title: Structural characterization of rat ventricular tissue exposed to the smoke of two types of waterpipe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  this study focused on the effect of waterpipe smoke exposure toxicity on the structure of albino rat's ventricular tissue and their recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Albino rats were divided into three groups: control, flavored, and unflavored. The control group was exposed to normal air while the flavored and unflavored groups were exposed to waterpipe smoke for a period of 90 days. Each group was followed by a period of 90 days of fresh air exposure. Following each period, the ventricular tissue was removed for biochemical and histopathological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ventricular tissues of waterpipe exposed rats showed some degree of separation between cardiac muscle fibers, infiltration of lymphocytes, and congestion of blood vessel. Also, thin cross sections of ventricular cells revealed pleomorphic mitochondria with partially disrupted cristae, partial disruption of the myofibrils, and deposited toxic materials. The unflavored waterpipe has more deleterious effects on heart ventricular tissues than the flavored one. Waterpipe smoke didn't induce apoptosis in the ventricular tissue. We also found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the flavored and unflavored groups, while the control group showed no increase. After the recovery period, those tissues showed partial recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waterpipe smoke induces structural changes in the heart ventricle tissues, causing a negative impact on the capacity of the cardiac muscle for pumping blood and may lead to heart attack due to accumulation of free radicals and tissue inflammation. Cessation of smoking is important in returning most of these changes to their normal structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan.
authors.forename: Wajdy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al-Awaida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Najjar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shraideh
keywords: Apoptosis; Thiocyanate level; Ultrastractural changes; Ventricular cell; Ventricular tissue; Waterpipe smoke