title: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone therapy: successes and pitfalls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), more specifically BMP-2, are being increasingly used in orthopaedic surgery due to advanced research into osteoinductive factors that may enhance and improve bone therapy. There are many areas in therapy that BMP-2 is being applied to, including dental treatment, open tibial fractures, cancer and spinal surgery. Within these areas of treatment, there are many reports of successes and pitfalls. This review explores the use of BMP-2 and its successes, pitfalls and future prospects in bone therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was consulted to compile this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With successes in therapy, there were descriptions of a more rapid healing time with no signs of rejection or infection attributed to BMP-2 treatment. Pitfalls included BMP-2 'off-label' use, which lead to various adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our search highlighted that optimising treatment with BMP-2 is a direction that many researchers are exploring, with areas of current research interest including concentration and dose of BMP-2, carrier type and delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Tram
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kha
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.|Curtin Biosciences Research Precinct, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Crispin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2
keywords: bone; bone morphogenetic proteins; fracture; osteoblasts; osteoregeneration