title: Deception has no acute or residual effect on cycling time trial performance but negatively effects perceptual responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Feedback deception is used to explore the importance of expectations on pacing strategy and performance in self-paced exercise. The deception of feedback from a previous performance explores the importance of experience knowledge on exercise behaviour. This study aimed to explore the acute and residual effects of the deception of previous performance speed on perceptual responses and performance in cycling time trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parallel-group design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty cyclists were assigned to a control or deception group and performed 16.1km time trials. Following a ride-alone baseline time trial (FBL), participants performed against a virtual avatar representing their FBL performance (PACER), then completed a subsequent ride-alone time trial (SUB). The avatar in the deception group, however, was unknowingly set 2% faster than their FBL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups performed faster in PACER than FBL and SUB (p<0.05), but SUB was not significantly different to FBL. Affect was more negative and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were higher in PACER than FBL in the deception group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a visual pacer acutely facilitated time trial performance, but deceptive feedback had no additional effect on performance. The deception group, however, experienced more negative affect and higher RPE in PACER, whereas these responses were absent in the control group. The performance improvement was not sustained in SUB, suggesting no residual performance effects occurred.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Electronic address: h.jones2@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hollie S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S Andy
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adrian W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Midgley
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lars R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Mc Naughton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008192:Deception; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Affect; Expectations; Pacing strategy; Perceived exertion; Visual feedback