title: Location of Initial Visual Field Defects in Glaucoma and Their Modes of Deterioration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the location of initial visual field defects (VFD) in glaucoma, their modes of deterioration, and those factors associated with different modes of deterioration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with POAG were categorized into four groups based on three consecutive initial VFD: (1) superior paracentral defects (PD), (2) inferior PD, (3) superior nasal defects (ND), and (4) inferior ND. According to the worsening of the VF, four further subgroups were identified: (1) superior central worsening (CW), (2) inferior CW, (3) superior peripheral or nasal worsening (NW), and (4) inferior NW. Systemic and ocular factors were analyzed for each of the subgroups to identify possible associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty-two eyes of 162 subjects were analyzed. Superior PD (n = 40) were more frequent in females and associated with disc hemorrhage (DH), and were less frequent in patients with systemic hypertension (HT). Inferior PD (n = 35) showed a significant association with cup shape measure and axial length. Superior ND (n = 37) were more highly associated with HT and diabetes. Inferior ND (n = 50) showed a lower incidence of DH. With binary logistic regression analysis, superior PD showed a significant association with both HT and DH. With respect to VF worsening, superior CW showed a significant association with HT and diabetes, whereas superior NW was associated with a high minimum IOP during follow-up, and inferior NW was associated with a high maximum IOP during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial location and subsequent direction of worsening of VFD were associated with different systemic and ocular factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Joon Mo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Haksu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kyung
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States 4Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Parham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azarbod
authors.affiliation: Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caprioli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*