title: Computed tomography analysis of osteochondral defects of the talus after arthroscopic debridement and microfracture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary surgical treatment of osteochondral defects (OCD) of the talus is arthroscopic debridement and microfracture. Healing of the subchondral bone is important because it affects cartilage repair and thus plays a role in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional changes and bony healing of talar OCDs after arthroscopic debridement and microfracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients with a talar OCD were treated with arthroscopic debridement and microfracture. Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained at baseline, 2 weeks postoperatively, and 1 year postoperatively. Three-dimensional changes and bony healing were analysed on CT scans. Additionally, clinical outcome was measured with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and numeric rating scales (NRS) for pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average OCD size increased significantly (p < 0.001) in all directions from 8.6 (SD 3.6) × 6.3 (SD 2.6) × 4.8 (SD 2.3) mm (anterior-posterior × medial-lateral × depth) preoperatively to 11.3 (SD 3.4) × 7.9 (SD 2.8) × 5.8 (SD 2.3) mm 2 weeks postoperatively. At 1-year follow-up, average defect size was 8.3 (SD 4.2) × 5.7 (SD 3.0) × 3.6 (SD 2.4) mm. Only average defect depth decreased significantly (p < 0.001) from preoperative to 1 year postoperative. Fourteen of the 58 OCDs were well healed. No significant differences in the AOFAS and NRS-pain were found between the well and poorly healed OCDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopic debridement and microfracture of a talar OCD leads to an increased defect size on the direct postoperative CT scan but restores at 1-year follow-up. Only fourteen of the 58 OCDs were filled up completely, but no differences were found between the clinical outcomes and defect healing at 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.L.Reilingh@amc.nl.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reilingh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J A
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van Bergen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blankevoort
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gerards
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I C M
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van Eekeren
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G M M J
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013628:Talus / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ankle; Arthroscopy; Cyst; Microfracture; Osteochondral defect; Subchondral bone