title: A Systematic Review of Knowledge Translation (KT) in Pediatric Pain: Focus on Health Care Providers.
abstract: Pain is inadequately managed in pediatric populations across health care settings. Although training programs to improve health care provider knowledge and skills have been developed and evaluated, clinical practices have not always kept pace with advancing knowledge. Consequently, the goal of this review was to systematically examine the pediatric pain literature of knowledge translation (KT) programs targeting health care providers.
  
  
  
  Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were undertaken. KT initiatives directed toward health care providers and in which the primary focus was on pediatric pain were included. Primary outcomes, intervention characteristics, and risk of bias were examined across studies. Study outcomes were conceptually organized and a narrative synthesis of results was conducted.
  
  
  
  A total of 15,191 abstracts were screened for inclusion with 98 articles retained on the basis of predetermined criteria. Across studies, KT approaches varied widely in format and focus. Knowledge-level changes and self-reported increases in comfort or confidence in skills/knowledge were consistently achieved. Practice-level changes were achieved in many areas with varying success. Design and reporting issues were identified in the majority of studies. Examination of patient-related outcomes and of the long-term impact of pediatric pain KT programs was limited across studies.
  
  
  
  KT programs vary in quality and impact. Although several successful programs have been developed, many studies include a high risk of bias due to study quality. Evidence-based KT program implementation and a focus on sustainability of outcomes must be given greater consideration in the field of pediatric pain.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK †Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjistavropoulos
authors.forename: Amy J D
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stinson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical