title: The effects of sex and gender role identity on perceived stress and coping among traditional and nontraditional students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined differences in perceived stress and coping strategies based on gender role identity (GRI) and sex among traditional and nontraditional college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online surveys that assessed demographic information, GRI, and perceived stress were completed between October 2013 and March 2014 by 197 students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nontraditional masculine male students reported higher levels of perceived stress compared with nontraditional androgynous male students. Traditional androgynous female students showed significantly lower levels of perceived stress compared with their masculine counterparts. Nontraditional female students reported using more approach coping strategies than their traditional male students, but there were no differences in coping strategies among traditional students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest traditional and nontraditional students have different levels of perceived stress based on sex and GRI. Thus, colleges and universities should consider designing workshops, programs, and seminars to address the needs of students based on their sex, GRI, and student type.
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health and School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Kayla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
authors.affiliation: c Department of Social Sciences , College of Coastal Georgia , Brunswick , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Charlsie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Androgynous; college students; coping strategies; gender role identity; nontraditional; perceived stress; sex differences traditional