title: Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crack cocaine is an illicit drug derived from cocaine, in which use and abuse have increased around the world, especially in developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic damage in multiple organs of mice following acute exposure to crack cocaine. For this purpose, single cell gel (comet) assay in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and brain cells was performed and micronucleus test for bone narrow and liver cells was also made in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 C57BL/10 male mice were distributed into four groups, as follows: 0, 4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg b.w. of crack cocaine dissolved to 1% dimethyl sulfoxide by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after i.p. injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that crack cocaine induced DNA damage in peripheral blood, and brain cells for higher doses used as depicted by single cell gel (comet) assay data. Analysis of kidney cells showed no genetic damage for all groups tested. The number of micronucleated cells did not increase after crack cocaine exposure in bone narrow or liver cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, crack cocaine is a genotoxic agent in peripheral blood, liver, and brain cells but not mutagenic in multiple organs of mice.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil .
authors.forename: Veronica Quispe
authors.initials: VQ
authors.lastname: Yujra
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biosciences , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Eduardo Gregolin
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil .
authors.forename: Samuel Rangel
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Claudio
authors.affiliation: c UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Campus Litoral Paulista , Sao Vicente , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Jose Dias
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil .
authors.forename: Flavia de
authors.initials: Fd
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biosciences , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Celina Tizuko Fujiyama
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil .|b Department of Biosciences , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Daniel Araki
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D009153:Mutagens
keywords: 50-36-2; DNA damage; crack cocaine; mice