title: Understanding the Relationship Between Incentive Design and Participation in U.S. Workplace Wellness Programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to understand how employer characteristics relate to the use of incentives to promote participation in wellness programs and to explore the relationship between incentive type and participation rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data combined with an administrative business database was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sampling of U.S. companies within strata based on industry and number of employees was used to determine a final sample of 3000 companies. Of these, 19% returned completed surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey asked about employee participation rate, incentive type, and gender composition of employees. Incentive types included any incentives, high-value rewards, and rewards plus penalties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regressions of incentive type on employer characteristics were used to determine what types of employers are more likely to offer which type of incentives. A generalized linear model of participation rate was used to determine the relationship between incentive type and participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Employers located in the Northeast were 5 to 10 times more likely to offer incentives. Employers with a large number of employees, particularly female employees, were up to 1.25 times more likely to use penalties. Penalty and high-value incentives were associated with participation rates of 68% and 52%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Industry or regional characteristics are likely determinants of incentive use for wellness programs. Penalties appear to be effective, but attention should be paid to what types of employees they affect.
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Batorsky, MPH, and Crystal Huang, MA, are with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, California. Erin Taylor, PhD, is with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Hangsheng Liu, PhD, and Soeren Mattke, MD, DSc, are with the RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Batorsky
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Batorsky, MPH, and Crystal Huang, MA, are with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, California. Erin Taylor, PhD, is with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Hangsheng Liu, PhD, and Soeren Mattke, MD, DSc, are with the RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Batorsky, MPH, and Crystal Huang, MA, are with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, California. Erin Taylor, PhD, is with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Hangsheng Liu, PhD, and Soeren Mattke, MD, DSc, are with the RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Batorsky, MPH, and Crystal Huang, MA, are with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, California. Erin Taylor, PhD, is with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Hangsheng Liu, PhD, and Soeren Mattke, MD, DSc, are with the RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hangsheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Batorsky, MPH, and Crystal Huang, MA, are with the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, California. Erin Taylor, PhD, is with the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Hangsheng Liu, PhD, and Soeren Mattke, MD, DSc, are with the RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Soeren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003256:Community Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Promotion; Health focus: general health; Manuscript format: research; Motivation; Outcome measure: behavioral; Prevention Research; Research purpose: relationship testing; Setting: workplace; Strategy: behavior change; Study design: nonexperimental; Target population age: adults; Target population circumstances: geographic location; Workplace