title: TBBPA causes neurotoxic and the apoptotic responses in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant widely used in a variety of commercial and household products. TBBPA can become bioaccumulated in human body fluids, and also in different brain regions. The aim of the present study was to determine the viability and apoptosis of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro after exposure to TBBPA. Additionally, we examined the involvement of ROS generation in the effect of TBBPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary hippocampal neuron cultures were prepared from Swiss mouse embryos on day 17/18 of gestation. The cultures were treated with TBBPA at concentrations ranging from 1nM to 100μM for 30min or 3, 6 or 24h. To study apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 was measured, and apoptotic body formation was evaluated. To investigate the cytotoxic effect of TBBPA, the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in the culture medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrated that TBBPA concentrations ranging from 100nM to 100μM caused caspase-3 activation and apoptotic body formation. The cytotoxic effects of TBBPA were observed at concentrations ranging from 50nM to 100μM. To detect intracellular ROS, the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA was used. We did not observe any significant increase in the level of cellular ROS in cultured cells after TBBPA treatment. However, in a cell-free model, TBBPA at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100μM interacted with H2DCFDA and enhanced the fluorescence signal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the H2DCFDA assay cannot be used to measure TBBPA-stimulated cell-mediated ROS production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: konrad.szychowski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Konrad A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Szychowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: anna.wojtowicz@ur.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wójtowicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C020806:tetrabromobisphenol A
keywords: Apoptosis; H2DCFDA; Hippocampus; ROS; TBBPA