title: Individual Psychotherapy and Changes in Self-Experience in Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Comparison of Patients in Metacognitively Focused and Supportive Psychotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deficits in metacognition, or the ability to form complex ideas about self and others, may be a root cause of dysfunction in schizophrenia. Accordingly, forms of psychotherapy have been proposed to address metacognitive deficits. This study explored whether metacognitively focused individual psychotherapy can affect self-experience by conducting narrative interviews of patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder enrolled in either metacognitively oriented psychotherapy (n = 12) or supportive psychotherapy (n = 13) in a naturalistic setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in both groups completed a narrative interview consisting of questions that focused on perceptions and process of psychotherapy and its impact on outcomes. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded using an inductive process informed by grounded theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative analyses revealed all participants reported psychotherapy led to improvements in self-esteem and the ability to think more clearly and set meaningful goals. The group receiving metacognitively oriented therapy, in contrast to those receiving supportive therapy, reported being able to integrate their current experiences into the larger narratives of their lives and an increased experience of sense of agency and the ability to understand and manage pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide evidence that metacognitively oriented psychotherapy may promote subjective forms of recovery.
authors.affiliation: a Roudebush VA Medical Center and the Indiana University School of Medicine, both in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lysaker
authors.affiliation: b Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kukla
authors.affiliation: c School of Psychological Science , University of Indianapolis, in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belanger
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Dominique A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: b Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.affiliation: e Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition; D008875:Middle Aged; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012649:Self Concept