title: Combined Use of a Patient Dose Monitoring System and a Real-Time Occupational Dose Monitoring System for Fluoroscopically Guided Interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect on patient radiation exposure of the combined use of a patient dose monitoring system and real-time occupational dose monitoring during fluoroscopically guided interventions (FGIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient radiation exposure, in terms of the kerma area product (KAP; Gy ∙ cm(2)), was measured in period 1 with a patient dose monitoring system, and a real-time occupational dose monitoring system was additionally applied in period 2. Mean/median KAP in 19 different types of FGIs was analyzed in both periods for two experienced interventional radiologists combined as well as individually. Patient dose and occupational dose were correlated, applying Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although FGIs were similar in numbers and types over both periods, a substantial decrease was found for period 2 in total mean ± SD/median KAP for both operators together (period 1, 47 Gy ∙ cm(2) ± 67/41 Gy ∙ cm(2); period 2, 37 Gy ∙ cm(2) ± 69/34 Gy ∙ cm(2)) as well as for each individual operator (for all, P < .05). Overall, KAP declined considerably in 15 of 19 types of FGIs in period 2. Mean accumulated dose per intervention was 4.6 µSv, and mean dose rate was 0.24 mSv/h. There was a strong positive correlation between patient and occupational dose (r = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined use of a patient dose monitoring system and a real-time occupational dose monitoring system in FGIs significantly lessens patient and operator doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli Zurich, Birmensdorferstreet 497, Zurich CH-8063, Switzerland. Electronic address: christina.heilmaier@triemli.zurich.ch.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heilmaier
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli Zurich, Birmensdorferstreet 497, Zurich CH-8063, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli Zurich, Birmensdorferstreet 497, Zurich CH-8063, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Niklaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli Zurich, Birmensdorferstreet 497, Zurich CH-8063, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli Zurich, Birmensdorferstreet 497, Zurich CH-8063, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors