title: West Nile Virus Population Structure, Injury, and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in the Brain From a Fatal Case of Encephalitis.
abstract: Background.  West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans can result in severe, acute encephalitis typically involving subcortical gray matter brain regions. West Nile virus replication within specific human brain regions from a human case of acute encephalitis has not been studied. Methods.  We describe a fatal case of WNV encephalitis in which we obtained tissue from specific brain regions at autopsy to evaluate viral-host interactions using next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results.  We found that WNV populations in the injured subcortical brain regions exhibited increased amino acid variation and increased expression of specific interferon genes compared with cortical tissues despite similar viral burden. Conclusions.  These observational, patient-based data suggest that neuronal injury and the strength of viral selection pressure may be associated with the level of the innate immune responses. Further studies in human and animal models evaluating the role of innate immune responses on injury patterns and viral selection pressure are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins.
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Grubaugh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Division of Infectious Diseases , University of Colorado School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora.
authors.forename: Katherine D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Shives
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stenglein
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beckham
keywords: West Nile virus; apoptosis; encephalitis; interferon-stimulated genes; next-generation sequencing