title: Human and Bovine Viruses and Bacteria at Three Great Lakes Beaches: Environmental Variable Associations and Health Risk.
abstract: Waterborne pathogens were measured at three beaches in Lake Michigan, environmental factors for predicting pathogen concentrations were identified, and the risk of swimmer infection and illness was estimated. Waterborne pathogens were detected in 96% of samples collected at three Lake Michigan beaches in summer, 2010. Samples were quantified for 22 pathogens in four microbial categories (human viruses, bovine viruses, protozoa, and pathogenic bacteria). All beaches had detections of human and bovine viruses and pathogenic bacteria indicating influence of multiple contamination sources at these beaches. Occurrence ranged from 40 to 87% for human viruses, 65-87% for pathogenic bacteria, and 13-35% for bovine viruses. Enterovirus, adenovirus A, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, bovine polyomavirus, and bovine rotavirus A were present most frequently. Variables selected in multiple regression models used to explore environmental factors that influence pathogens included wave direction, cloud cover, currents, and water temperature. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment was done for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses to estimate risk of infection and illness. Median infection risks for one-time swimming events were approximately 2 × 10(-5), 8 × 10(-6), and 3 × 10(-7) [corrected] for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses, respectively. Results highlight the importance of investigating multiple pathogens within multiple categories to avoid underestimating the prevalence and risk of waterborne pathogens.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Corsi
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borchardt
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Carvin
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States.
authors.forename: Tucker R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States.
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States.
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kleinheinz
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002417:Cattle; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012621:Seasons; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014871:Water Microbiology