title: Hepatolithiasis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review.
abstract: Although the incidence of hepatolithiasis is decreasing as the pattern of gallstone disease changes in Asia, the prevalence of hepatolithiasis is persistently high, especially in Far Eastern countries. Hepatolithiasis is an established risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and chronic proliferative inflammation may be involved in biliary carcinogenesis and in inducing the upregulation of cell-proliferating factors. With the use of advanced imaging modalities, there has been much improvement in the management of hepatolithiasis and the diagnosis of hepatolithiasis-associated CCA (HL-CCA). However, there are many problems in managing the strictures in hepatolithiasis and differentiating them from infiltrating types of CCA. Surgical resection is recommended in cases of single lobe hepatolithiasis with atrophy, uncontrolled stricture, symptom duration of more than 10 years, and long history of biliary-enteric anastomosis. Even after resection, patients should be followed with caution for development of HL-CCA, because HL-CCA is an independent prognostic factor for survival. It is not yet clear whether hepatic resection can reduce the occurrence of subsequent HL-CCA. Furthermore, there are no consistent findings regarding prediction of subsequent HL-CCA in patients with hepatolithiasis. In the management of hepatolithiasis, important factors are the reduction of recurrence of cholangitis and suspicion of unrecognized HL-CCA.
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Seon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Moon Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Beom Jae
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Jae
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kwan Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Hyo Jung Kim, Jae Seon Kim, Moon Kyung Joo, Beom Jae Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Jong Eun Yeon, Jong-Jae Park, Kwan Soo Byun, Young-Tae Bak, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University college of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Bak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001706:Biopsy; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; Hepatolithiasis; Intrahepatic; Management