title: Evaluation of in vitro antiprotozoal activity of Ajuga laxmannii and its secondary metabolites.
abstract: Context Some Ajuga L. (Lamiaceae) species are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, as well as fever, which is a common symptom of many parasitic diseases. Objective In the continuation of our studies on the identification of antiprotozoal secondary metabolites of Turkish Lamiaceae species, we have investigated the aerial parts of Ajuga laxmannii. Materials and methods The aerial parts of A. laxmannii were extracted with MeOH. The H2O subextract was subjected to polyamide, C18-MPLC and SiO2 CCs to yield eight metabolites. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses. The extract, subextracts as well as the isolates were tested for their in vitro antiprotozoal activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania donovani at concentrations of 90-0.123 μg/mL. Results Two iridoid glycosides harpagide (1) and 8-O-acetylharpagide (2), three o-coumaric acid derivatives cis-melilotoside (3), trans-melilotoside (4) and dihydromelilotoside (5), two phenylethanoid glycosides verbascoside (6) and galactosylmartynoside (7) and a flavone-C-glycoside, isoorientin (8) were isolated. Many compounds showed moderate to good antiparasitic activity, with isoorientin (8) displaying the most significant antimalarial potential (an IC50 value of 9.7 μg/mL). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on the antiprotozoal evaluation of A. laxmannii extracts and isolates. Furthermore, isoorientin and dihydromelilotoside are being reported for the first time from the genus Ajuga.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, İstanbul Medipol University , İstanbul , 34810 , Turkey ;|b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Yeditepe University , İstanbul , 34755 , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Irem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atay
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Yeditepe University , İstanbul , 34755 , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirmizibekmez
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland ;
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biology Education , Hacettepe University , Beytepe , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Galip
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akaydin
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Yeditepe University , İstanbul , 34755 , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yesilada
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry , Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London , London , UK ;|f GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry , Kiel , Germany.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tasdemir
mesh_terms: D031328:Ajuga / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D015394:Molecular Structure; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D051381:Rats; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antiprotozoal activity; Isoorientin; Lamiaceae; flavonoid; iridoid glycosides; plasmodium