title: Regular Fat and Reduced Fat Dairy Products Show Similar Associations with Markers of Adolescent Cardiometabolic Health.
abstract: Reduced fat dairy products are generally recommended for adults and children over the age of two years. However, emerging evidence suggests that dairy fat may not have detrimental health effects. We aimed to investigate prospective associations between consumption of regular versus reduced fat dairy products and cardiometabolic risk factors from early to late adolescence. In the West Australian Raine Study, dairy intake was assessed using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in 860 adolescents at 14 and 17-year follow-ups; 582 of these also had blood biochemistry at both points. Using generalized estimating equations, we examined associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. Models incorporated reduced fat and regular fat dairy together (in serves/day) and were adjusted for a range of factors including overall dietary pattern. In boys, there was a mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure of 0.66 mmHg (95% CI 0.23-1.09) per serve of reduced fat dairy and an independent, additional reduction of 0.47 mmHg (95% CI 0.04-0.90) per serve of regular fat dairy. Each additional serve of reduced fat dairy was associated with a 2% reduction in HDL-cholesterol (95% CI 0.97-0.995) and a 2% increase in total: HDL-cholesterol ratio (95% CI 1.002-1.03); these associations were not observed with regular fat products. In girls, there were no significant independent associations observed in fully adjusted models. Although regular fat dairy was associated with a slightly better cholesterol profile in boys, overall, intakes of both regular fat and reduced fat dairy products were associated with similar cardiometabolic associations in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia. t.osullivan@ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. alexandra.bremner@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alexandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. trevor.mori@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. lawrie.beilin@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia. cwilso15@our.ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth WA 6008, Australia. kate.hafekost@westnet.com.au.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hafekost
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. gina.ambrosini@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gina L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. rae-chi.huang@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rae Chi
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth WA 6008, Australia. wendyo@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004034:Diet Surveys; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Raine study; adolescent; blood pressure; cholesterol; dairy; dairy fat; low fat; metabolic; reduced fat; regular fat; saturated fat