title: The effects of dietary carbohydrate on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance of juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus.
abstract: The present study was focused on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance in juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus fed with graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (0.6, 106.5, 194.3, 288.4, 379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)) for 9 weeks. Results showed that highest weight gain and special growth ratio was obtained at 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO. And adequate dietary CHO content (288.4 g kg(-1)) could significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), promote reduced glutathione (GSH) content and then increase the total antioxidant capacities (TAOC) in the liver of M. piceus. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the fish liver could be significantly aggravated by excessive dietary CHO. Serum cortisol (COL) levels could be significantly increased in juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 379.1 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets. Activities of alanine transaminase (GPT) and aspartate transaminase (GOT) were both decreased in the serum of juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 194.3 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)) or CHO-excess diets (379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)). In addition, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of hepcidin (HEPC), natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon (IFN), lysozyme (LYZ) and complement component 3 (C3) in the blood and liver samples of juvenile Black carp M. piceus compared with the CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)). Moreover, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could also enhance the contents of C3 and plasma nitrogen monoxide (NO), and increase the activities of LYZ and total nitric oxide synthase (t-NOS) in the serum compared with the CHO-deficient or CHO-excess diets. Furthermore, the survival rates were also increased by adequate dietary CHO (194.3 and 288.4 g kg(-1)) fed to juvenile Black carp M. piceus after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary CHO (288.4 g kg(-1)) could increase growth, reduce oxidative stress, enhance innate immune responses, improve the health states and then promote disease resistance in juvenile Black carp M. piceus.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China. Electronic address: wuchenglong007@163.com.
authors.forename: Chenglong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China. Electronic address: ziff2006@163.com.
authors.forename: Jinyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun'e
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000502:physiology*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000276:immunology*; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007113:Immunity, Innate
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Antioxidant abilities; Carbohydrate; Gene expression; Innate immune responses; Mylopharyngodon piceus