title: A programmable and self-adjusting class E amplifier for efficient wireless powering of biomedical implants.
abstract: In this paper, an enhanced approach of a class E amplifier being insensitive to coil impedance variations is presented. While state of the art class E amplifiers widely being used to supply implanted systems show a strong degradation of efficiency when powering distance, coil orientation or the implant current consumption deviate from the nominal design, the presented concept is able to detect these deviations on-line and to reconfigure the amplifier automatically. The concept is facilitated by a new approach of sensing the load impedance without interruption of the power supply to the implant, while the main components of the class E amplifier are programmable by software. Therefore, the device is able to perform dynamic impedance matching. Besides presenting the operational principle and the design equations, we show an adaptive prototype reader system which achieves a drain efficiency of up to 92% for a wide range of reflected coil impedances from 1 to 40 Ω. The integrated communication concept allows downlink data rates of up to 500 kBit/s, while the load modulation based uplink from implant to reader was verified of providing up to 1.35 MBit/s.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stoecklin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yousaf
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reindl
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012984:Software; D058067:Wavelet Analysis; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*