title: Engineering Stem Cell Organoids.
abstract: Organoid systems leverage the self-organizing properties of stem cells to create diverse multi-cellular tissue proxies. Most organoid models only represent single or partial components of a tissue, and it is often difficult to control the cell type, organization, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions within these systems. Herein, we discuss basic approaches to generate stem cell-based organoids, their advantages and limitations, and how bioengineering strategies can be used to steer the cell composition and their 3D organization within organoids to further enhance their utility in research and therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Helia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Safaee
authors.affiliation: Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: jeffkarp.bwh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: levyorn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D044085:Microfluidics; D038081:Organogenesis; D009940:Organoids / Q000166:cytology*; D012038:Regeneration; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins