title: Keep calm and be patient: The influence of anxiety and time on post-error adaptations.
abstract: Individual differences in anxiety and punishment sensitivity have an impact on electrophysiological markers of error processing and the orienting of attention to threatening information. However, it remains unclear how these individual differences influence behavioral adaptations to errors. Therefore, we set out to investigate the influence of anxiety and punishment sensitivity on post-error adaptations, and whether this influence depends on the time people get to adapt. We tested 99 participants using a Simon task with randomized inter-trial intervals. Significant post-error slowing (PES) was found at all time intervals. However, in line with previous research, PES reduced over time. While PES did not interact with anxiety, or punishment sensitivity, the pattern of post-error accuracy depended on anxiety. There is clear post-error accuracy decrease at the shortest interval, but individuals with a low score on trait anxiety showed a reversed effect (i.e., post-error accuracy increase) at a longer interval. These results suggest that people have trouble to disengage attention from an error, which can be overcome with time and low anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Liesbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van der Borght
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Senne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braem
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium. Electronic address: Wim.Notebaert@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Notebaert
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D011678:Punishment; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Inter-trial interval; Orienting account; Post-error adaptations; Punishment sensitivity