title: A cross-sectional study of correlates of imprisonment in opioid-dependent men and women in New South Wales, Australia.
abstract: Involvement in the criminal justice system is common among opioid-dependent people. This study aimed to determine prevalence and adolescent-onset correlates of adult imprisonment among opioid-dependent men and women in New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  
  Participants were recruited from opioid substitution therapy clinics and completed a face-to-face, structured interview. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, family history, substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. Adolescent-onset correlates of adult incarceration (including interactions with gender) were examined using logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Opioid-dependent men were significantly more likely than opioid-dependent women to report adult imprisonment (66% vs 40%; P < 0.001). In a multivariable logistic regression model, older age, male gender, having completed high school education only, having dependent children or living independently prior to age 18 years, a history of juvenile detention and adolescent-onset opioid dependence were all significantly associated with increased odds of adult imprisonment. Adolescent-onset depression was associated with a halving of odds of adult imprisonment. The only variable for which we observed an interaction with gender was juvenile detention, which had a significantly greater impact on the odds of imprisonment for men than women.
  
  
  
  More than half of this sample of opioid dependent adults had a history of imprisonment. Variables that are associated with imprisonment in the general population, such as childhood maltreatment, were not important in predicting imprisonment in this sample. Further study is required to understand the interaction between sex and juvenile detention in predicting adult imprisonment. [Larney S, Cama E, Nelson E, Larance B, Degenhardt L. A cross-sectional study of correlates of imprisonment in opioid-dependent men and women in New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:686-692].
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larney
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cama
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Briony
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larance
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.|Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: juvenile detention; opioid dependence; prison; sex difference; substance use disorder