title: Contingency and the order of nature.
abstract: Many profess faith in the universal rule of deterministic law. I urge remaining agnostic, putting into nature only what we need to account for what we know to be the case: order where, and to the extent that, we see it. Powers and mechanisms can do that job. Embracing contingency and deriving order from powers and mechanisms reduces three kinds of problems: ontological, theological, and epistemological. Ontologically, there is no puzzle about why models from various branches of natural and social science, daily life, and engineering serve us in good stead if all that's happening is physics laws playing themselves out. Also, when universal laws are replaced with a power/mechanism ontology, nothing is set irredeemably by the Big Bang or at some hyper-surface in space-time. What happens can depend on how we arrange things to exploit the powers of their parts. That may be put to significant theological advantage. The epistemological problem comes from philosopher of physics, Erhard Scheibe. Given what we take physics to teach about the universality of interaction, there is just one very large object - the entire universe - to be governed by laws of nature. How then do we ever learn those laws?
authors.affiliation: Philosophy Department, Durham University, Durham, UK; Philosophy Department, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: nancy.cartwright@durham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D019359:Knowledge; D019368:Nature; D010684:Philosophy / Q000266:history; D012586:Science / Q000266:history; D028725:Theology / Q000266:history
keywords: Contingency; Determinism; Laws of nature; Mechanisms; Order; Powers