title: 3D vs 2D laparoscopic systems: Development of a performance quantitative validation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The new technology ensures 3D laparoscopic vision by adding depth to the traditional two dimensions. This realistic vision gives the surgeon the feeling of operating in real space. Hospital of Treviglio-Caravaggio isn't an university or scientific institution; in 2014 a new 3D laparoscopic technology was acquired therefore it led to evaluation of the of the appropriateness in term of patient outcome and safety. The project aims at achieving the development of a quantitative validation model that would ensure low cost and a reliable measure of the performance of 3D technology versus 2D mode. In addition, it aims at demonstrating how new technologies, such as open source hardware and software and 3D printing, could help research with no significant cost increase. For these reasons, in order to define criteria of appropriateness in the use of 3D technologies, it was decided to perform a study to technically validate the use of the best technology in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and safety in the use of a system between laparoscopic vision in 3D and the traditional 2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 surgeons were enrolled in order to perform an exercise through the use of laparoscopic forceps inside a trainer. The exercise consisted of having surgeons with different level of seniority, grouped by type of specialization (eg. surgery, urology, gynecology), exercising videolaparoscopy with two technologies (2D and 3D) through the use of a anthropometric phantom. The target assigned to the surgeon was that to pass "needle and thread" without touching the metal part in the shortest time possible. The rings selected for the exercise had each a coefficient of difficulty determined by depth, diameter, angle from the positioning and from the point of view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the data collected from the above exercise has mathematically confirmed that the 3D technique ensures a learning curve lower in novice and greater accuracy in the performance of the task with respect to 2D.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghedi
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donarini
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lamera
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgroi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turati
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ercole
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch