title: Identifying Patient Candidates for IL-1 Inhibition: Lessons From Real-World Cases.
abstract: A subgroup of patients with gouty arthritis have a chronic recurring form that is particularly difficult to treat. Such patients experience repeated flares and often have abundant tophi. Many also have underlying comorbidities, such as renal impairment, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, and hypertension, which contraindicate the use of standard anti-inflammatory medications. Five patients with difficult to treat gouty arthritis who were either candidates and/or treated with anti-IL therapy are described.
authors.affiliation: Medical Doctor; Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Medical Centre for Rheumatology Berlin - Buch, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Annalina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avram
authors.affiliation: Rheumatologist, Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar, Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Medical Doctor, Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Garcia de 'Orta, Lisbon, Portugal; University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Rheumatologist, First Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papagoras
authors.affiliation: Professor of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritis
authors.affiliation: Head, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale AUSL "Guglielmo da Saliceto", Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scarpioni
authors.affiliation: Deputy Director, Immanuel Krankenhause Berline Medical Centre for Rheumatology Berlin - Buch, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: w.schmidt@immanuel.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skendros
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D015210:Arthritis, Gouty / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003078:Colchicine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D000069465:Febuxostat / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D006074:Gout Suppressants; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D000069465:Febuxostat; C541220:canakinumab; D011239:Prednisolone; D003078:Colchicine
keywords: Anakinra; Anti-IL-1β therapy; Canakinumab; Gouty arthritis; Tophaceous gout