title: Episodic Disturbance from Boat Anchoring Is a Major Contributor to, but Does Not Alter the Trajectory of, Long-Term Coral Reef Decline.
abstract: Isolating the relative effects of episodic disturbances and chronic stressors on long-term community change is challenging. We assessed the impact of an episodic disturbance associated with human visitation (boat anchoring) relative to other drivers of long-term change on coral reefs. A one-time anchoring event at Crab Cove, British Virgin Islands, in 2004 caused rapid losses of coral and reef structural complexity that were equal to the cumulative decline over 23 years observed at an adjacent site. The abundance of small site-attached reef fishes dropped by approximately one quarter after the anchoring event, but this drop was not immediate and only fully apparent two years after the anchoring event. There was no obvious recovery from the impact, and no evidence that this episodic impact accelerated or retarded subsequent declines from other causes. This apparent lack of synergism between the effect of this episodic human impact and other chronic stressors is consistent with the few other long-term studies of episodic impacts, and suggests that action to mitigate anchor damage should yield predictable benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, United States of America.
authors.forename: Graham E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lianna L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jarecki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa; D057894:Coral Reefs; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes; D011156:Population Density; D012767:Ships