title: Diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase.
abstract: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the leading cause of mortality in diabetes. As the number of cases of diabetes continues to rise, it is urgent to develop new strategies to protect against DCM, which is characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, increased apoptosis, fibrosis, and altered insulin metabolism. The E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s), one component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, play vital roles in all of the features of DCM listed above. They also modulate the activity of several transcription factors involved in the pathogenesis of DCM. In addition, the E3s degrade both insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates and also regulate insulin gene transcription, leading to insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Therefore, the E3s may be a driving force for DCM. This review summarizes currently available studies to analyze the roles of the E3s in DCM, enriches our knowledge of how DCM develops, and provides a novel strategy to protect heart from diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China; and.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mellen
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; zhengyanghappy07@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D011972:Receptor, Insulin
keywords: E3 ubiquitin ligase; diabetes; diabetic cardiomyopathy; etiology; ventricular remodeling