title: The revised Temperament and Character Inventory: normative data by sex and age from a Spanish normal randomized sample.
abstract: Objectives. The psychometric properties regarding sex and age for the revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and its derived short version, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140), were evaluated with a randomized sample from the community. Methods. A randomized sample of 367 normal adult subjects from a Spanish municipality, who were representative of the general population based on sex and age, participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency according to α coefficient were obtained for all of the dimensions and facets. T-tests and univariate analyses of variance, followed by Bonferroni tests, were conducted to compare the distributions of the TCI-R dimension scores by age and sex. Results. On both the TCI-R and TCI-140, women had higher scores for Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness than men, whereas men had higher scores for Persistence. Age correlated negatively with Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and positively with Harm Avoidance and Self-transcendence. Young subjects between 18 and 35 years had higher scores than older subjects in NS and RD. Subjects between 51 and 77 years scored higher in both HA and ST. The alphas for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.87 for the TCI-R and between 0.63 and 0.83 for the TCI-140. Conclusion. Results, which were obtained with a randomized sample, suggest that there are specific distributions of personality traits by sex and age. Overall, both the TCI-R and the abbreviated TCI-140 were reliable in the 'good-to-excellent' range. A strength of the current study is the representativeness of the sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain .
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Zotes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB . Sabadell, Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labad
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario La Paz , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain .
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaviria
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario La Paz , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bayón
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain .
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vilella
authors.affiliation: Departament of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , USA.
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
keywords: Character; Inventory; Personality; Randomized sample; TCI-140; TCI-R; Temperament