title: A test of core psychopathic traits as a moderator of the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for substance-using offenders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a randomized controlled trial we studied a brief motivational intervention (BMI) for substance use, examining core psychopathic traits as a moderator of treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 105 males and females who were 18 years of age and older and in a pretrial jail diversion program. The sample was approximately 52% Black and other minorities and 48% White. Outcome variables at a 6-month follow-up were frequency of substance use (assessed with the Timeline Follow-back Interview and objective toxicology screens), substance use consequences (Short Inventory of Problems-Alcohol and Drug version), and self-reported participation in nonstudy mental health and/or substance use treatment. Psychopathy was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI interacted with core psychopathic traits to account for 7% of the variance in substance use at follow-up. Treatment was associated with greater use among individuals with high levels of core psychopathic traits. Toxicology screening results were consistent with self-report data. The treatment and standard care groups did not differ on substance use consequences or nonstudy treatment participation at follow-up, and no moderation was found with these outcomes. An exploratory analysis indicated that low levels of affective traits of psychopathy were associated with benefit from the BMI in terms of decreased substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that caution is warranted when applying BMIs among offenders; individuals with high levels of core psychopathic traits may not benefit and may be hindered in recovery. Conversely, they indicate that a low-psychopathy subgroup of offenders benefits from these brief and efficient treatments for substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Marc T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Swogger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trabold
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Melissa N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Parkhurst
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Prothero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maisto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D010555:Personality Inventory; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult