title: Human mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms and vulnerability to substance abuse.
abstract: Two polymorphisms of the human mu opioid receptor gene are described. A non-coding region polymorphism (G to T) occurs at nucleotide 175 preceding the initiation of translation. A coding polymorphism in exon 1 (C to T) at nucleotide 229 changes an alanine residue to a valine residue. Frequencies of these polymorphisms were examined in groups of cocaine and/or opioid dependent individuals and matched controls. There were no significant differences between groups, although a trend (p= 0.05) towards a higher frequency of the 229 valine allele was observed in the substance abuse group, suggesting a need for large, well-controlled studies of this polymorphism in severe substance abusers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USADepartment of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USAMax Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Berrettini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USADepartment of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USAMax Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hoehe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USADepartment of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USAMax Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USADepartment of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USAMax Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Demaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USADepartment of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USAMax Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gottheil