title: Evaluation of resident's training for endoscopic sinus surgery using a sheep's head.
abstract: Training in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is an essential part of each ENT resident and it takes place on a very fragile area. This study focus on showing the learning curve of FESS, using an anatomical model such as the sheep's head. Four residents in our centre performed dissections. Each of these residents operated eight sheep's head. They performed an endoscopic septoplasty followed by maxillary antrostomy, total ethmoidectomy and frontal sinusotomy on every head. A staff member guided all procedures and checked for the appropriate dissection and complications occurred. Analysis was made upon the residents' performance of their first four septoplasties and eight nasal sides against their subsequent performance of the same. Final procedures presented better outcomes than the initial ones on every step of them. Results were measured by means of decrease of time (P < 0.0001) and complications, showing no major complications on the latest ones. Sheep's head is a suitable substitute for the cadaveric human head, to obtain the surgical skills needed for FESS procedures. Sheep's nasal cavity allows gaining dexterity and it is an easy model to obtain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. beatriz.delgadov9@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0556-3956
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delgado-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Azucena Lloris
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Romero-Salazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Reyes Burneo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vásquez Hincapie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Los Santos Granado
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Del Castillo López
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frágola Arnau
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cobeta Marco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004210:Dissection / Q000193:education; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000193:education*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012756:Sheep
keywords: Education; Endoscopy; FESS; Lamb’s head; Paranasal sinus