title: Residual Cholesteatoma After Endoscope-guided Surgery in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopes can facilitate surgery within tympanomastoid recesses that are not visible with the operating microscope. This study investigates whether use of endoscopes to guide dissection of cholesteatoma leads to lower rates of residual cholesteatoma than using the endoscope only for inspection after microscope-guided dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-five patients with acquired or congenital cholesteatoma in children <18 years having intact canal wall surgery and follow-up >12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of group (A) microscope surgery followed by endoscopic inspection, with group (B) endoscope-guided dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual cholesteatoma rates, controlling for site of initial cholesteatoma, detection by second-stage surgery, and length of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of all patients showed endoscopic dissection was associated with less residua in the middle ear (risk difference = 0.12; p = 0.026, Kaplan-Meier log rank analysis; number needed to treat = 9) but not at other sites. When restricting analysis to ears that were evaluated with second look surgery, no significant reduction in residual disease was found after endoscopic dissection at any site (e.g., retrotympanic residua: 12% Group A versus 7% Group B (NS, Fisher exact test). Endoscopic dissection allowed more permeatal surgery. No complications were attributable to endoscope use. Wound complications occurred in 4% of open cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopes enhance surgical access to tympanomastoid recesses. In conjunction with the availability of the operating microscope, angled instruments, and KTP laser, endoscope-guided dissection provides a small incremental benefit for prevention of residual cholesteatoma, and facilitates a minimally invasive approach.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto †Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cushing
authors.forename: Blake C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Papsin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*