title: Individual Markers of Resilience in Train Traffic Control: The Role of Operators' Goals and Strategic Mental Models and Implications for Variation, Expertise, and Performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine individual markers of resilience and obtain quantitative insights into the understanding and the implications of variation and expertise levels in train traffic operators' goals and strategic mental models and their impact on performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Dutch railways are one of the world's most heavy utilized railway networks and have been identified to be weak in system and organizational resilience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two train traffic controllers enacted two scenarios in a human-in-the-loop simulator. Their experience, goals, strategic mental models, and performance were assessed through questionnaires and simulator logs. Goals were operationalized through performance indicators and strategic mental models through train completion strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variation was found between operators for both self-reported primary performance indicators and completion strategies. Further, the primary goal of only 14% of the operators reflected the primary organizational goal (i.e., arrival punctuality). An incongruence was also found between train traffic controllers' self-reported performance indicators and objective performance in a more disrupted condition. The level of experience tends to affect performance differently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a gap between primary organizational goals and preferred individual goals. Further, the relative strong diversity in primary operator goals and strategic mental models indicates weak resilience at the individual level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With recent and upcoming large-scale changes throughout the sociotechnical space of the railway infrastructure organization, the findings are useful to facilitate future railway traffic control and the development of a resilient system.
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands j.c.lo@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Delft, NetherlandsKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kari R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pluyter
authors.affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D011340:Problem Solving; D011890:Railroads
keywords: diversity; goal competition; organizational resilience; railway; sociotechnical system