title: Magnetic Resonance-compatible needle-like probe based on Bragg grating technology for measuring temperature during Laser Ablation.
abstract: Temperature monitoring in tissue undergone Laser Ablation (LA) may be particularly beneficial to optimize treatment outcome. Among many techniques, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show valuable characteristics for temperature monitoring in this medical scenario: good sensitivity and accuracy, and immunity from electromagnetic interferences. Their main drawback is the sensitivity to strain, which can entail measurement error for respiratory and patient movements. The aims of this work are the design, the manufacturing and the characterization of a needle-like probe which houses 4 FBGs. Three FBGs have sensitive length of 1 mm and are used as temperature sensors; one FBG with length of 10 mm is used as reference and to sense eventual strain. The optical fiber housing the FBGs was encapsulated within a needle routinely used in clinical practice to perform MRI-guided biopsy. Two materials were used for the encapsulation: i) thermal paste for the 3 FBGs used for temperature monitoring, to maximize the thermal exchange with the needle; ii) epoxy resin for the reference FBG, to improve its sensitivity to strain. The static calibration of the needle-like probe was performed to estimate the thermal sensitivity of each FBG; the step response was investigated to estimate the response time. FBGs 1 mm long have thermal sensitivity of 0.01 nm·°C(-1), whereas the reference FBG presents 0.02 nm·°C(-1). For all FBGs, the response time was in the order of 100 ms. Lastly, experiments were performed on ex vivo swine liver undergoing LA to i) evaluate the possible presence of measurement artifact, due to the direct absorption of laser light by the needle and ii) assess the feasibility of the probe in a quasi clinical scenario.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saccomandi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massaroni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimadei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caponero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frauenfelder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053685:Laser Therapy; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009339:Needles; D055100:Optical Fibers; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature