title: Developmental trajectories of pitch-related music skills in children with Williams syndrome.
abstract: The study of music cognition in Williams syndrome (WS) has resulted in theoretical debates regarding cognitive modularity and development. However, no research has previously investigated the development of music skills in this population. In this study, we used the cross-sectional developmental trajectories approach to assess the development of pitch-related music skills in children with WS compared with typically developing (TD) peers. Thus, we evaluated the role of change over time on pitch-related music skills and the developmental relationships between music skills and different cognitive areas. In the TD children, the pitch-related music skills improved with chronological age and cognitive development. In the children with WS, developmental relationships were only found between several pitch-related music skills and specific cognitive processes. We also found non-systematic relationships between chronological age and the pitch-related music skills, stabilization in the level reached in music when cognitive development was considered, and uneven associations between cognitive and music skills. In addition, the TD and WS groups differed in their patterns of pitch-related music skill development. These results suggest that the development of pitch-related music skills in children with WS is atypical. Our findings stand in contrast with the views that claim innate modularity for music in WS; rather, they are consistent with neuroconstructivist accounts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: pastora.martinez@psi.uned.es.
authors.forename: Pastora
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martínez-Castilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.rodriguez@psi.uned.es.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: ruth.campos@uam.es.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Atypical development; Developmental trajectories; Pitch-related music skills; Williams syndrome