title: The brain functional connectome is robustly altered by lack of sleep.
abstract: Sleep is a universal phenomenon necessary for maintaining homeostasis and function across a range of organs. Lack of sleep has severe health-related consequences affecting whole-body functioning, yet no other organ is as severely affected as the brain. The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these deficits are poorly understood. Here, we characterize the dynamic changes in brain connectivity profiles inflicted by sleep deprivation and how they deviate from regular daily variability. To this end, we obtained functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 60 young, adult male participants, scanned in the morning and evening of the same day and again the following morning. 41 participants underwent total sleep deprivation before the third scan, whereas the remainder had another night of regular sleep. Sleep deprivation strongly altered the connectivity of several resting-state networks, including dorsal attention, default mode, and hippocampal networks. Multivariate classification based on connectivity profiles predicted deprivation state with high accuracy, corroborating the robustness of the findings on an individual level. Finally, correlation analysis suggested that morning-to-evening connectivity changes were reverted by sleep (control group)-a pattern which did not occur after deprivation. We conclude that both, a day of waking and a night of sleep deprivation dynamically alter the brain functional connectome.
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: tobias.kaufmann@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elvsåshagen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alnæs
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Nathalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Per Ø
authors.initials: PØ
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Linn B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Norbom
authors.affiliation: Barnard College, Columbia University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sophia H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tagliazucchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laufs
authors.affiliation: The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Atle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjørnerud
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Ulrik F
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Malt
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.affiliation: FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Eugene P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.affiliation: FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Inge R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Groote
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: l.t.westlye@psykologi.uio.no.
authors.forename: Lars T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Westlye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D063132:Connectome; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Circadian variability; Machine learning; Sleep deprivation; fMRI-based connectivity