title: Lipopolysaccharide Increases Immune Activation and Alters T Cell Homeostasis in SHIVB'WHU Chronically Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaque.
abstract: Immune activation plays a significant role in the disease progression of HIV. Microbial products, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), contribute to immune activation. Increasing evidence indicates that T lymphocyte homeostasis disruptions are associated with immune activation. However, the mechanism by which LPS affects disruption of immune response is still not fully understood. Chronically SHIVB'WHU-infected Chinese rhesus macaques received 50 μg/kg body weight LPS in this study. LPS administration affected the virus/host equilibrium by elevating the levels of viral replication and activating T lymphocytes. LPS induced upregulation of CD8(+) naïve T cells and downregulated the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T effector memory cells. The downregulated effector memory cells are associated with a lower frequency of monofunctional and polyfunctional cells, and an upregulated programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was observed in monkeys after LPS stimulation. Our data provide new insights into the function of LPS in the immune activation in SHIV/HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Gao-Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China ; College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
authors.forename: Run-Dong
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China ; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Xu
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Ren-Rong
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Ming
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma