title: Dietary Salt Restriction in Heart Failure: Where Is the Evidence?
abstract: Several dietary guidelines, health organizations and government policies recommend population-wide sodium restriction to prevent hypertension and related comorbidities like heart failure (HF). The current European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Heart Failure guidelines recommend restricting sodium in HF patients. However, these recommendations are based on expert opinion (level C), leading to wide variability in application and lack of consensus among providers pertaining to dietary salt restriction. To evaluate the strength of current evidences to recommend dietary salt restriction among HF patients, we performed a comprehensive literature review and explored the safety and efficacy of such recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Mid-America Heart Institute at Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA. Electronic address: jjdinicol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: DiNicolantonio
authors.affiliation: R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Mid-America Heart Institute at Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D002309:Cardiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis; D012955:Societies, Medical; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords: Chloride; Heart failure; Hypertension; Salt; Sodium