title: New insights into CD4(+) T cell abnormalities in systemic sclerosis.
abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that is characterized by vasculopathy and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which causes fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and eventually leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Studies have shown that CD4(+) T cell activation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of scleroderma because activated T cells can release various cytokines, resulting in inflammation, microvascular damage and fibrosis. T helper cell 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cell activities are a hallmark SSc, as Th17-type cytokines can induce both inflammation and fibrosis. More recently, several studies have reported new T cell subsets, including Th9 and Th22 cells, along with their respective cytokines in the peripheral blood, serum and skin lesions of individuals with SSc. Herein, we review recent data on various CD4(+) T helper cell subsets in SSc, and discuss potential roles of these cells in promoting inflammation and fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Mengguo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenyu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Xinfen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China. Electronic address: fuww@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China. Electronic address: li.ming@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020381:Interleukin-17
keywords: Systemic Sclerosis; Th17 cells; Th22 cells; Th9 cells; Treg cells