title: Effect of meal composition on postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, and glucose responses in overweight/obese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released in response to food intake. It is unclear how meals high in protein (HP) and monounsaturated fat (HMF) affect GLP-1 response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of a HP versus a HMF meal on GLP-1 response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four overweight/obese participants consumed two meals (HP: 31.9 % energy from protein; HMF: 35.2 % fat and 20.7 % monounsaturated fat) in a random order. Both meals contained the same energy and carbohydrate content. GLP-1, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, and glucose were assessed from blood drawn in the fasting and postprandial states. The effect of meal condition on hormone and glucose responses and appetite ratings were assessed by repeated measures analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant (p < 0.01) time by meal condition effect was observed on active GLP-1, total GLP-1, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, but not glucose (p = 0.83). Area under the curve was significantly higher during the HP versus the HMF meal conditions for active GLP-1 (23.7 %; p = 0.0007), total GLP-1 (12.2 %; p < 0.0001), insulin (54.4 %; p < 0.0001), C-peptide (14.8 %; p < 0.0001), and glucagon (40.7 %; p < 0.0001). Blood glucose was not different between the HP versus HMF conditions (-4.8 %; p = 0.11). Insulin sensitivity was higher during the HMF versus HP conditions (Matsuda index mean difference: 16.3 %; p = 0.007). Appetite ratings were not different by meal condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLP-1 and insulin responses were higher during the HP condition. However, no difference was found in blood glucose between conditions, and insulin sensitivity was higher during the HMF condition, indicating that a HMF meal may be optimal at regulating blood glucose in overweight/obese individuals without type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA. m.shah@tcu.edu.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams-Huet
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouza
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dart
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon
keywords: Glucagon-like peptide-1; High-monounsaturated fat meal; High-protein meal; Insulin; Meal composition; Obesity