title: Are manual therapies, passive physical modalities, or acupuncture effective for the management of patients with whiplash-associated disorders or neck pain and associated disorders? An update of the Bone and Joint Decade Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders by the OPTIMa collaboration.
abstract: In 2008, the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders (Neck Pain Task Force) found limited evidence on the effectiveness of manual therapies, passive physical modalities, or acupuncture for the management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) or neck pain and associated disorders (NAD).
  
  
  
  This review aimed to update the findings of the Neck Pain Task Force, which examined the effectiveness of manual therapies, passive physical modalities, and acupuncture for the management of WAD or NAD.
  
  
  
  This is a systematic review and best evidence synthesis.
  
  
  
  The sample includes randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies comparing manual therapies, passive physical modalities, or acupuncture with other interventions, placebo or sham, or no intervention.
  
  
  
  The outcome measures were self-rated or functional recovery, pain intensity, health-related quality of life, psychological outcomes, or adverse events.
  
  
  
  We systematically searched five databases from 2000 to 2014. Random pairs of independent reviewers critically appraised eligible studies using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Studies with a low risk of bias were stratified by the intervention's stage of development (exploratory vs. evaluation) and synthesized following best evidence synthesis principles. Funding was provided by the Ministry of Finance.
  
  
  
  We screened 8,551 citations, and 38 studies were relevant and 22 had a low risk of bias. Evidence from seven exploratory studies suggests that (1) for recent but not persistent NAD grades I-II, thoracic manipulation offers short-term benefits; (2) for persistent NAD grades I-II, technical parameters of cervical mobilization (eg, direction or site of manual contact) do not impact outcomes, whereas one session of cervical manipulation is similar to Kinesio Taping; and (3) for NAD grades I-II, strain-counterstrain treatment is no better than placebo. Evidence from 15 evaluation studies suggests that (1) for recent NAD grades I-II, cervical and thoracic manipulation provides no additional benefit to high-dose supervised exercises, and Swedish or clinical massage adds benefit to self-care advice; (2) for persistent NAD grades I-II, home-based cupping massage has similar outcomes to home-based muscle relaxation, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) does not offer benefits, Western acupuncture provides similar outcomes to non-penetrating placebo electroacupuncture, and needle acupuncture provides similar outcomes to sham-penetrating acupuncture; (3) for WAD grades I-II, needle electroacupuncture offers similar outcomes as simulated electroacupuncture; and (4) for recent NAD grades III, a semi-rigid cervical collar with rest and graded strengthening exercises lead to similar outcomes, and LLLT does not offer benefits.
  
  
  
  Our review adds new evidence to the Neck Pain Task Force and suggests that mobilization, manipulation, and clinical massage are effective interventions for the management of neck pain. It also suggests that electroacupuncture, strain-counterstrain, relaxation massage, and some passive physical modalities (heat, cold, diathermy, hydrotherapy, and ultrasound) are not effective and should not be used to manage neck pain.
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Department of Graduate Studies, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Electronic address: jessica.wong@uoit.ca.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Graduate Education and Research Programs, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC).
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.affiliation: Division of Graduate Education and Research Programs, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC).
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mior
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Clinical Education, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Canada Research Chair in Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT).
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Clinical Education, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Clinical Education, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada.
authors.forename: Hainan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Rebecca MacDonald Centre for Arthritis and Autoimmune Disease, Mount Sinai Hospital.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Southerst
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Clinical Education, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada.
authors.forename: Sharanya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varatharajan
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC); Division of Clinical Education, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto; Institute for Work and Health.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.affiliation: Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research and School of Public Health, University of Alberta.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and Medico-legal Expertise, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ameis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work and Health; Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ammendolia
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Kingston General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brison
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, Occupational and Industrial Orthopedic Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York University.
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC).
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stupar
authors.affiliation: UOIT-CMCC Centre for the Study of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC).
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor-Vaisey
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Acupuncture; Manual therapy; Neck pain and associated disorders; Passive physical modalities; Systematic review; Whiplash-associated disorders