title: Coffee consumption and the risk of incident gastric cancer--A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: As several epidemiological studies on the association of coffee consumption with gastric cancer risk have produced inconsistent results, this meta-analysis was designed to synthesize current evidence of this potential relationship. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to September 2014 to retrieve relevant articles. Prospective cohort studies were included if the relative risks (RRs) or hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for gastric cancer according to coffee consumption were reported. Fixed- or random-effects models were used based on heterogeneity. The search yielded 13 eligible cohort studies of 3484 incident gastric cancer patients from among 1,324,559 participants. A significantly increased risk was found between gastric cardia cancer and coffee consumption (RR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.09-2.07). Compared with Europeans (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.86-1.46) and Asians (RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.72-1.27), Americans (RR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06-1.74) demonstrated a significantly positive association. However, the significant differences of the pooled results vanished after adjusting for smoking or body mass index. Our meta-analysis results suggest that a high level of coffee consumption is a risk factor for gastric cancer. However, these results should not be overinterpreted because residual confounding effects of other factors could exist.
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: b Department of General Surgery , Beijing Hospital , Dongdan , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Jianning
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Surgery , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Zhongtao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017594:Publication Bias; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee