title: Special article: Update on the magnetically controlled growing rod: tips and pitfalls.
abstract: Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) have become an important treatment option in young patients with spinal deformities. This device allows for gradual lengthening on an outpatient setting with continuous neurological monitoring in an awake patient. With its growing popularity and interest, this study reports the tips, pitfalls, and complications of the MCGR for management of scoliosis. On 3 June 2015 at the University of Hong Kong, 32 participants from 16 regions shared their experience with MCGR. Current indications for surgery include early-onset scoliosis patients. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis patients have less favourable outcomes. The number of instrumented levels should be minimised, as all instrumented levels must be included in the definitive fusion surgery. Rod contouring is important and owing to the straight portion of the rod housing the magnet, there is limited proximal rod portion for proper contouring, which may predispose to proximal junctional kyphosis. There is currently no consensus on the rod configuration, timing, frequency, technique, and amount of distraction. Risk factors for distraction failure include larger patients, internal magnets too close to each other, and magnets too close to the apex of the major curve. Future studies should resolve the issues regarding the technique of distraction, optimal frequency and amount of distraction per session. More comprehensive cost analyses should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jason Pui Yin
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopedic and Scoliosis Center, San Diego, California, United States.
authors.forename: Burt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yaszay
authors.affiliation: San Diego Center for Spinal Disorders, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Behrooz A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Akbarnia
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Kenneth M C
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059346:Magnets; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: complications; scoliosis; spine; ultrasonography