title: Increased Expression of miR-146a in Children With Allergic Rhinitis After Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  MicroRNAs (miRs) were recently recognized to be important for immune cell differentiation and immune regulation. However, whether miRs were involved in allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) remains largely unknown. This study sought to examine changes in miR-146a and T regulatory cells in children with persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) after 3 months of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four HDM-sensitized children with persistent AR were enrolled and treated with SCIT (n=13) or SLIT (n=11) for 3 months. Relative miR-146a and Foxp3 mRNA expression, the TRAF6 protein level, and the ratio of post-treatment to baseline IL-10+CD4+ T cells between the SCIT and SLIT groups were examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AR patients using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis, respectively. Serum levels of IL-5 and IL-10 were determined using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 months of SIT, both the TNSS and INSS scores were significantly decreased compared to the baseline value (P<0.01). The relative expression of miR-146a and Foxp3 mRNA was significantly increased after both SCIT and SLIT (P<0.01). The ratio of post-treatment to baseline IL-10⁺CD4⁺ T cells and the serum IL-10 level were significantly increased in both the SCIT and SLIT groups (P<0.01), whereas the TRAF6 protein level and serum IL-5 level were significantly decreased (P<0.01). No significant differences in these biomarkers were observed between the SCIT and SLIT groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that miR-146a and its related biomarkers may be comparably modulated after both SCIT and SLIT, highlighting miR-146a as a potential therapeutic target for the improved management of AR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.|Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Otolaryngology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
authors.forename: Haiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, the First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xingmei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Renqiang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
authors.forename: Yunping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. daboliu@126.com.
authors.forename: Dabo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. allergyli@163.com.
authors.forename: Huabin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Foxp3; IL-10; TRAF6; immunotherapy; miR-146a