title: Smoking and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacologic effects of nicotine are multifaceted and complicated. Despite numerous studies, the effect of smoking on lower urinary tract functions, have not been yet studied in detail. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of smoking addiction on lower urinary tract and sexual functions on the basis of respiratory functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 186 male patients who have been evaluated between May 2014 and January 2015 were recruited in this study. Smoking history, respiratory symptoms, respiratory function tests, uroflowmetry parameters relating to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), prostate volume, post-voiding residual urine volume and sexual functions of patients have been retrospectively investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined that as the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily increases, post-void residual urine volume and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) also increase. Moreover in accordance with this finding, mean urinary flow rates and quality of life scores were statistically significantly decreased. In smoking addicts who have high mean package/year, post-void residual urine volume and IPSS levels were increased but proportionately maximum urinary flow rate and average urinary flow rate plus quality of life scores were found to be statistically significantly decreased. In patients with forced expiratory volume in first second:forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC) ratio less than 80%, mean urinary flow rates were found to be statistically significantly low. Also, we determined that in smoking addicts who have high mean package/year, erectile functions were statistically significantly impaired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed negative impacts of smoking addiction on LUTS, patient's quality of life, and sexual functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey. msbolat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mustafa Suat
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bolat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Akdeniz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nafiz Körez State Hospital, Sincan, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Furkan
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Batur
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nafiz Körez State Hospital, Sincan, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kerem Gencer
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kutman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Resit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goren
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gazi Osman Pasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fikret
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ece
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics; D014797:Vital Capacity