title: Suicidal germination for parasitic weed control.
abstract: Parasitic weeds of the genera Striga and Orobanche spp. cause severe yield losses in agriculture, especially in developing countries and the Mediterranean. Seeds of these weeds germinate by a chemical signal exuded by the roots of host plants. The radicle thus produced attaches to the root of the host plant, which can then supply nutrients to the parasite. There is an urgent need to control these weeds to ensure better agricultural production. The naturally occurring chemical signals are strigolactones (SLs), e.g. strigol and orobanchol. One option to control these weeds involves the use of SLs as suicidal germination agents, where germination takes place in the absence of a host. Owing to the lack of nutrients, the germinated seeds will die. The structure of natural SLs is too complex to allow multigram synthesis. Therefore, SL analogues are developed for this purpose. Examples are GR24 and Nijmegen-1. In this paper, the SL analogues Nijmegen-1 and Nijmegen-1 Me were applied in the field as suicidal germination agents. Both SL analogues were formulated using an appropriate EC-approved emulsifier (polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate) and applied to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) fields infested by Orobanche ramosa L. (hemp broomrape), following a strict protocol. Four out of 12 trials showed a reduction in broomrape of ≥95%, two trials were negative, two showed a moderate result, one was unclear and in three cases there was no Orobanche problem in the year of the trials. The trial plots were ca 2000 m2; half of that area was treated with stimulant emulsion, the other half was not treated. The optimal amount of stimulant was 6.25 g ha-1. A preconditioning prior to the treatment was a prerequisite for a successful trial. In conclusion, the suicidal germination approach to reducing O. ramosa in tobacco fields using formulated SL analogues was successful. Two other options for weed control are discussed: deactivation of stimulants prior to action and biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Organic Chemistry, Huygens Building, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. B.Zwanenburg@science.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Binne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zwanenburg
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Organic Chemistry, Huygens Building, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Alinanuswe S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mwakaboko
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Organic Chemistry, Huygens Building, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|ICAR - Indian Institute of Rice Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministery of Agriculture, Government of India, Rajendra Nagar, Hydrabad, India.
authors.forename: Chinnaswamy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031672:Orobanche / Q000187:drug effects*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000254:growth & development; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; C412302:nijmegen 1
keywords: Fusarium oxysporum; Nijmegen-1; Orobanche ramosa; biocontrol; borax; field trial; parasitic weeds; seedbank depletion; strigolactone analogues; suicidal germination; thiourea; weed control