title: Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for improved determination of β-blockers in human urine.
abstract: A new micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of carvedilol and propranolol in human urine samples. In this study, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) coupled with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in MEKC. After VALLE, the urine samples were analyzed by MEKC. Tris-phosphate buffer (60mmolL(-1), pH 2.0) containing 40% (v/v) methanol was first filled into an uncoated fused-silica capillary (56cm, 50µm i.d.). The pretreated urine sample was loaded by electrokinetic injection (10kV, 250s). The stacking and separation were performed using Tris-phosphate buffer (30mmolL(-1), pH 3.0) containing 30% (v/v) methanol and 50mmolL(-1) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at -25kV. Detection was carried out at 195 and 214nm for carvedilol and propranolol, respectively. The suggested method is linear (r(2)≥0.997) over a dynamic range of 0.005-1µgmL(-1) in urine. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation and relative error values of the method were below 20%, which shows good precision and accuracy. Finally, this method was successfully applied to the analysis of real urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: ajouyban@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abolghasem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jouyban
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: soruraddin@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sorouraddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: mafarajzadeh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mir Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farajzadeh
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: mhosseinsina@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Somi
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: rana_fazeli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fazeli-Bakhtiyari
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000652:urine*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D020374:Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000652:urine*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D011433:Propranolol
keywords: Beta blocker drugs; Field-amplified sample injection; Human urine; Micellar electrokinetic chromatography; Sweeping