title: Hypoestrogenism alters mood: Ketamine reverses depressive-like behavior induced by ovariectomy in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen deficiency is associated with the onset of depressive and anxiety symptoms, cognitive impairment, and adverse consequences. We investigated depressive-like behaviors in ovariectomized rats and ketamine's effect on this behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight female Wistar adult rats were initially divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OVX) and sham surgery (SHAM). Hormonal status was verified by vaginal cytology, and the rats were subjected to a forced swimming (FS) test 18 days post-surgery, an open field (OF) test 28 days post-surgery, and an elevated plus maze (EPM) test 38 days post-surgery (Experiment 1). In addition, the effect of ketamine on depressive-like behavior of the female rats was evaluated (Experiment 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  OVX group exhibited anxiety-like behavior on EPM test (lower time spent and fewer entries in the open arms), without any difference in performance in the OF test. OVX rats showed depressive-like behavior (higher time of immobility) than SHAM rats in FS test. The SHAM group showed signs of hypoestrogenism (anestrus) at six months of age. Moreover, ketamine was able to reverse depressive-like behavior in the FS retest in both groups (OVX and SHAM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to the literature, we showed the antidepressant effect of ketamine in depressive female rats which was induced by ovariectomy; including in female rats submitted to sham surgery that interestingly presented a premature menopausal.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sonia Fatima da Silva
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonnsin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel Cristina
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: de Macedo
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muchale
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Scarabelot
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Ricardo
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Marques Filho
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liciane F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wolnei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Caumo
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animals Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: iracitorres@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Iraci L S
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004967:Estrogens; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Aging; Depression; Female rats; Ketamine; Menopause