title: Discrepancies between dimensions of interoception in autism: Implications for emotion and anxiety.
abstract: Emotions and affective feelings are influenced by one's internal state of bodily arousal via interoception. Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with difficulties in recognising others' emotions, and in regulating own emotions. We tested the hypothesis that, in people with ASC, such affective differences may arise from abnormalities in interoceptive processing. We demonstrated that individuals with ASC have reduced interoceptive accuracy (quantified using heartbeat detection tests) and exaggerated interoceptive sensibility (subjective sensitivity to internal sensations on self-report questionnaires), reflecting an impaired ability to objectively detect bodily signals alongside an over-inflated subjective perception of bodily sensations. The divergence of these two interoceptive axes can be computed as a trait prediction error. This error correlated with deficits in emotion sensitivity and occurrence of anxiety symptoms. Our results indicate an origin of emotion deficits and affective symptoms in ASC at the interface between body and mind, specifically in expectancy-driven interpretation of interoceptive information.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK. Electronic address: s.garfinkel@bsms.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tiley
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton BN2 3EW, UK.
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RR, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton BN2 3EW, UK.
authors.forename: Hugo D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Critchley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D065812:Interoception / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D012677:Sensation
keywords: Alexithymia; Anxiety; Asperger syndrome; Emotion; Interoceptive