title: Public funding for research on antibacterial resistance in the JPIAMR countries, the European Commission, and related European Union agencies: a systematic observational analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibacterial resistant infections are rising continuously, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. With no new antibiotic classes entering the market and the possibility of returning to the pre-antibiotic era, the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR) was established to address this problem. We aimed to quantify the scale and scope of publicly funded antibacterial resistance research across JPIAMR countries and at the European Union (EU) level to identify gaps and future opportunities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a systematic observational analysis examining antibacterial resistance research funding. Databases of funding organisations across 19 countries and at EU level were systematically searched for publicly funded antibacterial resistance research from Jan 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2013. We categorised studies on the basis of the JPIAMR strategic research agenda's six priority topics (therapeutics, diagnostics, surveillance, transmission, environment, and interventions) and did an observational analysis. Only research funded by public funding bodies was collected and no private organisations were contacted for their investments. Projects in basic, applied, and clinical research, including epidemiological, public health, and veterinary research and trials were identified using keyword searches by organisations, and inclusion criteria were based on the JPIAMR strategic research agenda's six priority topics, using project titles and abstracts as filters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 1243 antibacterial resistance research projects, with a total public investment of €1·3 billion across 19 countries and at EU level, including public investment in the Innovative Medicines Initiative. Of the total amount invested in antibacterial resistance research across the time period, €646·6 million (49·5%) was invested at the national level and €659·2 million (50·5%) at the EU level. When projects were classified under the six priority topics we found that 763 (63%) of 1208 projects funded at national level were within the area of therapeutics, versus 185 (15%) in transmission, 131 (11%) in diagnostics, 53 (4%) in interventions, and only 37 (3%) in environment and 39 (3%) in surveillance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first systematic analysis of research funding of antibacterial resistance of this scale and scope, which relied on the availability and accuracy of data from organisations included. Large variation was seen between countries both in terms of number of projects and associated investment and across the six priority topics. To determine the future direction of JPIAMR countries a clear picture of the funding landscape across Europe and Canada is needed. Countries should work together to increase the effect of research funding by strengthening national and international coordination and collaborations, harmonising research activities, and collectively pooling resources to fund multidisciplinary projects. The JPIAMR have developed a publicly available database to document the antibacterial resistance research collected and can be used as a baseline to analyse funding from 2014 onwards.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  JPIAMR and the European Commission.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ghada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoubiane
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, London, UK.
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: Herman.Goossens@uza.be.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goossens
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002170:Canada; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D005381:Financing, Organized; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents