title: Combined Activities of JNK1 and JNK2 in Hepatocytes Protect Against Toxic Liver Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and JNK2 are expressed in hepatocytes and have overlapping and distinct functions. JNK proteins are activated via phosphorylation in response to acetaminophen- or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage; the level of activation correlates with the degree of injury. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, has been reported to block acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We investigated the role of JNK in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in liver tissue from patients and in mice with genetic deletion of JNK in hepatocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied liver sections from patients with DILI (due to acetaminophen, phenprocoumon, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or autoimmune hepatitis) or patients without acute liver failure (controls) collected from a DILI Biobank in Germany. Levels of total and activated (phosphorylated) JNK were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Jnk1 (Jnk1(Δhepa)) or combination of Jnk1 and Jnk2 (Jnk(Δhepa)), as well as Jnk1-floxed C57BL/6 (control) mice, were given injections of CCl4 (to induce fibrosis) or acetaminophen (to induce toxic liver injury). We performed gene expression microarray and phosphoproteomic analyses to determine mechanisms of JNK activity in hepatocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver samples from DILI patients contained more activated JNK, predominantly in nuclei of hepatocytes and in immune cells, than healthy tissue. Administration of acetaminophen to Jnk(Δhepa) mice produced a greater level of liver injury than that observed in Jnk1(Δhepa) or control mice, based on levels of serum markers and microscopic and histologic analysis of liver tissues. Administration of CCl4 also induced stronger hepatic injury in Jnk(Δhepa) mice, based on increased inflammation, cell proliferation, and fibrosis progression, compared with Jnk1(Δhepa) or control mice. Hepatocytes from Jnk(Δhepa) mice given acetaminophen had an increased oxidative stress response, leading to decreased activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, total protein adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase levels, and pJunD and subsequent necrosis. Administration of SP600125 before or with acetaminophen protected Jnk(Δhepa) and control mice from liver injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hepatocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 appear to have combined effects in protecting mice from CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. It is important to study the tissue-specific functions of both proteins, rather than just JNK1, in the onset of toxic liver injury. JNK inhibition with SP600125 shows off-target effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: fcubero@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cubero
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Miguel Eugenio
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zoubek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yulia A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Nevzorova
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Malika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Masaoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bechmann
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics group, Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boekschoten
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Facility, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Preisinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gassler
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Canbay
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luedde
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liedtke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: ctrautwein@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trautwein
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016923:Cell Death; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008875:Middle Aged; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: APAP; Gene Regulation; Mouse Model; Pharmacologic Treatment