title: Sequential Temporal Dependencies in Associations Between Symptoms of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Application of Bivariate Latent Difference Score Structural Equation Modeling.
abstract: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid conditions that may arise following exposure to psychological trauma. This study examined their temporal sequencing and mutual influence using bivariate latent difference score structural equation modeling. Longitudinal data from 182 emergency room patients revealed level of depression symptom severity to be positively associated with changes in PTSD intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal over 3 time intervals, beginning shortly after the traumatic event. Higher scores on depression anticipated increases (or worsening) in PTSD symptom severity. The pattern of influence from PTSD symptom severity to change in depression symptom severity simply followed the general trend toward health and well-being. Results are discussed in terms of the dynamic interplay and associated mechanisms of posttrauma depression and PTSD symptom severity.
authors.affiliation: a Boston University and VA Boston Healthcare System.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: a Boston University and VA Boston Healthcare System.
authors.forename: Lynda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: b University of Southern California.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.affiliation: c Hadassah University Hospital.
authors.forename: Arieh Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.affiliation: d Boston University School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doron-LaMarca