title: Exploring NAD+ metabolism in host-pathogen interactions.
abstract: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a vital molecule found in all living cells. NAD(+) intracellular levels are dictated by its synthesis, using the de novo and/or salvage pathway, and through its catabolic use as co-enzyme or co-substrate. The regulation of NAD(+) metabolism has proven to be an adequate drug target for several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative or inflammatory diseases. Increasing interest has been given to NAD(+) metabolism during innate and adaptive immune responses suggesting that its modulation could also be relevant during host-pathogen interactions. While the maintenance of NAD(+) homeostatic levels assures an adequate environment for host cell survival and proliferation, fluctuations in NAD(+) or biosynthetic precursors bioavailability have been described during host-pathogen interactions, which will interfere with pathogen persistence or clearance. Here, we review the double-edged sword of NAD(+) metabolism during host-pathogen interactions emphasizing its potential for treatment of infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belinha
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaifem
authors.affiliation: CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laforge
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Baptiste
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vergnes
authors.affiliation: CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France. estaquier@yahoo.fr.|Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada. estaquier@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estaquier
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ricardosilvestre@ecsaude.uminho.pt.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. ricardosilvestre@ecsaude.uminho.pt.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silvestre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D004747:Entamoeba / Q000502:physiology; D004749:Entamoebiasis / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000502:physiology; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000378:metabolism; D008288:Malaria / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000502:physiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D018406:Virus Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D009243:NAD
keywords: Host-pathogen interaction; L-tryptophan; NAD+/NADH ratio; NADPH; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); Sirtuins