title: Ankle fracture patterns in drivers are associated with femoral fracture, higher BMI, and advanced age.
abstract: Despite advances in vehicle safety systems, motor vehicle crashes continue to cause ankle fractures. This study attempts to provide insight into the mechanisms of injury and to identify the at-risk population groups.
  
  
  
  A study was made of ankle fractures patients treated at an urban level 1 trauma center following motor vehicle crashes, with a concurrent analysis of a nationally representative crash data set. The national data set focused on ankle fractures in drivers involved in frontal crashes. Statistical analysis was applied to the national data set to identify factors associated with fracture risk.
  
  
  
  Malleolar fractures occurred most frequently in the driver's right foot due to pedal interaction. The majority of complex/open fractures occurred in the left foot due to interaction with the vehicle floor. These fractures occurred in association with a femoral fracture, but their broad injury pattern suggests a range of fracture causation mechanisms. The statistical analysis indicated that the risk of fracture increased with increasing driver body mass index (BMI) and age.
  
  
  
  Efforts to reduce the risk of driver ankle injury should focus on right foot and pedal interaction. The range of injury patterns identified here suggest that efforts to minimize driver ankle fracture risk will likely need to consider injury tolerances for flexion, pronation/supination, and axial loading in order to capture the full range of injury mechanisms. In the clinical environment, physicians examining drivers after a frontal crash should consider those who are older or obese or who have severe femoral injury without concurrent head injury as highly suspicious for an ankle injury.
authors.affiliation: a McLaren Flint , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wynkoop
authors.affiliation: a McLaren Flint , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Osy
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ndubaku
authors.affiliation: a McLaren Flint , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fras
authors.affiliation: a McLaren Flint , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Kettering University , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eekhoff
authors.affiliation: b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Kettering University , Flint , Michigan.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D064386:Ankle Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: NASS-CDS; ankle fracture; driver; front impact; obese; old drivers