title: Nonhuman primate models of transplant tolerance: closer to the holy grail.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transplantation tolerance, successful acceptance of an organ without the perils of immunosuppression, has been a central goal of transplant research. Many strategies to achieve this tolerance have been examined over the past three decades, culminating in several human trials of transplant tolerance. This progression from the 'benchtop to the clinic' has depended on the successful implementation of these tolerance strategies in nonhuman primates. This review will examine the described methods of transplant tolerance induction in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although costimulatory blockade and mixed chimerism have an established record of achieving transplant tolerance in nonhuman primates, some of the most innovative recent techniques of tolerance induction have relied on cellular transfer. This review will fully examine the role of regulatory T-cell transfer and the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to promote tolerance of organ allografts in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of translational nonhuman primate transplant models is a vital intermediate step to advance new approaches of transplant tolerance induction from the lab to the clinic. This review will explore numerous techniques of tolerance induction that have been piloted in primates, including depletional techniques, induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism, costimulation blockade, and adoptive transfer of tolerogenic cell populations.
authors.affiliation: Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kitchens
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046528:Chimerism; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D011323:Primates; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous