title: Neuromarkers of anxiety and depression in a patient after neuro-ophthalmic surgery of the meningioma - effect of individually-tailored tDCS and neurofeedback.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of individually tailored anodal tDCs/ neurofeedback protocol for the reduction of post-operative depression after a neuroophtalmological operation of the meningioma. The neuromarkers in Quantitative EEG (QEEG) and Event-related potentials (ERPs) were utilized in the construction of protocol and evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 45-year-old female after successful neuro-ophthalmic surgery of the meningioma, complained of severe pain and anxiety, difficulties with sleeping, attention and memory problems, as well as inability to continue working in her given profession. Neuropsychological testing showed lack of cognitive disturbances and post-operative depression. Two working hypotheses were tested to find neuromarkers of depression and anxiety. In line with the 'depression hypothesis' a frontal alpha asymmetry pattern was found in the patient, and in line with the 'anxiety' hypothesis an increased left temporal P1 wave in response to visual stimuli was found in ERPs. A specific alpha asymmetry neurofeedback protocol combined with an anodal tDCS was suggested. Twenty sessions of individually-tailored anodal tDCs/ neurofeedback protocol were performed. The QEEG frontal asymmetry pattern and the excessive temporal P1 wave were normalized after the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patient recovered from post-operative depression and returned to work after 20 sessions of the combined neurofeedback/tDCS protocol. Specific patterns of QEEG and ERPs serve as neuromarkers for constructing the protocol and for monitoring the results of intervention.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Cracow University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirski
authors.affiliation: Chair of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Cracow University, Cracow, Poland; Center for Cognition and Communication, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pąchalska
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, CMUJ, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moskała
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophtalmology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialist Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orski
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophtalmology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialist Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orska
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophtalmology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialist Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miąskiewicz
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialist Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zapała
authors.affiliation: 1. Laboratory for theNeurobiology of Action Programming, Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 2. Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Juri D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kropotov
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011044:Poland; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation