title: Transfer of children with isolated linear skull fractures: is it worth the cost?
abstract: OBJECTIVE Children with skull fractures are often transferred to hospitals with pediatric neurosurgical capabilities. Historical data suggest that a small percentage of patients with an isolated skull fracture will clinically decline. However, recent papers have suggested that the risk of decline in certain patients is low. There are few data regarding the financial costs associated with transporting patients at low risk for requiring specialty care. In this study, the clinical outcomes and financial costs of transferring of a population of children with isolated skull fractures to a Level 1 pediatric trauma center over a 9-year period were analyzed. METHODS A retrospective review of all children treated for head injury at Riley Hospital for Children (Indianapolis, Indiana) between 2005 and 2013 was performed. Patients with a skull fracture were identified based on ICD-9 codes. Patients with intracranial hematoma, brain parenchymal injury, or multisystem trauma were excluded. Children transferred to Riley Hospital from an outside facility were identified. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were recorded. A cost analysis was performed on patients who were transferred with an isolated, linear, nondisplaced skull fracture. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2013, a total of 619 pediatric patients with isolated skull fractures were transferred. Of these, 438 (70.8%) patients had a linear, nondisplaced skull fracture. Of these 438 patients, 399 (91.1%) were transferred by ambulance and 39 (8.9%) by helicopter. Based on the current ambulance and helicopter fees, a total of $1,834,727 (an average of $4188.90 per patient) was spent on transfer fees alone. No patient required neurosurgical intervention. All patients recovered with symptomatic treatment; no patient suffered late decline or epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS This study found that nearly $2 million was spent solely on transfer fees for 438 pediatric patients with isolated linear skull fractures over a 9-year period. All patients in this study had good clinical outcomes, and none required neurosurgical intervention. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that, in the absence of abuse, most children with isolated, linear, nondisplaced skull fractures do not require transfer to a Level 1 pediatric trauma center. The authors suggest ideas for further study to refine the protocols for determining which patients require transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; and.
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; and.
authors.forename: Ecaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pestereva
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; and.
authors.forename: Kashif A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fulkerson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014193:Trauma Centers
keywords: NAT = nonaccidental trauma; cost; linear; pediatric; seizures; skull fracture; transfer; trauma; vomiting