title: Complications of hypospadias surgery: Experience in a tertiary hospital of a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 300 different operations have been described for the management of hypospadias. In recent times, the numbers of operations used in various centres have gradually reduced as the principles necessary to ensure adequate cosmetic and functional results with minimum complications are better understood. The aim of this article was to review the different types of operations used for managing hypospadias in a tertiary hospital in a developing country, to analyse the complications of surgery and discuss the factors that contribute to complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient folders, theatre, and ward records were used to obtain the required information. The age at surgery, types of hypospadias at presentation, types of operations done and complications were analysed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With three main types of operations, tubularised incised plate urethroplasty and meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated for anterior hypospadias (glanular, coronal, subcoronal, distal, midpenile), and lateral based flap urethroplasty for posterior hypospadias (proximal penile, penoscrotal, scrotal, perineal), most hypospadias were corrected with acceptable complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Appeadu-Mensah
authors.forename: Afua Adwo Jectey
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glover-Addy
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osei-Nketiah
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Etwire
authors.forename: Pokua Ama
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sarpong
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000009:adverse effects*