title: Genetically Modified (GM) Foods and Ethical Eating.
abstract: The ability to manipulate and customize the genetic code of living organisms has brought forth the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods. The potential for GM foods to improve the efficiency of food production, increase customer satisfaction, and provide potential health benefits has contributed to the rapid incorporation of GM foods into the American diet. However, GM foods and GMOs are also a topic of ethical debate. The use of GM foods and GM technology is surrounded by ethical concerns and situational judgment, and should ideally adhere to the ethical standards placed upon food and nutrition professionals, such as: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. The future of GM foods involves many aspects and trends, including enhanced nutritional value in foods, strict labeling laws, and potential beneficial economic conditions in developing nations. This paper briefly reviews the origin and background of GM foods, while delving thoroughly into 3 areas: (1) GMO labeling, (2) ethical concerns, and (3) health and industry applications. This paper also examines the relationship between the various applications of GM foods and their corresponding ethical issues. Ethical concerns were evaluated in the context of the code of ethics developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) that govern the work of food and nutrition professionals. Overall, there is a need to stay vigilant about the many ethical implications of producing and consuming GM foods and GMOs.
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dizon
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Cierra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Husk
authors.affiliation: 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Dept. Family and Consumer Sciences, California State Univ, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Long Beach, Calif, 90840, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004032:Diet / Q000941:ethics*; D004435:Eating; D019649:Food Industry; D005515:Food Labeling; D030841:Food, Genetically Modified; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D009753:Nutritive Value
keywords: autonomy; beneficence; genetically modified food; justice; nonmaleficence