title: Ring test evaluation of the detection of influenza A virus in swine oral fluids by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation.
abstract: The probability of detecting influenza A virus (IAV) in oral fluid (OF) specimens was calculated for each of 13 assays based on real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and 7 assays based on virus isolation (VI). The OF specimens were inoculated with H1N1 or H3N2 IAV and serially diluted 10-fold (10(-1) to 10(-8)). Eight participating laboratories received 180 randomized OF samples (10 replicates × 8 dilutions × 2 IAV subtypes plus 20 IAV-negative samples) and performed the rRT-PCR and VI procedure(s) of their choice. Analysis of the results with a mixed-effect logistic-regression model identified dilution and assay as variables significant (P < 0.0001) for IAV detection in OF by rRT-PCR or VI. Virus subtype was not significant for IAV detection by either rRT-PCR (P = 0.457) or VI (P = 0.101). For rRT-PCR the cycle threshold (Ct) values increased consistently with dilution but varied widely. Therefore, it was not possible to predict VI success on the basis of Ct values. The success of VI was inversely related to the dilution of the sample; the assay was generally unsuccessful at lower virus concentrations. Successful swine health monitoring and disease surveillance require assays with consistent performance, but significant differences in reproducibility were observed among the assays evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Christa K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Goodell
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Jianqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strait
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Devi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patnayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culhane
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christopher-Hennings
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leslie-Steen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skarbek
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Pravina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kitikoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenkins-Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Main
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, and Veterinary Medical Research Institute (Building 1), 1802 University Boulevard, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1240, USA (Goodell, Zhang, Strait, Harmon, Wang, Main, Zimmerman); Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Wang); Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Patnayak, Otterson, Culhane); Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA (Christopher-Hennings, Clement, Leslie-Steen); Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (Hesse, Anderson, Skarbek); US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Vincent, Kitikoon, McGill); USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA (Swenson, Jenkins-Moore); Tetracore, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA (Rauh, Nelson); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Austin, Texas 78744, USA (O'Connell, Shah).
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*