title: Bringing clinical pharmacogenomics information to pharmacists: A qualitative study of information needs and resource requirements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As key experts in supporting medication-decision making, pharmacists are well-positioned to support the incorporation of pharmacogenomics into clinical care. However, there has been little study to date of pharmacists' information needs regarding pharmacogenomics. Understanding those needs is critical to design information resources that help pharmacists effectively apply pharmacogenomics information.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to understand the pharmacogenomics information needs and resource requirements of pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted qualitative inquiries with 14 pharmacists representing 6 clinical environments, and used the results of those inquiries to develop a model of pharmacists' pharmacogenomics information needs and resource requirements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inquiries identified 36 pharmacogenomics-specific and pharmacogenomics-related information needs that fit into four information needs themes: background information, patient information, medication information, and guidance information. The results of the inquiries informed a model of pharmacists' pharmacogenomics resource requirements, with 3 themes: structure of the resource, perceptions of the resource, and perceptions of the information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Responses suggest that pharmacists anticipate an imminently growing role for pharmacogenomics in their practice. Participants value information from trust-worthy resources like FDA product labels, but struggle to find relevant information quickly in labels. Specific information needs include clinically relevant guidance about genotypes, phenotypes, and how to care for their patients with known genotypes. Information resources supporting the goal of incorporating complicated genetic information into medication decision-making goals should be well-designed and trustworthy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. Electronic address: kak59@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Katrina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Empey
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hochheiser
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008490:Medical Informatics; D020380:Needs Assessment; D005791:Patient Care; D010465:Perception; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education*; D024382:Professional Role; D036301:Qualitative Research
keywords: Genomics; Information needs; Needs assessment; Pharmacists; Pharmacogenomics; Qualitative inquiry