title: Assessment of antimutagenic action of Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planch. (Cannabaceae) extracts against base pair exchange and frame shift mutations on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains by Ames test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celtis glabrata is used in Turkey for the treatment of various health disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol extracts of C. glabrata leaf, fruit, and seed were investigated to evaluate their antimutagenic activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimutagenicity of these extracts was determined by Ames test against mutagens (4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), and sodium azide (SA)). The extracts were used at concentrations between 5 and 0.005 mg/plate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited strong antimutagenicity (70%) against 2-AF with S9 at 5 mg/plate on TA98. But methanol (61%, 53%) and acetone (53%, 52%) also revealed strong inhibition rates at concentrations of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate. Among the extracts, the highest activity (96%) was obtained from acetone extract against SA without S9, followed by chloroform extract (91%) at a dose of 5 mg/plate on TA100 with S9. Ethanol (without S9) and chloroform (with S9) extracts showed strong antimutagenicity at all doses. Exception of chloroform and acetone (without S9), all fruit extracts (with/without S9) manifested strong antimutagenicity at doses of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate on TA98 strain. Ethanol extracts revealed 68% inhibition against 2-AF on TA98. Acetone and ethanol extracts manifested 84% and 82% inhibition against SA on TA100, respectively. All the extracts of seeds revealed strong inhibition against 2-AF at ≥ 0.5 mg/plate doses on TA98, but acetone extract showed excellent antimutagenicity (94%). Moreover, the chloroform (74, 73, 63, 54%), acetone (74, 72, 70, 65%) and methanol (74, 67, 63, 61%) extracts of seeds revealed strong antimutagenic activity on TA100 against SA with S9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This plant may be natural source of antimutagenic agents.
authors.affiliation: a Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey .
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Durak
authors.affiliation: c Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medicinal Laboratory , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Erdogan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunes
authors.affiliation: c Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medicinal Laboratory , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa Onur
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Aladag
mesh_terms: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000506:poisoning; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000187:drug effects*; D027581:Cannabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D016368:Frameshift Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Cannabaceae; Salmonella/microsome test system; antimutagenicity; free radical scavenging; total phenol content