title: Sea cucumbers with an anti-inflammatory effect on endothelial cells and subcutaneous but not on epicardial adipose tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) contains higher levels of inflammatory proteins and lower adiponectin levels than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), enhancing the progression of atherosclerosis. Since products from sea cucumber have anti-inflammatory properties, we investigated its effect on EAT, SAT and endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  stromal cells or explants from EAT and SAT were obtained from patients with cardiovascular disease. Extracts were obtained after hydrolysis by food-grade enzymes at different times. Proteins were identified by LC-MALDI mass spectrometry. Adipogenesis and adiponectin induction were determined on stromal cells in the presence/absence of extracts. The bioavailability of the extracts was tested on a Caco-2 cell culture model in vitro. The bioavailable fraction was probed on endothelial cells and EAT or SAT explants. Vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), IL-6 and adiponectin were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  our results showed that H. forskali and P. tremulus extracts contained compounds with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioavailable fraction of P. tremulus reduced VCAM-1 (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.05) expression levels in endothelial cells while bioavailable compounds from H. forskali decreased ICAM-1 expression in SAT (p < 0.05). No effect was observed on EAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  these results suggest that sea cucumber extracts might be used for the prevention of endothelial cells and SAT inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mena-Bueno
authors.affiliation: ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atanasova
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Fernández-Trasancos
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paradela-Dobarro
authors.affiliation: Proteomic Unit, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Ezequiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Heart Surgery, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel L
authors.initials: ÁL
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Ebiotec (EuroEspes Biotecnología), Bergondo, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carrera
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es and Department of Cardiology and Coronary Unit, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: González-Juanatey
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. sonia.eiras.penas@sergas.es.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eiras
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D010496:Pericardium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000737:chemistry*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1