title: Hospital effluents management: Chemical, physical, microbiological risks and legislation in different countries.
abstract: Hospital wastewater (HWW) can contain hazardous substances, such as pharmaceutical residues, chemical hazardous substances, pathogens and radioisotopes. Due to these substances, hospital wastewater can represent a chemical, biological and physical risk for public and environmental health. In particular, several studies demonstrate that the main effects of these substances can't be neutralised by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). These substances can be found in a wide range of concentrations due to the size of a hospital, the bed density, number of inpatients and outpatients, the number and the type of wards, the number and types of services, the country and the season. Some hazardous substances produced in hospital facilities have a regulatory status and are treated like waste and are disposed of accordingly (i.e., dental amalgam and medications). Legislation is quite homogeneous for these substances in all industrial countries. Problems that have emerged in the last decade concern substances and microorganisms that don't have a regulatory status, such as antibiotic residues, drugs and specific pathogens. At a global level, guidelines exist for treatment methods for these effluents, but legislation in all major industrial countries don't contain limitations on these parameters. Therefore, a monitoring system is necessary for these effluents as well as for substances and pathogens, as these elements can represent a risk to the environment and public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy. Electronic address: elisabetta.carraro@unito.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertino
authors.affiliation: Società Metropolitana Acque Torino S.p.A., C.so XI Febbraio, 14, 10152, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilli
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005062:European Union; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D008421:Materials Management, Hospital / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012306:Risk; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006256:Hazardous Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Emerging pollutant; Guidelines; Hospital wastewater; Legislation; Water pollution