title: Type 1 diabetes in very young children: a model of parent and child influences on management and outcomes.
abstract: The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in very young children (YC-T1D) is increasing globally. Managing YC-T1D is challenging from both a medical and psychosocial perspective during this vulnerable developmental period when complete dependence upon parental caretaking is normative and child behavior is unpredictable. The consequences of suboptimal glycemic control during this age range are substantial since these children will have T1D for many years and they are prone to adverse neuropsychological sequelae. Poor adaptation to T1D during these early years may engender a persistent trajectory of negative outcomes that can be very resistant to change. The empirical research on the YC-T1D population (age <6 yr) has indicated multiple mechanisms through which parent characteristics, parent coping skills, and child characteristics interact to yield a pattern of T1D management behaviors that affect T1D outcomes. However, this research has not yet led to a well-conceived conceptual model for identifying and understanding these mechanisms or for specifying research gaps and future research directions. The aim of this review is to propose such a conceptual model linking parent characteristics, parent coping, and child characteristics to T1D management behaviors and outcomes. This article reviews the literature focusing on research pertinent to YC-T1D and elements of our proposed model, identifies and discusses gaps in the literature, offers directions for future research, and considers a range of possible interventions targeting the unique needs of this special population.
authors.affiliation: Nemours Research Institute, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children's Health System, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kozikowski
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wysocki
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D017668:Age of Onset; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: child; infant; psychological models; review; type 1 diabetes mellitus