title: Citations in Life Science Patents to Publicly Funded Research at Academic Medical Centers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contributions of Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) to biomedical innovation have been difficult to measure because of the challenges involved in tracing knowledge flows from their origin to their uses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined patent citation linkages between AMC research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and patents. In prospective analyses, they examine the extent to which articles resulting from NIH grants to AMCs awarded between 1990 and 1995 were cited in drug and medical patents. The authors then examine the extent to which these patents are associated with marketed drugs. In retrospective analyses, they examine the share of drugs approved between 2000 and 2009 that have citation links to NIH-funded AMC research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prospective analyses show over a third of AMC grants resulted in publications that were cited in patents. Most the patents are drug and biotechnology patents, and are assigned to private firms. Patents citing NIH-funded AMC publications were associated with 106 new FDA approved drugs, half of which are new molecular entities and a quarter of which are priority NMEs. The retrospective analyses showed that about half of the new molecular entities approved over the 2000-2009 period had citations links to NIH-funded AMC research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are strong links between articles from NIH-funded AMC research and private sector medical patenting, including drugs. More research is needed to better understand the types of links the citations represent and their implications for public policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Bhaven N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Sampat
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.|New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.|Columbia Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Harold Alan
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pincus
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000465:Algorithms; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D001690:Biological Science Disciplines / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D017277:Drug Approval; D005380:Financing, Government; D005381:Financing, Organized; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010330:Patents as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011640:Public Policy; D011642:Publications; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D014495:Universities
keywords: FDA; drugs; translational research