title: Herpes Simplex Type 2 Encephalitis After Craniotomy: Case Report and Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) after neurosurgical procedures is extremely uncommon, and the few published case reports mainly described herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as being culpable. We present a rare case of HSV-2 encephalitis after craniotomy and describe its pathophysiology and optimal management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 70-year-old woman underwent an elective resection of a recurrent left sphenoid wing meningioma and clipping of a left middle cerebral artery aneurysm, the latter having been found incidentally. She returned to our department with clinical findings suggestive of meningitis 12 days after the operation. Her lack of response to empiric antibiotic treatment, taken together with the lymphocyte-predominant initial cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture and the electroencephalographic indications of encephalopathy, led to the suspicion of a diagnosis of HSE, which was later confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction test positive for HSV-2. The patient was then successfully treated with intravenous acyclovir for 2 weeks followed by another week of oral acyclovir treatment before being discharged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present case stresses the importance of recognizing the relatively rare entity of HSE after craniotomy. Timely correct diagnosis will expedite the initiation of appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Assaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: margalitn@tlvmc.gov.il.
authors.forename: Nevo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Margalit
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020803:Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000212:Acyclovir
keywords: Craniotomy; Herpes simplex encephalitis; Herpes simplex virus type 2; Meningioma; Middle cerebral artery aneurysm