title: A role for airway taste receptor modulation in the treatment of upper respiratory infections.
abstract: Taste receptors, initially identified in the oral epithelium, have since been shown to be widely distributed, being found in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, gastrointestinal epithelium, thyroid, and brain. The presence of taste receptors in the nasal epithelium has led to the discovery of their role in innate immunity, defending the paranasal sinuses against pathogens. This article addresses the current paradigm for understanding the role of extraoral taste receptors, specifically the T2R38 bitter taste receptor and the T1R2+3 sweet taste receptor, in respiratory innate defenses and presents evidence for the use of these and other taste receptors as therapeutic targets in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Future studies should focus on understanding the polymorphisms of taste receptors beyond T2R38 to fully elucidate their potential therapeutic use and lay the groundwork for their modulation in a clinical setting to decrease the health impact and economic burden of upper respiratory disease.
authors.affiliation: a Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|b Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|c Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: b Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Cecil J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: c Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: a Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|b Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|c Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|d Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center Surgical Services , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: Airway physiology; TAS2R; chronic rhinosinusitis; epithelial biology; host-pathogen interactions; innate immunity; taste receptors; upper respiratory disease