title: A comparison of urban heat islands mapped using skin temperature, air temperature, and apparent temperature (Humidex), for the greater Vancouver area.
abstract: Apparent temperature is more closely related to mortality during extreme heat events than other temperature variables, yet spatial epidemiology studies typically use skin temperature (also known as land surface temperature) to quantify heat exposure because it is relatively easy to map from satellite data. An empirical approach to map apparent temperature at the neighborhood scale, which relies on publicly available weather station observations and spatial data layers combined in a random forest regression model, was demonstrated for greater Vancouver, Canada. Model errors were acceptable (cross-validated RMSE=2.04 °C) and the resulting map of apparent temperature, calibrated for a typical hot summer day, corresponded well with past temperature research in the area. A comparison with field measurements as well as similar maps of skin temperature and air temperature revealed that skin temperature was poorly correlated with both air temperature (R(2)=0.38) and apparent temperature (R(2)=0.39). While the latter two were more similar (R(2)=0.87), apparent temperature was predicted to exceed air temperature by more than 5 °C in several urban areas as well as around the confluence of the Pitt and Fraser rivers. We conclude that skin temperature is not a suitable proxy for human heat exposure, and that spatial epidemiology studies could benefit from mapping apparent temperature, using an approach similar to the one reported here, to better quantify differences in heat exposure that exist across an urban landscape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Electronic address: hohungh@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Hung Chak
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knudby
authors.affiliation: School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Matus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodul
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aminipouri
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology; D012881:Skin Temperature
keywords: Apparent temperature; Environmental health; Landsat; MODIS; Remote sensing; Urban heat island