title: Gremlin 2 is Repressed in Invasive Endometrial Cancer and Inhibits Cell Growth In Vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There exist limited therapeutic opportunities regarding the treatment of endometrial cancer (EC), and novel therapies based on the molecular profiling of EC cells are required.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used microarray analysis of EC tumour samples in order to identify tumour-specific changes regarding gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that gremlin 2, an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, was repressed in EC samples, and that gremlin 2 inhibited tumour cell growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Down-regulation of gremlin 2 may lead to carcinogenesis and progression of EC. We suggest that re-activation of gremlin 2-associated pathways could suppress EC progression and should thus be explored as a potential novel therapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan tsuba@hyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsubamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Riya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakane
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C486399:GREM1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
keywords: Gremlin 2; bone morphogenetic proteins; endometrial cancer