title: Early diagnosis of fungal infections using piezomicrogravimetric and electric chemosensors based on polymers molecularly imprinted with d-arabitol.
abstract: An elevated concentration of d-arabitol in urine, especially compared to that of l-arabitol or creatinine, is indicative of a fungal infection. For that purpose, we devised, fabricated, and tested chemical sensors determining d-arabitol. These chemosensors comprised the quartz crystal resonator (QCR) or extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) transducers integrated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film recognition units. To this end, we successfully applied a covalent approach to molecular imprinting, which involved formation of weak reversible covalent bonds between vicinal hydroxyl groups of arabitol and boronic acid substituents of the bithiophene functional monomer used. The MIP films were synthesized and simultaneously deposited on gold electrodes of quartz crystal resonators (Au-QCRs) or Au-glass slides by oxidative potentiodynamic electropolymerization. With the QCR and EG-FET chemosensors, the d-arabitol concentration was determined under flow-injection analysis and stagnant-solution binding conditions, respectively. Selectivity with respect to common interferences, and l-arabitol in particular, of the devised chemosensors was superior. Limits of detection and linear dynamic concentration ranges of the QCR and EG-FET chemosensors were 0.15 mM and 0.15 to 1.25 mM as well as 0.12 mM and 0.12 to 1.00 mM, respectively, being lower than the d-arabitol concentrations in urine of patients with invasive candidiasis (>220 μM). Therefore, the devised chemosensors are suitable for early diagnosis of fungal infections caused by Candida sp. yeasts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dabrowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piyush Sindhu
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iskierko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noworyta
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cieplak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lisowski
authors.affiliation: Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oborska
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, ISM, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: wkutner@ichf.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Wlodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kutner
mesh_terms: D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D054802:Molecular Imprinting / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry; D014159:Transducers; D014173:Transistors, Electronic; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D013876:Thiophenes; C014999:arabitol
keywords: Candidiasis diagnosis; Extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET); Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP); Polybithiophene; Quartz crystal resonator (QCR) chemosensor; d-arabitol