title: Pain assessment according to the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain classification in patients with spinal cord injury referred to a multidisciplinary pain center.
abstract: METHODS
  This is a retrospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of pain types in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) according to the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain (ISCIP) classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in a multidisciplinary pain center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socio-demographic and clinical data were examined and ISCIP classification was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six individuals (51±13 years) with SCI had pain, a lesion older than 5 years in 67% and a pain history older than 5 years in 54% of patients. According to the ISCIP classification, nociceptive pain was present in 58% (musculoskeletal pain) and 3% (visceral pain) of the patients. At-level, below-level neuropathic pain and other neuropathic pain were observed, respectively in 53, 42 and 5% of patients. Unknown pain type was found in 8% of patients. Patients with complete lesions showed significantly more frequent neuropathic pain (P=0.021) and more frequent at-level SCI pain (P=0.00) compared with those with incomplete lesions. Patients with paraplegia had more often at-level pain (P=0.00), whereas patients with tetraplegia reported more often below-level pain (P=0.00). Patients had severe pain (mean intensity: 8.2 (±1.6) on a 0 to 10 numerical scale) and showed high grades of pain chronicity. Mild to severe depression and anxiety were present, respectively in 53 and 56% of patients. The health-related quality of life was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the ISCIP classification in a clinical setting is mirroring the very complex pain situation in patients with SCI referred to a multidisciplinary pain center, and it might be an important step for adequate pain therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahnig
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-2820
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stockinger
authors.affiliation: University of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Opsommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D018710:Pain Clinics; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult