title: The Prevalence and Predictors of Depression in Type 2 Diabetic Population of Punjab.
abstract: The present cross sectional study was carried out on 787 type 2 diabetic subjects from tertiary health care hospitals to identify the prevalence and predictors of depression in diabetes. Depression was tested using Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Of the study participants, 199 (25.29%) met the criteria for mild to moderate depression, 252 (32.02%) were severely depressed and 336 (42.69%) were clinically non-depressed. The prevalence of depression was 65.02 % in women, which is 1.87 fold higher (p < 0.0001) than men (49.87%). Depression was observed to be strongly associated with advancing age >30 years (p < 0.05), low income (p = 0.0001), sedentary life style (p = 0.001), Plasma levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) >100 mg/dl and triglycerides (TG) >150 mg/dl (p < 0.05), drinking alcohol (p < 0.001), statin use (p < 0.001), BMI >35-39.9 kg m(-2) (p = 0.018), WHR >0.9 cm (p < 0.0001), Glucose levels >125 mg/dl (p < 0.0001) and duration of diabetes 2-4 years (p = 0.003). In multivariate logistic regression model, risk factors such as, being a woman, duration of diabetes ≥10 years, BMI ≥30 kg m(-2), LDL >100 mg/dl, TG >150 mg/dl and sedentary life style emerged as independent predictors of depression in diabetes. In the present study, 86.4 % diabetic subjects were not diagnosed for depression prior participation. In conclusion, the present study revealed that higher prevalence of depression in diabetes was evident in population of Punjab, especially in women and majority of these patients remain undiagnosed for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Shallu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khullar
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Harjot
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Gurpreet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Kanchan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Aggarwal Healthcare, Bhadson Road, Patiala, India.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India. singh.puneet@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Puneetpal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Diabetes; India; Northwest India; Prevalence of depression; Punjab