title: Overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies targeting angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: The importance of angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its therapeutic potential have been explored in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Human PDACs overexpress a number of angiogenic factors and their cognate high-affinity receptors, and anti-angiogenic agents reduce tumor volume, metastasis, and microvessel density (MVD), and improve survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic pre-clinical models. Nonetheless, clinical trials using anti-angiogenic therapy have been overwhelmingly unsuccessful. This review will focus on these pre-clinical and clinical studies, the potential reasons for failure in the clinical setting, and ways these shortcomings could be addressed in future investigations of angiogenic mechanisms in PDAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: mkorc@iu.edu.
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korc
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
keywords: Angiogenesis; Pancreatic cancer; Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)