title: The effect of silver or gallium doped titanium against the multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
abstract: Implant-related infection of biomaterials is one of the main causes of arthroplasty and osteosynthesis failure. Bacteria, such as the rapidly-emerging Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogen Acinetobacter Baumannii, initiate the infection by adhering to biomaterials and forming a biofilm. Since the implant surface plays a crucial role in early bacterial adhesion phases, titanium was electrochemically modified by an Anodic Spark Deposition (ASD) treatment, developed previously and thought to provide osseo-integrative properties. In this study, the treatment was modified to insert gallium or silver onto the titanium surface, to provide antibacterial properties. The material was characterized morphologically, chemically, and mechanically; biological properties were investigated by direct cytocompatibility assay, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Immunofluorescent (IF) analysis; antibacterial activity was determined by counting Colony Forming Units, and viability assay. The various ASD-treated surfaces showed similar morphology, micrometric pore size, and uniform pore distribution. Of the treatments studied, gallium-doped specimens showed the best ALP synthesis and antibacterial properties. This study demonstrates the possibility of successfully doping the surface of titanium with gallium or silver, using the ASD technique; this approach can provide antibacterial properties and maintain high osseo-integrative potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università di Milano, via Beldiletto 1, 20142 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.cochis@med.uniupo.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cochis
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, Local Unit Piemonte Orientale, 50121 Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: barbara.azzimonti@med.uniupo.it.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Azzimonti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G.Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: cinzia.dellavalle@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Della Valle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy. Electronic address: elvira.degiglio@uniba.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Giglio
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Department, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: nora.bloise@unipv.it.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloise
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Department, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: livia.visai@unipv.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Visai
authors.affiliation: Jaber Innovation s.r.l., Via Calcutta 8, 00100 Roma, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.cometa@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cometa
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, Local Unit Piemonte Orientale, 50121 Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: lia.rimondini@med.uniupo.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rimondini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G.Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: roberto.chiesa@polimi.it.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiesa
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D012834:Silver; D005708:Gallium; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; Anodic spark deposition; Biofilm; Gallium; Silver; Titanium