title: Asynchronous detection of kinesthetic attention during mobilization of lower limbs using EEG measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention is known to modulate the plasticity of the motor cortex, and plasticity is crucial for recovery in motor rehabilitation. This study addresses the possibility of using an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) to detect kinesthetic attention to movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel experiment emulating physical rehabilitation was designed to study kinesthetic attention. The protocol involved continuous mobilization of lower limbs during which participants reported levels of attention to movement-from focused kinesthetic attention to mind wandering. For this protocol an asynchronous BCI detector of kinesthetic attention and deliberate mind wandering was designed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EEG analysis showed significant differences in theta, alpha, and beta bands, related to the attentional state. These changes were further pinpointed to bands relative to the frequency of the individual alpha peak. The accuracy of the designed BCI ranged between 60.8% and 68.4% (significantly above chance level), depending on the used analysis window length, i.e. acceptable detection delay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows it is possible to use self-reporting to study attention-related changes in EEG during continuous mobilization. Such a protocol is used to develop an asynchronous BCI detector of kinesthetic attention, with potential applications to motor rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Bit&Brain Technologies S.L., Paseo Sagasta 19, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Melinscak
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montesano
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult