title: Modeling and Experimental Demonstration of a Hopfield Network Analog-to-Digital Converter with Hybrid CMOS/Memristor Circuits.
abstract: The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of building recurrent artificial neural networks with hybrid complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)/memristor circuits. To do so, we modeled a Hopfield network implementing an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with up to 8 bits of precision. Major shortcomings affecting the ADC's precision, such as the non-ideal behavior of CMOS circuitry and the specific limitations of memristors, were investigated and an effective solution was proposed, capitalizing on the in-field programmability of memristors. The theoretical work was validated experimentally by demonstrating the successful operation of a 4-bit ADC circuit implemented with discrete Pt/TiO2- x /Pt memristors and CMOS integrated circuit components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Xinjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Farnood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merrikh-Bayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ligang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hoskins
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Lille, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alibart
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microelectronica de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Seville) Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Bernabe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linares-Barranco
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Theogarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teuscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitri B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Strukov
keywords: Hopfield network; analog-to-digital conversion; hybrid circuits; memristor; recurrent neural network; resistive switching