title: Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles fabricated using Anisomeles indica: Mosquitocidal potential against malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis vectors.
abstract: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) represent a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating parasites and pathogens. In this scenario, eco-friendly control tools against mosquito vectors are a priority. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using a cheap, aqueous leaf extract of Anisomeles indica by reduction of Ag(+) ions from silver nitrate solution has been investigated. Bio-reduced AgNP were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The acute toxicity of A. indica leaf extract and biosynthesized AgNP was evaluated against larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus, the dengue vector Aedes albopictus and the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Both the A. indica leaf extract and AgNP showed dose dependent larvicidal effect against all tested mosquito species. Compared to the leaf aqueous extract, biosynthesized AgNP showed higher toxicity against An. subpictus, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with LC50 values of 31.56, 35.21 and 38.08 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, this study firstly shed light on the mosquitocidal potential of A. indica, a potential bioresource for rapid, cheap and effective AgNP synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: drgovindzoo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Marimuthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajeswary
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kaliyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Veerakumar
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Udaiyan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Muthukumaran
authors.affiliation: Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum 590010, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hoti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae; D003715:Dengue / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D046590:Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver
keywords: Aedes albopictus; Anopheles subpictus; Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Nanomosquitocidals; Nanotechnology; Plant-borne larvicides