title: An Open Trial of Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation Among Methadone-Maintained Smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking cessation pharmacotherapies tested in persons with opioid use disorder have produced low quit rates. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been used by many methadone-maintained (MMT) smokers, but controlled trials evaluating cessation and reduction outcomes have not been performed in this population with deleterious tobacco-related health consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this open trial of NJOY e-cigarettes, MMT smokers received 6 weeks of treatment and were instructed to use only e-cigarettes. Outcomes included carbon monoxide confirmed 7-day point smoking cessation prevalence at week 7 (end of treatment) and self-reported change in mean cigarettes per day (CPD) at each 2-week assessment. The final assessment was 2 weeks after treatment ended (week 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 participants averaged 46 years old and 50% were male. On average, participants reported smoking 17.8 (±5.3) CPD. One person had a biochemically confirmed quit at week 7. Participants tended to report marked reductions in mean CPD between quit day (week 1) and the week 3 assessment. Relative to baseline, statistically significant reductions in mean CPD were observed at all follow-up assessments. Mean reductions in CPD were -12.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -15.0, -9.9; P < .001), -14.8 (95% CI: -17.4, -12.2; P < .001), -13.9 (95% CI: -16.6, -11.2), and -10.8 (95% CI: -13.4, -8.2; P < .01) at the 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-week assessments, respectively. Adherence to e-cigarettes was 89.1% during the 6 treatment weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-cigarettes were associated with reductions in cigarette use. Smoking cessation rates in MMT smokers are low and whether long-term smoking reductions can persist and produce health benefits should be studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-cigarettes were associated with reduced tobacco use in MMT smokers. Adherence to e-cigarettes is high among methadone smokers. Week-7 smoking quit rates are similar to pharmacotherapies tested in this population.
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI; Departments of Medicine and Health Services, Policy and Practice, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Michael_Stein@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI;
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caviness
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI;
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimone
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Audet
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI;
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Health Services, Policy and Practice, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Stanley Street Treatment and Resources, Inc, Fall River, MA.
authors.forename: Genie L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone