title: Collimator and energy window optimization for ⁹⁰Y bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging: A SIMIND Monte Carlo study.
abstract: Treatment efficacy of radioembolization using Yttrium-90 ((90)Y) microspheres is assessed by the (90)Y bremsstrahlung single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging following radioembolization. The radioisotopic image has the potential of providing reliable activity map of (90)Y microspheres distribution. One of the main reasons of the poor image quality in (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging is the continuous and broad energy spectrum of the related bremsstrahlung photons. Furthermore, collimator geometry plays an impressive role in the spatial resolution, sensitivity and image contrast. Due to the relatively poor quality of the (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT images, we intend to optimize the medium-energy (ME) parallel-hole collimator and energy window. The Siemens e.cam gamma camera equipped with a ME collimator and a voxelized phantom was simulated by the SImulating Medical Imaging Nuclear Detectors (SIMIND) program. We used the SIMIND Monte Carlo program to generate the (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT projection of the digital Jaszczak phantom. The phantom consist of the six hot spheres ranging from 9.5 to 31.8mm in diameter, which are used to evaluate the image contrast. In order to assess the effect of the energy window on the image contrast, three energy windows ranging from 60 to 160 KeV, 160 to 400 KeV, and 60 to 400 KeV were set on a (90)Y bremsstrahlung spectrum. As well, the effect of the hole diameter of a ME collimator on the image contrast and bremsstrahlung spectrum were investigated. For the fixed collimator and septa thickness values (3.28 cm and 1.14 mm, respectively), a hole diameter range (2.35-3.3mm) was chosen based on the appropriate balance between the spatial resolution and sensitivity. The optimal energy window for (90)Y bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging was extended energy window from 60 to 400 KeV. Besides, The optimal value of the hole diameter of ME collimator was obtained 3.3mm. Geometry of the ME parallel-hole collimator and energy window are indeed important indicators of the image quality in (90)Y bremsstrahlung imaging. The obtained optimal ME collimator and optimal energy window have the potential to improve the image contrast of (90)Y bremsstrahlung images. Subsequently, high quality (90)Y bremsstrahlung images can provide reliable estimate of the (90)Y microsphere activity distribution after radioembolization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hoda Rezaei
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Roshan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahmoudian
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gharepapagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmadreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azarm
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: pirayeshj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jalil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pirayesh Islamian
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes
keywords: Bremsstrahlung imaging; Energy window; Image contrast; Medium-energy collimator; Monte Carlo simulation; Radioembolization; SPECT; Yttrium-90