title: Nanoencapsulation, Nano-guard for Pesticides: A New Window for Safe Application.
abstract: The application of nanotechnology in pesticide delivery is relatively new and in the early stages of development. This technology aims to reduce the indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides and ensure their safe application. This critical review investigated the potential of nanotechnology, especially the nanoencapsulation process for pesticide delivery. In-depth investigation of various nanoencapsulation materials and techniques, efficacy of application, and current research trends are also presented. The focus of ongoing research was on the development of a nanoencapsulated pesticide formulation that has slow releasing properties with enhanced solubility, permeability, and stability. These properties are mainly achieved through either protecting the encapsulated active ingredients from premature degradation or increasing their pest control efficacy for a longer period. Nanoencapsulated pesticide formulation is able to reduce the dosage of pesticides and human exposure to them, which is environmentally friendly for crop protection. However, lack of knowledge of the mechanism of synthesis and lack of a cost-benefit analysis of nanoencapsulation materials hindered their application in pesticide delivery. Further investigation of these materials' behavior and their ultimate fate in the environment will help the establishment of a regulatory framework for their commercialization. The review provides fundamental and critical information for researchers and engineers in the field of nanotechnology and especially the use of nanoencapsulation techniques to deliver pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Newcastle , , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nuruzzaman
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Newcastle , , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahmudur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Newcastle , , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Yanju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Newcastle , , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010571:Pest Control; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: agriculture; environmental exposure; nanoencapsulation; nanotechnology; pest control; pesticide