title: Barriers and facilitators to uptake of systematic reviews by policy makers and health care managers: a scoping review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We completed a scoping review on the barriers and facilitators to use of systematic reviews by health care managers and policy makers, including consideration of format and content, to develop recommendations for systematic review authors and to inform research efforts to develop and test formats for systematic reviews that may optimise their uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Arksey and O'Malley approach for our scoping review. Electronic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo) were searched from inception until September 2014. Any study that identified barriers or facilitators (including format and content features) to uptake of systematic reviews by health care managers and policy makers/analysts was eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently screened the literature results and abstracted data from the relevant studies. The identified barriers and facilitators were charted using a barriers and facilitators taxonomy for implementing clinical practice guidelines by clinicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified useful information for authors of systematic reviews to inform their preparation of reviews including providing one-page summaries with key messages, tailored to the relevant audience. Moreover, partnerships between researchers and policy makers/managers to facilitate the conduct and use of systematic reviews should be considered to enhance relevance of reviews and thereby influence uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic review authors can consider our results when publishing their systematic reviews. These strategies should be rigorously evaluated to determine impact on use of reviews in decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. triccoa@smh.ca.|Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada. triccoa@smh.ca.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tricco
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. cardosor@smh.ca.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. thomasso@smh.ca.
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. sanober@alumni.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Sanober
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motiwala
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. ssull011@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. ryan.kealey@mail.utoronto.ca.|Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada. ryan.kealey@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kealey
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3rd Floor, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada. bhemmelg@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hemmelgarn
authors.affiliation: Département de science politique, Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada. mathieu.ouimet@pol.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ouimet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada. mhillmer@rogers.com.|Research, Evaluation, and Analysis Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 80 Grosvenor Street, Toronto, ON, M7A 1R3, Canada. mhillmer@rogers.com.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hillmer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada. l.perrier@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Rd Campus, Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LF, UK. sasha.shepperd@ndph.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shepperd
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. sharon.straus@utoronto.ca.|Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. sharon.straus@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Straus
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006270:Health Facility Administrators / Q000523:psychology*; D006298:Health Services Administration / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic