title: Pharmacological Modulation of Lung Carcinogenesis in Smokers: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.
abstract: Many drugs in common use possess pleiotropic properties that make them capable of interfering with carcinogenesis mechanisms. We discuss here the ability of pharmacological agents to mitigate the pulmonary carcinogenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke. The evaluated agents include anti-inflammatory drugs (budesonide, celecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, licofelone), antidiabetic drugs (metformin, pioglitazone), antineoplastic agents (lapatinib, bexarotene, vorinostat), and other drugs and supplements (phenethyl isothiocyanate, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, berry extracts). These drugs have been evaluated in mouse models mimicking interventions either in current smokers or in ex-smokers, or in prenatal chemoprevention. They display a broad spectrum of activities by attenuating either smoke-induced preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors and/or malignant tumors. Together with epidemiological data, these findings provide useful information to predict the potential effects of pharmacological agents in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy. Electronic address: sdf@unige.it.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Flora
authors.affiliation: National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Gancho
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ganchev
authors.affiliation: National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iltcheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Maestra
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Micale
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Vernon E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; National Center of Oncology, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Roumen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balansky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents
keywords: anti-inflammatory drugs; antidiabetic drugs; antineoplastic drugs; cigarette smoke; lung cancer; pharmacological prevention