title: Hand Hygiene, Cohorting, or Antibiotic Restriction to Control Outbreaks of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The best strategy for controlling extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) transmission in intensive care units (ICUs) remains elusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We developed a stochastic transmission model to quantify the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the spread of ESBL-PE in an ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modeled the evolution of an outbreak caused by the admission of a single carrier in a 10-bed ICU free of ESBL-PE. Using data obtained from recent muticenter studies, we studied 26 strategies combining different levels of the following 3 interventions: (1) increasing healthcare worker compliance with hand hygiene before and after contact with a patient; (2) cohorting; (3) reducing antibiotic prevalence at admission with or without reducing antibiotherapy duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improving hand hygiene compliance from 55% before patient contact and 60% after patient contact to 80% before and 80% after patient contact reduced the nosocomial incidence rate of ESBL-PE colonization by 91% at 90 days. Adding cohorting to hand hygiene improvement intervention decreased the proportion of ESBL-PE acquisitions by an additional 7%. Antibiotic restriction had the lowest impact on the epidemic. When combined with other interventions, it only marginally improved effectiveness, despite strong hypotheses regarding antibiotic impact on transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that hand hygiene is the most effective intervention to control ESBL-PE transmission in an ICU.
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelat
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kardaś-Słoma
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birgand
authors.affiliation: 4AP-HP,Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital,Bacteriology Laboratory,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruppé
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarzinger
authors.affiliation: 4AP-HP,Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital,Bacteriology Laboratory,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andremont
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lucet
authors.affiliation: 1INSERM,Infection,Antimicrobials,Modelization,Evolution (IAME),UMR 1137,F-75018 Paris,France.
authors.forename: Yazdan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yazdanpanah
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents