title: Brain Volumes at Term-Equivalent Age in Preterm Infants: Imaging Biomarkers for Neurodevelopmental Outcome through Early School Age.
abstract: To evaluate the relationship between brain volumes at term and neurodevelopmental outcome through early school age in preterm infants.
  
  
  
  One hundred twelve preterm infants (born mean gestational age 28.6 ± 1.7 weeks) were studied prospectively with magnetic resonance imaging (imaged at mean 41.6 ± 1.0 weeks). T2- and T1-weighted images were automatically segmented, and volumes of 6 tissue types were related to neurodevelopmental outcome assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (cognitive, fine, and gross motor scores) at 24 months corrected age (n = 112), Griffiths Mental Development Scales (developmental quotient) at age 3.5 years (n = 98), Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (n = 85), and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition at age 5.5 years (n = 44). Corrections were made for intracranial volume, maternal education, and severe brain lesions.
  
  
  
  Ventricular volumes were negatively related to neurodevelopmental outcome at age 24 months and 3.5 years, as well as processing speed at age 5.5 years. Unmyelinated white matter (UWM) volume was positively associated with motor outcome at 24 months and with processing speed at age 5.5 years. Cortical gray matter (CGM) volume demonstrated a negative association with motor performance and cognition at 24 months and with developmental quotient at age 3.5 years. Cerebellar volume was positively related to cognition at these time points. Adjustment for brain lesions attenuated the relations between cerebellar and CGM volumes and cognition.
  
  
  
  Brain volumes of ventricles, UWM, CGM, and cerebellum may serve as biomarkers for neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. The relationship between larger CGM volumes and adverse neurodevelopment may reflect disturbances in neuronal and/or axonal migration at the UWM-CGM boundary and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keunen
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Išgum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Britt J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van Kooij
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petronella
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anbeek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van Haastert
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koopman-Esseboom
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petronella C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fieret-van Stam
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger A J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nievelstein
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Groenendaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.benders@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Manon J N L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benders
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers