title: Entomological and serological investigation of Japanese encephalitis in endemic area of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito borne pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The objective of this work was to evaluate the entomological based virological surveillance of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in the highly endemic area of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out during September 2010 to March 2013 in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 251 adult mosquito pools and 64 water samples containing larvae were collected from the District of Gorakhpur. Water pH, turbidity, and oxygen level were analyzed for vector breeding index (BI). In addition, 393 serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) suspected cases were collected from the district hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The various Culex species found included, Cx. quinquefasciatus (26.83%), Cx. vishnui (22.29%), Cx. pseudovishnui (20.73%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (12.71%), Cx. whitmorei (9.04%), and Cx. gelidus (8.25%). Highest minimum infection rate (MIR) was calculated for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (2.32), followed by Cx. vishnui (1.98) and Cx. pseudovishnui (0.71). All the larvae samples were negative for JEV. The mean number larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pseudovishnui was negatively correlated with pH (r = - 0.45 and r = - 0.63) and turbidity (r = - 0.30 and r = - 0.37). In contrast, positive correlation was observed in case of Cx. quinquefasciatus. A total of 41 clinical samples were found positive for JEV by IgM ELISA. The rainfall was significantly associated with Japanese encephalitis incidence and showed positive correlation to disease transmission (p = 0.02, r = 0. 66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings showed the rapid dissemination of JEV within a population, facilitated by different species of Culex in the region. As JE is a vaccine-preventable disease, an immunization programme, an effective vector control strategy and application of standard hygiene practices in these endemic areas could result in a considerable reduction in morbidity and mortality due to JE.
authors.forename: Nikky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nyari
authors.forename: Dharamveer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dhole
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003465:Culex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral