title: Pituitary dysfunction and its association with quality of life in traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability and may cause transient or persistent, isolated or multiple hypopituitarism in a variable percentage of cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence of isolated and multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in subjects with TBI in a single institution. The secondary aim was to determine a correlation between pituitary deficiency and quality of life (QOL) after TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients, aged between 18 and 63 years, were evaluated 6months to 5 years after TBI. We evaluated the QOL by SF-12(®) questionnaire and measured serum basal GH, IGF1, LH, FSH, testosterone (in males), 17-β-estradiol (in women), PRL, fT4 and TSH. In patients with low IGF1, a GHRH + Arginine test was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single or multiple pituitary failure was found in 13 patients (37%). Low testosterone was found in 7 males, low FSH and/or LH in 4, low IGF1 in 7 patients. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and GH insufficiency assessed by GHRH + Arginine test were found respectively in 3 and 2 patients. One patient displayed a concomitant GH insufficiency and low TSH level. Twenty six patients showed a reduction in QOL. A correlations between altered QOL and hormonal deficiency was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated or multiple hypopituitarism resulting from TBI are frequent. Alterations in QOL and pituitary function resulting from TBI are not associated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: giulia_izzo@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.affiliation: S.C. Medicina Riabilitativa, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: assunta.tirelli@libero.it.
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tirelli
authors.affiliation: S.C. Endocrinologia, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: e.angrisani@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angrisani
authors.affiliation: S.C. Medicina Riabilitativa, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: cannaviellog@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cannaviello
authors.affiliation: S.C. Medicina Riabilitativa, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: lucio.cannaviello@sangiovannieruggi.it.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cannaviello
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: apuzziello@unisa.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puzziello
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: avatrella@unisa.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vatrella
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: mavitale@unisa.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000209:etiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000097:blood; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: GH; Pituitary; Quality of life; Traumatic brain injury