title: Masculinity in the doctor's office: Masculinity, gendered doctor preference and doctor-patient communication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mortality and morbidity data suggest that men have shorter life expectancies than women and outrank women on several leading causes of death. These gendered disparities may be influenced by psychosocial factors like masculinity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three studies (Total N=546) examined the role of masculinity in men's doctor choices and doctor-patient interactions. In Studies 1 and 2, men completed measures of masculinity, gender bias, and doctor preference. Using structural equation modeling, we tested the direct relationship between masculinity and male doctor preference and the indirect relationship of masculinity on male doctor preference through an association with gendered competence stereotypes. Participants in Study 3 disclosed symptoms in private followed by disclosure to a male or female interviewer in a clinical setting. Using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), we examined the interaction among symptom reporting, masculinity and doctor gender, controlling for participant comfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, results suggested that masculinity encouraged choice of a male doctor directly and indirectly via beliefs that men make more competent doctors than women; Study 2 directly replicated the results of Study 1. In Study 3, independent of participant comfort, an interaction between interviewer gender and masculinity emerged such that men scoring higher on masculinity reported symptoms less consistently to male interviewers (relative to higher scoring men reporting to female interviewers); the reverse was found for men scoring low on masculinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together these studies suggest that masculinity may affect men's health by encouraging choice of a male doctor with whom doctor-patient communication may be impaired.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, United States. Electronic address: mary.himmelstein@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Himmelstein
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, United States.
authors.forename: Diana T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D058015:Health Communication; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D057228:Masculinity; D054526:Men's Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D063507:Sexism
keywords: Decision making; Doctor–patient relationships; Health behavior; Health communication; Men's health