title: Assessment of Common Preoxygenation Strategies Outside of the Operating Room Environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoxygenation prior to intubation aims to increase the duration of safe apnea by causing denitrogenation of the functional residual capacity, replacing this volume with a reservoir of oxygen. In the operating room (OR) the criterion standard for preoxygenation is an anesthetic circuit and well-fitting face mask, which provide a high fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2 ). Outside of the OR, various strategies exist to provide preoxygenation. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used preoxygenation strategies outside of the OR environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective randomized unblinded study of 30 healthy staff volunteers from a major trauma center emergency department (ED) in Sydney, Australia. The main outcome measure is fractional expired oxygen concentration (FeO2 ) measured after a 3-minute period of tidal volume breathing with seven different preoxygenation strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean FeO2 achieved with the anesthetic circuit was 81.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 78.3% to 83.6%), bag-valve-mask (BVM) 80.1% (95% CI = 76.5% to 83.6%), BVM with nasal cannula (NC) 74.8% (95% CI = 72.0% to 77.6%), BVM with positive end-expiratory pressure valve (PEEP) 78.9% (95% CI = 75.4% to 82.3%), BVM + NC + PEEP 75.5% (95% CI = 72.2% to 78.9%), nonrebreather mask (NRM) 51.6% (95% CI = 48.8% to 54.4%), and NRM + NC 57.1% (95% CI = 52.9% to 61.2%). Preoxygenation efficacy with BVM strategies was significantly greater than NRM strategies (p < 0.01) and noninferior to the anesthetic circuit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy volunteers, the effectiveness of BVM preoxygenation was comparable to the anesthetic circuit (criterion standard) and superior to preoxygenation with NRM. The addition of NC oxygen, PEEP, or both did not improve the efficacy of the BVM device.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|CareFlight, Medical Retrieval Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Groombridge
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Cheau Wern
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|CareFlight, Medical Retrieval Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanrahan
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holdgate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008875:Middle Aged; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014193:Trauma Centers