title: Dietary magnesium intake and the incidence of depression: A 20-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a major global public health concern. The aetiology of depression is partly unclear; however, intake of nutrients, such as magnesium, have been suggested to affect depressive symptoms and modify depression risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research is a part of the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, conducted on a sample of 2320 Eastern Finnish men aged 42-61 years old at the baseline. Magnesium intake was assessed by a 4-day food record. Hospital discharge diagnosis of unipolar depressive disorder was used as an outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the middle tertile of dietary magnesium intake had a statistically significantly decreased risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression compared to participants in the lowest tertile of magnesium intake (HR 0.49, CI 0.25-0.95, P=0.035) in the prospective setting after multivariable adjustments. In addition, an inverse association between magnesium intake and the risk of depression was found when the combined middle and highest tertiles of magnesium intake were compared with the lowest tertile (HR 0.53, CI 0.29-0.95, P=0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings may not be generalizable to individuals below middle-age or women. Moreover, we were unable to consider cases with mild depression in the longitudinal setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that magnesium intake may have an effect on the risk to develop depression. Further studies are needed to investigate whether sufficient magnesium intake could have implications for prevention or treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Teymoor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yary
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Soili M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolmunen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kauhanen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: anu.ruusunen@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruusunen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Depression; Magnesium; Prospective study