title: Current Practices of Measuring and Reference Range Reporting of Free and Total Testosterone in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evaluation and management of male hypogonadism should be based on symptoms and on serum testosterone levels. Diagnostically this relies on accurate testing and reference values. Our objective was to define the distribution of reference values and assays for free and total testosterone by clinical laboratories in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upper and lower reference values, assay methodology and source of published reference ranges were obtained from laboratories across the country. A standardized survey was reviewed with laboratory staff via telephone. Descriptive statistics were used to tabulate results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We surveyed a total of 120 laboratories in 47 states. Total testosterone was measured in house at 73% of laboratories. At the remaining laboratories studies were sent to larger centralized reference facilities. The mean ± SD lower reference value of total testosterone was 231 ± 46 ng/dl (range 160 to 300) and the mean upper limit was 850 ± 141 ng/dl (range 726 to 1,130). Only 9% of laboratories where in-house total testosterone testing was performed created a reference range unique to their region. Others validated the instrument recommended reference values in a small number of internal test samples. For free testosterone 82% of laboratories sent testing to larger centralized reference laboratories where equilibrium dialysis and/or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was done. The remaining laboratories used published algorithms to calculate serum free testosterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference ranges for testosterone assays vary significantly among laboratories. The ranges are predominantly defined by limited population studies of men with unknown medical and reproductive histories. These poorly defined and variable reference values, especially the lower limit, affect how clinicians determine treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gourley
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. Electronic address: anangia@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nangia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: hypogonadism; laboratories; reference values; testis; testosterone