title: Effect of sample pooling and transport conditions on the clinical sensitivity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in preputial samples from bulls.
abstract: The diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) presents significant challenges, as traditional methods lack sensitivity when prolonged transport of samples is required. Assays of preputial samples by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide good sensitivity and high throughput capabilities. However, there is limited information on the acceptable duration of transport and temperature during transport of samples. In addition, the use of pooled samples has proven to be a valuable strategy for the diagnosis of other venereal diseases in cattle. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of sample pooling and of transport time and temperature on the clinical sensitivity of a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in preputial samples from beef bulls. Eight infected bulls and 176 virgin yearling bulls were used as the source of samples. The qPCR sensitivity was comparable for unpooled samples and pools of 5 samples, whereas sensitivity was decreased for pools of 10 samples. Sensitivity for the various pool sizes improved with repeated sampling. For shorter-term transport (2 and 48 h), sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at 4°C and 30°C, whereas for longer-term transport (96 h) sensitivity was greatest when the samples were stored at -20°C. The creation of pools of 5 samples is therefore a good option to decrease costs when screening bulls for BGC with the qPCR assay of direct preputial samples. Ideally the samples should be stored at 4°C and arrive at the laboratory within 48 h of collection, but when that is not possible freezing at -20°C could minimize the loss of sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Guerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Waldner
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaban
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (García-Guerra, Waldner, Pellegrino, Macdonald); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Chaban, Hill); Coaldale Veterinary Clinic, Coaldale, Alberta T1M 1M7 (Hendrick).
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hendrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D002168:Campylobacter fetus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D052816:Foreskin / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000662:veterinary*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000662:veterinary*