title: Prediction of rectal temperature using non-invasive physiologic variable measurements in hair pregnant ewes subjected to natural conditions of heat stress.
abstract: Rectal temperature (RT) is the foremost physiological variable indicating if an animal is suffering hyperthermia. However, this variable is traditionally measured by invasive methods, which may compromise animal welfare. Models to predict RT have been developed for growing pigs and lactating dairy cows, but not for pregnant heat-stressed ewes. Our aim was to develop a prediction equation for RT using non-invasive physiological variables in pregnant ewes under heat stress. A total of 192 records of respiratory frequency (RF) and hair coat temperature in various body regions (i.e., head, rump, flank, shoulder, and belly) obtained from 24 Katahdin × Pelibuey pregnant multiparous ewes were collected during the last third of gestation (i.e., d 100 to lambing) with a 15 d sampling interval. Hair coat temperatures were taken using infrared thermal imaging technology. Initially, a Pearson correlation analysis examined the relationship among variables, and then multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop the prediction equations. All predictor variables were positively correlated (P<0.01; r=0.59-0.67) with RT. The adjusted equation which best predicted RT (P<0.01; Radj(2)=56.15%; CV=0.65%) included as predictors RF and head and belly temperatures. Comparison of predicted and observed values for RT indicates a suitable agreement (P<0.01) between them with moderate accuracy (Radj(2)=56.15%) when RT was calculated with the adjusted equation. In general, the final equation does not violate any assumption of multiple regression analysis. The RT in heat-stressed pregnant ewes can be predicted with an adequate accuracy using non-invasive physiologic variables, and the final equation was: RT=35.57+0.004 (RF)+0.067 (heat temperature)+0.028 (belly temperature).
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vicente-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico.
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avendaño-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Mejía-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico.
authors.forename: F Daniel
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa-Calderón
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mellado
authors.affiliation: Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Aridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Meza-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80001, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Guerra-Liera
authors.affiliation: Animal Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California 21705, Mexico. Electronic address: ulisesmacias1988@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ulises
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Macías-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Body temperatures; Coat; Hair breed sheep; Hyperthermia; Prediction equation