title: Fractional anisotropy in children with dystonia or spasticity correlates with the selection for DBS or ITB movement disorder surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing interest in neurosurgical interventions for hypertonicity in children and young people (CAYP), which often presents with a mixture of dystonia and spasticity. Significant spasticity would usually be considered a contraindication for deep brain stimulation (DBS) and more suitably treated with intrathecal baclofen (ITB). We aimed to explore whether white matter microstructure, as measured by Fractional Anisotropy (FA), differed between CAYP selected for DBS compared to ITB surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed Diffusion Tensor Imaging for 31 CAYP selected for DBS surgery (14 primary dystonia, 17 secondary dystonia) and 10 CAYP selected for ITB surgery. A voxel-wise comparison of FA values was performed using tract-based spatial statistics, comparing primary and secondary dystonia groups to the ITB group, and the two dystonia groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widespread areas of reduced FA were demonstrated in ITB compared to either DBS group and in CAYP with secondary compared to primary dystonia. These changes were not restricted to motor pathways. Region of interest (ROI) analysis from the corticospinal tract (CST) demonstrated groupwise differences but overlapping values at the individual level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DTI measures may contribute to decision making for CAYP selection for movement disorder surgery. Significant differences in CAYP with secondary dystonia selected for DBS surgery compared to CAYP selected for ITB pump implants, suggesting that more extensive white matter injury may be a feature of the spastic motor phenotype. Altered white matter microstructure could potentially explain the reduced responsiveness to interventions such as DBS in secondary compared to primary dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Complex Motor Disorders Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK. doclumsden@hotmail.com.|Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK. doclumsden@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-6177
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lumsden
authors.affiliation: Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ashmore
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK.|Medical Physics, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charles-Edwards
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selway
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.|Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Keyoumars
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashkan
authors.affiliation: Complex Motor Disorders Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016880:Anisotropy; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D004421:Dystonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D018579:Patient Selection
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001418:Baclofen
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Dystonia; Fractional anisotropy; Intrathecal baclofen; Spasticity