title: Regulation of Posttranslational Modifications of HMGB1 During Immune Responses.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  High-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein. The biological function of HMGB1 depends on its cellular locations, binding partners, and redox states. Extracellular HMGB1 is a mediator of inflammation during infection or tissue injury. Immune cells actively release HMGB1 in response to infection, which in turn orchestrates both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hyperacetylation of HMGB1 within its nuclear localization sequences mobilizes HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently promotes HMGB1 release. The redox states of the cysteines in positions 23, 45, and 106 determine the biological activity of the extracellular HMGB1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The full picture and the detailed molecular mechanisms of how cells regulate the posttranslational modifications and the redox status of HMGB1 during immune responses or under stress not only unravel the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate the release and the biological function of HMGB1 but may also provide novel therapeutic targets to treat inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to identify the signaling pathways that regulate the posttranslational modifications and the redox status of HMGB1 and find their roles in host immune responses and pathogenesis of diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University , Changsha, China .|3 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Yiting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.affiliation: 5 Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Sepsis and Translational Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, China .|6 Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Xianzhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital , Manhasset, New York.
authors.forename: Haichao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: 9 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.affiliation: 10 Center of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University , Changsha, China .|5 Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Sepsis and Translational Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, China .|10 Center of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C585491:HMGB1 protein, human