title: Gray and white matter alterations in early HIV-infected patients: Combined voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics.
abstract: To investigate both the gray matter (GM) and whiter matter (WM) alterations in a homogeneous cohort of early HIV-infected patients by combining voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS).
  
  
  
  Twenty-six HIV and 26 control subjects enrolled in this study with 3D T1 and diffusion-tensor imaging acquired on a 3.0T Siemens scanner. Group differences in regional GM were assessed using VBM analysis, while differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and relative anisotropy (RD) of WM were evaluated using TBSS analysis. After that, interactions between GM changes and white matter alterations were investigated by using a correlation analysis.
  
  
  
  The HIV-infected patients displayed decreased GM volume, mainly located in the bilateral frontal cortices, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, and left supplementary motor area (P < 0.05, false discovery rate-corrected). Meanwhile, the patient group showed decreased FA in the genu of capsule callosum, body of capsule callosum, and bilateral anterior corona radiate (P < 0.05, family wise error [FEW]-corrected). Areas of increased MD, RD, and AD in HIV patients were more extensive and observed in most skeleton locations (P < 0.05, FEW-corrected). The interaction analysis in the patient group revealed that there were no significant correlations between GM changes and WM alterations (P > 0.05).
  
  
  
  Our results indicate that structural brain alterations occurred early in HIV-infected patients. The current study may shed further light on the potential brain effects of HIV. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1474-1483.
authors.affiliation: School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China.|Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiaojiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, China.
authors.forename: Zhenchao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: diffusion tensor imaging; human immunodeficiency virus; magnetic resonance imaging; tract-based spatial statistics; voxel-based morphometry