title: Removal of hydrophobic organic pollutants from soil washing/flushing solutions: A critical review.
abstract: The release of hydrophobic organoxenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons or polychlorobiphenyls results in long-term contamination of soils and groundwaters. This constitutes a common concern as these compounds have high potential toxicological impact. Therefore, the development of cost-effective processes with high pollutant removal efficiency is a major challenge for researchers and soil remediation companies. Soil washing (SW) and soil flushing (SF) processes enhanced by the use of extracting agents (surfactants, biosurfactants, cyclodextrins etc.) are conceivable and efficient approaches. However, this generates high strength effluents containing large amount of extracting agent. For the treatment of these SW/SF solutions, the goal is to remove target pollutants and to recover extracting agents for further SW/SF steps. Heterogeneous photocatalysis, technologies based on Fenton reaction chemistry (including homogeneous photocatalysis such as photo-Fenton), ozonation, electrochemical processes and biological treatments have been investigated. Main advantages and drawbacks as well as target pollutant removal mechanisms are reviewed and compared. Promising integrated treatments, particularly the use of a selective adsorption step of target pollutants and the combination of advanced oxidation processes with biological treatments, are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trellu
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mousset
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France.
authors.forename: Yoan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pechaud
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huguenot
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: van Hullebusch
authors.affiliation: University of Cassino and the Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Via Di Biasio, 43, Cassino, 03043 FR, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, 77454, France. Electronic address: mehmet.oturan@univ-paris-est.fr.
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oturan
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Adsorption; Advanced oxidation processes; Biological treatment; Integrated processes; Soil washing solution