title: Mechanistic study of decreased skin penetration using a combination of sonophoresis with sodium fluorescein-loaded PEGylated liposomes with d-limonene.
abstract: The effect of low frequency sonophoresis (SN, 20 kHz) on the skin transport of sodium fluorescein (NaFI)-loaded liposomes was investigated. An in vitro skin penetration study in open and blocked hair follicles was performed, and confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to visualize the penetration pathways. The results showed that SN significantly increased the flux of NaFI solution, whereas it significantly decreased the flux of NaFI-loaded polyethylene glycol-coated (PEGylated) liposomes with D-limonene (PL-LI). SN did not significantly affect the flux of NaFI-loaded conventional liposomes and PEGylated liposomes. In the blocked follicles, the flux of NaFI-loaded PL-LI both with and without SN decreased, indicating that NaFI-loaded PL-LI penetrated the skin via the transfollicular pathway. A confocal laser scanning microscopy image showed that in the skin without SN, the fluorescence intensity of NaFI-loaded PL-LI was observed in the skin and along the length of hair inside the skin, whereas in the skin with applied SN, the fluorescence intensity was detected only on the top of hair outside the skin. From scanning electron microscopy images, SN dislocated the corneocytes and reduced the deposition of PL-LI around hair follicles. These results revealed that SN may partially plug hair follicle orifices and reduce percutaneous absorption through the follicular pathway.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Worranan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rangsimawong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Praneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Opanasopit
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Theerasak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rojanarata
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tanasait
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ngawhirunpat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry*; D005453:Fluorescence; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000077222:Limonene; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D008081:Liposomes; D013729:Terpenes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000077222:Limonene; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: PEGylated liposomes; follicular pathway; hydrophilic compound; sonophoresis