title: Establishment of hydrochloric acid/lipopolysaccharide-induced pelvic inflammatory disease model.
abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is one of the most problematic complications experienced by women with sexually transmitted diseases, frequently causes secondary infections after reproductive abnormalities in veterinary animals. Although the uterus is self-protective, it becomes fragile during periods or pregnancy. To investigate PID, bacteria or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from gram negative bacteria has been used to induce the disease in several animal models. However, when LPS is applied to the peritoneum, it often causes systemic sepsis leading to death and the PID was not consistently demonstrated. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been used to induce inflammation in the lungs and stomach but not tested for reproductive organs. In this study, we developed a PID model in mice by HCl and LPS sequential intracervical (i.c.) administration. The proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were detected in the mouse uterus by western blot analysis and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after HCl (25 mg/kg) administration i.c. followed by four LPS (50 mg/kg) treatments. Moreover, mice exhibited increased infiltration of neutrophils in the endometrium and epithelial layer. These results suggest that ic co-administration of HCl and LPS induces PID in mice. This new model may provide a consistent and reproducible PID model for future research.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeonsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaehun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Wook
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Il
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Animal Reproduction & Biotechnology Center, Myung-Poom Hanwoo Consulting, Hoengseong 25218, Korea.
authors.forename: Joung Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea.
authors.forename: Deog-Bon
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Jong
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
authors.forename: Bae Dong
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014599:Uterus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid
keywords: hydrochloric acid; lipopolysaccharide; mice; pelvic inflammatory disease; pelvic inflammatory disease model