title: Evaluating pharmacy leader development through the seven action logics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacy leader development over time was analyzed using the seven action logics.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an ongoing leadership seminar series, students were required to select a visionary pharmacy leader and conduct a structured interview to evaluate pharmacy leaders' action logics. A standardized questionnaire comprising 13 questions was created by the class. Questions addressed leadership qualities during the leaders' early years, education years, and work years. Transcripts were then coded by two separate trained investigators based on the leader's stage of life to provide a score for each action logic individually over time. Kappa coefficient was used to evaluate interrater agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 leaders were interviewed. All leaders were currently employed and had won national awards for their contributions to pharmacy practice. Overall, there was 82% agreement between the two evaluators' scores for the various characteristics. Action logics changed based on the leaders' life stage. Using aggregate data from all leader interviews, a progression from lower-order action logics (opportunist, diplomat, expert) to higher-order action logics (strategist, alchemist) was found. Ten leaders (71%) were diplomats during their early years. Six leaders (43%) were experts during their education years, and 4 (29%) were strategists or alchemists. During the third life stage analyzed (the work years), 6 leaders (43%) were strategists, and 2 were alchemists. During their work years, all leaders had a percentage of their answers coded as alchemist (range, 5-22%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Throughout their professional careers, pharmacy leaders continually develop skills through formal education and mentorship that follow action logics.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Southern Carolina, Charleston, SC.
authors.forename: Achsah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Avani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Phouc Anne
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: St. Joseph's Hospital, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Birney
authors.affiliation: Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colavecchia
authors.affiliation: Apexus, Irving, TX.
authors.forename: Rusol
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karralli
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lorimer
authors.affiliation: Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX.
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Kingwood Medical Center, Kingwood, TX.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munch
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
authors.forename: Nelvin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Harris Health System, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lionetti
authors.affiliation: University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX (kgarey@uh.edu).
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Garey
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008611:Mentors; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000639:trends*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000639:trends*; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires