title: Fundamental principles of energy consumption for gene expression.
abstract: How energy is consumed in gene expression is largely unknown mainly due to complexity of non-equilibrium mechanisms affecting expression levels. Here, by analyzing a representative gene model that considers complexity of gene expression, we show that negative feedback increases energy consumption but positive feedback has an opposite effect; promoter leakage always reduces energy consumption; generating more bursts needs to consume more energy; and the speed of promoter switching is at the cost of energy consumption. We also find that the relationship between energy consumption and expression noise is multi-mode, depending on both the type of feedback and the speed of promoter switching. Altogether, these results constitute fundamental principles of energy consumption for gene expression, which lay a foundation for designing biologically reasonable gene modules. In addition, we discuss possible biological implications of these principles by combining experimental facts.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhanjiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianshe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tianshou
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007700:Kinetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic