title: High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in anal and pharyngeal sites among a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to characterise the epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study in Lima, Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a group of 510 MSM and 208 TW for a subsequent community-based randomised controlled trial. The presence of CT and NG were evaluated using Aptima Combo2 in pharyngeal and anal swabs. We also explored correlates of these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study end points included overall prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in anal and pharyngeal sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall prevalence of CT was 19% (95% CI 16.1% to 22.1%) and 4.8% (95% CI 3.3% to 6.6%) in anal and pharyngeal sites, respectively, while prevalence of NG was 9.6% (95% CI 7.5% to 12.0%) and 6.5% (95% CI 4.8% to 8.5%) in anal and pharyngeal sites, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of each infection declined significantly among participants older than 34 years (p<0.05). Efforts towards prevention and treatment of extraurogenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections in high-risk populations like MSM and TW in Lima, Peru, are warranted.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00670163; Results.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Socios en Salud, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Segundo R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Eddy R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kelika A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Konda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva-Santisteban
authors.affiliation: Partners in Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Caceres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000382:microbiology*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000254:growth & development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000254:growth & development; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D063106:Transgender Persons; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: PUBLIC HEALTH