title: Free and total urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among pregnant women from the Healthy Baby Cohort (HBC), China.
abstract: Total urinary phthalate metabolites (the free plus glucuronidated forms) have been frequently measured in the general population. However, data are limited on the free forms which may be more bioactive, especially for sensitive population such as pregnant women. Here the data gap was addressed by measuring concentrations of free and total forms of six phthalate metabolites in 293 urine samples from pregnant women at delivery, who were randomly selected from the prospective Healthy Baby Cohort (HBC), China. We observed detectable concentrations of the total amount of phthalate metabolites in all urine samples. The geometric mean (GM) urinary concentrations of free and total mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) (5.20, 54.49ng/mL) were the highest, followed by mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) (4.52, 7.27ng/mL). For most of phthalate metabolites, urinary concentrations were significantly higher in women who were nulliparous. Significantly higher concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were found in women who had higher educational level. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the free and total forms of phthalate metabolites among pregnant women in China. The results suggest that exposure characteristics may be related to parity and education.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingshuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: CDC of Yangtze River Administration and Navigational Affairs, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430019, China.
authors.forename: Yanjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aifen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
authors.forename: Zhengmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chuncao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenqian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xiawei@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xust@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shunqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Free form; Healthy baby cohort; Phthalate metabolites; Pregnant women