title: Lipid peroxidation biomarkers in adolescents with or at high-risk for bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior work suggests that adult bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. This exploratory study examined markers of lipid and protein oxidation and inflammation in adolescents with and at varying risk for BD type I (BD-I).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was obtained from four groups of adolescents (9-20 years of age): (1) healthy comparison subjects with no personal or family history of psychiatric disorders (n=13), (2) subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis and at least one parent with BD-I ('high-risk', n=15), (3) subjects with at least one parent with BD-I and a diagnosis of depressive disorder not-otherwise-specified ('ultra-high-risk', n=20), and (4) first-episode patients exhibiting mixed or manic symptoms that received a diagnosis of BD-I (n=16). Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (LPH, 4-HNE, 8-ISO), protein carbonyl, and inflammation (IL-1α-β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, TNFα) were assessed using analysis of variance and covariance models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPH was lower in adolescents with fully syndromal BD than controls, while LPH levels in the at-risk groups were between healthy controls and fully syndromal BD. Post-hoc analysis showed a non-significant increase in the (4-HNE+8-ISO)/LPH ratio suggesting a potential conversion of LPH into late-stage markers of lipid peroxidation. There were no significant differences among protein carbonyl content and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adolescents, fully syndromal BD is associated with significant reductions in LPH levels, and LPH levels decrease along the spectrum of risk for BD-I. Quantifying lipid peroxidation in longitudinal studies may help clarify the role of LPH in BD risk progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto & Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scola
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Croarkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Jarrod M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leffler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geske
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Biernacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: DelBello
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto & Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ana.andreazza@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Andreazza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
keywords: Adolescent bipolar disorder; At-risk adolescents; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress markers