title: Biological interactions of carbon-based nanomaterials: From coronation to degradation.
abstract: Carbon-based nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, fullerenes and nanodiamonds are potential candidates for various applications in medicine such as drug delivery and imaging. However, the successful translation of nanomaterials for biomedical applications is predicated on a detailed understanding of the biological interactions of these materials. Indeed, the potential impact of the so-called bio-corona of proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules on the fate of nanomaterials in the body should not be ignored. Enzymatic degradation of carbon-based nanomaterials by immune-competent cells serves as a special case of bio-corona interactions with important implications for the medical use of such nanomaterials. In the present review, we highlight emerging biomedical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. We also discuss recent studies on nanomaterial 'coronation' and how this impacts on biodistribution and targeting along with studies on the enzymatic degradation of carbon-based nanomaterials, and the role of surface modification of nanomaterials for these biological interactions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Advances in technology have produced many carbon-based nanomaterials. These are increasingly being investigated for the use in diagnostics and therapeutics. Nonetheless, there remains a knowledge gap in terms of the understanding of the biological interactions of these materials. In this paper, the authors provided a comprehensive review on the recent biomedical applications and the interactions of various carbon-based nanomaterials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sourav P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallud
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Seth C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Burkert
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nuclear Physics-INFN, Frascati, Province of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bistarelli
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nuclear Physics-INFN, Frascati, Province of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bottini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Star
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: bengt.fadeel@ki.se.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fadeel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055162:Biocatalysis; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000066970:Protein Corona / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D037741:Fullerenes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D010087:Oxides; D000066970:Protein Corona; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Bio-corona; Biodegradation; Carbon nanotubes; Fullerenes; Graphene oxide; Nanodiamonds