title: Effects of Proton and Combined Proton and (56)Fe Radiation on the Hippocampus.
abstract: The space radiation environment contains protons and (56)Fe, which could pose a significant hazard to space flight crews during and after missions. The space environment involves complex radiation exposures, thus, the effects of a dose of protons might be modulated by a dose of heavy-ion radiation. The brain, and particularly the hippocampus, may be susceptible to space radiation-induced changes. In this study, we first determined the dose-response effect of proton radiation (150 MeV) on hippocampus-dependent cognition 1 and 3 months after exposure. Based on those results, we subsequently exposed mice to protons alone (150 MeV, 0.1 Gy), (56)Fe alone (600 MeV/n, 0.5 Gy) or combined proton and (56)Fe radiations (protons first) with the two exposures separated by 24 h. At one month postirradiation, all animal groups showed novel object recognition. However, at three months postirradiation, mice exposed to either protons or combined proton and (56)Fe radiations showed impaired novel object recognition, which was not observed in mice irradiated with (56)Fe alone. The mechanisms in these impairments might involve inflammation. In mice irradiated with protons alone or (56)Fe alone three months earlier, there was a negative correlation between a measure of novel object recognition and the number of newly born activated microglia in the dentate gyrus. Next, cytokine and chemokine levels were assessed in the hippocampus. At one month after exposure the levels of IL-12 were higher in mice exposed to combined radiations compared with sham-irradiated mice, while the levels of IFN-γ were lower in mice exposed to (56)Fe radiation alone or combined radiations. In addition, IL-4 levels were lower in (56)Fe-irradiated mice compared with proton-irradiated mice and TNF-α levels were lower in proton-irradiated mice than in mice receiving combined radiations. At three months after exposure, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and eotaxin levels were lower in mice receiving combined radiations. The levels of MDC and eotaxin correlated and the levels of MDC, but not eotaxin, correlated with the percentage of newly born activated microglia in the blades of the dentate gyrus. Finally, hippocampal IL-6 levels were higher in mice receiving combined radiations compared with mice receiving (56)Fe radiation alone. These data demonstrate the sensitivity of novel object recognition for detecting cognitive injury three months after exposure to proton radiation alone, and combined exposure to proton and (56)Fe radiations, and that newly-born activated microglia and inflammation might be involved in this injury.
authors.affiliation: a  Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and.|b  Neurology Radiation Medicine and.|c  Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239;
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raber
authors.affiliation: d  Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery.
authors.forename: Antiño R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: d  Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery.
authors.forename: Sourabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: d  Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery.
authors.forename: Barrett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: d  Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery.|e  Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosi
authors.affiliation: a  Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and.
authors.forename: Reid H J
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: a  Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: a  Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and.
authors.forename: Massarra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eiwaz
authors.affiliation: d  Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery.|f  Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110; and.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fike
authors.affiliation: g  Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D020450:Heavy Ions; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D007501:Iron; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011522:Protons / Q000009:adverse effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011522:Protons; D007501:Iron