title: Profile Analysis of the Neurobehavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms Following Combat-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Identification of Subtypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the taxonomy of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) based on symptom patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Up to 1341 military personnel who experienced a combat-related mTBI within 2 years of evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster analysis revealed the following 4 subtypes: primarily psychiatric (posttraumatic stress disorder) group, a cognitive group, a mixed symptom group, and a good recovery group. The posttraumatic stress disorder cluster (21.9% of the sample) reported symptoms related to hyperarousal and dissociation/depression with few complaints related to cognition or headaches. The cognitive group (21.5% of the sample) had primarily cognitive and headache complaints with few mood symptoms. The mixed profile cluster included 18.6% of the sample and was characterized by a combination of mood complaints (hyperarousal and dissociation/depression), cognitive complaints, and headaches. The largest cluster (37.8% of the sample) had an overall low symptom profile and was labeled the "good recovery" group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support a unique taxonomy for combat-related mTBI. The clinical differences among these subtypes indicate a need for unique treatment resources and programs.
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD (Drs Bailie, Kennedy, French, Prokhorenko, Reid, Asmussen, Qashu, Brickell, and Lange and Ms Marshall); Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD (Drs French, Brickell, and Lange); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Departments of Neurology (Drs French and Brickell) and Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (Dr French) Bethesda, MD; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Dr Lange); San Antonio Military Medical Center, Department of Neurology, San Antonio, TX (Drs Kennedy and Reid); Naval Medical Center San Diego, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Dr Bailie); Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (Dr Asmussen); General Dynamic Information Technology, Frederick, MD (Drs Kennedy, Prokhorenko, Asmussen, Brickell, Reid, and Lange and Ms Marshall); and American Hospital Services Group LLC, Exton, PA (Dr Bailie).
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bailie
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prokhorenko
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asmussen
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qashu
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brickell
authors.forename: Rael T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult