title: Climate-driven sympatry may not lead to foraging competition between congeneric top-predators.
abstract: Climate-driven sympatry may lead to competition for food resources between species. Rapid warming in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is coincident with increasing gentoo penguin and decreasing Adélie penguin populations, suggesting that competition for food may exacerbate the Adélie penguin decline. On fine scales, we tested for foraging competition between these species during the chick-rearing period by comparing their foraging behaviors with the distribution of their prey, Antarctic krill. We detected krill aggregations within the horizontal and vertical foraging ranges of Adélie and gentoo penguins, and found that krill selected for habitats that balance the need to consume food and avoid predation. In overlapping Adélie and gentoo penguin foraging areas, four gentoo penguins switched foraging behavior by foraging at deeper depths, a strategy which limits competition with Adélie penguins. This suggests that climate-driven sympatry does not necessarily result in competitive exclusion of Adélie penguins by gentoo penguins. Contrary to a recent theory, which suggests that increased competition for krill is one of the major drivers of Adélie penguin population declines, we suggest that declines in Adélie penguins along the WAP are more likely due to direct and indirect climate impacts on their life histories.
authors.affiliation: College of Earth Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd., Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.affiliation: College of Earth Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd., Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moline
authors.affiliation: Polar Oceans Research Group, Post Office Box 368, Sheridan, MT 59749, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Polar Oceans Research Group, Post Office Box 368, Sheridan, MT 59749, USA.
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patterson-Fraser
authors.affiliation: College of Earth Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd., Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D046429:Spheniscidae; D061350:Sympatry