title: Bitter tastant responses in the amoeba Dictyostelium correlate with rat and human taste assays.
abstract: Treatment compliance is reduced when pharmaceutical compounds have a bitter taste and this is particularly marked for paediatric medications. Identification of bitter taste liability during drug discovery utilises the rat in vivo brief access taste aversion (BATA) test which apart from animal use is time consuming with limited throughput. We investigated the suitability of using a simple, non-animal model, the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum to investigate taste-related responses and particularly identification of compounds with a bitter taste liability. The effect of taste-related compounds on Dictyostelium behaviour following acute exposure (15 minutes) was monitored. Dictyostelium did not respond to salty, sour, umami or sweet tasting compounds, however, cells rapidly responded to bitter tastants. Using time-lapse photography and computer-generated quantification to monitor changes in cell membrane movement, we developed an assay to assess the response of Dictyostelium to a wide range of structurally diverse known bitter compounds and blinded compounds. Dictyostelium showed varying responses to the bitter tastants, with IC50 values providing a rank order of potency. Comparison of Dictyostelium IC50 values to those observed in response to a similar range of compounds in the rat in vivo brief access taste aversion test showed a significant (p = 0.0172) positive correlation between the two models, and additionally a similar response to that provided by a human sensory panel assessment test. These experiments demonstrate that Dictyostelium may provide a suitable model for early prediction of bitterness for novel tastants and drugs. Interestingly, a response to bitter tastants appears conserved from single-celled amoebae to humans.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cocorocchio
authors.affiliation: RD Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.affiliation: RD Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clapham
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Science, St George's University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul L R
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Robin S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D051381:Rats; D013649:Taste; D013995:Time
keywords: BATA test; Dictyostelium discoideum; bitter tastants; replacement; taste aversion