title: Noninvasive imaging in acute myocarditis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gold standard for diagnosing acute myocarditis is endomyocardial biopsy, but it is highly invasive and can result in serious complications. Noninvasive imaging has an essential role in the management of suspected acute myocarditis. In this article, we aim to review the role of various imaging techniques in acute myocarditis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newer methods such as strain and strain rate imaging using speckle tracking have emerged as an adjunctive echocardiographic parameter of myocardial dysfunction. The latest advancements in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques have allowed quantitative T1 and T2 mappings that aim to quantify the areas of edematous myocardium and also address some of the limitations of traditional techniques as viable tools. An automated method for calculating late gadolinium enhancement by CMR has been developed in recent years. 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET is increasingly being used to assist in the diagnosis of myocarditis associated with cardiac sarcoidosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography remains an essential and most commonly used initial investigation in suspected myocarditis. Due to the recent technological hardware and software advancements in CMR technology, CMR continues to occupy a pole position amongst all the other imaging modalities. The utility of cardiac computed tomography is less clear.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute bDepartment of Diagnostic Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bami
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dennie
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results