title: Type-specific detection of human papillomaviruses in Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by genotyping both E6 and L1 genes with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have suggested a relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, findings are inconclusive, potentially because of geographic heterogeneity and variations in detection methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to further investigate the prevalence of HPV with a new detection method, the MassARRAY Sequenom technique, in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas occurring in patients belonging to Kazakh populations in Xinjiang, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, a novel genotyping method for detecting 30 HPV genotypes, specifically by genotyping both the HPV E6 and L1 genes with multiplex PCR using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (PCR-MS) was first adopted to evaluate HPV genotypes in 89 esophageal cancer samples and 49 matched adjacent normal esophageal tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six HPV genotypes (HPV6, HPV16, HPV33, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV82) were present in at least 51.7% of the esophageal carcinoma tissues, which was significantly greater than 28.6% prevalence among controls (P < 0.05). HPV16 was the most common of all the genotypes investigated (HPV16 prevalence in carcinoma tissue: 49.4%; odds ratio 3.02, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.53). HPV-positive ESCC patients were generally younger than HPV-negative patients (P = 0.04). In addition, HPV infection was more common in cases of well-differentiated and shallower invasive depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this new detection method, our findings reiterate the possibility that HPV infection (especially HPV16) may be involved in the etiology of esophageal carcinoma in the Kazakh populations and that HPV E6 gene positivity may be associated with prognosis of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China ; Liaocheng People's Hospital Liaocheng, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Chao
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Hai
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Yao-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Gang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Management Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Zhao
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral
keywords: HPV genotyping; Human papillomavirus; MassARRAY Sequenom technique; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma