title: The levels of blood mercury and inflammatory-related neuropeptides in the serum are correlated in children with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B) are pro-inflammatory neuropeptides that may play an important role in some autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxicant, and potentially one of the main environmental triggers for ASD as it induces neuroinflammation with a subsequent release of neuropeptides. This is the first study to explore the potentially causal relationship between levels of serum neurokinin A and blood mercury (BHg) in children with ASD. Levels of serum neurokinin A and BHg were measured in 84 children with ASD, aged between 3 and 10 years, and 84 healthy-matched children. There was a positive linear relationship between the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and both serum neurokinin A and BHg. ASD children had significantly higher levels of serum neurokinin A than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Increased levels of serum neurokinin A and BHg were respectively found in 54.8 % and 42.9 % of the two groups. There was significant and positive linear relationship between levels of serum neurokinin A and BHg in children with moderate and severe ASD, but not in healthy control children. It was found that 78.3 % of the ASD patients with increased serum levels of neurokinin A had elevated BHg levels (P < 0.001). Neuroinflammation, with increased levels of neurokinin A, is seen in some children with ASD, and may be caused by elevated BHg levels. Further research is recommended to determine the pathogenic role of increased levels of serum neurokinin A and BHg in ASD. The therapeutic role of tachykinin receptor antagonists, a potential new class of anti-inflammatory medications, and Hg chelators, should also be studied in ASD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. gehan.mostafa2000@yahoo.com.|Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. gehan.mostafa2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gehan Ahmed
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.affiliation: Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
authors.forename: Geir
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2632-3935
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjørklund
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.|Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Mauricio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.affiliation: Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Laila Yousef
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Al-Ayadhi
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood*; D015288:Neurokinin A / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015288:Neurokinin A; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Autism; Mercury; Neuroinflammation; Neurokinin A