title: Evaluation of hormone-free protocols based on the "male effect" for artificial insemination in lactating goats during seasonal anestrus.
abstract: Goat estrous and ovulatory responses to the "male effect" were characterized to determine the time range over which fertile ovulations occur after buck exposure. The results were used to explore the efficacy of different hormone-free artificial insemination (AI) protocols aimed at diminishing the number of inseminations needed to optimize fertility. Adult bucks and does were exposed to artificially long days during winter and then exposed to a natural photoperiod before buck exposure (Day 0). Most goats (>70%) ovulated twice, developing a short cycle followed by a normal cycle over 13 days after buck exposure. Among them, 21% were in estrus at the short cycle and 94% at the normal cycle. This second ovulation occurred within 48 hours of Day 6 and was the target for AI protocols. In protocol A (n = 79), goats were inseminated 12 hours after estrus detection from Day 5 to Day 9. Up to six AI times over 4 days were needed to inseminate goats in estrus. Forty-nine percent of the inseminated goats kidded. In protocol B (n = 145), estrus detection started on Day 5. The earlier (group 1) and later (group 2) buck-marked goats received one single insemination at fixed times on Days 6.5 or 7 and 8, respectively; unmarked goats (group 3) were inseminated along with group 2. In protocol C (n = 153), goats were inseminated twice on Days 6.5 or 7 and 8 without needing to detect estrus. Goats induced to ovulate by hormonal treatment were used as the control (n = 319). Fertility was lower in protocol B than in protocol C and controls (47% vs. 58% and 65% kidding; P ≤ 0.05), whereas this was higher in buck-marked goats than in unmarked ones (64% vs. 33%; P ≤ 0.05). In protocol B, fertility can increase (>60%) when only goats coming into estrus are inseminated. The best kidding rate (∼70%) was achieved when does were inseminated within 24 hours of the LH surge. Protocols involving insemination on Day 7 instead of Day 6.5 led to more goats being inseminated during this favorable time.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; IFCE, Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: maria-teresa.pellicer@tours.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Maria-Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pellicer-Rubio
authors.affiliation: INRA, UE1373 Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan, Lusignan, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boissard
authors.affiliation: INRA, UE1373 Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan, Lusignan, France.
authors.forename: Yvonnick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Forgerit
authors.affiliation: INRA, UE1373 Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan, Lusignan, France.
authors.forename: Jean Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pougnard
authors.affiliation: CAPGENES, Agropole, Mignaloux-Beauvoir, France.
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bonné
authors.affiliation: INRA, UE1373 Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan, Lusignan, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leboeuf
mesh_terms: D000780:Anestrus; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003612:Dairying; D004973:Estrus Synchronization / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Artificial insemination; Estrus synchronization; Goat; Male effect; Photoperiodic treatment