title: Ultraviolet radiation as a ballast water treatment strategy: Inactivation of phytoplankton measured with flow cytometry.
abstract: This study investigates different UV doses (mJ/cm(2)) and the effect of dark incubation on the survival of the algae Tetraselmis suecica, to simulate ballast water treatment and subsequent transport. Samples were UV irradiated and analyzed by flow cytometry and standard culturing methods. Doses of ≥400 mJ/cm(2) rendered inactivation after 1 day as measured by all analytical methods, and are recommended for ballast water treatment if immediate impairment is required. Irradiation with lower UV doses (100-200 mJ/cm(2)) gave considerable differences of inactivation between experiments and analytical methods. Nevertheless, inactivation increased with increasing doses and incubation time. We argue that UV doses ≥100 mJ/cm(2) and ≤200 mJ/cm(2) can be sufficient if the water is treated at intake and left in dark ballast tanks. The variable results demonstrate the challenge of giving unambiguous recommendations on duration of dark incubation needed for inactivation when algae are treated with low UV doses.
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway.
authors.forename: Ranveig Ottoey
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Thormoehlensgt. 53 D, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole-Kristian
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hess-Erga
authors.affiliation: Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Aud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuestad
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway. Electronic address: ingunn.hoell@hsh.no.
authors.forename: Ingunn Alne
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hoell
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012767:Ships; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Dark incubation; Esterase substrate; Flow cytometry; Inactivation; Tetraselmis suecica; Ultraviolet irradiation