title: Influences of gender and anthropometric features on inspiratory inhaler acoustics and peak inspiratory flow rate.
abstract: Inhalers are hand-held devices used to treat chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Medication is delivered from an inhaler to the user through an inhalation maneuver. It is unclear whether gender and anthropometric features such as age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) influence the acoustic properties of inspiratory inhaler sounds and peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) in inhalers. In this study, healthy male (n=9) and female (n=7) participants were asked to inhale at an inspiratory flow rate (IFR) of 60 L/min in four commonly used inhalers (Turbuhaler(™), Diskus(™), Ellipta(™) and Evohaler(™)). Ambient inspiratory sounds were recorded from the mouthpiece of each inhaler and over the trachea of each participant. Each participant's PIFR was also recorded for each of the four inhalers. Results showed that gender and anthropometric features have the potential to influence the spectral properties of ambient and tracheal inspiratory inhaler sounds. It was also observed that males achieved statistically significantly higher PIFRs in each inhaler in comparison to females (p<;0.05). Acoustic features were found to be significantly different across inhalers suggesting that acoustic features are modulated by the inhaler design and its internal resistance to airflow.
authors.forename: Terence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013637:Tape Recording