title: Differential Serum Cytokine Levels and Risk of Lung Cancer Between African and European Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African Americans have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than European Americans. Previous studies suggested that certain circulating cytokines were associated with lung cancer. We hypothesized that variations in serum cytokine levels exist between African Americans and European Americans, and increased circulating cytokine levels contribute to lung cancer differently in the two races.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in 10 serum cytokine levels, IL1β, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFNγ, and TNFα, between 170 African-American and 296 European-American controls from the National Cancer Institute-Maryland (NCI-MD) case-control study were assessed. Associations of the serum cytokine levels with lung cancer were analyzed. Statistically significant results were replicated in the prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial and the Wayne State University Karmanos Cancer Institute case-control study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six cytokines, IL4, IL5, IL8, IL10, IFNγ, and TNFα, were significantly higher among European-American as compared with African-American controls. Elevated IL6 and IL8 levels were associated with lung cancer among both races in all three studies. Elevated IL1β, IL10, and TNFα levels were associated with lung cancer only among African Americans. The association between elevated TNFα levels and lung cancer among European Americans was significant after adjustment for additional factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum cytokine levels vary by race and might contribute to lung cancer differently between African Americans and European Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future work examining risk prediction models of lung cancer can measure circulating cytokines to accurately characterize risk within racial groups.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. curtis_harris@nih.gov pinesr@cinj.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Sharon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Host Factors Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mechanic
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and Health Services and Economics Branch of the Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Enewold
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Elise D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bríd M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Angela S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wenzlaff
authors.affiliation: Oncology and Biostatistics, Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olivo-Marston
authors.affiliation: Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. curtis_harris@nih.gov pinesr@cinj.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Curtis C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines