title: Validity and everyday clinical applicability of lumbar muscle fatigue assessment methods in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review.
abstract: This systematic literature review aimed at examining the validity and applicability in everyday clinical rehabilitation practise of methods for the assessment of back muscle fatiguability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP).
  
  
  
  Extensive research was performed in MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases from their inception to September 2014. Potentially relevant articles were also manually looked for in the reference lists of the identified publications. Studies examining lumbar muscle fatigue in people with CNSLBP were selected. Two reviewers independently selected the articles, carried out the study quality assessment and extracted the results. A modified Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale was used to evaluate the scientific rigour of the selected works.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in the systematic review. We found conflicting data regarding the validity of methods used to examine back muscle fatigue. The Biering-Sorensen test, performed in conjunction with surface electromyography spectral analysis, turned out to be the most widely used and comparatively, the most optimal modality currently available to assess objective back muscle fatigue in daily clinical practise, even though critical limitations are discussed.
  
  
  
  Future research should address the identification of an advanced method for lower back fatigue assessment in patients with CNSLBP which, eventually, might provide physical therapists with an objective and reliable test usable in everyday clinical practise. Implications for Rehabilitation Despite its limitations, the Biering-Sorensen test is currently the most used, convenient and easily available fatiguing test for lumbar muscles. To increase validity and reliability of the Biering-Sorensen test, concomitant activation of synergistic muscles should be taken into account. Pooled mean frequency and half-width of the spectrum are currently the most valid electromyographic parameters to assess fatigue in chronic non-specific low back pain. Body mass index, grading of pain and level of disability of the study population should be reported to enhance research quality.
authors.affiliation: a IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation , Milan , Italy ;
authors.forename: Jorge H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Villafañe
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy ;|c Laboratory of Neuromuscular Rehabilitation , Teresa Camplani Foundation - Domus Salutis Clinic , Brescia , Italy ;
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbo
authors.affiliation: a IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation , Milan , Italy ;
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peranzoni
authors.affiliation: e Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, University of Technology , Sydney , Australia.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.affiliation: a IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation , Milan , Italy ;
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imperio
authors.affiliation: d Department of Physical Therapy , Franklin Pierce University , Concord , NH , USA ;
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.affiliation: a IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation , Milan , Italy ;|b Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy ;
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negrini
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010807:Physical Endurance
keywords: Electromyography; fatigue; low back pain; lumbar muscles