title: Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris L. leaves and their catalytic performance for N-arylation of indoles and amines.
abstract: Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by biological method using aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris L. leaves as a reducing and capping agent. The progress of the reaction was monitored using UV-visible spectroscopy. The advantages of this procedure are simple operation, use of cheap, natural, nontoxic and benign precursors, absence of toxic reagents and mild and environmentally friendly conditions. The green synthesized CuO NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). More importantly, the green synthesized CuO NPs was found to be an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for ligand-free N-arylation of indoles and amines. The N-arylated products were obtained in good to excellent yield and the catalyst can be recovered and reused for further catalytic reactions with almost no loss in activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran. Electronic address: mahmoudnasr81@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasrollahzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Faculty of Science, Soran University, PO Box 624, Soran, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
authors.forename: S Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sajadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran.
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami-Vartooni
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Soran University, PO Box 624, Soran, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
authors.forename: Sarbast Mamand
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hussin
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D007211:Indoles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D003300:Copper; C000520:cuprous oxide
keywords: Catalytic properties; Green synthesis; Heterogeneous catalyst; Ligand-free; N-arylation