title: The Therapeutic Potential of Exercise to Improve Mood, Cognition, and Sleep in Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: In addition to the classic motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a variety of nonmotor symptoms that significantly reduce quality of life, even in the early stages of the disease. There is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatments for these symptoms, which include mood disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and sleep disruption. We focus here on exercise interventions, which have been used to improve mood, cognition, and sleep in healthy older adults and clinical populations, but to date have primarily targeted motor symptoms in PD. We synthesize the existing literature on the benefits of aerobic exercise and strength training on mood, sleep, and cognition as demonstrated in healthy older adults and adults with PD, and suggest that these types of exercise offer a feasible and promising adjunct treatment for mood, cognition, and sleep difficulties in PD. Across stages of the disease, exercise interventions represent a treatment strategy with the unique ability to improve a range of nonmotor symptoms while also alleviating the classic motor symptoms of the disease. Future research in PD should include nonmotor outcomes in exercise trials with the goal of developing evidence-based exercise interventions as a safe, broad-spectrum treatment approach to improve mood, cognition, and sleep for individuals with PD.
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: Boston University, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training and Center for Neurorehabilitation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Terry D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cronin-Golomb
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Parkinson's disease; cognition; exercise; mood; sleep