title: Prevalence and clinical features of pigmented oral lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the relative prevalence, types, and clinical features of pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa in 1275 patients attending a university hospital for dental care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients attending dental clinics at The University of Jordan Hospital over a 1-year period were examined for the presence of oral pigmentations. Histopathological examination was performed on focally pigmented lesions with a suspicious or uncertain clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 386 (30.2%) patients were found to have oral pigmentations. Of these, racial pigmentation (39.9%) and smokers' melanosis (32.9%) were the most common causes of oral pigmentations. Other causes included amalgam tattoo (18.9%), focal melanotic macules (5.7%), postinflammatory pigmentation (1.6%), pigmentation due to medications or systemic disease (0.52%), heavy metal deposits (0.26%), and oral nevus (0.26%). Gingivae and buccal mucosae were the most common sites for oral pigmentations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pigmentations of the oral mucosa are common. Gingivae and buccal mucosae are the most common sites for oral pigmentations. Proper history and recognition of clinical features are important for effective management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Yazan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hassona
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Faleh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sawair
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Karadsheh
authors.affiliation: University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Crispian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scully
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008548:Melanosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009506:Nevus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D003723:Dental Amalgam