title: Urinary extracellular vesicles as markers to assess kidney sodium transport.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article summarizes studies that have analyzed sodium transporters in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) in relation to hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of kidney sodium transporters are detectable in uEVs. Patients with loss or gain of function mutations in sodium transporter genes have concomitant changes in the abundances of their corresponding proteins in uEVs. The effects of aldosterone on kidney sodium transport, including activation of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), are transferred to uEVs as increases in phosphorylated NCC and the γ-subunit of ENaC. Specific forms of hypertension, including aldosteronism and pseudohypoaldosteronism, are characterized by higher abundances of total or phosphorylated NCC in uEVs. The proteolytic processing of ENaC by urinary proteases is detectable in uEVs as cleaved γ-ENaC, as demonstrated in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. Analysis of uEVs from patients with essential or salt-sensitive hypertension identified potential candidates for uEV markers of hypertension, including retinoic acid-induced gene 2 protein and hsa-miR-4516.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of sodium transporters in uEVs is a promising approach to study renal epithelial transport processes noninvasively in human hypertension.
  http://links.lww.com/CONH/A16.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands bDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zietse
authors.forename: Ewout J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoorn
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053503:Epithelial Sodium Channels; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C000591812:MIRN-4516 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D011506:Proteins; C118924:RAI2 protein, human; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters; D000450:Aldosterone; D012964:Sodium