title: Caloric compensation for sugar-sweetened beverages in meals: A population-based study in Brazil.
abstract: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption can cause positive energy balance, therefore leading to weight gain. A plausible biological mechanism to explain this association is through weak caloric compensation for liquid calories. However, there is an ongoing debate surrounding SSB calorie compensation. The body of evidence comes from a diversity of study designs and highly controlled settings assessing food and beverage intake. Our study aimed to test for caloric compensation of SSB in the free-living setting of daily meals. We analyzed two food records of participants (age 10 years or older) from the 2008-2009 National Dietary Survey (Brazil, N = 34,003). We used multilevel analyses to estimate the within-subject effects of SSB on food intake. Sugar-sweetened beverage calories were not compensated for when comparing daily energy intake over two days for each individual. When comparing meals, we found 42% of caloric compensation for breakfast, no caloric compensation for lunch and zero to 22% of caloric compensation for dinner, differing by household per capita income. In conclusion, SSB consumption contributed to higher energy intake due to weak caloric compensation. Discouraging the intake of SSB especially during lunch and dinner may help reduce excessive energy intake and lead to better weight management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 7º Andar, Bloco E, Cep 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: mafegombi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gombi-Vaca
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 7º Andar, Bloco E, Cep 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: rosely.sichieri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rosely
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sichieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 7º Andar, Bloco E, Cep 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: eliseujunior@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eliseu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners
keywords: Caloric compensation; Dietary survey; Energy intake; Meal; Sugar-sweetened beverages; Within-subject effects