title: Current understanding of metformin effect on the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
abstract: Metformin is a first-line oral anti-diabetic agent that has been used clinically to treat patients with type 2 diabetes for over 60 years. Due to its efficacy in therapy and affordable price, metformin is taken by more than 150 million people each year. Metformin improves hyperglycemia mainly through the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis along with the improvement of insulin signaling. However, its mechanism of action remains partially understood and controversial, especially in regard to the role of AMPK in metformin's action and the mechanism of AMPK activation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of metformin's suppression of hepatic glucose production and the mechanism related to the improvement of insulin signaling.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA heling@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose
keywords: glucose metabolism; insulin action; liver; metabolism