title: A novel method for detecting airway narrowing using breath sound spectrum analysis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a breath sound analyzer, we investigated new clinical parameters that are rarely affected by airflow in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 65 children with asthma participated in this study (mean age 9.6 years). In Study 1, the intra- and inter-observer variability was measured. Common breath sound parameters, frequency at 99%, 75%, and 50% of the maximum frequency (F99, F75, and F50) and the highest frequency of inspiratory breath sounds were calculated. In addition, new parameters obtained using the ratio of sound spectra parameters, i.e., the spectrum curve indexes including the ratio of the third and fourth area to the total area and the ratio of power and frequency at F75 and F50, were calculated. In Study 2, 51 children underwent breath sound analyses. In Study 3, breath sounds were studied before and after methacholine inhalation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, the data showed good inter- and intra-observer reliability. In Study 2, there were significant relationships between the airflow rate, age, height, and spirometric and common breath sound parameters. However, there were no significant relationships between the airflow rate and the spectrum curve indexes. Moreover, the spectrum curve indexes showed no relationships with age, height, or spirometric parameters. In Study 3, all parameters significantly changed after methacholine inhalation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some spectrum curve indexes are not significantly affected by the airflow rate at the mouth, although they successfully indicate airway narrowing. These parameters may play a role in the assessment of bronchoconstriction in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: tabata204631@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: m.hirayama@tokai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: mayumi-k@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enseki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: hizamari0812@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nukaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: hirai@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Clinical Science and Public Health, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: furuya@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan. Electronic address: mochihi@tokai-u.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016084:Bronchoconstriction; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Airflow; Asthma; Breath sound analysis; Breath sound spectrum; Children