title: HypnosIS to faciLitate trans-Esophageal echocardiograPhy Tolerance: The I-SLEPT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is one of the major diagnostic tests in cardiovascular medicine, but the procedure is associated with some discomfort for the patient.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the additive value of hypnosis as a means of improving patient comfort during TOE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 98 patients with non-emergency indications for TOE to a 30-minute hypnosis session combined with topical oropharyngeal anaesthesia (HYP group) or topical oropharyngeal anaesthesia only (CTRL group) before the procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was the level of patient discomfort assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VAS score was significantly reduced in the HYP group compared with the CTRL group (6 [5; 8] vs. 7 [5; 9]; P=0.046). No statistically significant differences were observed in terms of procedure failure (HYP group 2.2% vs. CTRL group 3.9%; P=1.00) and procedure length (HYP group 7 [5; 11] minutes vs. CTRL group 8 [7; 11] minutes; P=0.29). However, the patients' subjective estimations of the length of the procedure were significantly shorter in the HYP group than in the CTRL group (8 [5; 10] vs. 10 [10; 20] minutes; P<0.0001). There were no major adverse events in either group. The reported minor events rate was lower in the HYP group (36% vs. 57%; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypnosis is an efficient alternative or complementary method for improving patient comfort during TOE.
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corman
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yasmina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bouchema
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miquel
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouvier
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voilmy
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beauvais
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France; Unité Inserm U942, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen-Solal
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vicaut
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France; Unité Inserm U942, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Logeart
authors.affiliation: Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France; Unité Inserm U942, 75010 Paris, France; Division de Cardiologie, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Francois.tournoux@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tournoux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010297:Paris; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Anesthésie topique oropharyngée; Hypnose; Hypnosis; Topical oropharyngeal anesthesia; Trans-oesophageal echocardiography; Échocardiographie trans-œsophagienne