title: Maternal Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy and the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Springer Link and Elsevier databases were searched up to August, 2014. Case-control and cohort studies published on the association between maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy and the occurrence of NTDs in offspring were included. Meta-analysis was applied to calculate the pooled effect estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of six case-control studies and one cohort study were included. The pooled effect estimate of maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy was 0.86 for total NTDs (95% CI: 0.51- 1.45) and 1.30 (95% CI: 0.67- 2.52) for NTDs subtype of spina bifida.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the occurrence of total NTD or the spina bifida subtype of NTD.
authors.affiliation: a The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: Zhao-Xia
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: Zhuang-Lei
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: b Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Jin-Na
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China.
authors.forename: Qing-Hui
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: coffee; meta-analysis; neural tube defects; pregnancy