title: Inferring Mathematical Equations Using Crowdsourcing.
abstract: Crowdsourcing, understood as outsourcing work to a large network of people in the form of an open call, has been utilized successfully many times, including a very interesting concept involving the implementation of computer games with the objective of solving a scientific problem by employing users to play a game-so-called crowdsourced serious games. Our main objective was to verify whether such an approach could be successfully applied to the discovery of mathematical equations that explain experimental data gathered during the observation of a given dynamic system. Moreover, we wanted to compare it with an approach based on artificial intelligence that uses symbolic regression to find such formulae automatically. To achieve this, we designed and implemented an Internet game in which players attempt to design a spaceship representing an equation that models the observed system. The game was designed while considering that it should be easy to use for people without strong mathematical backgrounds. Moreover, we tried to make use of the collective intelligence observed in crowdsourced systems by enabling many players to collaborate on a single solution. The idea was tested on several hundred players playing almost 10,000 games and conducting a user opinion survey. The results prove that the proposed solution has very high potential. The function generated during weeklong tests was almost as precise as the analytical solution of the model of the system and, up to a certain complexity level of the formulae, it explained data better than the solution generated automatically by Eureqa, the leading software application for the implementation of symbolic regression. Moreover, we observed benefits of using crowdsourcing; the chain of consecutive solutions that led to the best solution was obtained by the continuous collaboration of several players.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.|European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Szymon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wasik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fratczak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krzyskow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wulnikowski
mesh_terms: D063045:Crowdsourcing / Q000379:methods*; D020407:Internet; D008433:Mathematics / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018910:Video Games