title: Human Milk Bacterial and Glycosylation Patterns Differ by Delivery Mode.
abstract: Mammals have evolved to nourish their offspring exclusively with maternal milk for around half of the lactation period, a crucial developmental window. In view of oral-breast contact during lactation and the differences in oral microbiota between cesarean section (C-section) and vaginally delivered infants, we expected differences in milk composition by delivery mode. We performed a cross-sectional study of banked human milk and found changes related to time since delivery in bacterial abundance and glycosylation patterns only in milk from women who delivered vaginally. The results warrant further research into the effects of delivery mode on milk microbes, milk glycosylation, and postpartum infant development.
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Program, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Chemistry Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meche
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Chemistry Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lara K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mahal
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakacs
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nardella
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
authors.affiliation: Mothers' Milk Bank Northeast, Newton Upper Falls, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bar-Yam
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Maria.Dominguez-Bello@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Bello
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: C-section; breast milk; human microbiome; milk glycosylation