title: Who were they really? model-free and model-bound dental nonmetric analyses to affirm documented population affiliations of seven South African "Bantu" samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For bioarchaeological biodistance analyses it is common to "assume" that skeletal samples are representative of the populations to which they are attributed. Here, alternatively, samples with "known" attribution in the Raymond A. Dart Collection are assessed regarding their suitability for use in such analyses. Prior curation issues may call their ascribed identities into question.
  
  
  METHODS
  These 20th century samples ostensibly derive from South African Ndebele, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Venda, Xosa, and Zulu populations. First, the mean measure of divergence (MMD) is used to obtain among-sample dental phenetic distances for comparison with documented population relationships. Second, the Mantel test evaluates fit of the isolation-by-distance model between MMD and geographic distances, i.e., among the historic homelands. Third, R-matrices and minimum and estimated Fst from MMD distances give an indication of genetic micro-differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Output from these model-free and model-bound analyses suggest that five and perhaps six samples are representative of their attributed populations-presenting differences along population lines and evidence of more ancient ancestry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Other than the Swazi and perhaps Nedebele, the among-sample variation: 1) mirrors documented population history, 2) reveals a moderately positive correlation between phenetic and geographic distances, and 3) although evidencing much homogeneity, provides measures of genetic distance in support of the phenetic distances. Therefore, with the two noted exceptions-perhaps from collection issues, swamping of past genetic structure, or both, most samples appear suitable for bioarchaeological analyses. On this basis, results are offered to supplement published findings concerning the biological relationships of these peoples.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Fst; R-matrix; Raymond A. Dart Collection; South Africa; dental morphology; genetic structure; isolation-by-distance; phenetic affinity; population history