title: The influence of effective microorganisms (EM) and yeast on the degradation of strobilurins and carboxamides in leafy vegetables monitored by LC-MS/MS and health risk assessment.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of strobilurin and carbocyamides commonly used in chemical protection of lettuce depending on carefully selected effective microorganisms (EM) and yeast (Y). Additionally, the assessment of the chronic health risk during a 2-week experiment was performed. The statistical method for correlation of physico-chemical parameters and time of degradation for pesticides was applied. In this study, the concentration of azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin and iprodione using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the matrix of lettuce plants was performed, and there was no case of concentration above maximum residues levels. Before harvest, four fungicides and their mixture with EM (1 % and 10 %) and/or yeast 5 % were applied. In our work, the mixtures of 1%EM + Y and 10%EM + Y both stimulated and inhibited the degradation of the tested active substances. Adding 10%EM to the test substances strongly inhibited the degradation of iprodione, and its concentration decreased by 30 %, and in the case of other test substances, the degradation was approximately 60 %. Moreover, the addition of yeast stimulated the distribution of pyraclostrobin and boscalid in lettuce leaves. The risk assessment for the pesticides ranged from 0.4 to 64.8 % on day 1, but after 14 days, it ranged from 0.0 to 20.9 % for children and adults, respectively. It indicated no risk of adverse effects following exposure to individual pesticides and their mixtures with EM and yeast.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska Str. 45 E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland. elzbietawolejko@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wołejko
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Chełmońskiego Str. 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland. b.lozowicka@iorpib.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Bożena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Łozowicka
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Chełmońskiego Str. 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaczyński
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Chełmońskiego Str. 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jankowska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska Str. 45 E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piekut
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D056546:Lactobacillales / Q000378:metabolism; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009089:Mucor / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D041902:Rhodobacteraceae / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000378:metabolism; D000073739:Strobilurins; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006827:Hydantoins; D008689:Methacrylates; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D009536:Niacinamide; C550088:2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C087670:azoxystrobin; C033148:iprodione
keywords: Chronic risk analysis; Fungicides; LC-MS/MS; Lettuce; Microorganisms