title: Use of computer simulations to test the concept of dose forgiveness in the era of extended-release (XR) drugs.
abstract: "Forgiveness" - the difference between a drug's postdose duration of action and its prescribed dosing interval - estimates the margin of therapeutic effect following a missed dose. Because this margin presumably decreases as dosing becomes less frequent, QD dosing of an antiepileptic drug (AED) is expected to be less forgiving than more frequent (e.g., BID) dosing of that same AED. However, if the AED is reformulated as an extended-release (XR) preparation, drug input may be prolonged relative to its immediate-release (IR) counterpart. It therefore stands to reason that forgiveness could be increased by an XR AED that extends the period during which therapeutic plasma concentrations are maintained if a dose is missed. Computer simulation was used to estimate forgiveness for an IR formulation of a hypothetical AED and its XR counterparts reformulated for less frequent dosing. Simulations determined forgiveness when the hypothetical IR AED was dosed TID, BID, and QD and when suitably designed XR formulations were dosed BID and QD. Simulations showed that forgiveness for an XR formulation can equal or exceed that for an IR formulation dosed more frequently.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: john.pellock@vcuhealth.org.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pellock
authors.affiliation: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA. Electronic address: sbrittain@supernus.com.
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Brittain
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D021161:Self-Sustained Sequence Replication
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: Adherence; Extended-release; Forgiveness; Simulation