title: Effect of calcium cyanamide, ammonium bicarbonate and lime mixture, and ammonia water on survival of Ralstonia solanacearum and microbial community.
abstract: The inorganic nitrogenous amendments calcium cyanamide (CC), ammonia water (AW), and a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate with lime (A+L) are popularly used as fumigants to control soil-borne disease in China. However, it is unclear which of these fumigants is more effective in controlling R. solanacearum. This present study compared the efficiencies of the three nitrogenous amendments listed above at four nitrogen levels in suppressing the survival of R. solanacearum in soil. The CC showed the best ability to suppress R. solanacearum due to its highest capacity to increase soil and NO2(-) contents and pH. However, AW was more suitable to controlling bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum because it had a lower cost and its application rate of 0.25 g N kg(-1) soil could effectively suppress the survival of R. solanacearum. Additionally, soil microbial activity and community populations were restored to their initial state four weeks after the application of each fumigant, indicating that the three fumigants had few detrimental impacts on soil microbial activity and community structure with an exception of the suppression of R. solanacearum. The present study provides guidance for the selection of a suitable alkaline nitrogenous amendment and its application rate in controlling bacterial wilt.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Chengliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Centre for AgriBioscience/Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Caixian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Chongwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yongsong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003484:Cyanamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D043368:Ralstonia solanacearum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D003484:Cyanamide; C027043:ammonium bicarbonate; C016538:lime