title: An extension of olfactometry methods: An expandable, fully automated, mobile, MRI-compatible olfactometer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  fMRI experiments on olfaction offer new insights into the complex, but in contrast to other sensory systems, less studied cognition of odors. To perform these experiments is still a challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address the challenge posed by MR settings, an olfactometer design is presented including specific improvements to the limited number of already existing olfactometers. Innovative features such as pneumatically controlled pinch valves, useable in the scanner and providing exact stimulus timing as well as a 3D-printed nasal mask inlet for common sleep laboratory masks that can be used for lateral divided stimulus presentation are introduced. To ensure a fully automated and mobile system, the use of a flexible and easily-adapted Matlab-Code and a portable adaptable container system are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The functional efficiency of these features are proven by results of an fMRI study as well as testing temporal resolution and concentration stability with a mass spectrometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 24-channel olfactometer design presented here provides an inexpensive alternative to the currently available olfactometers including the achievement of fast onset times, lateral divided stimulus presentation and high flexibility and adaptability to different scientific questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The olfactometer design presented in this paper can be seen as a realistic and feasible solution to overcome the challenges of presenting olfactory stimuli within the MR setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: anne-kathrin.bestgen@rub.de.
authors.forename: Anne-Kathrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bestgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuchinke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Suchan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Derdak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Birger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jettkant
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sucker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009812:Odorants; D064367:Olfactometry / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Human olfaction; Odor quality; Olfactometer; Olfactory cognition; fMRI