title: Temporal delays in trauma craniotomies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE The Brain Trauma Foundation recommendation regarding the timing of surgical evacuation of epidural hematomas and subdural hematomas is to perform the procedure as soon as possible. Indeed, faster evacuation is associated with better outcome. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study has looked at where delays in intrahospital care occurred for patients suffering from traumatic intracranial mass lesions. The goals of this study were as follows: 1) to characterize the performance of a Level 1 trauma center in terms of delays for emergency trauma craniotomies, 2) to review step by step where delays occurred in patient care, and 3) to propose ways to improve performance. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted covering a 5-year period of all emergency trauma craniotomies. Demographic data, injury severity, neurological status, and functional outcome data were collected. The time elapsed between emergency department (ED) arrival and CT imaging, between CT imaging and arrival at the operating room (OR), between ED arrival and OR arrival, between OR arrival and skin incision, and between ED arrival and skin incision were calculated. Patients were also subcategorized as either having immediate life-threatening emergencies (E0) or life-threatening emergencies (E1). The operative technique was also reviewed (standard craniotomy opening vs immediate bur hole decompression followed by craniotomy). RESULTS The study included 166 patients. Of these, 58 (35%) were classified into the E0 group and 108 (64.2%) into the E1 group. The median ED-to-CT delay was 54 minutes with no significant difference between the E0 and the E1 groups. The median CT-to-OR time delay was 57 minutes. The median delay for the E0 group was 39 minutes and that for the E1 group was 70 minutes (p = 0.002). The median delay from ED to OR arrival for patients with a CT scanning done at an outside hospital was 75 minutes. The median delay from ED to OR arrival was 85 minutes for the E0 group and 127 minutes for the E1 group (p < 0.0001). The median delay from OR arrival to skin incision was 35 minutes (E0: median 27 minutes; E1: median 39 minutes; p < 0.0001). The median total time elapsed between ED arrival and skin incision was 150 minutes (E0: median 131 minutes; E1: median 180 minutes). Overall, only 17% of patients underwent immediate bur hole decompression, but the proportion climbed to 41% in the E0 group. A lower Glasgow Coma Scale score was associated with a shorter delay (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS A long delay until surgery still exists for patients requiring urgent mass lesion evacuation. Many factors contribute to this delay, including performing imaging and transfer to and preparation in the OR. Strategies can be implemented to reduce delays and improve the delivery of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University; and|Departments of 2 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcoux
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University; and|Departments of 2 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Rajeet S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Saluja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: ED = emergency department; EDH = epidural hematoma; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS = Glasgow Outcome Scale; ISS = Injury Severity Score; OR = operating room; SDH = subdural hematoma; TBI = traumatic brain injury; acute epidural hematoma; acute subdural hematoma; delay in treatment; quality of care; surgery; trauma craniotomy; traumatic brain injury