title: The 'Quiet Eye' and Motor Performance: A Systematic Review Based on Newell's Constraints-Led Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quiet eye (final fixation to a specific target prior to movement initiation) is a perceptual skill robustly associated with expertise and superior performance. The benefit of the phenomenon has been demonstrated in a range of sporting tasks. The mechanism(s) underpinning this phenomenon are much-debated and are associated with varying assumptions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review categorizes previous quiet eye research based on Newell's 1986 model of interacting constraints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) were searched from inception until February 2015. Details of relevant studies were also obtained from one literature review and two book chapters.
  To frame the discussion of research evidence concerning the quiet eye, previous studies were evaluated based on a classification of manipulating performer, environment, and task constraints. Additionally, associative studies (without specific constraints), and interacting constraints (affecting more than one constraint) were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review emphasizes that the quiet eye is beneficial for performing aiming tasks and that Newell's constraints model provides a useful framework for organizing knowledge in this area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the robust research on the value of the quiet eye, several gaps in current knowledge exist regarding the mechanism of the quiet eye effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149, Muenster, Germany. rebecca.rienhoff@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rienhoff
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tirp
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strauß
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schorer
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis