title: 14 Years of Polish Experience in Non-Invasive Prenatal Blood Group Diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood cell antigens may cause maternal alloimmunization leading to fetal/newborn disorders. Non-invasive prenatal diagnostics (NIPD) of the blood group permits the determination of feto-maternal incompatibility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate 14 years of blood group NIPD at the Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (IHTM) in Warsaw.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma DNA from 536 RhD-negative, 24 Rhc-negative, 26 RhE-negative, 43 K-negative, and 42 HPA-1a-negative pregnant women was examined by real-time PCR to detect RHD, RHCE*c, RHCE*E, RHCE*C, KEL*01 and HPA*1A, respectively. We tested for CCR5, SRY or bi-allelic polymorphisms and quantified the total or fetal DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of fetal antigen status prediction by NIPD in all but one case (false-positive result of KEL*01) were correct taking neonate serology as a reference. It was confirmed that all negative results of NIPD contained fetal DNA except for four cases where there was no difference between the parents' polymorphisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fetal genotype compatible with the mother was determined in 25% of all pregnancies tested at the IHTM for the fetal blood group. These cases were not at risk of disease, so it was possible to avoid invasive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orzińska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guz
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dębska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhrynowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Celewicz
authors.affiliation: 1th Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wielgo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brojer
keywords: Alloimmunization; Non-invasive prenatal diagnostics; Real-time PCR