title: Genetic diversity and parentage in farmer selections of cacao from Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia revealed by microsatellite markers.
abstract: Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers' fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster analysis, based on 15 microsatellite markers, showed that these Sulawesi farmer selections are mainly comprised of hybrids derived from Trinitario and two Upper Amazon Forastero groups. Bayesian assignment and likelihood-based parentage analysis further demonstrated that only a small number of germplasm groups, dominantly Trinitario and Parinari, contributed to these farmer selections, in spite of diverse parental clones having been used in the breeding program and seed gardens in Indonesia since the 1950s. The narrow parentage predicts a less durable host resistance to cacao diseases. Limited access of the farmers to diverse planting materials or the strong preference for large pods and large bean size by local farmers, may have affected the selection outcome. Diverse sources of resistance, harbored in different cacao germplasm groups, need to be effectively incorporated to broaden the on-farm diversity and ensure sustainable cacao production in Sulawesi.
authors.affiliation: Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Agriculture, PMBL, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture , Bogor 16680 , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Diny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dinarti
authors.affiliation: Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) , Jl. PB Sudirman No. 90, Jember 68118 , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Agung W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Susilo
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705 , USA.
authors.forename: Lyndel W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705 , USA ; College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University , Chongqing, 400715 , China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies , St. Augustine, Trinidad, Rep. Trinidad and Tobago , West Indies.
authors.forename: Lambert A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Motilal
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705 , USA.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mischke
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705 , USA.
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Southeast Asia; chocolate; molecular markers; participatory breeding; rehabilitation; tropical plant