title: Robust remote monitoring of breathing function by using infrared thermography.
abstract: An abnormal breathing rate (BR) is one of the strongest markers of physiological distress. Moreover, it plays an important role in early detection of sudden infant death syndrome, as well as in the diagnosis of respiratory disorders. However, the current measuring modalities can cause discomfort to the patient, since attachment to the patient's body is required. This paper proposes a new approach based on infrared thermography to remotely monitor BR. This method allows to (1) detect automatically the nose, (2) track the associate region of interest (ROI), and (3) extract BR. To evaluate the performance of this method, thermal recording of 5 healthy subjects were acquired. Results were compared with BR obtained by capnography. The introduced approach demonstrated an excellent performance. ROIs were precisely segmented and tracked. Furthermore, a Bland-Altman diagram showed a good agreement between estimated BR and gold standard. The mean correlation and mean absolute BR error are 0.92 ± 0.07 and 0.53 bpm, respectively. In summary, infrared thermography seems to be a great, clinically relevant alternative to attached sensors, due to its outstanding characteristics and performance.
authors.forename: Carina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Xinchi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blazek
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D019296:Capnography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*