title: A Five-year Survey of Cancer Prevalence in Sudan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While cancer epidemiology is well-investigated in developed countries, the cancer burden in Africa is less well documented. We provide cancer statistics of 33,201 patients from all Sudan diagnosed at the Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum (RICK). This hospital covers approximately 80% of patients with cancer in Sudan and is, therefore, considered representative for the situation in this country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2009-2013 were collected at RICK. Cancer diagnoses were made by standard pathological and radiological methods. Epidemiological data were categorized by age, gender, resident state, marital status etc. and subjected to statistical analyses by SPSS 21v.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cancer prevalence rate per year was 5,000-7,000 among adults and 300-400 among children, with increasing tendency for adults. Male:female ratios were 1:1.18 for adults and 1.46:1 for children. The five most frequent tumour types were breast cancer, leukaemia, prostatic carcinoma, lymphoma and colorectal carcinoma in adults and leukaemia, lymphoma, eye tumours, sarcoma and brain tumours in children. Remarkably, the median age of cancer diagnosis was 10-20 years higher in men than in women, mainly due to earlier onset of gender-related tumours in females (cancer of breast, cervix, or ovary) than in men (prostatic carcinoma). Chronic myeloid leukaemia was the most frequent haematopoietic malignancy in adults and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. Comparing cancer cases with population numbers of Sudanese states, Northern Sudan, River Nile and Khartoum revealed up to 8-fold higher cancer incidence rates than Al Gedarif, Southern Dafur and Blue Nile. The other states had intermediate incidence rates. Interestingly, oesophageal carcinoma occurred proportionally more frequently in Kassala (rank 3) than in the entire Sudan (rank 7) or other states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest survey on cancer burden in Sudan. It may serve as basis for governmental programmes for assessing risk factors, improving cancer prevention (e.g. by educational and vaccination programmes) and cancer therapy in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mohamed E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Jingming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Babikir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fadul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Onat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kadioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hassan E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan Tayba Cancer Centre, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Zahir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Siddig M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Federal Government of Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Elfatih
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany efferth@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Efferth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D013397:Sudan; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cancer statistics; Sub-Saharan Africa; epidemiology; neoplasms; risk factors