title: Rapid assemblage of diverse environmental fungal communities on public restroom floors.
abstract: An increasing proportion of humanity lives in urban environments where they spend most of their lives indoors. Recent molecular studies have shown that bacterial assemblages in built environments (BEs) are extremely diverse, but BE fungal diversity remains poorly understood. We applied culture-independent methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the fungal internal transcribed spacer to investigate the diversity and temporal dynamics of fungi in restrooms. Swab samples were collected weekly from three different surfaces in two public restrooms (male and female) in San Diego, CA, USA, over an 8-week period. DNA amplification and culturing methods both found that the floor samples had significantly higher fungal loads than other surfaces. NGS sequencing of floor fungal assemblages identified a total of 2550 unique phylotypes (~800 per sample), less than half of which were identifiable. Of the known fungi, the majority came from environmental sources and we found little evidence of known human skin fungi. Fungal assemblages reformed rapidly in a highly consistent manner, and the variance in the species diversity among samples was low. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of public restroom floor fungal communities.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fouquier
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.|Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S T
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9547-4169
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014038:Toilet Facilities
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Built environment; Culture-independent methods; Fungal diversity; ITS-1; Indoor microbial ecology; Next-generation sequencing