title: A new Strategy to Improve Drug Delivery to the Maxillary Sinuses: The Frequency Sweep Acoustic Airflow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enhancement of intranasal sinus deposition involves nebulization of a drug superimposed by an acoustic airflow. We investigated the impact of fixed frequency versus frequency sweep acoustic airflow on the improvement of aerosolized drug penetration into maxillary sinuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fixed frequency and frequency sweep acoustic airflow were generated using a nebulizing system of variable frequency. The effect of sweep cycle and intensity variation was studied on the intranasal sinus deposition. We used a nasal replica created from CT scans using 3D printing. Sodium fluoride and gentamicin were chosen as markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies performed using fixed frequency acoustic airflow showed that each of maxillary sinuses of the nasal replica required specific frequency for the optimal aerosol deposition. Intranasal sinus drug deposition experiments under the effect of the frequency sweep acoustic airflow showed an optimal aerosol deposition into both maxillary sinus of the nasal replica. Studies on the effect of the duration of the sweep cycle showed that the shorter the cycle the better the deposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the benefit of frequency sweep acoustic airflow on drug deposition into maxillary sinuses. However further in vivo studies have to be conducted since delivery rates cannot be obviously determined from a nasal replica.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, Sainbiose UMR INSERM 1059, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Merhie
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, Sainbiose UMR INSERM 1059, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie, Sainbiose UMR INSERM 1059, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Delavenne
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, Sainbiose UMR INSERM 1059, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. Leclerc@emse.fr.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, Sainbiose UMR INSERM 1059, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pourchez
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D012969:Sodium Fluoride
keywords: fixed frequency; frequency sweep acoustic airflow; intranasal sinus deposition; sweep cycle