title: Accuracy and Usefulness of Select Methods for Assessing Complete Collection of 24-Hour Urine: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Twenty-four-hour urine collection is the recommended method for estimating sodium intake. To investigate the strengths and limitations of methods used to assess completion of 24-hour urine collection, the authors systematically reviewed the literature on the accuracy and usefulness of methods vs para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) recovery (referent). The percentage of incomplete collections, based on PABA, was 6% to 47% (n=8 studies). The sensitivity and specificity for identifying incomplete collection using creatinine criteria (n=4 studies) was 6% to 63% and 57% to 99.7%, respectively. The most sensitive method for removing incomplete collections was a creatinine index <0.7. In pooled analysis (≥2 studies), mean urine creatinine excretion and volume were higher among participants with complete collection (P<.05); whereas, self-reported collection time did not differ by completion status. Compared with participants with incomplete collection, mean 24-hour sodium excretion was 19.6 mmol higher (n=1781 specimens, 5 studies) in patients with complete collection. Sodium excretion may be underestimated by inclusion of incomplete 24-hour urine collections. None of the current approaches reliably assess completion of 24-hour urine collection.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology & Surveillance Branch, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6816-4867
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology & Surveillance Branch, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health and, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Norm R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Caryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nowson
authors.affiliation: Unit of Noncommunicable Diseases & Disabilities, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Legetic
authors.affiliation: Unit of Noncommunicable Diseases & Disabilities, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Anselm J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hennis
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology & Surveillance Branch, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Sheena M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid