title: Risk perception and psychological morbidity in men at elevated risk for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As prostate-specific antigen (psa) makes prostate cancer (pca) screening more accessible, more men are being identified with conditions that indicate high risk for developing pca, such as elevated psa and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (hgpin). In the present study, we assessed psychological well-being and risk perception in individuals with those high-risk conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire consisting of a psychological symptom survey, a trait risk-aversion survey, and a cancer-specific risk perception survey was administered to 168 patients with early-stage localized pca and 69 patients at high risk for pca (n = 16 hgpin, n = 53 psa > 4 ng/mL). Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in psychological well-being and appraisal of risk between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the pca group, the high-risk group perceived their risk of dying from something other than pca to be significantly lower (p = 0.007). However, pca patients reported significantly more clinically important psychological symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of prostate conditions that predict progression to cancer might not result in the psychological symptoms commonly experienced by pca patients, but does appear to be related to a distorted perception of the disease's mortal risk. Patients with pca experience reduced psychological well-being, but better understand the risks of pca recurrence and death. Education on the risks and outcomes of pca can help at-risk men to view health assessments with reduced worry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Matthew
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrella
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finelli
keywords: Prostate cancer; elevated psa; hgpin; psychological well-being; risk perception