title: Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 1: Approaches based on extractant drop-, plug-, film- and microflow-formation.
abstract: Simplicity, effectiveness, swiftness, and environmental friendliness - these are the typical requirements for the state of the art development of green analytical techniques. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) stands for a family of elegant sample pretreatment and analyte preconcentration techniques preserving these principles in numerous applications. By using only fractions of solvent and sample compared to classical liquid-liquid extraction, the extraction kinetics, the preconcentration factor, and the cost efficiency can be increased. Moreover, significant improvements can be made by automation, which is still a hot topic in analytical chemistry. This review surveys comprehensively and in two parts the developments of automation of non-dispersive LPME methodologies performed in static and dynamic modes. Their advantages and limitations and the reported analytical performances are discussed and put into perspective with the corresponding manual procedures. The automation strategies, techniques, and their operation advantages as well as their potentials are further described and discussed. In this first part, an introduction to LPME and their static and dynamic operation modes as well as their automation methodologies is given. The LPME techniques are classified according to the different approaches of protection of the extraction solvent using either a tip-like (needle/tube/rod) support (drop-based approaches), a wall support (film-based approaches), or microfluidic devices. In the second part, the LPME techniques based on porous supports for the extraction solvent such as membranes and porous media are overviewed. An outlook on future demands and perspectives in this promising area of analytical chemistry is finally given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, SK-04011, Košice, Slovakia. Electronic address: michal.alexovic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexovič
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, CZ-50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horstkotte
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, CZ-50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solich
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, SK-04011, Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Ján
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabo
keywords: Automation; Dynamic liquid phase microextraction; In-syringe liquid phase microextraction; Liquid phase microextraction; Microfluidic-based liquid phase microextraction; Miniaturisation; Single drop microextraction; Solvent plug microextraction; Static liquid phase microextraction; Wetting film microextraction