title: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Tool for Clinical Microbiology at Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Senegal (West Africa).
abstract: Our team in Europe has developed the routine clinical laboratory identification of microorganisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). To evaluate the utility of MALDI-TOF MS in tropical Africa in collaboration with local teams, we installed an apparatus in the Hôpital Principal de Dakar (Senegal), performed routine identification of isolates, and confirmed or completed their identification in France. In the case of discordance or a lack of identification, molecular biology was performed. Overall, 153/191 (80.1%) and 174/191 (91.1%) isolates yielded an accurate and concordant identification for the species and genus, respectively, with the 2 different MALDI-TOF MSs in Dakar and Marseille. The 10 most common bacteria, representing 94.2% of all bacteria routinely identified in the laboratory in Dakar (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) were accurately identified with the MALDI-TOF MS in Dakar. The most frequent misidentification in Dakar was at the species level for Achromobacter xylosoxidans, which was inaccurately identified as Achromobacter denitrificans, and the bacteria absent from the database, such as Exiguobacterium aurientacum or Kytococcus schroeteri, could not be identified. A few difficulties were observed with MALDI-TOF MS for Bacillus sp. or oral streptococci. 16S rRNA sequencing identified a novel bacterium, "Necropsobacter massiliensis." The robust identification of microorganisms by MALDI-TOF MS in Dakar and Marseille demonstrates that MALDI-TOF MS can be used as a first-line tool in clinical microbiology laboratories in tropical countries.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Cheikh I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Bécaye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Bissoume
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sambe-Ba
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Silman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diawara
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Mamadou W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gueye
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mediannikov
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
authors.affiliation: Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Ngor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Yaya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diemé
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fenollar
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D005602:France; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012675:Senegal; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014329:Tropical Climate