title: Integrated Approaches to Occupational Health and Safety: A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of integrated workplace interventions that combine health promotion with occupational health and safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (n = 8), including PsychInfo and MEDLINE, were systematically searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies included were those that reported on workplace interventions that met the consensus definition of an "integrated approach," published in English, in the scientific literature since 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extracted were occupation, worksite, country, sample size, intervention targets, follow-up period, and results reported. Quality was assessed according to American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Practice Guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterogeneity precluded formal meta-analyses. Results were classified according to the outcome(s) assessed into five categories (health promotion, injury prevention, occupational health and safety management, psychosocial, and return-on-investment). Narrative synthesis of outcomes was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 31 eligible studies were identified; 23 (74%) were (quasi-)experimental trials. Effective interventions were most of those aimed at improving employee physical or mental health. Less consistent results were reported from integrated interventions targeting occupational health and safety management, injury prevention, or organizational cost savings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated approaches have been posed as comprehensive solutions to complex issues. Empirical evidence, while still emerging, provides some support for this. Continuing investment in, and evaluation of, integrated approaches are worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: 1 Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.|2 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooklin
authors.affiliation: 4 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joss
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Husser
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.|3 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019049:Developed Countries; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D016272:Occupational Health; D009790:Occupations; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Occupational Health; Occupational Health Management. Manuscript format: literature review; Setting: workplace; Health focus: physical activity; Occupational Health Promotion; Occupational Safety; Systematic Review; behavior change; built environment; Target population age: adults; Target population circumstances: education; income level; culture change; nutrition; policy; smoking control; stress management; weight control; Strategy: education