title: Biological lignocellulose solubilization: comparative evaluation of biocatalysts and enhancement via cotreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feedstock recalcitrance is the most important barrier impeding cost-effective production of cellulosic biofuels. Pioneer commercial cellulosic ethanol facilities employ thermochemical pretreatment and addition of fungal cellulase, reflecting the main research emphasis in the field. However, it has been suggested that it may be possible to process cellulosic biomass without thermochemical pretreatment using thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria. To further explore this idea, we examine the ability of various biocatalysts to solubilize autoclaved but otherwise unpretreated cellulosic biomass under controlled but not industrial conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbohydrate solubilization of mid-season harvested switchgrass after 5 days ranged from 24 % for Caldicellulosiruptor bescii to 65 % for Clostridium thermocellum, with intermediate values for a thermophilic horse manure enrichment, Clostridium clariflavum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) featuring a fungal cellulase cocktail and yeast. Under a variety of conditions, solubilization yields were about twice as high for C. thermocellum compared to fungal cellulase. Solubilization of mid-season harvested switchgrass was about twice that of senescent switchgrass. Lower yields and greater dependence on particle size were observed for Populus as compared to switchgrass. Trends observed from data drawn from six conversion systems and three substrates, including both time course and end-point data, were (1) equal fractional solubilization of glucan and xylan, (2) no biological solubilization of the non-carbohydrate fraction of biomass, and (3) higher solubilization for three of the four bacterial cultures tested as compared to the fungal cellulase system. Brief (5 min) ball milling of solids remaining after fermentation of senescent switchgrass by C. thermocellum nearly doubled carbohydrate solubilization upon reinnoculation as compared to a control without milling. Greater particle size reduction and solubilization were observed for milling of partially fermented solids than for unfermented solids. Physical disruption of cellulosic feedstocks after initiation of fermentation, termed cotreatment, warrants further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the ability to achieve significant solubilization of minimally pretreated switchgrass is widespread, a fivefold difference between the most and least effective biocatalyst-feedstock combinations was observed. Starting with nature's best biomass-solubilizing systems may enable a reduction in the amount of non-biological processing required, and in particular substitution of cotreatment for pretreatment.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA.
authors.forename: Julie M D
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Paye
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guseva
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gjersing
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olstad
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
authors.forename: Bryon S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Donohoe
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Thanh Yen
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wyman
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens GA, 30602 USA.
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pattathil
authors.affiliation: BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA ; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens GA, 30602 USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; BioEnergy Science Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge, TN USA.
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lynd
keywords: Biological solubilization; Cotreatment; Lignocellulose