title: Genome sequencing and secondary metabolism of the postharvest pathogen Penicillium griseofulvum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penicillium griseofulvum is associated in stored apples with blue mould, the most important postharvest disease of pome fruit. This pathogen can simultaneously produce both detrimental and beneficial secondary metabolites (SM). In order to gain insight into SM synthesis in P. griseofulvum in vitro and during disease development on apple, we sequenced the genome of P. griseofulvum strain PG3 and analysed important SM clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PG3 genome sequence (29.3 Mb) shows that P. griseofulvum branched off after the divergence of P. oxalicum but before the divergence of P. chrysogenum. Genome-wide analysis of P. griseofulvum revealed putative gene clusters for patulin, griseofulvin and roquefortine C biosynthesis. Furthermore, we quantified the SM production in vitro and on apples during the course of infection. The expression kinetics of key genes of SM produced in infected apple were examined. We found additional SM clusters, including those potentially responsible for the synthesis of penicillin, yanuthone D, cyclopiazonic acid and we predicted a cluster putatively responsible for the synthesis of chanoclavine I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide relevant information to understand the molecular basis of SM biosynthesis in P. griseofulvum, to allow further research directed to the overexpression or blocking the synthesis of specific SM.
authors.affiliation: DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy. houda.banani@unito.it.
authors.forename: Houda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Banani
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. Marina.Marcet-Houben@crg.eu.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain. Marina.Marcet-Houben@crg.eu.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcet-Houben
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain. ballesterar@iata.csic.es.
authors.forename: Ana-Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.affiliation: Bioeconomy Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy. pamela.abbruscato@ptp.it.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abbruscato
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain. lgonzalez@iata.csic.es.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González-Candelas
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. tgabaldon@crg.es.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain. tgabaldon@crg.es.|Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain. tgabaldon@crg.es.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gabaldón
authors.affiliation: DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy. davide.spadaro@unito.it.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spadaro
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D027845:Malus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D010365:Patulin / Q000235:genetics; D010407:Penicillium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D064210:Secondary Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D010365:Patulin