title: Glucocorticoid Receptors, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Serotonin and Dopamine Neurotransmission are Associated with Interferon-Induced Depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of inflammation in mood disorders has received increased attention. There is substantial evidence that cytokine therapies, such as interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), can induce depressive symptoms. Indeed, proinflammatory cytokines change brain function in several ways, such as altering neurotransmitters, the glucocorticoid axis, and apoptotic mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the impact on mood of initiating IFN-alpha and ribavirin treatment in a cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C. We investigated clinical, personality, and functional genetic variants associated with cytokine-induced depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 344 Caucasian outpatients with chronic hepatitis C, initiating IFN-alpha and ribavirin therapy. All patients were euthymic at baseline according to DSM-IV-R criteria. Patients were assessed at baseline and 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after treatment initiation using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We genotyped several functional polymorphisms of interleukin-28 (IL28B), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), serotonin receptor-1A (HTR1A), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), glucocorticoid receptors (GCR1 and GCR2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) genes. A survival analysis was performed, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of depression was 0.35 at week 24 and 0.46 at week 48. The genotypic distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Older age (p = 0.018, hazard ratio [HR] per 5 years = 1.21), presence of depression history (p = 0.0001, HR = 2.38), and subthreshold depressive symptoms at baseline (p = 0.005, HR = 1.13) increased the risk of IFN-induced depression. So too did TCI personality traits, with high scores on fatigability (p = 0.0037, HR = 1.17), impulsiveness (p = 0.0200 HR = 1.14), disorderliness (p = 0.0339, HR = 1.11), and low scores on extravagance (p = 0.0040, HR = 0.85). An interaction between HTR1A and COMT genes was found. Patients carrying the G allele of HTR1A plus the Met substitution of the COMT polymorphism had a greater risk for depression during antiviral treatment (HR = 3.83) than patients with the CC (HTR1A) and Met allele (COMT) genotypes. Patients carrying the HTR1A CC genotype and the COMT Val/Val genotype (HR = 3.25) had a higher risk of depression than patients with the G allele (HTR1A) and the Val/Val genotype. Moreover, functional variants of the GCR1 (GG genotype: p = 0.0436, HR = 1.88) and BDNF genes (Val/Val genotype: p = 0.0453, HR = 0.55) were associated with depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study support the theory that IFN-induced depression is associated with a complex pathophysiological background, including serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission as well as glucocorticoid and neurotrophic factors. These findings may help to improve the management of patients on antiviral treatment and broaden our understanding of the pathogenesis of mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Udina
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navinés
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Egmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oriolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langohr
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gratacós
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Artigas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas).
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Spain (Drs Udina, Navinés, Egmond, Oriolo, Valdés, Gómez-Gil, Grande, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Grande, Artigas, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (Drs Oriolo, Valdés, Vieta, and Martín-Santos); Liver Section, Parc de Salut Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Navinés, Gimenez, and Solà); Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain (Egmond); Departament d'Estadística, Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Research programme in Neurosciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Langohr); Center of Genomic Regulation, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Gratacós); National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Dr Kapczinski); Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Spain (Dr Artigas) rmsantos@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martín-Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007372:Interferons; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A / Q000235:genetics; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5; D000095022:Interferon Lambda
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007372:Interferons; D007378:Interleukins; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D012254:Ribavirin; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5; C583518:HTR1A protein, human; C576710:IDO1 protein, human; C000624353:interferon-lambda, human; D000095022:Interferon Lambda; C579455:BDNF protein, human; C588010:COMT protein, human
keywords: 5HT1A; COMT; GCR1; depression; genetic; hepatitis C; inflammation pathways; personality traits; risk factors