title: Nutrition Concerns of Insufficient and Excessive Intake of Dietary Minerals in Lactating Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Three Cities of China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objectives of this study were 1) to investigate the mineral intake by Chinese lactating women, 2) to explore the dietary source of minerals, and 3) the ratios between different dietary minerals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 468 lactating women in 5-240 days post-partum participated in this study. Food intakes by participants were measured using one time of 24-hour dietary recall, and minerals from food were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table, second edition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In post-partum, women had inadequate food intake. 81.0% of women's daily intake of dairy products was lower than 300g, and 97.1% of women's daily intake of salt over 6g. For mineral intake, there were 81.8%, 59.0%, 47.6%, 45.7% and 66.8% of women's calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and selenium intake lower than the estimated average requirement, respectively, and 91.7% of women's excessive intake of sodium. The calcium/phosphorus and sodium/potassium ratios were 0.41±0.26/1 and 3.13±2.89/1, respectively. Considering the dietary sources of minerals, 27.3%, 25.3% and 30.1% of iron, zinc and calcium were from animal-based food, respectively, and 60.3%, 66.1% and 58.0% of iron, zinc and calcium were from plant-based food, respectively. The phosphorus-protein ratio was 0.014±0.003/1. Lactation stage was associated with nutrient intake. Women within 30 days post-partum and the ones who live in Guangzhou had a significantly lower intake of certain minerals, while women with a high education experience had a high intake of calcium, potassium, iron and zinc. Productive age, whether obese or not, and delivery ways were not associated with mineral intakes (P all >0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chinese women in three studied cities had an inappropriate food intake and resulted in both insufficient and excessive intakes of certain minerals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals