title: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of paritaprevir, a direct acting antiviral agent for hepatitis C virus treatment, with and without ritonavir in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paritaprevir is a direct acting antiviral agent for use as part of a multidrug hepatitis C virus infection treatment regimen. To characterize the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of paritaprevir and determine an optimal dosing regimen for subsequent evaluations, clinical studies were conducted with paritaprevir alone or with ritonavir, a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor anticipated to increase paritaprevir exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group studies were conducted in healthy volunteers (NCT00850044 and NCT00931281). Single dose study participants (n = 87) were randomized to one time administration of either paritaprevir or placebo, or paritaprevir with ritonavir or placebo. Participants (n = 38) enrolled in the multiple dose study received paritaprevir with ritonavir or placebo once or twice daily for 14 days. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study treatment periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After single or multiple dose administration, paritaprevir displayed non-linear pharmacokinetics, with maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve increasing in a greater than dose proportional manner. Concomitant administration of 100 mg ritonavir increased paritaprevir exposure from a 300 mg dose approximately 30- to 50-fold and extended paritaprevir half-life. The tolerability of paritaprevir was similar with or without ritonavir. Asymptomatic, transient increases in bilirubin were observed but were not associated with abnormalities in other liver function tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paritaprevir exhibits non-linear pharmacokinetics with greater than dose proportional increases in exposure after single or multiple dosing. Co-administration with ritonavir increases paritaprevir exposure and half-life without adversely influencing tolerability.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, AP31-3, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, AP31-3, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, R48U, AP-30, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Podsadecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biometrics, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, AP31-2, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064.
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, AP31-3, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, R4PD AP31-3, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Awni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013449:Sulfonamides; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D013449:Sulfonamides; D011392:Proline; D019438:Ritonavir; C585405:paritaprevir; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: 3D regimen; HCV genotype 1; direct-acting antiviral; hepatitis C; paritaprevir