title: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of calcium phosphate composite scaffolds containing BMP-VEGF loaded PLGA microspheres for the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
abstract: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is difficult to treat due to high pressure and hypoxia, and reduced levels of growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We generated a novel calcium phosphate (CPC) composite scaffold, which contains BMP-VEGF-loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC). The BMP-VEGF-loaded microspheres have an encapsulation efficiency of 89.15% for BMP, and 78.55% for VEGF. The BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC scaffold also demonstrated a porosity of 62% with interconnected porous structures, and pore sizes of 219 μm and compressive strength of 6.60 MPa. Additionally, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded on scaffolds in vitro. Further characterization showed that the BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC scaffolds were biocompatible and enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro. Using a rabbit model of ANFH, BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC scaffolds were implanted into the bone tunnels of core decompression in the femoral head for 6 and 12 weeks. Radiographic and histological analysis demonstrated that the BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility, and osteogenic and angiogenic activity in vivo. These results indicate that the BMP-VEGF-PLGA-CPC scaffold may improve the therapeutic effect of core decompression surgery and be used as a treatment for ANFH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Hao-Xuan
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Yong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Shuai-Shuai
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: qiluyuhua@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: hoho05@126.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008863:Microspheres; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011817:Rabbits; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head; Bone tissue engineering; Core decompression; Scaffolds