title: Methylation patterns of Vegfb promoter are associated with gene and protein expression levels: the effects of dietary fatty acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have investigated the epigenetic regulation by dietary fatty acids of Vegfb levels in rats' white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of rats were assigned to three diets, each one with a different composition of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Samples of white adipose tissues were taken for the methylation and expression studies. Additionally, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with palmitic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids. After treatment, cells were harvested and genetic material was extracted for the analysis of Vegfb levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report evidence of changes in the methylation levels of the CpG island at the Vegfb promoter and in the Vegfb expression levels in vivo and in vitro by dietary fatty acid, with the main contribution of the linoleic fatty acid. Vegfb promoter methylation levels were closely related to the Vegfb gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our results, the regulation of Vegfb gene expression by dietary fatty acids may be mediated, at least in part, by epigenetic modifications on Vegfb promoter methylation. Considering the deep association between angiogenesis and tissue growth, we suggest the nutriepigenetic regulation of Vegfb as a key target in the control of the adipose tissue expansion.
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monastero
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain. garciasara79@hotmail.com.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain. garciasara79@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Serrano
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lago-Sampedro
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Colomo
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/03/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.|UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonsoles
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Gracia M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Martín-Nuñez
authors.affiliation: ECAI de Genomica del Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gomez-Zumaquero
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/03/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Fuentes
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rojo-Martínez
authors.affiliation: UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain. eyring@gmail.com.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain. eyring@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Escobar
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D052438:Adipocytes, White / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000378:metabolism; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; C581256:VEGFB protein, rat; D042561:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B; C467482:vascular endothelial growth factor B, mouse; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D000074263:Coconut Oil
keywords: Adipose tissue; Dietary fatty acids; Gene expression; Nutriepigenetic regulation; Vegfb