title: Excessive trading, a gambling disorder in its own right? A case study on a French disordered gamblers cohort.
abstract: Trading and gambling appear to share some similarities. Indeed, traders can get professionally involved in high-risk types of trading as if it were gambling. This research explores whether excessive trading can be conceptualized as a subset of gambling disorders.
  
  
  
  To better acknowledge the existence of an addictive-like trading behavior and to discuss its phenomenological similarities with gambling disorders.
  
  
  
  The data of 8 excessive traders out of a cohort of 221 outpatients seeking treatment in our Problem Gambling unit were analyzed.
  
  
  
  Our case series revealed important similarities with gambling disorders in terms of diagnosis, trajectory and comorbidities. Like many disordered gamblers, excessive traders of this study experienced a number of small early wins, chased their losses, and ended up losing control over the money they invested. All of them invested in very risky stocks associated with short-term trading leading to potential large gains, but also with very significant losses. The structure itself of the two activities (gambling and trading) is very close.
  
  
  
  Our results tended to support the idea of an addictive-like trading behavior as a subset of gambling disorders. Investing is not a form of gambling, but some people gamble with investments. Several observations and recommendations can be made: (i) conduct researches; (ii) build and validate specific assessment tools; (iii) develop strategies for prevention and treatment; and (iv) conduct more rigorous studies to clarify what we named an addictive-like trading behavior.
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nantes, Clinical Investigation Unit "Behavioral Addictions/Complex Affective Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, EA 4275 "Biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Subjective Measures in Health Sciences", Nantes, France. Electronic address: marie.bronnec@chu-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grall-Bronnec
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nantes, Clinical Investigation Unit "Behavioral Addictions/Complex Affective Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
authors.affiliation: Université Laval, GRIF-Jeu, Québec, Canada, and Maison Jean Lapointe, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nantes, Clinical Investigation Unit "Behavioral Addictions/Complex Affective Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulteau
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Murcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Aranda
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nantes, Clinical Investigation Unit "Behavioral Addictions/Complex Affective Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, EA 4275 "Biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Subjective Measures in Health Sciences", Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Challet-Bouju
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nantes, Clinical Investigation Unit "Behavioral Addictions/Complex Affective Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caillon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005602:France; D005715:Gambling / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Excessive trading; Gambling; Stock market investment; Structural characteristics; Trading addiction