title: Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Commercial Clam Species along the Coast of Jiangsu, China.
abstract: Recent studies have examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in shellfish and toxic algae worldwide, but the occurrence and seasonal variations of LMTs in commercial clams (including Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Meretrix meretrix, and Cyclina sinensis) at their major culturing area in Jiangsu, China, remain largely unexplored. In this study, a new solid phase extraction (SPE) in combination with an ultra-fast liquid chromatography and triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-TQ-MS) method was developed to determine the presence of 10 typical LMTs (okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxins (YTXs), azaspiracids (AZA1-3), pectenotoxins (PTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), dinophysistoxins (DTX1&amp;2), and spirolides (SPX1)) in the aforementioned four clam matrices. After confirmation of its sensitivity and precision, this method was used to evaluate the amounts of LMTs in clam samples harvested in five aquaculture zones of the Jiangsu coastal area. Monthly variations of GYM, PTX2, OA, and DTX1&amp;2 in 400 clam samples from the sample areas were determined from January 2014 through August 2015. Peak values were observed during May and August. This is the first systematic report of LMTs detected in clam samples harvested in Jiangsu. Follow-up research and the implementation of protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. wxzatnj@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xin-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. chengyingnj@163.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. linna7249@sina.com.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. njwenhm@126.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. cpulr@126.com.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. thomastiger@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen-Xiao
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. echo_0523@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. whao5795@vip.sina.com.|Marine Drug Research and Development Center of Jiangsu Province, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, China. whao5795@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins
keywords: Jiangsu Province; UFLC-TQ-MS; clams; lipophilic marine toxins; seasonal variations