title: Alterations in cytosol free calcium in horseradish roots simultaneously exposed to lanthanum(III) and acid rain.
abstract: The extensive use of rare earth elements (REEs) has increased their environmental levels. REE pollution concomitant with acid rain in many agricultural regions can affect crop growth. Cytosol free calcium ions (Ca(2+)) play an important role in almost all cellular activities. However, no data have been reported regarding the role of cytosol free Ca(2+) in plant roots simultaneously exposed to REE and acid rain. In this study, the effects of exposures to lanthanum(III) and acid rain, independently and in combination, on cytosol free Ca(2+) levels, root activity, metal contents, biomass, cytosol pH and La contents in horseradish roots were investigated. The simultaneous exposures to La(III) and acid rain increased or decreased the cytosol free Ca(2+) levels, depending on the concentration of La(III), and these effects were more evident than independent exposure to La(III) or acid rain. In combined exposures, cytosol free Ca(2+) played an important role in the regulation of root activity, metal contents and biomass. These roles were closely related to La(III) dose, acid rain strength and treatment mode (independent exposure or simultaneous exposure). A low concentration of La(III) (20 mg L(-1)) could alleviate the adverse effects on the roots caused by acid rain, and the combined exposures at higher concentrations of La(III) and acid rain had synergic effects on the roots.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Xuanbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Anhua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. Electronic address: qingzhou510@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China. Electronic address: huangxiaohuanjnu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D015258:Acid Rain / Q000633:toxicity*; D031215:Armoracia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018533:Biomass; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015258:Acid Rain; D007811:Lanthanum; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Acid rain; Cytosol free Ca(2+); Horseradish roots; Rare earth elements; Simultaneous pollution