title: Urinary Biomarkers of Brain Diseases.
abstract: Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood, urine is not subject to homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, greater fluctuations could occur in urine than in blood, better reflecting the changes in human body. The roadmap of urine biomarker era was proposed. Although urine analysis has been attempted for clinical diagnosis, and urine has been monitored during the progression of many diseases, particularly urinary system diseases, whether urine can reflect brain disease status remains uncertain. As some biomarkers of brain diseases can be detected in the body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood, there is a possibility that urine also contain biomarkers of brain diseases. This review summarizes the clues of brain diseases reflected in the urine proteome and metabolome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China. Electronic address: anmanxia@126.com.
authors.forename: Manxia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: gaoyouhe@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Youhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Biomarkers; Brain diseases; Metabolomics; Proteomics; Urine