title: The Neural Representation of Goal-Directed Actions and Outcomes in the Ventral Striatum's Olfactory Tubercle.
abstract: The ventral striatum is critical for evaluating reward information and the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. The many cellular, afferent, and efferent similarities between the ventral striatum's nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (OT) suggests the distributed involvement of neurons within the ventral striatopallidal complex in motivated behaviors. Although the nucleus accumbens has an established role in representing goal-directed actions and their outcomes, it is not known whether this function is localized within the nucleus accumbens or distributed also within the OT. Answering such a fundamental question will expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying motivated behaviors. Here we address whether the OT encodes natural reinforcers and serves as a substrate for motivational information processing. In recordings from mice engaged in a novel water-motivated instrumental task, we report that OT neurons modulate their firing rate during initiation and progression of the instrumental licking behavior, with some activity being internally generated and preceding the first lick. We further found that as motivational drive decreases throughout a session, the activity of OT neurons is enhanced earlier relative to the behavioral action. Additionally, OT neurons discriminate the types and magnitudes of fluid reinforcers. Together, these data suggest that the processing of reward information and the orchestration of goal-directed behaviors is a global principle of the ventral striatum and have important implications for understanding the neural systems subserving addiction and mood disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Goal-directed behaviors are widespread among animals and underlie complex behaviors ranging from food intake, social behavior, and even pathological conditions, such as gambling and drug addiction. The ventral striatum is a neural system critical for evaluating reward information and the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. Here we show that neurons in the olfactory tubercle subregion of the ventral striatum robustly encode the onset and progression of motivated behaviors, and discriminate the type and magnitude of a reward. Our findings are novel in showing that olfactory tubercle neurons participate in such coding schemes and are in accordance with the principle that ventral striatum substructures may cooperate to guide motivated behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-8157
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gadziola
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 dww53@case.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-3866
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wesson
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006040:Goals; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009042:Motivation; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D066208:Olfactory Tubercle / Q000166:cytology*; D012201:Reward; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: appetitive behavior; basal ganglia; consummatory behavior; motivation; reward; ventral striatopallidal complex