title: Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Different studies described the antibacterial properties of Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.) essential oil and its anti-inflammatory effects. Besides, no data exist on its ability to activate human macrophages during the innate response against Staphylococcus aureus. The discovery of promising regulators of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, without side effects, could be useful for the prevention of, or as therapeutic remedy for, various inflammation-mediated diseases. This study investigated, by transcriptional analysis, how a L. angustifolia essential oil treatment influences the macrophage response to Staphylococcus aureus infection. The results showed that the treatment increases the phagocytic rate and stimulates the containment of intracellular bacterial replication by macrophages. Our data showed that this stimulation is coupled with expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species production (i.e., CYBB and NCF4). Moreover, the essential oil treatment balanced the inflammatory signaling induced by S. aureus by repressing the principal pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors and inducing the heme oxygenase-1 gene transcription. These data showed that the L. angustifolia essential oil can stimulate the human innate macrophage response to a bacterium which is responsible for one of the most important nosocomial infection and might suggest the potential development of this plant extract as an anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory coadjutant drug.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gismondi
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canuti
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Braglia
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canini
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cappelli
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D027523:Lavandula / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Heme oxygenase-1; Lavandula angustifolia mill. essential oil; Staphylococcus aureus; inflammation; macrophage innate immunity; pro-inflammatory cytokines; tollip