title: Protoporphyrin IX-loaded magnetoliposomes as a potential drug delivery system for photodynamic therapy: Fabrication, characterization and in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a well-known photosensitizer that has great potential for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, aggregation behavior of PpIX in neutral water makes it inappropriate for physiological studies. PpIX-loaded magnetoliposomes (MLs) were fabricated to increase PpIX biocompatibility. PpIX-loaded ML physical properties were characterized, and PpIX-loaded ML drug release behavior was investigated under the influence of an external magnetic field and heat. Toxicity and photodynamic effects of the complex were also examined using in vitro experiments with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The magnetoliposomes were prepared with DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000 lipids and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The toxicity and in vitro photodynamic effects of the PpIX-loaded MLs at various concentrations were studied using the MCF-7 cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The produced PpIX-loaded MLs exhibited an average hydrodynamic diameter of 221nm; however, TEM measurements indicated that the diameter of the PpIX-loaded MLs varied between 166 and 720nm. The iron content of the MLs affected cell viability less than the content of the iron free liposomes. Cell viability was reduced to 66% when the concentration of the PpIX-loaded MLs was 350nM, but when white light was applied for 5min, all of the cells that were exposed to concentrations of 250nM and higher PpIX died within 24h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrated the effective application of PpIX-loaded MLs for in vitro photodynamic therapy at nanomolar concentrations. The results also indicated that an LED light source provided sufficient energy to stimulate the PpIX molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey. Electronic address: hbasoglu@bezmialem.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Basoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey. Electronic address: mdbilgin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet Dincer
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: mdemir@iyte.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Mustafa Muammer
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Demir
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008081:Liposomes; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D053769:Nanocapsules; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; C028025:protoporphyrin IX
keywords: Iron oxide nanoparticles; MCF-7 cells; Magnetoliposomes; Photodynamic therapy; Protoporphyrin IX