title: Clinicopathological Correlations of Autophagy-related Proteins LC3, Beclin 1 and p62 in Gastric Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the clinicopathological significance of autophagy, an intracellular degradation system, in gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels of three autophagy-related proteins, namely light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin 1 and p62, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using samples from 510 patients with primary gastric cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LC3, Beclin 1, and p62 expression was positive in 79 (15.5%), 126 (24.7%) and 251 (49.2%) out of 510 carcinomas, respectively. Autophagy was defined when samples were positive for at least two out of the three proteins. Autophagy-positive cases were 113 (22.1%) out of the 510. Autophagy determined by LC3, Beclin 1, and p62 significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, vessel invasion, and hepatic metastasis. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that autophagy was significantly associated with poor survival of patients with gastric cancer, especially for those with disease at stage I. Multivariate analysis indicated that autophagy was an independent prognostic factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autophagy promotes the progression of gastric cancer at an early clinical stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan m9312510@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kishu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morisaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatshunari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muguruma
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ohira
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Masaichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000032:analysis*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D001343:Autophagy; D000071186:Beclin-1; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D000071456:Sequestosome-1 Protein; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C099718:SQSTM1 protein, human; D000071456:Sequestosome-1 Protein
keywords: Beclin 1; Gastric cancer; LC3; autophagy; p62