title: A series connection architecture for large-area organic photovoltaic modules with a 7.5% module efficiency.
abstract: The fabrication of organic photovoltaic modules via printing techniques has been the greatest challenge for their commercial manufacture. Current module architecture, which is based on a monolithic geometry consisting of serially interconnecting stripe-patterned subcells with finite widths, requires highly sophisticated patterning processes that significantly increase the complexity of printing production lines and cause serious reductions in module efficiency due to so-called aperture loss in series connection regions. Herein we demonstrate an innovative module structure that can simultaneously reduce both patterning processes and aperture loss. By using a charge recombination feature that occurs at contacts between electron- and hole-transport layers, we devise a series connection method that facilitates module fabrication without patterning the charge transport layers. With the successive deposition of component layers using slot-die and doctor-blade printing techniques, we achieve a high module efficiency reaching 7.5% with area of 4.15 cm(2).
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soonil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hongkyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Geunjin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seongyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seok
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jinho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minjin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyungcheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Back
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Ryoung
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.|Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwanghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee