese superoxide dismutase were both increased in drug-treated synovial tissues. The inhibition of RA progression shows that A. aspera is a promising candidate for future treatment of human arthritis. Importantly, the total saponins found within A. aspera are the active component. Finally, autoantigens such as fibrinogen and collagen could act as inducers of RA due to their aggravation of inflammation. Given this, it is possible that the vimentin and PDIA3 could be the candidate biomarkers specific to Achyranthes saponin therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in synovial membrane.
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China.
authors.forename: Xianghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Ximin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Xiaobao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yongzhuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China. Electronic address: tjk@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jingkui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D029044:Achyranthes / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002782:Cholestenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003094:Collagen / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D002782:Cholestenes; C100084:inokosterone; C042405:methyl caffeate; D003094:Collagen; C513196:PDIA3 protein, rat; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; C085868:PDIA3 protein, human
keywords: Achyranthes aspera; Rheumatoid arthritis; Saponins; Two-dimensional DIGE