title: The association of malocclusion and trumpet performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether trumpet performance skills are associated with malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following institutional review board approval, 70 university trumpet students (54 male, 16 female; aged 20-38.9 years) were consented. After completing a survey, the students were evaluated while playing a scripted performance skills test (flexibility, articulation, range, and endurance exercises) on their instrument in a soundproof music practice room. One investigator (trumpet teacher) used a computerized metronome and a decibel meter during evaluation. A three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computerized tomography scan (CBCT) was taken of each student the same day as the skills test. Following reliability studies, multiple dental parameters were measured on the 3D CBCT. Nonparametric correlations (Spearman), accepting P < .05 as significant, were used to determine if there were significant associations between dental parameters and the performance skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrarater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlations; all r values > .94). Although associations were weak to moderate, significant negative associations (r ≤ -.32) were found between Little's irregularity index, interincisal inclination, maxillary central incisor rotation, and various flexibility and articulation performance skills, whereas significant positive associations (r ≤ .49) were found between arch widths and various skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific malocclusions are associated with trumpet performance of experienced young musicians.
authors.affiliation: a  Endowed Professor and Department Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.affiliation: b  Instructor, Department of Music, State Conservatory, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: H Zeynep
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Cilingir
authors.affiliation: c  Biostatistician Supervisor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.affiliation: d  Instructor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Kentucky University, Ky.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dagg
authors.affiliation: e  Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghoneima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009048:Motor Skills; D009146:Music; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Music; Occlusion