title: Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. in experimental ulcerative colitis models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Water extract of Raphanus sativus L. (RSL) seeds was traditionally used to treat digestive inflammatory complaints in Korean culture. RSL seeds exerted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-septic functions, suggesting their pharmacological potential for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies associated with oxidative stress such as inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of RSL seed water extract (RWE) in experimental rat models of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)- or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  RWE was characterized by determining the content of sinapic acid as a reference material and then assayed in the DSS and TNBS models of rat colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 10 groups (n=7/group): non-colitic control, DSS or TNBS control, DSS colitis groups treated with RWE (100mg/kg) or mesalazine (25mg/kg), and TNBS colitis groups treated with various doses (10, 40, 70, and 100mg/kg) of RWE or mesalazine (25mg/kg). RWE or mesalazine treatment started the same day of colitis induction and rats were sacrificed 24h after the last treatment followed by histological and biochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration with RWE suppressed intestinal inflammatory damages in both DSS- and TNBS-induced colitic rats. The treatment with 100mg/kg RWE recovered intestinal damages caused by TNBS or DSS to levels similar to that of mesalazine, decreasing the activity of myeloperoxidase activity and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. RWE treatment inhibited malondialdehyde production and glutathione reduction in colon of colitis rats. The administration of RWE at dose of 100mg/kg also suppressed the TNBS- or DSS-stimulated expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, inducible nitric oxide, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Furthermore, RWE inhibited p38 kinase and DNA-nuclear factor-κB binding activities, both of which were stimulated in the colitic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings show that RWE ameliorates intestinal oxidative and inflammatory damages in DSS and TNBS models of rat colitis, suggesting its beneficial use for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-801, South Korea. Electronic address: choiwh@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Konyang University, Nonsan 320-711, South Korea. Electronic address: swcho@konyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seong-Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea; Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: kooksh@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: tkfkcjs@naver.com.
authors.forename: Sa-Ra
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: govinda@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Govinda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhattarai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: poudelsb@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sher Bahadur
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Poudel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: dark-nebula@naver.com.
authors.forename: Min-Kook
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: kyleecnu@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung-Yeol
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea; Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea. Electronic address: leejc88@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong-Chae
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019804:Mesalamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031224:Raphanus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D019804:Mesalamine; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D016264:Dextran Sulfate
keywords: DSS; Experimental colitis; Intestinal anti-inflammation; Raphanus sativus L.; TNBS