title: Distribution and Predictors of Pesticides in the Umbilical Cord Blood of Chinese Newborns.
abstract: Rates of pesticide use in Chinese agriculture are five times greater than the global average, leading to high exposure via the diet. Many are neurotoxic, making prenatal pesticide exposure a concern. Previous studies of prenatal exposure in China focused almost entirely on organochlorines. Here the study goals were to characterize the exposure of Chinese newborns to all classes of pesticides and identify predictors of those exposures. Eighty-four pesticides and 12 metabolites were measured in the umbilical cord plasma of 336 infants. Composite variables were created for totals detected overall and by class. Individual pesticides were analyzed as dichotomous or continuous, based on detection rates. Relationships between demographic characteristics and pesticides were evaluated using generalized linear regression. Seventy-five pesticides were detected. The mean number of detects per sample was 15.3. Increased pesticide detects were found in the cord blood of infants born in the summer (β = 2.2, p = 0.01), particularly in July (β = 4.0, p = 0.03). Similar trends were observed for individual insecticide classes. Thus, a summer birth was the strongest predictor of pesticide evidence in cord blood. Associations were more striking for overall pesticide exposure than for individual pesticides, highlighting the importance of considering exposure to mixtures of pesticides, rather than individual agents or classes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA. mksilver@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Monica K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China. shaojie@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. mjc1984@163.com.
authors.forename: Minjian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. yankaixia@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yankai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 41809, USA. blozoff@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lozoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA. meekerj@umich.edu.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Meeker
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000097:blood*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: China; cord blood; exposure assessment; infant; neonate; pesticides; pregnancy; prenatal