title: Theophylline Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in Children Following Congenital Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
abstract: Children undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) frequently develop acute kidney injury due to renal ischemia. Theophylline, which improves renal perfusion via adenosine receptor inhibition, is a potential targeted therapy. However, children undergoing cardiac surgery and CPB commonly have alterations in drug pharmacokinetics. To help understand optimal aminophylline (salt formulation of theophylline) dosing strategies in this population, a population-based pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) from 71 children (median age 5 months; 90% range 1 week to 10 years) who underwent cardiac surgery requiring CPB and received aminophylline as part of a previous randomized controlled trial. A 1-compartment model with linear elimination adequately described the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Weight scaled via allometry was a significant predictor of clearance and volume. In addition, allometric scaled clearance increased with age implemented as a power maturation function. Compared to prior reports in noncardiac children, theophylline clearance was markedly reduced across age. In the final population pharmacokinetic model, optimized empiric dosing regimens were developed via Monte Carlo simulations. Doses 50% to 75% lower than those recommended in noncardiac children were needed to achieve target serum concentrations of 5 to 10 mg/L.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frymoyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Axelrod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000628:Aminophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000639:trends*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D000628:Aminophylline; D013806:Theophylline
keywords: acute kidney injury; aminophylline; congenital heart defect; pediatric; pharmacokinetics