title: Characteristics associated with the consumption of malted drinks among Malaysian primary school children: findings from the MyBreakfast study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consumption of beverages contributes to diet quality and overall nutrition. Studies on malted drinks, one of the widely consumed beverage choices among children in Asia, however, have received limited attention. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of malted drink consumption and explored associations of sociodemographic characteristics, nutrient intakes, weight status and physical activity levels with malted drink consumption among primary school children in Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this analysis were from the MyBreakfast Study, a national cross-sectional study conducted from April to October 2013 throughout all regions in Malaysia. A total of 2065 primary school children aged 6 to 12 years were included in the present analysis. Data on two days 24-h dietary recall or record, anthropometry, physical activity and screen time were recorded. Associations between malted drink consumption and related factors were examined using binary logistic regression, adjusting for region, area, gender, ethnicity and household income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among children aged 6 to 12 years, 73.5% reported consuming malted drinks for at least once per week. Consumption of malted drinks was significantly associated with region (χ(2) = 45.64, p < 0.001), gender (χ(2) = 4.41, p = 0.036) and ethnicity (χ(2) = 13.74, p = 0.008). Malted drink consumers had similar total energy intake but higher micronutrient intakes compared to non-consumers. High physical activity level (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.99) and lower screen time during weekends (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86, 0.99) were independently associated with malted drink consumption among 6 to 9 year-old children, but not among 10 to 12 year-old children. No association was observed between malted drink consumption and weight status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malted drink consumption is prevalent among Malaysian primary school children, particularly higher among boys, indigenous children and those who lived in the East Coast region of Malaysia. Consuming malted drinks is associated with higher micronutrient intakes and higher levels of physical activity, but not with body weight status.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. hamidjan@usm.my.
authors.forename: Hamid Jan B
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jan Mohamed
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. seeling_23@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. nasir.jpsk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohd Nasir
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mohd Taib
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. norimahkarim@ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Norimah A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. eileentsy81@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Sports Science Programme, Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. mahen@salam.uitm.edu.my.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appukutty
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. je.suis.liyana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nurliyana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdul Razak
authors.affiliation: Cereal Partners Worldwide, Chemin du Viaduc 1. Prilly, Lausanne, 1008, Switzerland. Frank.Thielecke@rdls.nestle.com.|Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Frank.Thielecke@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thielecke
authors.affiliation: Cereal Partners Worldwide, Chemin du Viaduc 1. Prilly, Lausanne, 1008, Switzerland. Sinead.Hopkins@rd.nestle.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Nestlé R&D Center, 2655633, 29 Quality Road, 618802, Singapore, Singapore. MoiKim.Ong@rdsg.nestle.com.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Nestlé R&D Center, 2655633, 29 Quality Road, 618802, Singapore, Singapore. Celia.Ning@rdsg.nestle.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Society of Malaysia, c/o Division of Human Nutrition, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. president@nutriweb.org.my.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tee
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors