title: HRMS Profile of a Hazelnut Skin Proanthocyanidin-rich Fraction with Antioxidant and Anti-Candida albicans Activities.
abstract: Roasted hazelnut skins (RHS) represent a byproduct of kernel industrial processing. In this research, a RHS extract (RHS-M) and its fraction RHS-M-F3 enriched in proanthocyanidins (PAs), with antioxidant activity, were characterized in terms of total phenolic compound and PA contents. RHS-M and RHS-M-F3 showed antifungal properties against Candida albicans SC5314 (MIC2 = 3.00 and 0.10 μg/mL and MIC0 = 5.00 and 0.50 μg/mL, respectively), determined by the microbroth dilution method and Candida albicans morphological analysis. No cytotoxic effect on HEKa and HDFa cell lines was exhibited by RHS-M and RHS-M-F3. The metabolite profiling of RHS-M and RHS-M-F3 was performed by thiolysis followed by HPLC-UV-HRMS analysis and a combination of HRMS-FIA and HPLC-HRMS(n). Extract and fraction contain oligomeric PAs (mDP of 7.3 and 6.0, respectively, and DP up to 10) mainly constituted by B-type oligomers of (epi)-catechin. Also, (epi)-gallocatechin and gallate derivatives were identified as monomer units, and A-type PAs were detected as minor compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Lisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Piccinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Imma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mencherini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Petrone
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gazzerro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picerno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sansone
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rastrelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and ‡Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
authors.forename: Rita Patrizia
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Aquino
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031211:Corylus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin
keywords: Candida albicans; HPLC-HRMSn analysis; HRMS flow injection analysis; hazelnut skins; industry byproducts; proanthocyanidins