title: New Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Polysilsesquioxane-Silica Particles as Sunscreens.
abstract: Effectiveness of organic sunscreens is limited by phototoxicity and degradation. Both of which can be significantly reduced by encapsulation in hollow particles or covalent incorporation into the solid structure of particles, but direct comparisons of the two methods have not been reported. In this study, physical encapsulation and covalent incorporation of sunscreens were compared with 1 mol % salicylate and curcumeroid sunscreens. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate was physically encapsulated in hollow silica nanoparticles prepared by oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion polymerizations (E-Sal). Some of these particles were coated with an additional shell or cap of silica to reduce leaking of sunscreen (cap-E-Sal). Covalent incorporation involved co-polymerizing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 0.2 mol % of new salicylate and curcuminoid sunscreen monomers with triethoxsilyl groups. Particles were prepared with the salicylate attached to the silica matrix through single silsesquioxane groups (pendant; P-Sal) and two silsesquioxane groups (bridged; B-Sal). Particles based on a new curcuminoid-bridged monomer were also prepared (B-Curc). Sunscreen leaching, photodegradation, and sunscreen performance were determined for the E-Sal, cap-E-Sal, P-Sal, B-Sal, and B-Curc particles. Covalent attachment, particularly with bridged sunscreen monomers, reduced leaching and photodegradation over physical encapsulation, even with capping.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tolbert
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Loy
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012459:Salicylates / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D011108:Polymers; D012459:Salicylates; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C569780:polysilsesquioxane; C103422:2-ethylhexyl salicylate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: hybrid organic inorganic particles; pendant versus bridged polysilsesquioxanes; sunscreen