title: Values in First-Episode Schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional impairment continues to represent a major challenge in schizophrenia. Surprisingly, patients with schizophrenia report a level of happiness comparable with control subjects, even in the face of the prominent functional deficits, a finding at odds with evidence indicating a positive relation between happiness and level of functioning. In attempting to reconcile these findings, we chose to examine the issue of values, defined as affectively infused criteria or motivational goals used to select and justify actions, people, and the self, as values are related to both happiness and functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six first-episode patients in remission and 56 healthy control subjects completed happiness and values measures. Statistical analyses included correlations, analysis of variance, structural equation modelling, and smallest space analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that patients with schizophrenia placed significantly greater priority on the value dimensions of Tradition (P = 0.02) and Power (P = 0.03), and significantly less priority on Self-direction (P = 0.007) and Stimulation, (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Essentially, people with schizophrenia place more emphasis on the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide in conjunction with a decreased interest in change, which is at odds with the expectations of early adulthood. This value difference could be related to functional deficits. To this point, we have assumed that people hold to the same values that guided them before the illness' onset, but this may not be the case. Our study indicates that values differ in people with schizophrenia, compared with control subjects, even early in the illness and in the face of symptomatic remission.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Staff Psychiatrist and Clinician Scientist,, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.affiliation: Researcher, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Krysta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mcdonald
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Student, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Gagan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fervaha
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Romie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Littrell
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Zipursky
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foussias
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012074:Remission Induction; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012945:Social Values; D055815:Young Adult