title: Update on ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and emerging treatments.
abstract: Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a systemic disorder that primarily affects mucous membranes. When localized to the conjunctiva, it is known as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, a potentially blinding disease. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is an indication for systemic immunosuppressive treatment to achieve adequate remission. Immunosuppressive agents are selected with a "stepladder" approach, commencing with medications having the fewest side effects. We provide an update of the literature on immunomodulatory agents since 2011 as additional treatment modalities have been explored in the last 4 years.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Munther M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Queisi
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zein
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Neerav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lamba
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Halea
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meese
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address: sfoster@mersi.com.
authors.forename: Charles Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003622:Dapsone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010390:Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D001685:Biological Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003622:Dapsone; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D008727:Methotrexate
keywords: alkylating agents; biologic agents; chemotherapy; immunomodulatory therapy; mucus membrane pemphigoid; ocular cicatricial pemphigoid