title: Circadian activity rhythm in pre-pubertal and pubertal marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) living in family groups.
abstract: In marmosets, a phase advance was observed in activity onset in pubertal animals living in captivity under semi-natural conditions which had stronger correlation with the times of sunrise over the course of the year than the age of the animal. In order to evaluate the effect of puberty on the circadian activity rhythm in male and female marmosets living in family groups in controlled lighting conditions, the activity of 5 dyads of twins (4 ♀/♂ and 1 ♂/♂) and their respective parents was continuously monitored by actiwatches between the 4th and 12th months of age. The families were kept under LD 12:12 h with constant humidity and temperature. The onset of puberty was identified by monitoring fecal steroids. Juveniles showed higher totals of daily activity and differences in the daily distribution of activity in relation to parents, in which the bimodal profile was characterized by higher levels in evening activity in relation to morning activity. Regarding the phase, the activity onset and offset, occurred later in relation to parents. After entering puberty, the activity onset and offset occurred later and there was an increase in total daily activity. On the other hand, when assessing the effect of sex, only females showed a delay in the activity offset and an increase in total daily activity. Therefore, the circadian activity rhythm in marmosets has peculiar characteristics in the juvenile stage in relation to the total of daily activity, the onset and offset of the active phase, and the distribution of activity during this phase. Besides, the entering puberty was associated with a phase delay and increase on total daily activity, with differences between sexes, possibly due to hormonal influences and/or social modulation on rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno S B
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre A L
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: carolina@cb.ufrn.br.
authors.forename: Carolina V M
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000818:Animals; D002144:Callithrix / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones
keywords: Non-human primates; Ontogenesis; Phase delay; Puberty; Sex differences