title: Infection of Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by Membrane Feeding.
abstract: A reduction in the use of animals in infectious disease research is desirable for animal welfare as well as for simplification and standardization of experiments. An artificial silicone-based membrane-feeding system was adapted for complete engorgement of adult and nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), and for infecting nymphs with pathogenic, tick-borne bacteria. Six wild-type and genetically transformed strains of four species of bacteria were inoculated into sterile bovine blood and fed to ticks. Pathogens were consistently detected in replete nymphs by polymerase chain reaction. Adult ticks that ingested bacteria as nymphs were evaluated for transstadial transmission. Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia muris-like agent showed high rates of transstadial transmission to adult ticks, whereas Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia monacensis demonstrated low rates of transstadial transmission/maintenance. Artificial membrane feeding can be used to routinely maintain nymphal and adult I. scapularis, and infect nymphs with tick-borne pathogens.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Geoffrey E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Nicole Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Curtis M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kurtti
authors.forename: Ulrike G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Munderloh
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum; D000818:Animals; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi; D004772:Entomology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D018884:Ixodes / Q000382:microbiology*; D012281:Rickettsia