title: The effect of 7 days of letrozole pretreatment combined with misoprostol on the expression of progesterone receptor and apoptotic factors of placental and decidual tissues from first-trimester abortion: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if letrozole-induced suppression of estradiol reduces progesterone receptor expression and apoptosis in the first-trimester placenta.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. We randomized 20 women requesting first-trimester abortion with gestation up to 63 days to receive either letrozole 10 mg daily or placebo pretreatment for 7 days before administrating 400 mcg of vaginal misoprostol followed by suction abortion. We collected the placental and decidual tissues on which we performed immunohistochemical staining for progesterone receptor and apoptotic markers (active caspase 3, caspase 3, Bcl2, CD95, fas ligand) and determined H-scores of each based on the intensities of staining. We performed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for apoptosis in the samples of four women to confirm the findings from apoptotic markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We excluded one woman in the letrozole group from the analysis because she had passage of abortus after taking letrozole, leaving 19 women (9 in the letrozole group, 10 in the placebo group) for analysis. There was no significant difference in the H-scorings of progesterone receptor and apoptotic markers, as well as proportion of apoptotic cells on TUNEL assay between the two groups. The H-scores for the progesterone receptor were 8.17 ± 2.67 (mean ± SD) in the letrozole group and 9.01 ± 2.82 in the placebo group (p=0.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not detect a difference in the expression of progesterone receptor and apoptotic markers in placental and decidual tissues after letrozole pretreatment for 7 days in first-trimester abortion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not confirm the hypothesis that letrozole reduces progesterone receptor expression and induces apoptosis in the first-trimester placenta. Further studies are required to allow better understanding of the mechanism by which estrogen suppression following the use of letrozole can lead to improved abortion rate in the first trimester.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: ssfyung@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Sofie Shuk Fei
authors.initials: SSF
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: v200lee@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Vivian Chi Yan
authors.initials: VCY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: pchiucn@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Philip Chi Ngong
authors.initials: PCN
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: raymondli@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Hang Wun Raymond
authors.initials: HWR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: nghye@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Ernest Hung Yu
authors.initials: EHY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: wsbyeung@hku.hk.
authors.forename: William Shu Biu
authors.initials: WSB
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: pcho@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Pak Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000020:Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003656:Decidua / Q000737:chemistry*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D000077289:Letrozole; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010919:Placebos; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000020:Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D009570:Nitriles; D010919:Placebos; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D014230:Triazoles; D016595:Misoprostol; D000077289:Letrozole
keywords: Apoptosis; Letrozole; Medical abortion; Misoprostol; Progesterone receptor