title: Evaluation and Reduction of Artifacts Generated by 4 Different Root-end Filling Materials by Using Multiple Cone-beam Computed Tomography Imaging Settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After endodontic surgery, radiographic assessment is the method of choice to monitor bone defect healing. Cone-beam computed tomography scans are useful to check and identify the reasons of failure of surgical intervention or confirm healing; however, the artifact generated by some root-end filling material might compromise this task. The objective of the study was to compare the amount of artifacts generated by 4 root-end filling materials and to test multiple exposure settings used with these materials, when the effective dose generated by each protocol was taken into consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty central incisors were endodontically treated with retrograde obturation by using amalgam, Biodentine, MTA, and Super-EBA (5 of each). They were placed in a skull with soft tissue simulation and scanned by using the Planmeca Promax Max with different kilovolt peaks (kVp): 66, 76, 84, and 96 with and without the use of metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm and with low, normal, and high resolution and high definition. The Dose Area Product was registered, and the effective dose was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amalgam generated the highest amount of artifacts, whereas MAR and low resolution created fewer artifacts than other settings. The artifacts were also reduced with 96 kVp. The effective dose calculated with low resolution was remarkably lower than other resolutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When used as root-end filling material, Biodentine, MTA, and Super-EBA generated fewer artifacts than amalgam. The use of 96 kVp with MAR and low resolution also reduced artifacts on the image and at the same time generated the lowest effective dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helvacioglu-Yigit
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Husniye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demirturk Kocasarac
authors.affiliation: Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Boulos
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.affiliation: Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: noujeim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noujeim
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D016477:Artifacts; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D010087:Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D017640:Silicates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate
keywords: Artifact; CBCT; beam hardening; root-end filling