title: Examination of the recommended safe and unsafe zone for placement of surgical instruments in thoracentesis and video-assisted thoracic surgery: a cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracentesis and video-assisted thoracic surgery procedures can result in haemorrhage as a consequence of severing the collateral branches of the posterior intercostal artery. These branches have been shown to be most common in the 5th intercostal space (ICS). Tortuosity has been shown to be especially prevalent nearer to midline. A group of investigators have recommended the 4th and 7th ICS, 120 mm lateral to midline as a safe zone, least likely to hit branches when cutting into the ICS. The present study aimed to investigate that safe zone as a better entry points for procedures. In addition, investigation of the least safe 5th ICS was also performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 56 embalmed human cadavers were selected for the study. With the cadavers laid prone, 2 cm incisions were made at the 4th, 5th and 7th ICS, 120 mm lateral to midline bilaterally. The cadavers were then placed supine and the incisions were dissected. Careful attention was paid to identify if any collateral branches were cut.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After thorough dissection of the 4th, 5th and 7th ICS incision sites, it was shown that damage to the 5th intercostal was seen most frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this cadaveric study, a 2 cm incision at the 4th, 5th and 7th ICS 120 mm lateral from midline resulted in the most damage at the level of the 5th ICS. The 4th ICS had the least damage seen. Therefore, it is recommended that insertion should be placed at the level of the 4th ICS bilaterally.
authors.affiliation: MSII Medical Student, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, United States. DanielleLSolomon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boydstun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Persaud
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olinger
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D000069258:Thoracentesis; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted
keywords: intercostal anatomy; posterior intercostal artery; thoracic surgery; thoroscopy