title: Morphometric analysis of young petiole galls on the narrow-leaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, by the sugarbeet root aphid, Pemphigus betae.
abstract: An insect-induced gall is a highly specialized structure resulting from atypical development of plant tissue induced by a reaction to the presence and activity of an insect. The insect induces a differentiation of tissues with features and functions of an ectopic organ, providing nutrition and protection to the galling insect from natural enemies and environmental stresses. In this anatomical and cytological study, we characterized how the gall-inducing aphid Pemphigus betae reshapes the leaf morphology of the narrow-leaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia to form a leaf fold gall. Young galls displayed a bend on one side of the midvein toward the center of the leaf and back to create a fold on the abaxial side of the leaf. This fold was formed abaxially by periclinal and anticlinal divisions, effectively eliminating intercellular spaces from the spongy parenchyma. Galls at this stage exhibited both cell hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia. Cells on the adaxial surface were more numerous and smaller than cells near the abaxial surface were, creating the large fold that surrounds the insect. Mesophyll cells exhibited some features typical of nutritive cells induced by other galling insects, including conspicuous nucleolus, reduced and fragmented vacuole, smaller and degraded chloroplasts, and dense cytoplasm compared to ungalled tissue. Even though aphids feed on the contents of phloem and do not directly consume the gall tissue, they induce changes in the plant vascular system, which lead to nutrient accumulation to support the growing aphid numbers in mature galls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Body
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri, 1-31 Agriculture Building, Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Warmund
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. appelh@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-0201
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Appel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000502:physiology*; D002452:Cell Count; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000469:parasitology*; D032107:Populus / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Gall-inducing insect; Galling aphid; Microscopy; Morphological alterations; Nutritive tissue