title: Estimating Green Net National Product for Puerto Rico: An Economic Measure of Sustainability.
abstract: This paper presents the data sources and methodology used to estimate Green Net National Product (GNNP), an economic metric of sustainability, for Puerto Rico. Using the change in GNNP as a one-sided test of weak sustainability (i.e., positive growth in GNNP is not enough to show the economy is sustainable), we measure the movement away from sustainability by examining the change in GNNP from 1993 to 2009. In order to calculate GNNP, we require both economic and natural capital data, but limited data for Puerto Rico require a number of simplifying assumptions. Based on the environmental challenges faced by Puerto Rico, we include damages from air emissions and solid waste, the storm protection value of mangroves and the value of extracting crushed stone as components in the depreciation of natural capital. Our estimate of GNNP also includes the value of time, which captures the effects of technological progress. The results show that GNNP had an increasing trend over the 17 years studied with two periods of negative growth (2004-2006 and 2007-2008). Our additional analysis suggests that the negative growth in 2004-2006 was possibly due to a temporary economic downturn. However, the negative growth in 2007-2008 was likely from the decline in the value of time, suggesting the island of Puerto Rico was moving away from sustainability during this time.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 182 Nanhu Avenue, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430073, China. swu@znufe.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Sustainable Technology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Heberling
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004777:Environment; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Business cycle; Green Net National Product; Green accounting; Puerto Rico; Sustainability; Technological progress