title: Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Korean children and adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: We investigated whether dietary and urinary Na is associated with adiposity in Korean children and adolescents (10-18 years), a population with a high salt intake. Study subjects were Korean children and adolescents who participated in the cross-sectional nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011). This study used measures of dietary (24-h dietary recall) and urinary Na (Na:creatinine ratio) and three methods to determine obesity (BMI, waist circumference (WC) and total body per cent fat (TBPF)). Higher Na intake was significantly associated with obesity, adjusting for the covariates. Subjects in the highest tertile of urinary Na excretion had a significantly higher OR for higher adiposity compared with those in the lowest tertile (multivariate-adjusted OR 3·13 (95% CI 1·81, 5·50) for BMI, 2·15 (95% CI 1·27, 3·66) for WC and 1·92 (95% CI 1·29, 2·86) for TBPF, respectively). Na intake estimated by the 24-h recall method also showed significant association with adiposity (multivariate-adjusted OR 2·79 (95% CI 1·66, 4·68) for BMI and 2·14 (95% CI 1·25, 3·67) for WC, respectively). The significant associations between Na and adiposity remained significant after additionally adjusting for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Our results revealed a significant positive association between urinary and dietary Na and adiposity in Korean children and adolescents, independent of SSB consumption.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Food and Nutrition,Inha University,Incheon 402-751,Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Kyung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 2National Cancer Center,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Management,Goyang,Gyeonggi 411-769,Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Children; DEXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; KNHANES Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; MET metabolic equivalents; Obesity; SSB sugar-sweetened beverage; Sodium; TBPF total body per cent fat; WC waist circumference