title: A Method to Correlate mRNA Expression Datasets Obtained from Fresh Frozen and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples: A Matter of Thresholds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression profiling of tumors is a successful tool for the discovery of new cancer biomarkers and potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Reliable profiling is preferably performed on fresh frozen (FF) tissues in which the quality of nucleic acids is better preserved than in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material. However, since snap-freezing of biopsy materials is often not part of daily routine in pathology laboratories, one may have to rely on archival FFPE material. Procedures to retrieve the RNAs from FFPE materials have been developed and therefore, datasets obtained from FFPE and FF materials need to be made compatible to ensure reliable comparisons are possible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an efficient method to compare gene expression profiles obtained from FFPE and FF samples using the same platform.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six FFPE-FF sample pairs of the same tumors representing various cancer types, and two FFPE-FF sample pairs of breast cancer cell lines, were included. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression profiling was carried out using Illumina's Whole-Genome cDNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, extension and Ligation (WG-DASL) V3 arrays, enabling the simultaneous detection of 24,526 mRNA transcripts. A sample exclusion criterion was created based on the expression of 11 stably expressed reference genes. Pearson correlation at the probe level was calculated for paired FFPE-FF, and three cut-off values were chosen. Spearman correlation coefficients between the matched FFPE and FF samples were calculated for three probe lists with varying levels of significance and compared to the correlation based on all measured probes. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to verify performance of the included probe lists to compare matched FPPE-FF samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven FFPE-FF pairs passed the sample exclusion criterion. From the profiles of 27 FFPE and FF matched samples, the best correlating probes were identified for various levels of significance (Pearson P<0.01, n = 1,432; P<0.05, n = 2,530; and P<0.10, n = 3,351 probes). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the 27 pairs using the resulting probes yielded 25, 21, and 19 correctly clustered pairs, respectively, compared to 1 pair when all probes were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method enables comparison of gene expression profiles of FFPE and/or FF origin measured on the same platform.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dana A M
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anieta M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sieuwerts
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smid
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Weerd
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Weiden
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marion E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meijer-van Gelder
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Foekens
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kros
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger