title: Dysfunction in the coagulation system and schizophrenia.
abstract: Although different hypotheses have been formulated to explain schizophrenia pathogenesis, the links between them are weak. The observation that five psychotic patients on chronic warfarin therapy for deep-vein thrombosis showed long-term remission of psychotic symptoms made us suspect that abnormalities in the coagulation pathway, specifically low tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity, could be one of the missing links. Our hypothesis is supported by a high prevalence of conditions affecting tPA activity in drug-naive schizophrenia, such as antiphospholipid antibodies, elevated cytokine levels, hyperinsulinemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. We recently screened a group of schizophrenia patients and controls for conditions affecting tPA activity. Free-protein S deficiency was highly prevalent among patients, but not found in controls. Free-protein S and functional protein C are natural anticoagulants that form complexes that inhibit tPA inhibitors. All participants had normal protein C levels, suggesting that protein S could have a role in schizophrenia, independent of protein C. Chronic patients and those studied during acute episodes had between three and six conditions affecting tPA and/or protein S activity, while patients in remission had up to two, which led us to postulate that multiple conditions affecting tPA and/or protein S activity could contribute to the full expression of schizophrenia phenotype. This paper describes the physiological roles of tPA and protein S, reviewing how their activity influences pathogenesis and comorbidity of schizophrenia. Next, it analyzes how activity of tPA and protein S is influenced by biochemical abnormalities found in schizophrenia. Last, it suggests future directions for research, such as studies on animal models and on therapeutic approaches for schizophrenia aiming at increasing tPA and protein S activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoirisch-Clapauch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|National Institute for Translational Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Translacional em Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: M A U
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mezzasalma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Basic-Clinical Neuroscience Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panizzutti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|National Institute for Translational Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Translacional em Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nardi
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*