title: Molecular phylogeny of the Ellobiidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata) supports independent terrestrial invasions.
abstract: Gastropods of the family Ellobiidae are an interesting group in which to study transitions from intertidal to terrestrial realms. However, the phylogenetic relationships within this family still lack resolution. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis of the Ellobiidae based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylograms. We used nuclear (18S, 28S, H3) and mitochondrial (16S, 12S, COI) data, increasing the numbers of markers and data, and making this the most comprehensive phylogenetic study of the family to date. Our results support phylogenetic hypotheses derived from morphological data, and provide a supported framework to evaluate the internal relationships within Ellobiidae. The resulting phylogenetic trees support the previous hypothesis that the Ellobiidae are monophyletic only if the Trimusculinae (Otina, Smeagol and Trimusculus) are considered part of this family. In addition, we found that the Carychiinae, Ellobiinae and Pythiinae are reciprocally monophyletic and closely related, with the Carychiinae as sister group to Ellobiinae. Relationships within Melampodinae and Pedipedinae and their phylogenetic positions remain unresolved. Land invasion by the Ellobiidae occurred independently in Carychiinae and Pythia during different geological times (Mesozoic and Cenozoic, respectively). Diversification in the family does not appear to be related to past climate and biotic changes, neither the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary nor the lowering of the sea level in the Oligocene.
authors.affiliation: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany; Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany. Electronic address: pedro.romero@senckenberg.de.
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany; Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, Frankfurt am Main 60439, Germany. Electronic address: pfenninger@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
authors.affiliation: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan. Electronic address: kano@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum König, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: a.klussmann-kolb@zfmk.de.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klussmann-Kolb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D057231:Climate Change; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis
keywords: Carychiinae; Molecular clock; Pythiinae; Realm transitions; Terrestrial invasion; Topology tests