title: Effects of Emulsion Composition on Pulmonary Tobramycin Delivery During Antibacterial Perfluorocarbon Ventilation.
abstract: The effectiveness of inhaled aerosolized antibiotics is limited by poor ventilation of infected airways. Pulmonary delivery of antibiotics emulsified within liquid perfluorocarbon [antibacterial perfluorocarbon ventilation (APV)] may solve this problem through better airway penetration and improved spatial uniformity. However, little work has been done to explore emulsion formulation and the corresponding effects on drug delivery during APV. This study investigated the effects of emulsion formulation on emulsion stability and the pharmacokinetics of antibiotic delivery via APV.
  
  
  
  Gravity-driven phase separation was examined in vitro by measuring emulsion tobramycin concentrations at varying heights within a column of emulsion over 4 hours for varying values of fluorosurfactant concentration (Cfs = 5-48 mg/mL H2O). Serum and pulmonary tobramycin concentrations in rats were then evaluated following pulmonary tobramycin delivery via aerosol or APV utilizing sufficiently stable emulsions of varying aqueous volume percentage (Vaq = 1%-5%), aqueous tobramycin concentration (Ct = 20-100 mg/mL), and Cfs (15 and 48 mg/mL H2O).
  
  
  
  In vitro assessment showed sufficient spatial and temporal uniformity of tobramycin dispersion within emulsion for Cfs ≥15 mg/mL H2O, while lower Cfs values showed insufficient emulsification even immediately following preparation. APV with stable emulsion formulations resulted in 5-22 times greater pulmonary tobramycin concentrations at 4 hours post-delivery relative to aerosolized delivery. Concentrations increased with emulsion formulations utilizing increased Vaq (with decreased Ct) and, to a lesser extent, increased Cfs.
  
  
  
  The emulsion stability necessary for effective delivery is retained at Cfs values as low as 15 mg/mL H2O. Additionally, the pulmonary retention of antibiotic delivered via APV is significantly greater than that of aerosolized delivery and can be most effectively increased by increasing Vaq and decreasing Ct. APV has been further proven as an effective means of pulmonary drug delivery with the potential to significantly improve antibiotic therapy for lung disease patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Orizondo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Mario L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fabiilli
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Marissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000335:Aerosol Propellants / Q000737:chemistry*; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014031:Tobramycin
keywords: emulsion; perfluorocarbon; respiratory infection; ventilation