title: Galloylated proanthocyanidins from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal have potent anthelmintic activity against Ascaris suum.
abstract: Proanthocyanidins (PA) from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal were investigated by thiolytic degradation with benzyl mercaptan and the reaction products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These PA were galloylated (≈40%), contained only B-type linkages and had a high proportion of prodelphinidins (>70%). The mean degree of polymerisation was 8 (i.e. average molecular size was 2384Da) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) was the major flavan-3-ol subunit in PA. Shea meal also proved to be a potentially valuable source for extracting free flavan-3-ol-O-gallates, especially EGCg (575mg/kg meal), which is known for its health and anti-parasitic benefits. Proanthocyanidins were isolated and tested for bioactivity against Ascaris suum, which is an important parasite of pigs. Migration and motility tests revealed that these PA have potent activity against this parasitic nematode.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, UK. Electronic address: aina.ramsay@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thamsborg
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mueller-Harvey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000187:drug effects*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D029791:Ericaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D005419:Flavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C404987:flavan-3-ol; D005707:Gallic Acid; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate
keywords: Anthelmintic; Ascaris suum; Galloylated; LC–MS; Proanthocyanidins; Shea meal; Thiolysis; Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae)