title: Whole genome analysis of Japanese bovine toroviruses reveals natural recombination between porcine and bovine toroviruses.
abstract: Bovine toroviruses (BToVs), belong to the subfamily Toroviridae within the family Coronaviridae, and are pathogens, causing enteric disease in cattle. In Japan, BToVs are distributed throughout the country and cause gastrointestinal infection of calves and cows. In the present study, complete genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and partial genome sequences of two Japanese BToVs and one porcine torovirus (PToV) from distant regions in Japan were determined and genetic analyses were performed. Pairwise nucleotide comparison and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese BToVs shared high identity with each other and showed high similarities with BToV Breda1 strain in S, M, and HE coding regions. Japanese BToVs showed high similarities with porcine toroviruses in ORF1a, ORF1b, and N coding regions and the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, suggestive of a natural recombination event. Recombination analyses mapped the putative recombinant breakpoints to the 3' ends of the ORF1b and HE regions. These findings suggest that the interspecies recombinant nature of Japanese BToVs resulted in a closer relationship between BToV Breda1 and PToVs.
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Saida, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuchiaka
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naoi
authors.affiliation: Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Konosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otomaru
authors.affiliation: Tochigi Prefectural Central District Animal Hygiene Service Center, Hiraidekougyoudanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kiyotani, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamasato
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omatsu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oba
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Junsuke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan. Electronic address: m-nagai@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007564:Japan; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases; D017003:Torovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Bovine torovirus; Japan; Natural recombination; Porcine torovirus