title: Femoroacetabular impingement in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the pediatric population, including etiologic and diagnostic controversies, management options, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New evidence demonstrates conflicting results regarding how and when primary FAI develops in relation to skeletal maturity. Recent studies also discuss the effects of sex, race, and sports on FAI development and radiographic considerations in the pediatric population. Recent literature demonstrates good to excellent outcomes in the operative management of FAI in children and adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FAI is a source of pediatric hip pain and can occur primarily or secondarily. It is characterized by anterior hip pain, made worse with flexion activities, decreased hip internal rotation, and a positive impingement sign. Pathologic values for radiographic measures of FAI are not clearly defined in the pediatric population. As FAI is a risk factor for osteoarthritis, early intervention in specific patients may be indicated. Hip arthroscopy, surgical hip dislocation, or combined mini-open and arthroscopic approaches are utilized, with good to excellent short, and mid-term functional results. Further study is required in the pediatric population to identify potential preventive strategies, to delineate the pathologic radiographic values of FAI, to define specific indications for operative management, and to examine long-term outcomes to determine optimal management.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Orthopedics Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada bHospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Rubini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pathy
authors.forename: Ernest L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Sink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography