title: Fenugreek lactone attenuates palmitate-induced apoptosis and dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of fenugreek lactone (FL) on palmitate (PA)-induced apoptosis and dysfunction in insulin secretion in pancreatic NIT-1 β-cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of FL and PA (0.25 mmol/L) for 48 h. Then, lipid droplets in NIT-1 cells were observed by oil red O staining, and the intracellular triglyceride content was measured by colorimetric assay. The insulin content in the supernatant was determined using an insulin radio-immunoassay. Oxidative stress-associated parameters, including total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity and malondialdehyde levels in the suspensions were also examined. The expression of upstream regulators of oxidative stress, such as protein kinase C-α (PKC-α), phospho-PKC-α and P47phox, were determined by Western blot analysis and real-time PCR. In addition, apoptosis was evaluated in NIT-1 cells by flow cytometry assays and caspase-3 viability assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that compared to the control group, PA induced an increase in lipid accumulation and apoptosis and a decrease in insulin secretion in NIT-1 cells. Oxidative stress in NIT-1 cells was activated after 48 h of exposure to PA. However, FL reversed the above changes. These effects were accompanied by the inhibition of PKC-α, phospho-PKC-α and P47phox expression and the activation of caspase-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FL attenuates PA-induced apoptosis and insulin secretion dysfunction in NIT-1 pancreatic β-cells. The mechanism for this action may be associated with improvements in levels of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Kun
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: De-Sen
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Fu
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jing Gong, Hui Dong, Shu-Jun Jiang, Ding-Kun Wang, Ke Fang, Xin Zou, Li-Jun Xu, Kai-Fu Wang, Fu-Er Lu, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Er
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007783:Lactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D029910:Trigonella / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007783:Lactones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C060505:neutrophil cytosolic factor 1; C496630:Prkca protein, mouse; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; Diabetes; Fenugreek lactone; Insulin secretion; Oxidative stress