title: Maternal high-fat feeding leads to alterations of brain glucose metabolism in the offspring: positron emission tomography study in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal obesity negatively affects fetal development. Abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism are predictive of metabolic-cognitive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the offspring (aged 0, 1, 6, 12 months) of minipigs fed a normal vs high-fat diet (HFD), by positron emission tomography (PET) to measure brain glucose metabolism, and ex vivo assessments of brain insulin receptors (IRβ) and GLUT4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At birth, brain glucose metabolism and IRβ were twice as high in the offspring of HFD-fed than control mothers. During infancy and youth, brain glucose uptake, GLUT4 and IRβ increased in the offspring of control mothers and decreased in those of HFD-fed mothers, leading to a 40-85% difference (p < 0.05), and severe glycogen depletion, lasting until adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal high-fat feeding leads to brain glucose overexposure during fetal development, followed by long-lasting depression in brain glucose metabolism in minipigs. These features may predispose the offspring to develop metabolic-neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy.|Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liistro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.|Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mainardi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pardini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio (FTGM), Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vannucci
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio (FTGM), Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burchielli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy. patricia.iozzo@ifc.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iozzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Brain; Fetal programming; Insulin sensitivity; Maternal high-fat feeding; Porcine model; [18F]FDG-PET