title: Doppler Echocardiographic Measurements in Normal Chinese Adults (EMINCA): a prospective, nationwide, and multicentre study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, available Doppler echocardiographic reference values are derived mainly from North American and European population studies, which may not applicable to the Chinese population. We aimed to establish normal reference values of Doppler echocardiographic parameters in a nationwide, population-based cohort of healthy Han Chinese adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1394 qualified healthy subjects (mean age 47.3 ± 16.0 years, 678 men) were enrolled at 43 collaborating laboratories, 37 transvalvular flow and tissue Doppler parameters were obtained, and the impacts of gender and age on each parameter were analysed. Significant differences were found between men and women in 48.6% (18/37) of the parameters analysed, and among different age groups in 83.8% (31/37) of the parameters in men and in 86.5% (32/37) of the parameters in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal reference values of Doppler echocardiographic parameters were established for the first time in a nationwide, population-based cohort of healthy Han Chinese adults. Since most of these parameters differed by gender and/or age, reference values specified for gender and age should be recommended in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Non-invasive Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, 2nd West Section, 1st Roundway, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xue
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Non-invasive Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, 2nd West Section, 1st Roundway, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tong Ji Hospital, Tong Ji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: You-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Echocardiography, Beijing An Zhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-An
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, The General Hospital of Taigang Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Quan-Bin
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Echocardiography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Gang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China zhangyun@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Chinese adults; Doppler; Echocardiography; Normal reference values