title: Abundance and seasonal activity of Haemaphysalis concinna (Acari: Ixodidae) at the border between China and Russia in Northern Inner Mongolia, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemaphysalis concinna, a three-host tick vector of several pathogens, poses a high risk to the health of humans and livestock. However, knowledge of the seasonal activities, relative density and other ecological characteristics of this tick is quite limited and fragmentary. This knowledge gap represents a bottleneck in our understanding of the health risks associated with tick-borne pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a two-year study from April 2012 to March 2014 in Northern Inner Mongolia situated on the China-Russia border, China, to investigate the seasonal activities and relative density of the three developmental stages of H. concinna. During the study period, feeding ticks were removed weekly from domestic sheep and their attachment sites were recorded. Questing ticks were collected weekly from five habitats (broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, shrubs, grassland and mixed coniferous forest) using the flagging-dragging method of capture. Rodents were captured and examined on two consecutive nights each week from June to September in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. concinna ticks were found mainly in shrubs and grasslands habitats. Adults were encountered from February to October with the major peak occurring in June. Larvae, which were observed mainly from late April to late September, reached peak numbers in late July. Nymphs were observed mainly from March to October, and their numbers peaked in early July. H. concinna adults and nymphs were found attached to sheep and their most favored sites of attachment were the face and ears. H. concinna larvae were found on two rodent species, Apodemus peninsulae and Eutamias sibiricus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative density and seasonal activities of H. concinna have been systematically reported for Northern Inner Mongolia, China. The information about the hosts infested by H. concinna and its preferred attachment sites on sheep will help efforts to control this tick and the tick-borne diseases carried by it.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. haomeng2010045@163.com.|Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China. haomeng2010045@163.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China. 416059804@qq.com.
authors.forename: Shiqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. yzj116@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. liningxinmayday@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ningxin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. 282974529@qq.com.
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. 1165682476@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiaohe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. yangxl@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China. liujingze@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jingze
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva; D009758:Nymph; D011156:Population Density; D012377:Rodentia; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*