title: Dark Period Following UV-C Treatment Enhances Killing of Botrytis cinerea Conidia and Controls Gray Mold of Strawberries.
abstract: Strawberries are available throughout the year either from production in the field or from high and low tunnel culture. Diversity of production conditions results in new challenges in controlling diseases before and after harvest. Fungicides have traditionally been used to control these diseases; however, their limitations necessitate a search for new approaches. We found that UV-C irradiation of Botrytis cinerea, a major pathogen of strawberry, can effectively kill this fungus if a dark period follows the treatment. The inclusion of a 4-h dark period resulted in almost complete kill of B. cinerea conidia on agar media at a dose of 12.36 J/m2. The UV-C dose did not cause a reduction in photosynthesis in strawberry leaves or discoloration of sepals, even after exposing plants repeatedly (twice a week) for 7 weeks. Although irradiation of dry conidia of B. cinerea with this dose resulted in some survival, the conidia were not infective and not able to cause decay even when inoculated onto a highly susceptible mature apple fruit. Irradiation of strawberry pollen at 12.36 J/m2 did not affect pollen germination, tube growth and length in vitro, or germination and tube growth in the style of hand-pollinated emasculated strawberry flowers. No negative effect of the UV-C treatment was observed on fruit yield and quality in high tunnel culture. In the fruit and flower petal inoculation tests, the UV-C treatment was highly effective in reducing fruit decay and petal infection. This UV-C treatment with an exposure time of 60 s may be useful in controlling gray mold in tunnel production of strawberries and may also have the potential for use in intensive field and indoor production of other fruits and vegetables providing that a 4-h dark period follows the irradiation.
authors.affiliation: First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430; forth author: USDA-ARS, Statistics Group, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: Wojciech J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Janisiewicz
authors.affiliation: First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430; forth author: USDA-ARS, Statistics Group, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: Fumiomi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430; forth author: USDA-ARS, Statistics Group, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: D Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.affiliation: First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430; forth author: USDA-ARS, Statistics Group, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.affiliation: First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430; forth author: USDA-ARS, Statistics Group, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705.
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Jurick
mesh_terms: D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003624:Darkness; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000382:microbiology; D054817:Pollination; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays