title: Gold Nanorods Based Air Scanning Electron Microscopy and Diffusion Reflection Imaging for Mapping Tumor Margins in Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: A critical challenge arising during a surgical procedure for tumor removal is the determination of tumor margins. Gold nanorods (GNRs) conjugated to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) (GNRs-EGFR) have long been used in the detection of cancerous cells as the expression of EGFR dramatically increases once the tissue becomes cancerous. Optical techniques for the identification of these GNRs-EGFR in tumor are intensively developed based on the unique scattering and absorption properties of the GNRs. In this study, we investigate the distribution of the GNRs in tissue sections presenting squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to evaluate the SCC margins. Air scanning electron microscopy (airSEM), a novel, high resolution microscopy is used, enabling to localize and actually visualize nanoparticles on the tissue. The airSEM pictures presented a gradient of GNRs from the tumor to normal epithelium, spread in an area of 1 mm, suggesting tumor margins of 1 mm. Diffusion reflection (DR) measurements, performed in a resolution of 1 mm, of human oral SCC have shown a clear difference between the DR profiles of the healthy epithelium and the tumor itself.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
authors.forename: Rinat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ankri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashkenazy
authors.affiliation: B-nano LTD , Rehovot 76326, Israel.
authors.forename: Yonat
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.affiliation: B-nano LTD , Rehovot 76326, Israel.
authors.forename: Yaniv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Brami
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center , Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel.
authors.forename: Asaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olshinka
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Unit, Ophthalmology Department, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
authors.forename: Nitza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goldenberg-Cohen
authors.affiliation: Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center , Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqwa 4941492, Israel.
authors.forename: Aron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popovtzer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fixler
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000068818:Cetuximab / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068818:Cetuximab
keywords: EGFR bio conjugating; airSEM; diffusion reflection imaging; gold nanoparticles; oral cancer; squamous cells carcinoma; tumor margins