title: Two-Dimensional Differential Gel Electrophoresis to Identify Protein Biomarkers in Amniotic Fluid of Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) Pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Edwards syndrome (ES) is a severe chromosomal abnormality with a prevalence of about 0.8 in 10,000 infants born alive. The aims of this study were to identify candidate proteins associated with ES pregnancies from amniotic fluid supernatant (AFS) using proteomics, and to explore the role of biological networks in the pathophysiology of ES.
  
  
  METHODS
  AFS from six second trimester pregnancies with ES fetuses and six normal cases were included in this study. Fluorescence-based two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) were used for comparative proteomic analysis. The identified proteins were further validated by Western blotting and the role of biological networks was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve protein spots were differentially expressed by more than 1.5-fold in the AFS of the ES pregnancies. MALDI-TOF/MS identified one up-regulated protein: apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and four under-regulated proteins: vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and transthyretin (TTR). Western blot and densitometric analysis of ApoA1, A1AT, IGFBP-1, and TTR confirmed the alteration of these proteins in the amniotic fluid samples. Biological network analysis revealed that the proteins of the ES AFS were involved mainly in lipid and hormone metabolism, immune response, and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These five proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of ES. Further studies are needed to explore.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Te-Yao
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Ning
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Chang Hwa, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuender D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Hsin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Su-Hai
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bi-Hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Hsun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: An Kuo
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014314:Trisomy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000073842:Trisomy 18 Syndrome; D057825:Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D015415:Biomarkers; C032231:IGFBP1 protein, human; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D011228:Prealbumin; C043392:SERPINA1 protein, human; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin