title: Customized hybrid biomimetic hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.
abstract: Three-dimension (3D) scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration were produced combining three different phases: nanometric hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized by precipitation method and the crystals nucleation took place directly within collagen fibrils following a biologically inspired mineralization process; polycaprolactone was employed to give the material a 3D structure. The chemico-physical analysis carried out to test the material's properties and composition revealed a high similarity in composition and morphology with biologically mineralized collagen fibrils and a scaffold degradation pattern suitable for physiological processes. The micro- computerized tomography (micro-CT) showed 53.53% porosity and a 97.86% mean interconnected pores. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology was used for molding the scaffold's volume (design/shape) and for guiding the surgical procedure (cutting guides). The custom made scaffolds were implanted in sheep mandible using prototyped surgical guides and customized bone plates. After three months healing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the explanted scaffold revealed a massive cell seeding of the scaffold, with cell infiltration within the scaffold's interconnected pores. The micro-CT of the explanted construct showed a good match between the scaffold and the adjacent host's bone, to shield the implant primary stability. Histology confirmed cell penetration and widely documented neoangiogenesis within the entire scaffold's volume. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 723-734, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Section of Prosthodontics, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ciocca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Environment Biotechnology Structural engineering and Chemistry, LEBSC s.r.l. Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Lesci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Environment Biotechnology Structural Engineering and Chemistry, LEBSC s.r.l. Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mezini
authors.affiliation: Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies Laboratory (BITTA), Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parrilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science - DIBINEM, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ragazzini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rinnovati
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" via Selmi 2, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roveri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Section of Prosthodontics, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scotti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D008338:Mandibular Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D008422:Materials Testing; D012756:Sheep; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: CAD-CAM technology; biomimetic scaffold; bone regeneration; maxillofacial rehabilitation; mineralized collagen