title: Evaluation of fluorine release from air deposited coal spoil piles: A case study at Yangquan city, northern China.
abstract: The fluorine content of coal has been well documented, while such data of coal spoil are limited. In the present paper, fluorine in coal spoils and its releasing behavior were studied via leaching and combustion tests, as well as field investigation. Fluoride pollution in groundwater and soil occurred in the air depositing areas of coal spoils. The average content of fluorine in coal spoils was 525 mg/kg with the highest value of 1885 mg/kg. The only XRD detectable inorganic fluorine phase was fluorphlogopite. The absence of major fluorine bearing minerals in coal spoils suggested that bulk fluorine, rather than trace phases, resided in the mineral matrix. The major extracted species were water soluble fluorine and exchangeable fluorine in the coal spoils. Batch leaching tests illustrated that the leachable fluoride in coal spoils was widely distributed, ranging from 2.0 to 108.4 mg/kg. Column leaching tests showed a clear pH-dependent leaching behavior of fluorine: lower pH situation led to fluorine release from the mineral matrix; the loosely bound or easily exchangeable fluorine was also flushed out of the column. The higher ion strength or alkaline bicarbonate/carbonate rich leaching solution tended to free more fluorine into the acidic aqueous solution. The leachable fluorine in coal spoils was estimated as ca. 6%, based on the results of leaching tests. Also, our research found that over 90% of fluorine in coal spoils could be released into the atmosphere as a result of spontaneous combustion, accounting for over 40% of the total atmospheric fluorine emissions in northern China. Our investigation suggests that it is urgent to conduct comprehensive studies to assist the management and control of fluorine pollution at coal spoil banks.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China; University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA.
authors.forename: Xubo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
authors.forename: Yandi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China. Electronic address: yx.wang@cug.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yanxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: China; Coal spoils; Fluorine release; Leaching; Spontaneous combustion