title: Cremenolide, a new antifungal, 10-member lactone from Trichoderma cremeum with plant growth promotion activity.
abstract: Trichoderma based products are considered an alternative to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. These Trichoderma spp. are among the most studied and applied fungal BCAs in industry and agriculture and are known to secrete several secondary metabolites with different biological activities. The analysis of metabolic profiles (the 'metabolome') of Trichoderma species is complex because of the wide range of compounds produced and the molecular activities identified, including the recently determined role in the activation of plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and growth promotion. A new 10-member lactone, but-2-enoic acid 7-acetoxy-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-10-oxo-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-5-yl ester, named cremenolide (1), has been isolated from culture filtrates of Trichoderma cremeum. The structure of cremenolide was determined by spectroscopic methods, including UV, MS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. In vitro tests showed that the purified compound inhibited the radial mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, and exerted a significant promotion of growth of tomato seedlings.
authors.affiliation: a Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Portici , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vinale
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPG PAS) , Poznań , Poland.
authors.forename: Judyta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strakowska
authors.affiliation: c Centro Interdipartimentale di Spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (CERMANU), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II' , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.affiliation: c Centro Interdipartimentale di Spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (CERMANU), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II' , Naples , Italy.|d Dipartimento di Agraria , Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.affiliation: a Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Portici , Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.affiliation: a Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Portici , Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: d Dipartimento di Agraria , Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Gelsomina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manganiello
authors.affiliation: d Dipartimento di Agraria , Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.affiliation: a Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Portici , Italy.|d Dipartimento di Agraria , Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Sheridan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: a Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Portici , Italy.|d Dipartimento di Agraria , Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorito
keywords: 10-member lactone; Secondary metabolites; Trichoderma; biocontrol; plant growth promotion