title: Induction of CXC chemokines in human mesenchymal stem cells by stimulation with secreted frizzled-related proteins through non-canonical Wnt signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) on CXC chemokine expression in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  CXC chemokines such as CXCL5 and CXCL8 are induced in hMSCs during differentiation with osteogenic differentiation medium (OGM) and may be involved in angiogenic stimulation during bone repair. hMSCs were treated with conditioned medium (CM) from L-cells expressing non-canonical Wnt5a protein, or with control CM from wild type L-cells, or directly with sFRPs for up to 10 d in culture. mRNA expression levels of both CXCL5 and CXCL8 were quantitated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and secreted protein levels of these proteins determined by ELISA. Dose- (0-500 ng/mL) and time-response curves were generated for treatment with sFRP1. Signal transduction pathways were explored by western blot analysis with pan- or phosphorylation-specific antibodies, through use of specific pathway inhibitors, and through use of siRNAs targeting specific frizzled receptors (Fzd)-2 and 5 or the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor-2 (RoR2) prior to treatment with sFRPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CM from L-cells expressing Wnt5a, a non-canonical Wnt, stimulated an increase in CXCL5 mRNA expression and protein secretion in comparison to control L-cell CM. sFRP1, which should inhibit both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling, surprisingly enhanced the expression of CXCL5 at 7 and 10 d. Dickkopf1, an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling prevented the sFRP-stimulated induction of CXCL5 and actually inhibited basal levels of CXCL5 expression at 7 but not at 10 d post treatment. In addition, all four sFRPs isoforms induced CXCL8 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner with maximum expression at 7 d with treatment at 150 ng/mL. The largest increases in CXCL5 expression were seen from stimulation with sFRP1 or sFRP2. Analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the presence of OGM showed sFRP1-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (p44/42) maximally at 5 min after sFRP1 addition, earlier than that found in OGM alone. Addition of a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor also prevented sFRP-stimulated increases in CXCL8 mRNA. siRNA technology targeting the Fzd-2 and 5 and the non-canonical Fzd co-receptor RoR2 also significantly decreased sFRP1/2-stimulated CXCL8 mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CXC chemokine expression in hMSCs is controlled in part by sFRPs signaling through non-canonical Wnt involving Fzd2/5 and the ERK and PLC pathways.
authors.affiliation: David S Bischoff, Jian-Hua Zhu, Nalini S Makhijani, Dean T Yamaguchi, Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, United States.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.affiliation: David S Bischoff, Jian-Hua Zhu, Nalini S Makhijani, Dean T Yamaguchi, Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, United States.
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: David S Bischoff, Jian-Hua Zhu, Nalini S Makhijani, Dean T Yamaguchi, Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, United States.
authors.forename: Nalini S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Makhijani
authors.affiliation: David S Bischoff, Jian-Hua Zhu, Nalini S Makhijani, Dean T Yamaguchi, Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 91343, United States.
authors.forename: Dean T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
keywords: CXC chemokines; Differentiation; Frizzled receptors; Frizzled-related protein; Mesenchymal stem cell; Osteogenesis; Wnt signaling pathway