title: Validity of Single-Item Patient-Rated Outcomes in Adolescent Football Athletes With Concussion.
abstract: To determine the longitudinal and concurrent validity of single-item patient-rated outcomes (PROs) in adolescent football athletes with concussion.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal.
  
  
  
  Athletic training facilities.
  
  
  
  Convenience sample of male adolescent interscholastic athletes (n=94; mean age, 15.7±1.1y; mean grade, 10.1±1.1) from a larger investigation who suffered a sport-related concussion during football and had at least 3 follow-up assessments at 3, 10, and 30 days postinjury (N=249).
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Participants were administered 3 global rating questions (1 generic, 1 for daily activities, and 1 for athletic activities) along with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS), and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) at 3, 10, and 30 days postconcussion. Longitudinal validity was determined through a mixed linear model with random effects for subjects, with pairwise differences assessed using Bonferroni correction (P<.05). Concurrent validity was determined by examining Spearman ρ correlations between the single-item PROs and multi-item PROs.
  
  
  
  All 3 single-item PROs improved over time, demonstrating longitudinal validity (P<.001), except day 10 versus day 30 for global change (P=.072). Fair to moderate correlations were identified between the single-item PROs and the PedsQL, MFS, and HIT-6.
  
  
  
  The improvement of single-item PRO scores over a postinjury time period of 30 days suggests that these PROs respond as expected to patient recovery. The correlations identified between the single-item PROs and common multi-item PROs used in athletes with concussion demonstrate concurrent validity. Therefore, single-item PROs appear to measure patient progress in adolescent football athletes postconcussion.
authors.affiliation: Athletic Training Programs, Mesa, AZ; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ; School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ; Research Support, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ. Electronic address: arsnyder@atsu.edu.
authors.forename: Alison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Valier
authors.affiliation: Athletic Training Programs, Mesa, AZ; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ; School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ.
authors.forename: Cailee E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Welch Bacon
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ.
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ.
authors.forename: Megan N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.affiliation: Athletic Training Programs, Mesa, AZ; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Mesa, AZ; School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ.
authors.forename: Tamara C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Valovich McLeod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Athletic injuries; Patient outcome assessment; Patient-centered care; Quality of life; Rehabilitation