title: Effects of Single and Multiple Energy Shots on Blood Pressure and Electrocardiographic Parameters.
abstract: We assessed the effects of single and multiple caffeinated energy shots on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study in otherwise healthy volunteers (n = 26) where a caffeinated energy shot or matching placebo was ingested. The study drink was consumed twice daily for 7 days during each phase, with a 7-day washout period in between. The primary end points of interest were systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, and QT and QTc intervals. All parameters were evaluated at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 hours on the first and seventh day of each phase. Systolic BP after a single energy shot consumption was significantly higher than placebo at 3 and 5 hours (p = 0.050 and p = 0.038, respectively). Similarly, diastolic BP after a single energy shot consumption was significantly higher at 1 and 5 hours (p = 0.019 and p = 0.043, respectively). The systolic and diastolic BP elevations were not significant after consistent consumption (all p values ≥ 0.079). None of the ECG parameters were significantly affected (all p values ≥ 0.108) compared with placebo. In conclusion, a single shot of a caffeinated energy drink significantly raised systolic and diastolic BPs. However, these elevations were not sustained with chronic consumption. ECG parameters were not altered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California. Electronic address: sshah@pacific.edu.
authors.forename: Sachin A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dargush
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Brittany M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Millard-Hasting
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, David Grant Medical Center, Pharmacy Research Department, Travis Air Force Base, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lacey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects*; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine