title: Opioid Prescribing After Nonfatal Overdose and Association With Repeated Overdose: A Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonfatal opioid overdose is an opportunity to identify and treat substance use disorders, but treatment patterns after the overdose are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine prescribed opioid dosage after an opioid overdose and its association with repeated overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large U.S. health insurer.
  
  
  METHODS
  2848 commercially insured patients aged 18 to 64 years who had a nonfatal opioid overdose during long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain between May 2000 and December 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonfatal opioid overdose was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes from emergency department or inpatient claims. The primary outcome was daily morphine-equivalent dosage (MED) of opioids dispensed from 60 days before to up to 730 days after the index overdose. We categorized dosages as large (≥100 mg MED), moderate (50 to <100 mg MED), low (<50 mg MED), or none (0 mg MED). Secondary outcomes included time to repeated overdose stratified by daily dosage as a time-varying covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a median follow-up of 299 days, opioids were dispensed to 91% of patients after an overdose. Seven percent of patients (n = 212) had a repeated opioid overdose. At 2 years, the cumulative incidence of repeated overdose was 17% (95% CI, 14% to 20%) for patients receiving high dosages of opioids after the index overdose, 15% (CI, 10% to 21%) for those receiving moderate dosages, 9% (CI, 6% to 14%) for those receiving low dosages, and 8% (CI, 6% to 11%) for those receiving no opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cohort was limited to commercially insured adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost all patients continue to receive prescription opioids after an overdose. Opioid discontinuation after overdose is associated with lower risk for repeated overdose.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Health Resources and Services Administration.
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Larochelle
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liebschutz
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross-Degnan
authors.forename: J Frank
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wharam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002047:Buprenorphine