title: Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant.
abstract: Gall-inducing insects are iconic examples in the manipulation and reprogramming of plant development, inducing spectacular morphological and physiological changes of host-plant tissues within which the insect feeds and grows. Despite decades of research, effectors involved in gall induction and basic mechanisms of gall formation remain unknown. Recent research suggests that some aspects of the plant manipulation shown by gall-inducers may be shared with other insect herbivorous life histories. Here, we illustrate similarities and contrasts by reviewing current knowledge of metabolic and morphological effects induced on plants by gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, and ask whether leaf-miners can also be considered to be plant reprogrammers. We review key plant functions targeted by various plant reprogrammers, including plant-manipulating insects and nematodes, and functionally characterize insect herbivore-derived effectors to provide a broader understanding of possible mechanisms used in host-plant manipulation. Consequences of plant reprogramming in terms of ecology, coevolution and diversification of plant-manipulating insects are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. Electronic address: david.giron@univ-tours.fr.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giron
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huguet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Body
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060434:Herbivory; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000469:parasitology; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000469:parasitology; D010944:Plants / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Effectors; Gall-inducing insects; Leaf-miners; Plant manipulation