title: Processing of whey modulates proliferative and immune functions in intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is often subjected to heat treatment during industrial processing, resulting in protein denaturation and loss of protein bioactivity. We hypothesized that WPC samples subjected to different degrees of thermal processing are associated with different levels of bioactive proteins and effects on proliferation and immune response in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The results showed that low-heat-treated WPC had elevated levels of lactoferrin and transforming growth factor-β2 compared with that of standard WPC. The level of aggregates depended on the source of whey, with the lowest level being found in WPC derived from acid whey. Following acid activation, WPC from acid whey enhanced IEC proliferation compared with WPC from sweet whey or nonactivated WPC. Low-heat-treated WPC from acid whey induced greater secretion of IL-8 in IEC than either standard WPC from acid whey or low-heat-treated WPC from sweet whey. Following acid activation (to activate growth factors), low-heat-treated WPC from sweet whey induced higher IL-8 levels in IEC compared with standard WPC from sweet whey. In conclusion, higher levels of bioactive proteins in low-heat-treated WPC, especially from acid whey, may enhance proliferation and cytokine responses of IEC. These considerations could be important to maintain optimal bioactivity of infant formulas, including their maturational and immunological effects on the developing intestine.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark.
authors.forename: Duc Ninh
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sangild
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby 8260, Denmark.
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bering
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark. Electronic address: dcha@food.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Dereck E W
authors.initials: DEW
authors.lastname: Chatterton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D007781:Lactoferrin; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013649:Taste; D000067796:Whey / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016209:Interleukin-8; C490098:LTF protein, human; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: immunomodulation; milk protein; whey protein concentrate