title: A tiered assessment strategy for more effective evaluation of bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish.
abstract: There is currently limited guidance available for regulators and risk assessors on how to use data from non-guideline methods when assessing the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical. Furthermore, bioaccumulation assessments can be more subjective than they need to be due to the lack of a guidance framework on how to use/include the range of information that may be available for a substance. Under some circumstances, in silico, in vitro and/or in vivo non-test guideline data may be sufficient to classify whether a substance is bioaccumulative without the need for further animal testing. Classifying the bioaccumulative potential of a substance is especially difficult when the bioconcentration factor (BCF) is close to the threshold for defining it as bioaccumulative/very bioaccumulative (B/vB), and a more structured process is required to reduce uncertainty in the BCF estimates. In these situations, in silico and in vitro data can, and should, be used to provide greater confidence in classifying these substances. To aid future evaluations of bioaccumulation data, a proposed tiered assessment strategy is presented incorporating all available data on the bioaccumulative properties of a substance. In addition, a revised scheme is recommended for improving the classification of the bioaccumulative potential of a substance.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, NO-0349, Norway. Electronic address: ali@niva.no.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lillicrap
authors.affiliation: Wildlife International, 8598 Commerce Drive, Easton, MD 21601, USA. Electronic address: tspringer@eag.com.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. Electronic address: c.r.tyler@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D035501:Uncertainty; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Bioconcentration; Integrated test strategy; PBT; REACH; Risk assessment; Tiered assessment strategy