title: Standardisation of (90)Y and determination of calibration factors for (90)Y microspheres (resin) for the NPL secondary ionisation chamber and a Capintec CRC-25R.
abstract: The use of (90)Y resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres® microspheres) in Nuclear Medicine has dramatically increased in recent years due to its favourable outcome in the treatment of liver cancer and liver metastases (Rajekar et al., 2011). The measurement of administered activity before and residual activity after treatment in radionuclide calibrators is required to determine total activity delivered to the patient. In comparison with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) where administered doses are often know to within ±5%, the actual administered activity in nuclear medicine procedures may only be known to within ±20% and subsequent dose calculations can result in even larger uncertainties (Fenwick et al., 2009). It is a well-recognised issue that ion chambers are instruments that are sensitive to the measurement geometry and matrix of a source, in particular for pure beta or low energy (<100keV) x-ray emitters (Gadd et al., 2006). This paper presents new calibration factors for NPL secondary standard ionisation chamber system (Vinten 671) and a Capintec CRC-25R radionuclide calibrator along with a discussion of the measurement problems associated with this radionuclide and matrix. Calibration of the NPL secondary standard system for this measurement matrix will enable NPL to provide standards for the Nuclear Medicine community and consequently increase the measurement capability.
authors.affiliation: Radioactivity Group, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom. Electronic address: kelley.ferreira@npl.co.uk.
authors.forename: Kelley M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Radioactivity Group, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.affiliation: Radioactivity Group, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arinc
authors.affiliation: Radioactivity Group, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lena C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000592:standards; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards*; D008863:Microspheres; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes
keywords: (90)Y resin microspheres; Calibration factors; Capintec CRC-25R; Ionisation chambers