title: Homonegativity and Associated Factors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Estonia.
abstract: Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be at higher risk for negative health outcomes including HIV, STIs, depression, substance use, suicidality, and anxiety. Associative relationships between homonegativity (internal and external) and these outcomes are used to explain the observed disproportionate impact. The current study assessed associations between internalized homonegativity and high-risk behaviours, markers of substance use and symptoms of mental illness as well as openness and level of same sex attraction. A 2013 Internet-based survey was conducted among MSM, collecting data on socio-demographics, sexuality, drug and alcohol use, mental health, suicidality, and internalized homonegativity. The sample (n = 265) had a median age of 31 years, with 85 % employed at least part-time; at least a college-level education in 43 %; and 87 % lived in an urban setting. Sexual orientation was reported as: gay, 72 %; bisexual 23 %; other 5 %. Almost all men (97 %) reported ever having sex with a man, with more than one-third (36 %) having a steady male partner. Statistically significant higher homonegativity scores were detected among men reporting any level of opposite sex attraction compared to men attracted to only men; mostly men (p = 0.001), men and women equally (p = 0.002), and mostly women (p = 0.004), as well as less openness of same sex attraction to family and friends; >50 % family (p = 0.032), no family knowing (p = 0.042), and few friends knowing (p = 0.011). Anxiety risk and increased homonegativity also had a statistically significant increasing relationship. The identified associations between homonegativity and opposite sex attraction among MSM warrants further exploration as well as the relationship with increased anxiety risk.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University School of Public Health, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. rdparker@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: R David
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1955-7445
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Drug Monitoring Department, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Liilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lõhmus
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University School of Public Health, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mangine
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Drug Monitoring Department, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rüütel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001290:Attitude; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D004957:Estonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D063509:Homophobia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
keywords: Eastern Europe; Internalized homonegativity; Men who have sex with men; Risk behaviours