title: The relationship between cognitive reserve and the clinical stage of HIV infection.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether the effect of cognitive reserve (CR) on neuropsychological functioning differs according to the clinical stage of HIV infection. A sample of 34 HIV-positive individuals aged 23-49, with a minimum of 9 years of formal education, was assessed. Participants were grouped according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) clinical stages (A = 10, B = 16, C = 8). CR was calculated for each clinical stage group in accordance with estimates of premorbid IQ, years of education, and occupational attainment. The sum of these three variables was then transformed into z-scores. Individuals above the median were classified as having "High" CR (HCR), those below the median were classified as "Low" CR (LCR). Participants completed an evaluation of cognitive and executive functions based on selected, modified tasks from the HIV University of Miami Annotated Neuropsychological test in Spanish (HUMANS). Assessment included the following domains: attention, memory (visual, verbal, and working memory), executive functions (cognitive flexibility, switching), language (naming), and visual constructive skills (block design). HCR outperformed LCR in all cognitive domains. Comparison of HCR and LCR in each clinical stage revealed that the effect of CR was stronger in stage B than in stages A and C, suggesting that this effect does indeed vary among stages.
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Tostado
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.|b Departamento de Estudios en Educación , Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Inozemtseva
authors.affiliation: c Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aguiñiga
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Thalians Health Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.|b Departamento de Estudios en Educación , Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Jalisco , México.
authors.forename: Esmeralda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matute
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States
keywords: Cognitive reserve; HIV infection; neuropsychology