title: Gut inflammation and microbiome in spondyloarthritis.
abstract: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is chronic inflammatory disease involving joints and the spine. Bowel inflammation is common in SpA, which may be classified as acute or chronic. Chronic gut inflammation is most common in SpA patients with axial involvement as compared to those presenting with peripheral involvement alone. The pathogenesis of gut inflammation in SpA could be explained by two factors-over-activation of immunological cells and altered gut microbiome. This is exemplified by SpA animal models, namely HLA-B27-expressing transgenic animals and SKG mice models. Immunological mechanisms include homing of activated T cells from gut into synovium, excess pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion by immune cells such as IL-23 and genetic variations in immunological genes. The evidence for role of gut microbiome in SpA is gradually emerging. Recently, metagenomic study of gut microbiome by sequencing of microbial nucleic acids has enabled identification of new microbial taxa and their functions in gut of patients with SpA. In SpA, the gut microbiome could emerge as diagnostic and prognostic marker of disease. Modulation of gut microbiome is slated to have therapeutic potential as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
authors.forename: Jayakanthan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabeerdoss
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
authors.forename: Pulukool
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandhya
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India. debashisdandacmc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Debashish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025241:Spondylarthritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D056692:Prebiotics
keywords: Gut–joint axis; Inflammation; Microbiome; Spondyloarthritis