title: Analysis of three leakage-correction methods for DSC-based measurement of relative cerebral blood volume with respect to heterogeneity in human gliomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of contrast agent leakage on relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), using clinical dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) protocols. Different correction methods were compared, in order to identify a clinically reliable method.
  
  
  METHODS
  DSC perfusion data from patients with glioma were acquired with a single-shot EPI technique at 3.0T using a pre-dose. Three different post-processing methods for leakage correction were compared, concerning rCBV, the permeability related parameter K2 and the predominant leakage effect in tumor regions (T1 effect: K2>0; T2* effect: K2<0). Additionally, simulations were performed, to investigate the influence of noise and input curve modifications on correction results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate several differences between post-processing methods with regard to rCBV values, reflected by the fact that the distribution of detected leakage effects and the correction strength differed between methods. Leakage was heterogeneous within tumorous tissue and between patients, with a general predominance of T2* effects but an increased amount of T1 effects in low grade glioma. Simulations confirmed differential dependencies on signal-to-noise ratios, mean transit times and input curves as possible reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of leakage is complex, thus adequate correction necessitates care. Standardized input parameters are one important factor for comparability of rCBV and K2 values among patients. The extension of DSC analysis with K2 maps could potentially allow improved differentiation between tumor grades. Further methods need to integrate special advantages of existing approaches to achieve more reliable rCBV estimates within clinically reasonable calculation times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: anne.kluge@tum.de.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kluge
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pyka
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Preibisch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000071937:Cerebral Blood Volume; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Cerebral blood volume (CBV); Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC); Leakage correction; Permeability; Tumor heterogeneity