title: Inflammatory cytokines and non-small cell lung cancer in a CT-scan screening cohort: Background review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory cytokines are at the intersection of tumor cell biology and host immune response. Peripheral cytokine expression levels may reflect the microscopic tumor milieu, and specific cytokines play an integral role in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. High-throughput cytokine analysis may identify panels for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis and identify individuals at high-risk for lung cancer with indeterminate lung nodules 8-20 mm in size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen serum cytokines from the NYU Lung Cancer Biomarker Center cohort with early-stage NSCLC were analyzed using bead-based immunoassay technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the NYU cohort, a one unit increase in interferon-γ increased risk of lung cancer by 3% (OR = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.02-1.05) and a one unit increase in TNF-α decreased the risk of lung cancer by 53% (OR = 0.47, 95% Cl, 0.31-0.71) when both cytokines were included in a logistic regression model with adjustments for age and pack-years of smoking. The resulting AUC for the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.88; the sensitivity and specificity at the optimal cutpoint were 78.9% and 90.3%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines have limited value in the early diagnosis of early-stage NSCLC. Our review of the literature suggests that although inflammation is important for the development of NSCLC, that cytokines are increased in more advanced lung cancer than when the diagnosis occurs at presentation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeCotiis
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alissa K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Maryann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huie
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jun-Chieh J
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pass
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Judith D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Rom
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D015897:Comorbidity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Inflammatory cytokines; biomarkers; non-small cell lung cancer