title: Multi-locus plastid phylogenetic biogeography supports the Asian hypothesis of the temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).
abstract: In this paper we investigate the biogeography of the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) using a densely-sampled phylogenetic tree of Bambusoideae based on six plastid DNA loci, which corroborates the previously discovered 12 lineages (I-XII) and places Kuruna as sister to the Chimonocalamus clade. Biogeographic analyses revealed that the Arundinarieae diversified from an estimated 12 to 14Mya, and this was followed by rapid radiation within the lineages, particularly lineages IV, V and VI, starting from c. 7-8Mya. It is suggested that the late Miocene intensification of East Asian monsoon may have contributed to this burst of diversification. The possibilities of the extant Sri Lankan and African temperate bamboo lineages representing 'basal elements' could be excluded, indicating that there is no evidence to support the Indian or African route for migration of temperate bamboo ancestors to Asia. Radiations from eastern Asia to Africa, Sri Lanka, and to North America all are likely to have occurred during the Pliocene, to form the disjunct distribution of Arundinarieae we observe today. The two African lineages are inferred as being derived independently from Asian ancestors, either by overland migrations or long-distance dispersals. Beringian migration may explain the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunction.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Xia
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7205, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum national d'histoire naturelle/École Pratique des Hautes Études/Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP39, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haevermans
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Xiao
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
authors.forename: Li-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China. Electronic address: guozhenhua@mail.kib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhen-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China. Electronic address: dzl@mail.kib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: De-Zhu
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013188:Sri Lanka; D014934:Wood / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Arundinarieae; Bambusoideae; Biogeography; Divergence time; Multi-locus plastid phylogeny; Rapid radiation