title: Response of chronic gingivitis to hygiene therapy and experimental gingivitis. Clinical, microbiological and metabonomic changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical, microbiological and metabonomic profiles of subjects with high and low levels of chronic gingival bleeding during a controlled oral hygiene regimen intervention including sequential phases of rigorous therapeutic oral hygiene followed by experimental gingivitis (EG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts of qualified study subjects with differences in gingival bleeding on probing levels at their baseline clinical examination were entered into the study. These two cohorts were followed through three separate study phases including a 1-week baseline phase, a 2-week phase of rigorous oral hygiene including dental prophylaxis, and a 3-week EG phase of no oral hygiene to encourage relapse of gingivitis. The 58 subjects were assessed during each phase of the study for clinical presentation of gingivitis and concurrently had plaque sampled for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) microbiological characterization and salivary lavage samples for 'systems biology' metabonomics assessment by 1H-NMR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects presenting with different levels of gingival bleeding on probing when they entered the study responded differently to rigorous oral hygiene and EG. Specifically, the high bleeding cohort responded sluggishly to rigorous oral hygiene and exhibited markedly greater relapse to gingivitis during EG. RTPCR analysis showed changes in bacterial populations that were associated with study phases, particularly the increases in putative periodontal pathogens during EG. However, the microbiological profiles of high- and low-susceptibility gingival bleeding patients were largely similar. Metabonomic analysis likewise revealed significant changes in metabolite composition during study phases associated with differences in plaque toxicity, especially the short chain carboxylic acids propionate and n-butyrate, which tracked clinical changes in gingivitis severity. Systems analysis of metabonomic changes suggested differences between cohorts, although analysis to date has not elucidated whether these differences are causative (population predictive) or simply diagnostic of clinical status within populations.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klukowska
authors.forename: C Ram
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khambe
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurich
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Circello
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furnish
authors.forename: Erinn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haught
authors.forename: Sancai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011422:Propionates / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012008:Recurrence; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011422:Propionates; D020148:Butyric Acid; C029658:propionic acid