title: Understanding temperatures and pressures during short radiochemical reactions.
abstract: Automated radiosynthesizers are critical for the reliable, routine production of PET tracers. To perform reactions in these systems, the temperature of the reactor heater is controlled, and the liquid temperature within the reaction vessel is presumed to closely follow. In reality, the liquid temperature can lag by several minutes and generally does not reach the heater temperature. Furthermore, because different synthesizers have different heating mechanisms and geometries, discrepancies are certain to exist between the actual temperatures experienced by the reaction mixture on different synthesizers. For dissimilar reactors, this can necessitate re-optimization of conditions when adapting a synthesis from one system to another, especially for the short-duration reactions common in radiochemistry. Herein, we study the relationship between the temperatures of the reactor heater and reaction liquid for various solvents using the ELIXYS radiosynthesizer as a representative example of a vial-based system. Our aims are to quantitatively illustrate this discrepancy to the community and provide data necessary to enable efficient translation of protocols between other radiosynthesizers and the ELIXYS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irribarren
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: mvandam@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011312:Pressure; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D011876:Radionuclide Generators; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: Protocol sharing; Radiosynthesis; Radiosynthesizer characterization; Reaction temperature; Reaction time; Standardization