title: End points for validating early warning scores in the context of rapid response systems: a Delphi consensus study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When investigating early warning scores and similar physiology-based risk stratification tools, death, cardiac arrest and intensive care unit admission are traditionally used as end points. A large proportion of the patients identified by these end points cannot be saved, even with optimal treatment. This could pose a limitation to studies using these end points. We studied current expert opinion on end points for validating tools for the identification of patients in hospital wards at risk of imminent critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Delphi consensus methodology was used. We identified 22 experts based on objective criteria; 17 participated in the study. Each expert panel member's suggestions for end points were collected and distributed to the entire expert panel in anonymised form. The experts reviewed, rated and commented the suggested end points through the rounds in the Delphi process, and the experts' combined rating of the usefulness of each suggestion was established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A gross list of 86 suggestions for end points, relating to 13 themes, was produced. No items were uniformly recognised as ideal. The themes cardiac arrest, death, and level of care contained the items receiving highest ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  End points relating to death, cardiac arrest and intensive care unit admission currently comprise the most obvious compromises for investigating early warning scores and similar risk stratification tools. Additional end points from the gross list of suggested end points could become feasible with the increased availability of large data sets with a multitude of recorded parameters.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oestergaard
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lippert
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D003643:Death; D003697:Delphi Technique; D023381:Endpoint Determination / Q000379:methods*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards*