title: Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors.
abstract: The continuous flow synthesis of a range of organic solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines is described using either a bespoke meso-scale tubular reactor with static mixers or a continuous stirred tank reactor. Both reactors promote the efficient mixing of a biphasic solution of N,N-dialkylamine in organic solvent, and aqueous sodium hypochlorite to achieve near quantitative conversions, in 72-100% in situ yields, and useful productivities of around 0.05 mol/h with residence times from 3 to 20 minutes. Initial calorimetric studies have been carried out to inform on reaction exotherms, rates and safe operation. Amines which partition mainly in the organic phase require longer reaction times, provided by the CSTR, to compensate for low mass transfer rates in the biphasic system. The green metrics of the reaction have been assessed and compared to existing procedures and have shown the continuous process is improved over previous procedures. The organic solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines produced continuously will enable their use in tandem flow reactions with a range of nucleophilic substrates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Blacker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Jolley
keywords: CSTR; amine; biphasic; chloramine; chlorination; continuous flow chemistry; sodium hypochlorite; static mixer; tube reactor