title: Comparison of the Effect of Addition of Cyanoacrylate, Epoxy Resin, and Gum Arabic on Surface Hardness of Die Stone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effects of incorporating cyanoacrylate, epoxy resins, and gum arabic on the abrasion resistance of type IV gypsum die materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty specimens were prepared and divided into four groups (10 specimens in each group), namely group A (control), group B (die stone mixed with cyanoacrylate), group C (die stone mixed with epoxy resin), group D (die stone mixed with gum arabic). All the specimens were subjected to abrasion testing, wear volume analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abrasion testing showed maximum wear in the control group and minimum wear in the gum arabic group. Intergroup differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The largest mean difference was between control and gum arabic. The lowest was between cyanoacrylate and the control group. The mean wear volume was lowest in the gum arabic group (4.23 mm(3) ) and highest in the control group (6.78 mm(3) ). The FT-IR graphs of the gum arabic models showed the presence of CH2 , which is responsible for its binding activity. SEM revealed that the irregular particles of gum arabic display an interlocking arrangement. This jigsaw puzzle pattern results in stronger physical bond formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observations from this study showed that the addition of gum arabic increases resistance to abrasion in type IV gypsum. Cyanoacrylates are good adhesives as well, but a major drawback is that they have very low resistance to chemical action with water and physical actions such as sunlight. Epoxy resins are powerful adhesives, but they attain their full efficiency when cured with heat. Cyanoacrylate and epoxy resin displayed poor physical bonding, primarily because of inhomogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Studies and Research, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Soumyojeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Lallan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Abhina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Riti
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhok
mesh_terms: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D003764:Dental Materials; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D006170:Gum Arabic; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D003764:Dental Materials; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D006170:Gum Arabic
keywords: Abrasion resistance; FT-IR; tribology