title: Informing health policy in Japan: A mixed-model estimation to compare the cost of illness of cervical cancer and endometrial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to inform Japanese health policy by comparing cervical cancer and endometrial cancer from the standpoint of economic burden and examining factors affecting future changes in economic burden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using government-based nationwide statistical data, we used the cost-of-illness (COI) method to estimate the COI from 1996 to 2011 and predicted future estimates for 2014, 2017, and 2020.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2011, the COI of cervical cancer was estimated at 159.9 billion yen and that of endometrial cancer was estimated at 99.5 billion yen. Assuming the current trends in health-related indicators, the COI of cervical cancer is predicted to temporarily decrease in 2014 and then remain constant. Meanwhile, the COI of endometrial cancer is predicted to temporarily decrease in 2014 before returning to an upward trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The COI of both cervical cancer and endometrial cancer is estimated to remain constant or increase in the future. The average age of death from cervical cancer is predicted to remain relatively young and the high human capital value of patients who die in their sixties is the most likely explanation for the lack of decrease in future COI. As women's participation in society continues to increase, the future COI may also increase. Regarding endometrial cancer, the increase in direct costs, particularly hospitalization costs, is a likely factor resulting in the increase in the COI. This is because women are surviving longer, and thus receiving care for longer durations, because of advancements in medical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hayata
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takefumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunichika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mineto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality
keywords: cervical cancer of the uterus; cost of illness; endometrial cancer of the uterus; health economics; health policy; social burden of disease