title: Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Major Depression in Patients With Upper Extremity Conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of an estimated diagnosis of major depression in patients with upper extremity conditions and factors that help identify patients who might benefit from psychological treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this observational cross-sectional study, 190 patients completed questionnaires measuring symptoms of depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire, upper extremity disability with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Upper Extremity, pain interference with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference, and health anxiety with the Short Health Anxiety Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated prevalence of an estimated diagnosis of major depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9 ≥ 10) among this group of patients was 12%. Having multiple pain conditions, a history of depression, and greater limitation from pain for daily activities were independently associated with an estimated diagnosis of major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that 1 in 8 patients presenting to a hand surgeon have untreated or undertreated symptoms of depression sufficient to qualify for an estimated diagnosis of major depression emphasizes the importance of assessing for depression at all levels of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Kamilcan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oflazoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mellema
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Mariano E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Chaitanya S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mudgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: dring@partners.org.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Neal C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: Depression; hand; orthopedics; prevalence; upper extremity