title: Simultaneous Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cervical Spine Kinematics in the Axial and Sagittal Views during a Simulated Frontal Impact: Differences between Tensed and Relaxed States.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective experimental study on humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether postural differences during a low-speed impact are observed in the sagittal and axial views, particularly in a relaxed state.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional motion capture systems have been used to analyze posture and head-neck-torso kinematics in humans during a simulated low-speed impact, yet little research has focused on the axial view. Since a seatbelt asymmetrically stabilizes a drivers right shoulder and left lower waist into the seat, it potentially creates movement in the axial view.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three healthy adult men participated in the experimental series, which used a low-speed sled system. The acceleration pulse created a full sine shape with a maximum acceleration of 8.0 m/s(2) at 500 ms, during which the kinematics were evaluated in relaxed and tensed states. The three-dimensional motion capture system used eight markers to record and analyze body movement and head-neck-torso kinematics in the sagittal and axial views during the low-speed impact. Head and trunk rotation angles were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larger movements were observed in the relaxed than in the tensed state in the sagittal view. The cervical and thoracic spine flexed and extended, respectively, in the relaxed state. In the axial view, larger movements were also observed in the relaxed state than in the tensed state, and the left shoulder rotated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During simulated frontal impact, the rotation angle between the head and trunk was significantly larger in the relaxed state. Therefore, we recommend also observing movement in the axial view during impact tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakane
authors.affiliation: Japan Automobile Research Institute, Karima, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejima
authors.affiliation: Japan Automobile Research Institute, Karima, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomofumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.affiliation: Japan Automobile Research Institute, Karima, Japan.
authors.forename: Sou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
keywords: Biomechanical phenomena; Imaging, three-dimensional; Spine