title: Copper metabolism domain-containing 1 represses the mediators involved in the terminal effector pathways of human labour and delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does Copper Metabolism MURR1 Domain 1 (COMMD1) play a role in regulating the mediators involved in the terminal processes of human labour and delivery?
  
  
  RESULTS
  COMMD1 plays a critical role in the termination of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and the control of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Inflammation and infection are the biggest aetiological factors associated with preterm birth. NF-κB drives the transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the terminal effector pathways of human labour and delivery. In non-gestational tissues, COMMD1 is a negative regulator of NF-κB-induced inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA and/or protein level of COMMD1 was assessed in myometrium (n = 8 per group) and fetal membranes (n = 8 per group) obtained from term non-labouring and labouring women at term, and fetal membranes (n = 8 per group) at preterm with and without histological chorioamnionitis. Primary human myometrial cells were used to determine the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on COMMD1 level, and the effect of COMMD1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) on pro-labour mediators. Statistical significance was ascribed to a P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COMMD1 expression was significantly decreased with spontaneous term labour in myometrium; in fetal membranes with histologically confirmed chorioamnionitis and in myometrial cells treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, the bacterial product fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide and the viral double stranded RNA analogue polyinosinic polycytidilic acid. Loss-of-function studies revealed an increase in inflammation- and infection-induced TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and/or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA abundance and/or release; and cyclo-oxygenase-2 mRNA level, release of prostaglandin (PG) F2α and mRNA level of the PGF2α receptor FP. In addition, siRNA knockdown of COMMD1 was associated with significantly increased NF-κB activation as evidenced by increased IL-1β-induced IκB-α protein degradation and NF-κB DNA binding activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusions are based on in vitro experiments with cells isolated from myometrium. Animal models, however, will be required to establish whether COMMD1 activators can prevent spontaneous preterm birth in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The control of COMMD1 activation may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for reducing the release of pro-labour mediators in spontaneous preterm labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Associate Professor Martha Lappas is supported by a Career Development Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; grant no. 1047025). Additional funding was provided by the Medical Research Foundation for Women and Babies and the Mercy Research Foundation. The author has no conflict of interest.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Level 4/163 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia mlappas@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappas
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009215:Myometrium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D047929:Term Birth / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C480519:COMMD1 protein, human; D004075:Diglycerides; C460864:FSL-1 lipoprotein, synthetic; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009842:Oligopeptides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C034671:prostaglandin F2alpha receptor; D015237:Dinoprost; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: fetal membranes; infection; inflammation; labour; myometrium