title: Maternal transfer of contaminants in birds: Mercury and selenium concentrations in parents and their eggs.
abstract: We conducted a detailed assessment of the maternal transfer of mercury and selenium to eggs in three bird species (n = 107 parents and n = 339 eggs), and developed predictive equations linking contaminant concentrations in eggs to those in six tissues of the mother (blood, muscle, liver, kidney, breast feathers, and head feathers). Mercury concentrations in eggs were positively correlated with mercury concentrations in each of the mother's internal tissues (R(2) ≥ 0.95), but generally not with feathers. For each species, the proportion of mercury transferred to eggs decreased as mercury concentrations in the mother increased. At the same maternal mercury concentration, the proportion of mercury transferred to eggs differed among species, such that Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and black-necked stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) females transferred more methylmercury to their eggs than American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) females. Selenium concentrations in eggs also were correlated with selenium concentrations in the mother's liver (R(2) = 0.87). Furthermore, mercury and selenium concentrations in tern eggs were positively correlated with those in the father (R(2) = 0.84). Incubating male terns had 21% higher mercury concentrations in blood compared to incubating females at the same egg mercury concentration. We provide equations to predict contaminant concentrations in eggs from each of the commonly sampled bird tissues.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, United States. Electronic address: jackerman@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
authors.forename: Collin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Eagles-Smith
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, United States.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, United States.
authors.forename: C Alex
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005241:Feathers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism*; D012643:Selenium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Birds; Eggs; Maternal transfer; Mercury; Selenium