title: Alteration of consciousness via diverse photo-acoustic stimulatory patterns. Phenomenology and effect on salivary flow rate, alpha-amylase and total protein levels.
abstract: Long-term photo-acoustic stimulation is used for the induction of altered states of consciousness for both therapeutic and experimental purposes. Long-term photo-acoustic stimulation also leads to changes in the composition of saliva which have a key contribution to the efficiency of this technique in easing mucosal symptoms of oral psychosomatic patients. The aim of this study is to find out whether there is any cumulative effect of repeated stimulation and whether there are any detectable differences between diverse stimulatory patterns of long lasting photo-acoustic stimulation on the phenomenology of the appearing trance state and on salivary secretion. There was significant cumulative effect in relation with the appearance of day dreaming as phenomenological parameter, and in relation with protein output and amylase/protein ratio as salivary parameter. Pattern specific effect was detectable in relation with salivary flow rate only. Although our results clearly indicate the existence of certain cumulative and stimulation-pattern specific effects of repeated photo-acoustic stimulation, the absolute values of all these effects were relatively small in this study. Therefore, in spite of their theoretical importance there are no direct clinical consequences of these findings. However, our data do not exclude at all the possibility that repeated stimulation with other stimulatory parameters may lead to more pronounced effects. Further studies are needed to make clear conclusion in this respect.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: beck.anita@dent.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: fabian.gabor@dent.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fábián
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: fejerdy.pal@dent.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fejérdy
authors.affiliation: Harzklinikum Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Thiestrasse 7-10, 33889 Blankenburg, Germany. Electronic address: Psychiatrie@harzklinikum.com.
authors.forename: Wolf-Rainer
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: hermann.peter@dent.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: modos.karoly@med.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Károly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Módos
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: varga.gabor@dent.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Ludvigsmindevej 14, st. 5600 Faaborg, Denmark. Electronic address: fabiantiborkaroly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tibor Károly
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Fábián
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000516:alpha-Amylases
keywords: Altered state of consciousness; Amylase; Hypnotherapy; Photo-acoustic stimulation; Saliva; Secretion