title: [Clinical analysis of carotid angioplasty stenting for high-grade extracranial carotid artery stenosis combined with severe tortuosity].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the feasibility and safety of carotid angioplasty stenting (CAS) for high-grade extracranial carotid artery stenosis combined with severe tortuosity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients diagnosed with high-grade extracranial carotid artery stenosis combined with severe tortuosity by cerebral angiography, who were in hospital in neurology department of China-Janpan friendship from June 2011 to June 2014. Twelve of these patients were symptomatic. All cases weren't suit for or disagreed with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to accept CAS. We retrospectively discussed the rates of technical success, the perioperative complications and clinical improvement. During the follow-up for 4 to 40 months we observed the events of cured carotid artery territory stroke and death, and record the plaque hyperplasia in stent, in-stent restenosis, stent deformation or fracture by color doppler ultrasonography or craniocervical CT angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The results of operation: the rate of technical success was 19/20 and the rate of the distal protection device placement was 18/20. One stent and 2 distal protection device were difficult to pass the tortuous access vessels. The kinking was the most common in circuity classification of internal carotid artery. The stenosis was significantly improved after stenting, and the mean degree of stenosis was reduced from (82% ± 9%) before stenting to (7% ± 6%) after stenting. Although 5 patients were with perioperative complications, all symptoms disappeared within 1 weeks, and there was no stent related death and disability. There were 4 cases with vascular spasm, one of them was combined with carotid sinus reaction, and anther with transient ischemic attack (TIA) during operation. There was one with ipsilateral carotid territory minor stroke. (2) The results of prognosis and follow up: The clinical symptoms from 12 symptomatic patients were improved significantly on discharge, and the average NIHSS scores on admission were reduced from (4 ± 4) to (2 ± 2) on discharge. One patient experienced ipsilateral carotid territory minor stroke and another patient experienced ipsilateral carotid territory TIA during the follow-up for an average of 19 months, and there were 5 cases with mild plaque hyperplasia in stent and no in-stent restenosis, stent deformation or fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The severe tortuosity of extracranial carotid artery may affect the using of intervention materials and increase the complexity of CAS, but for the patients who disagree with CEA or were with the contraindications to CEA, CAS may be still a relatively safe, effective and alternative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Zunjing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Wenxiong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China; Email: jiaojinsong@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiao
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D016893:Carotid Stenosis; D002681:China; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke; D013997:Time Factors