title: Esophageal tissue engineering: Current status and perspectives.
abstract: Tissue engineering, which consists of the combination and in vivo implantation of elements required for tissue remodeling toward a specific organ phenotype, could be an alternative for classical techniques of esophageal replacement. The current hybrid approach entails creation of an esophageal substitute composed of an acellular matrix and autologous epithelial and muscle cells provides the most successful results. Current research is based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells, whose potential for differentiation and proangioogenic, immune-modulator and anti-inflammatory properties are important assets. In the near future, esophageal substitutes could be constructed from acellular "intelligent matrices" that contain the molecules necessary for tissue regeneration; this should allow circumvention of the implantation step and still obtain standardized in vivo biological responses. At present, tissue engineering applications to esophageal replacement are limited to enlargement plasties with absorbable, non-cellular matrices. Nevertheless, the application of existing clinical techniques for replacement of other organs by tissue engineering in combination with a multiplication of translational research protocols for esophageal replacement in large animals should soon pave the way for health agencies to authorize clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie digestive, oncologique et métabolique, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poghosyan
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Service de chirurgie générale, digestive et endocrinienne, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catry
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Service de chirurgie générale, digestive et endocrinienne, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luong-Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Service d'anatomopathologie, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruneval
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Unité de thérapie cellulaire, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Domet
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arakelian
authors.affiliation: Centre de référence des affections congénitales et malformatives de l'œsophage, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sfeir
authors.affiliation: Centre de référence des affections congénitales et malformatives de l'œsophage, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Unité de thérapie cellulaire, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanneaux
authors.affiliation: Centre de référence des affections congénitales et malformatives de l'œsophage, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Unité de thérapie cellulaire, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larghero
authors.affiliation: CIC de biothérapies, Inserm UMR 1160, institut universitaire d'hématologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Service de chirurgie générale, digestive et endocrinienne, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France. Electronic address: pierre.cattan@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cattan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
keywords: Absorbable scaffold; Bioengineering; Esophagus; Tissue engineering