title: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure titration on intestinal oxygenation and perfusion in isoflurane anaesthetised horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High airway pressures, necessary to keep equine lungs open, can have a detrimental impact on central and peripheral perfusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effects of stepwise increasing airway pressure recruitment on central and intestinal perfusion and oxygenation during isoflurane anaesthesia in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten anaesthetised horses were ventilated using intermittent positive pressure ventilation immediately after induction. After 90 min, end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was increased by steps of 5 cmH2O every 10 min up to a PEEP of 30 cmH2O and decreased back to zero maintaining a constant airway pressure difference of 20 cmH2O. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, expiratory isoflurane concentration and cardiac output (thermodilution method) were measured. Cardiac index (CI) was calculated. Arterial blood gases were taken to measure arterial partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) and calculate arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). Intestinal microperfusion and oxygenation were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and white-light spectrophotometry. After ventral median laparotomy, a probe was placed on the stomach, jejunum and pelvic flexion of the colon. An ANOVA for repeated measurements and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis (α = 5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment of the lungs resulted in a significant increase in PaO2from 201 ± 58 mmHg (baseline) to a maximum of 495 ± 75 mmHg. The CI and MAP decreased continuously with increasing airway pressures. When CI and MAP were 37 ± 9 ml/kg/min and 52 ± 8 mmHg (at PEEP of 25 cmH2O), respectively, a sudden decrease in intestinal perfusion followed by a delayed decrease in oxygenation occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was linear correlation between airway pressures and CI and MAP but not between central and gastrointestinal perfusion. Despite improvement of arterial oxygenation the decrease in CI and, therefore, in oxygen delivery PEEP resulted in a decrease in gastrointestinal oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hopster
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wogatzki
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geburek
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conze
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.|Center for Systems Neuroscience Hanover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany.
authors.forename: S B R
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006736:Horses; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: horse; laser Doppler flowmetry; positive end-expiratory pressure; ventilation; white-light spectrophotometry