title: Incidence of Amblyopia and Its Risk Factors in Children With Isolated Metopic Craniosynostosis.
abstract: Ophthalmic abnormalities in children with syndromic craniosynostosis have been reported previously, and referral of these children to a pediatric ophthalmologist is recommended. However, it is not as clear whether a child with nonsyndromic synostosis needs to be referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of amblyopia and its risk factors in children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis.
  
  
  
  An institutional review board-approved, retrospective review was performed on 91 children diagnosed with isolated metopic craniosynostosis. Ophthalmologic records were reviewed for diagnoses of amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive error.
  
  
  
  Of the 91 children, 19 (20.9%) had astigmatism, eight (8.8%) had amblyopia, eight (8.8%) had strabismus, five had myopia (5.5%), five had hyperopia (5.5%), and five had anisometropia (5.5%). The incidence of amblyopia and its risk factors found in our study are higher than the rate found in the clinically normal pediatric population.
  
  
  
  In our patient population, children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis demonstrate an increased rate of amblyopia and its risk factors. Amblyopia is best treated early in life to achieve a successful outcome. A referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist for a formal eye exam and potential treatment is therefore recommended for children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis.
authors.forename: Thuan B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Shock
authors.forename: Tara G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Missoi
authors.forename: Arshad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Muzaffar
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013285:Strabismus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: amblyopia; metopic craniosynostosis; refractive error; strabismus