title: A cross-sectional examination of the correlates of current smoking among off-reserve First Nations and Métis adults: Evidence from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of current smoking among off-reserve First Nations and Métis adults, two Aboriginal Canadian groups that are at higher risk to smoke and more likely to suffer from chronic health conditions relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. A particular focus was on culturally specific factors and their associations with current smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from Statistics Canada's, 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey to investigate the correlates of smoking among 12,720 First Nations and Métis adults. Sequential binary logistic regression models were estimated to examine associations between smoking and culturally specific, demographic, geographic, socioeconomic and health-related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 39.4% were current smokers. Multivariate results found that those who had hunted, fished or trapped within the last year were more likely to be smokers. In addition, respondents who were exposed to an Aboriginal language at home or outside the home were more likely to be smokers. Current smoking was significantly associated with being aged 35 to 49 years, living in a small population center, low income, low education, unemployment, being unmarried, low ratings of self-perceived health, heavy drinking and low body mass index. Respondents aged 65 years and older and those living in British Columbia were less likely to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that it may be useful to consider cultural characteristics, particularly language in efforts to reduce the prevalence of manufactured tobacco use among First Nations and Métis adults. Interventions should also consider demographic, geographic and socioeconomic variables, in addition to co-occurring health-risk behaviors.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: cj2ryan@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: sleather@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Leatherdale
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Sociology and Legal Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: cooke@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aboriginal Canadian; First Nation; Indigenous; Métis; Smoking; Tobacco