title: Mechanical reliability of air-abraded and acid-etched bonded feldspar ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of surface treatment (air-abrasion with alumina or hydrofluoric acid-etching) on feldspar ceramic mechanical strength and initial reliability (24h) before/after adhesive luting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ceramic discs (VITA) were tested as monolithic specimens (Acid; Abrasion), luted bilayers (Acid+luting agent; Abrasion+luting agent), or untreated (Control). Luted groups were coated using resin-based agent (RelyX Veneer, 3M ESPE). Biaxial flexural test with ball-on-ring setup was carried out (n=30). Biaxial flexural strength (σbf, MPa), characteristic strength (σ0, MPa), and Weibull modulus (m) were calculated for axial positions z=0 (ceramic surface) and z=-t2 (luting agent surface). For each condition, 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Scanning electron microscopy was used for topography and fractography analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At z=0, σbf and σ0 of luted specimens were higher than of monolithic specimens for both surface treatments. Groups Acid and Abrasion had lower σbf and σ0 than Control. Group Abrasion had poorer mechanical strength. Similar structural reliability was observed for all conditions except for the group Abrasion+luting agent, which had lower m than all other groups. At z=-t2, no significant differences between luted groups were observed for mechanical strength and reliability. A more irregular surface topography with more sharp angles was left by air-abrasion than etching. Monolithic specimens failed from surface pores at the tensile area, whereas failure in luted specimens originated from pores below the resin-ceramic interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air-abrasion yielded lower mechanical strength and initial reliability than acid etching. Presence of a resin-based luting agent layer bonded to ceramic significantly increased its mechanical strength.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Grabriela R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.affiliation: Dentistry School, Instituto Meridional, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aloíso O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Spazzin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: moraesrr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Moraes
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003738:Dental Cements; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C528569:Rely-X; D019279:Resin Cements; C016447:feldspar
keywords: Alumina; Feldspar ceramic; Resin-based luting agents; SEM; Surface treatments; Weibull analysis