title: Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Cooking Emissions.
abstract: Cooking processes produce gaseous and particle emissions that are potentially deleterious to human health. Using a highly controlled experimental setup involving a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), we investigate the emission factors and the detailed chemical composition of gas phase emissions from a broad variety of cooking styles and techniques. A total of 95 experiments were conducted to characterize nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) emissions from boiling, charbroiling, shallow frying, and deep frying of various vegetables and meats, as well as emissions from vegetable oils heated to different temperatures. Emissions from boiling vegetables are dominated by methanol. Significant amounts of dimethyl sulfide are emitted from cruciferous vegetables. Emissions from shallow frying, deep frying and charbroiling are dominated by aldehydes of differing relative composition depending on the oil used. We show that the emission factors of some aldehydes are particularly large which may result in considerable negative impacts on human health in indoor environments. The suitability of some of the aldehydes as tracers for the identification of cooking emissions in ambient air is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Naomi J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Farren
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Anais
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Detournay
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bozzetti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kaspar R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Daellenbach
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dogushan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nivedita K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simone M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pieber
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Slowik
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Temime-Roussel
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jacqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baltensperger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: André S H
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Prévôt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El Haddad
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008460:Meat; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D011522:Protons; D011930:Reaction Time; D013440:Sulfides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000447:Aldehydes; D005740:Gases; D010938:Plant Oils; D011522:Protons; D013440:Sulfides; C004784:dimethyl sulfide