title: Antisense technologies in the studying of Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: This review covers a brief history of antisense RNAs and its applications, and summarizes the current stage of antisense technologies used in Toxoplasma gondii, a fascinating model organism with a unique characteristic blend of genetic regulatory systems normally found in plants or animals. Based on the current knowledge of regulatory RNAs and non-coding RNA (ncRNA), the antisense technologies are reviewed according to the classification of ncRNAs, which are roughly categorized into small, ranging from ~20-200 nucleotides in length, and long >200 nucleotides. Techniques utilizing small regulatory RNAs such as siRNA, miRNA, antagomirs, ribozymes and morpholino oligomers are discussed along with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) including antisense and double stranded. These antisense technologies can be used in forward and reverse genetics studies. The future of technologies is limitless, particularly by combining these technologies with conventional methods, and should allow for ever greater understanding of gene regulation of the organism and related pathogenic microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Crater
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roscoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mikayla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada. Electronic address: anans@uwindsor.ca.
authors.forename: Sirinart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ananvoranich
mesh_terms: D000070416:Antagomirs / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000235:genetics; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics*; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics*; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000235:genetics*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000070416:Antagomirs; D035683:MicroRNAs; D060172:Morpholinos; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: Antisense technologies; Genetic tools; Toxoplasma gondii