title: Effect of repeated therapeutic horse riding sessions on the trunk movement of the rider.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the rider's movement during walking the horse in repeated therapeutic horse riding sessions and to determine the relationship between movements of the horse's back and the rider's trunk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 healthy females (age: 23.3±2.8 years; height: 167.3±4.2 cm; weight: 59.2±5.3 kg) participated in 10 therapeutic horse riding sessions. Two English Thoroughbreds with similar body constitution (aged 19 and 14 years) were used in the experiment. Nine markers were placed on the rider's body and the horse's back, and four video cameras with a 25 Hz frequency were used. Collected data were processed with APAS software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mediolateral displacements of C7, Th12, and L5 were gradually decreasing in each of the first three sessions. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were found between individual sessions in the displacement of C7, Th12 and L5 in the mediolateral and vertical directions as well as in the shoulder and pelvic lateral tilt and rotation. These differences did not show any general tendencies regarding the riders' increasing experiences with riding. The relationships between the displacement of C7, Th12, and L5 and the sacral tuber on the horse's back in the vertical direction were statistically significant (p<0.01) during all sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The displacement of C7, Th12 and L5 in the mediolateral direction decreased during riding sessions. A significant relationship was found between the vertical movement of the horse's back and the rider's trunk. These relationships differed between the horses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janura
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svoboda
authors.affiliation: Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences and Health Administration, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cabell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tereza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dvoráková
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D056147:Equine-Assisted Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D060726:Torso; D055815:Young Adult