title: Real-time GPU-accelerated processing and volumetric display for wide-field laser-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.
abstract: Fast signal processing and real-time displays are essential for practical imaging modality in various fields of applications. However, the imaging speed in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), in particular, depends on factors such as the pulse repetition rate of the laser, scanning method, field of view (FOV), and signal processing time. In the past, efforts to increase acquisition speed either focused on developing new scanning methods or using lasers with higher pulse repetition rates. However, high-speed signal processing is also important for real-time volumetric display in OR-PAM. In this study, we carried out parallel signal processing using a graphics processing unit (GPU) to enable fast signal processing and wide-field real-time displays in laser-scanning OR-PAM. The average total GPU processing time for a B-mode PAM image was approximately 1.35 ms at a display speed of 480 fps when the data samples were acquired with 736 (axial) × 500 (lateral) points/B-mode-frame at a pulse repetition rate of 300 kHz. In addition, we successfully displayed maximum amplitude projection images of a mouse's ear as volumetric images with an FOV of 3 mm × 3 mm (500 × 500 pixels) at 1.02 s, corresponding to 0.98 fps.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; contributed equally.
authors.forename: Heesung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejoen 305-350, South Korea ; contributed equally ; swlee76@kriss.re.kr.
authors.forename: Sang-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Soo
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano and Bio Surface Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejoen 305-350, South Korea ; tglee@kriss.re.kr.
authors.forename: Tae Geol
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: (110.5120) Photoacoustic imaging; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.5120) Photoacoustic imaging; (170.5810) Scanning microscopy; (180.5810) Scanning microscopy