title: Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of lead- contaminated soil by vetiver grass.
abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phytoremediation of lead (Pb)-contaminated soil by vetiver grass. Experiment was a factorial arranged in a completely randomized design. Factors included four Pb levels (50, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg(-1)) as Pb (NO3)2, AM fungi at three levels (non mycorrhizal (NM) control, Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme). Shoot and root dry weights (SDW and RDW) decreased as Pb levels increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased SDW and RDW compared to NM control. With mycorrhizal inoculation and increasing Pb levels, Pb uptake of shoot and root increased compared to those of NM control. Root colonization increased with mycorrhizal inoculation but decreased as Pb levels increased. Phosphorus concentration and uptake in shoot of plants inoculated with AM fungi was significantly higher than NM control at 200 and 800 mg Pb kg(-1). The Fe concentration, Fe and Mn uptake of shoot in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices in all levels of Pb were significantly higher than NM control. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased Pb extraction, uptake and translocation efficiencies. Lead translocation factor decreased as Pb levels increased; however inoculation with AM fungi increased Pb translocation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Soil Science , College of Agriculture, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahraminia
authors.affiliation: a Department of Soil Science , College of Agriculture, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: a Department of Soil Science , College of Agriculture, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolmajid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ronaghi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Soil Science , College of Agriculture, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghasemi-Fasaei
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D049930:Chrysopogon / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000378:metabolism; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: G. versiforme; Rhizophagus intraradices; lead; phytoremediation; vetiver grass