title: Exposure assessment of dogs to mycotoxins through consumption of dry feed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Brazilian exportation of pet food has shown high growth rates in the last two years and determination of the exposure degree is one of the most important parameters for the risk assessment of chemical compounds. In this study the exposure degree of dogs to mycotoxins was estimated and acceptable daily intake (ADI) and safe pet dietary level (SPDL) were calculated. Thus the natural occurrence of fumonisins, zearalenone and aflatoxins was evaluated in 100 dry dog feed samples provided by pet owners in Paraná State, Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the high frequency of fumonisins (68%), zearalenone (95%) and aflatoxins (68%) in feed samples, the mean levels detected were low. ADI for fumonisins and zearalenone was 20.0 and 1.00 µg kg(-1) body weight (BW) day(-1) respectively and SPDL for fumonisins was 2000 µg kg(-1) feed. The probable daily intake values (1.83 µg fumonisins, 0.93 µg zearalenone and 0.02 µg aflatoxins kg(-1) BW day(-1) ) were low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure degree of dogs could be assumed to be very low. However, the co-occurrence of these three or other mycotoxins, and possible synergic or additive effects, should be taken into account when determining the maximum allowed levels or risk assessment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Bissoqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Frehse
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bordini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hirozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, PO Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisabete Ys
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil; D004032:Diet; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000032:analysis; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D015025:Zearalenone
keywords: co-contamination; dog feed; feed safety; mycotoxin exposure degree; pet food