title: Effects of cold temperatures on the excitability of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons that are not for cold sensing.
abstract: Aside from a small population of primary afferent neurons for sensing cold, which generate sensations of innocuous and noxious cold, it is generally believed that cold temperatures suppress the excitability of primary afferent neurons not responsible for cold sensing. These not-for-cold-sensing neurons include the majority of non-nociceptive and nociceptive afferent neurons. In this study we have found that the not-for-cold-sensing neurons of rat trigeminal ganglia (TG) change their excitability in several ways at cooling temperatures. In nearly 70% of not-for-cold-sensing TG neurons, a cooling temperature of 15°C increases their membrane excitability. We regard these neurons as cold-active neurons. For the remaining 30% of not-for-cold-sensing TG neurons, the cooling temperature of 15°C either has no effect (cold-ineffective neurons) or suppress their membrane excitability (cold-suppressive neurons). For cold-active neurons, the cold temperature of 15°C increases their excitability as is evidenced by increases in action potential (AP) firing numbers and/or the reduction in AP rheobase when these neurons are depolarized electrically. The cold temperature of 15°C significantly inhibits M-currents and increases membrane input resistance of cold-active neurons. Retigabine, an M-current activator, abolishes the effect of cold temperatures on AP firing, but not the effect of cold temperature on AP rheobase levels. The inhibition of M-currents and the increases of membrane input resistance are likely two mechanisms by which cooling temperatures increase the excitability of not-for-cold-sensing TG neurons. This article is part of the special article series "Pain".
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Hirosato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Jianguo G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000187:drug effects*; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D015221:Potassium Channels; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C498947:Trpm8 protein, rat; C101866:ezogabine
keywords: KCNQ channels; M-currents; cold; pain; retigabine; trigeminal ganglion neurons