title: Yoga Enhances Positive Psychological States in Young Adult Musicians.
abstract: Although yoga has been shown to be a viable technique for improving the performance of the mind and body, little attention has been directed to studying the relationship between yoga and the psychological states of flow and mindfulness. Musicians enrolled in a 2-month fellowship program in 2005, 2006 and 2007 were invited to participate in a yoga and meditation program. Fellows not participating in the yoga program were recruited separately as controls. All participants completed baseline and end-program questionnaires evaluating dispositional flow, mindfulness, confusion, and music performance anxiety. Compared to controls, yoga participants reported significant decreases in confusion and increases in dispositional flow. Yoga participants in the 2006 sample also reported significant increases in the mindfulness subscale of awareness. Correlational analyses revealed that increases in participants' dispositional flow and mindfulness were associated with decreases in confusion and music performance anxiety. This study demonstrates the commonalities between positive psychology and yoga, both of which are focused on enhancing human performance and promoting beneficial psychological states. The results suggest that yoga and meditation may enhance the states of flow and mindful awareness, and reduce confusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave., C1341, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. bethany@bethanybutzer.com.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Butzer
authors.affiliation: Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lynn University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Khalique
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave., C1341, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Sat Bir S
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Khalsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000523:psychology; D064866:Mindfulness; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015013:Yoga / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Flow; Meditation; Mindfulness; Music; Yoga