title: Operational implementation and lessons learned from Haiti's first helicopter air ambulance.
abstract: Critical-care helicopter transport has demonstrated improvements in morbidity and mortality to those patients who utilise the service, but this has largely excluded developing country populations due to set up costs. Haiti Air Ambulance is the first completely publicly-available helicopter ambulance service in a developing country. US standards were adopted for both aviation and aeromedical care in Haiti due to proximity and relationships. In order to implement properly, standards for aviation, critical care, and insurance reimbursement had to be put in place with local authorities. Haiti Air Ambulance worked with the Ministry of Health to author standards for medical procedures, medication usage, and staff training for aeromedical programs in the country. Utilisation criteria for the helicopter were drafted, edited, and constantly updated to ensure the program adapted to the clinical situation while maintaining US standard of care. During the first year, 76 patients were transferred; 13 of whom were children and 3 pregnant women. Three patients were intubated and two required bi-level mask ventilation. Traumatic injury and non-emergency interfacility transfers were the two most common indications for service. More than half of the transfers (54%) originated at one of six hospitals, mostly as a result of highly-involved staff. The program was limited by weather and the lack of weather reporting, radar, visual flight recognition, thus also causing an inability to fly at night. In partnership with the government and other non-governmental organisations, we seek to implement a more robust pre-hospital system in Haiti over the next 12-24 months, including more scene call capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Haiti Air Ambulance, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Electronic address: Vincent.DeGennaroJr@medicine.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: DeGennaro
authors.affiliation: Haiti Air Ambulance, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Haiti Air Ambulance, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.affiliation: Haiti Air Ambulance, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McDaniel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017732:Air Ambulances; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006205:Haiti; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012041:Regional Medical Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Global health; HAA; HEMS; Haiti; Helicopter air ambulance; Helicopter emergency medical service; Prehospital care