title: Surveillance and Control of Aedes albopictus in the Swiss-Italian Border Region: Differences in Egg Densities between Intervention and Non-intervention Areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, originates from the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. Over the recent decades it has been passively spread across the globe, primarily through the used tyre trade and passive transportation along major traffic routes. A. albopictus is a proven vector for many arboviruses, most notably chikungunya and dengue, with recent outbreaks also in continental Europe. In southern Switzerland, in the Canton of Ticino A. albopictus was spotted for the first time in 2003. Since then the local authorities have implemented a control programme based on larval source reduction. Despite these efforts, mosquito densities have increased over the last decade, casting doubts on the effectiveness of such larval control programmes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Italian communities just across the Swiss-Italian border lack a control programme. This motivated us to compare the intervention and the non-intervention areas side by side in an attempt to find evidence for, or against, the effectiveness of larval A. albopictus control. Using ovitraps and a randomised sampling scheme, we examined the seasonal and spatial abundance of A. albopictus in sylvatic and urban environments across the Swiss-Italian border in 2012 and 2013. In the urban environments of the non-intervention area, egg densities were 2.26 times higher as compared to the intervention area. In the sylvatic environments, as compared to the urban environments, egg densities were 36% in the intervention area and 18% in the non-intervention area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though alternative explanations are also valid, the results support the hypothesis that the Ticino intervention programme does have an impact. At the same time the data also suggest that current larval interventions fall short in gaining full control over the mosquito, calling for the evaluation of additional, or alternative, approaches. Ideally, these should also consider inclusion of the neighbouring Italian communities in the surveillance and control efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.affiliation: Gruppo Cantonale di Lavoro Zanzare, Canton of Ticino, Canobbio, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flacio
authors.affiliation: Gruppo Cantonale di Lavoro Zanzare, Canton of Ticino, Canobbio, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feijoó Fariña
authors.affiliation: Gruppo Cantonale di Lavoro Zanzare, Canton of Ticino, Canobbio, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engeler
authors.affiliation: Gruppo Cantonale di Lavoro Zanzare, Canton of Ticino, Canobbio, Switzerland.|Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonolla
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lêda N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Regis
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria A V
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Melo Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.|Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D007558:Italy; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011156:Population Density; D013557:Switzerland