title: Cognitive remediation for depressed inpatients: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurocognitive deficits that persist despite antidepressive treatment and affect social and vocational functioning are well documented in major depressive disorder. Cognitive training approaches have proven successful in ameliorating these deficits in other psychiatric groups, but very few studies have been conducted in unipolar depressive patients by now. In contrast to previous studies solely including outpatients, effects of a cognitive remediation intervention on neurocognitive functioning of depressed inpatients were assessed by the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 46 depressed inpatients of a psychiatric hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to either a control group that received standard drug and non-drug (cognitive behavioural, occupational, sports, relaxation and music therapy) antidepressive treatment or a remediation group that additionally received 12 sessions of cognitive training for a total of 4 weeks (three sessions per week). An intent to treat analysis and a last observation carried forward method was used for data analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of the remediation group demonstrated greater improvements in neurocognitive measures of verbal and nonverbal memory, working memory and executive function (Cohen's d effect sizes between .52 and .98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide preliminary evidence that cognitive remediation interventions can be successfully applied also in psychiatric inpatients experiencing an acute depressive episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany wolfgang.trapp@sozialstiftung-bamberg.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Trapp
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sinha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Goeran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hajak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautenbacher
authors.affiliation: Centre for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University School of Medicine Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallhofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Depression; attention; cognition; cognitive remediation; executive function; memory; working memory