title: Wearable Performance Devices in Sports Medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wearable performance devices and sensors are becoming more readily available to the general population and athletic teams. Advances in technology have allowed individual endurance athletes, sports teams, and physicians to monitor functional movements, workloads, and biometric markers to maximize performance and minimize injury. Movement sensors include pedometers, accelerometers/gyroscopes, and global positioning satellite (GPS) devices. Physiologic sensors include heart rate monitors, sleep monitors, temperature sensors, and integrated sensors. The purpose of this review is to familiarize health care professionals and team physicians with the various available types of wearable sensors, discuss their current utilization, and present future applications in sports medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from peer-reviewed literature through a search of the PubMed database. Included studies searched development, outcomes, and validation of wearable performance devices such as GPS, accelerometers, and physiologic monitors in sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wearable sensors provide a method of monitoring real-time physiologic and movement parameters during training and competitive sports. These parameters can be used to detect position-specific patterns in movement, design more efficient sports-specific training programs for performance optimization, and screen for potential causes of injury. More recent advances in movement sensors have improved accuracy in detecting high-acceleration movements during competitive sports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wearable devices are valuable instruments for the improvement of sports performance. Evidence for use of these devices in professional sports is still limited. Future developments are needed to establish training protocols using data from wearable devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salata
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cupp
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio james.voos@uhhospitals.org.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Voos
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D055616:Microtechnology; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
keywords: GPS; accelerometers; sensors; sports performance; wearable devices