title: Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity.
abstract: Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia dixit@gene.com natalie.borg@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080 dixit@gene.com natalie.borg@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Vishva M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dixit
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D054875:Ubiquitination; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin