title: Changes of individual perception in psychosocial stressors related to German reunification in 1989/1990 and cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in a population-based study in East Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim was to examine the relationship between individually perceived changes in psychosocial stressors associated with German reunification and cardiovascular effects. We hypothesised that higher levels of psychosocial stress related to German reunification were associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from 2 cohort studies in East Germany were used: Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle Study (CARLA), and Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  2 populations in East Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  CARLA study: 1779 participants, aged 45-83 years at baseline (812 women), SHIP study: 4308 participants, aged 20-79 years at baseline (2193 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychosocial stressors related to reunification were operationalised by the Reunification Stress Index (RSI; scale from 0 to 10). This index was composed of questions that were related to individually perceived changes in psychosocial stressors (occupational, financial and personal) after reunification. To examine the associations between the RSI and each stressor separately with cardiovascular risk factors and CVD, regression models were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RSI was associated with CVD in women (RR=1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33). Cardiovascular risk factors were associated with RSI for both men and women, with strongest associations between RSI and diabetes in women (RR=1.10, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.20) and depressive disorders in men (RR=1.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.77). The change in occupational situation related to reunification was the major contributing psychosocial stressor. We observed a strong association with CVD in women who experienced occupational deterioration after reunification (RR=4.04, 95% CI 1.21 to 13.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individually perceived deterioration of psychosocial stressors (occupational, financial and personal) related to German reunification was associated with cardiovascular risk factors and CVD. The associations were stronger for women than for men. An explanation for these findings could be that women were more often affected by unemployment after reunification. Morbidity and mortality follow-up of both cohorts could enhance the results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-5550
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohley
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kluttig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werdan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nuding
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karin Halina
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Greiser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kuss
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcello Ricardo Paulista
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten Oliver
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haerting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D005859:Germany, East / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D011057:Politics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; SOCIAL MEDICINE