title: Extracellular Vesicles from Trypanosoma brucei Mediate Virulence Factor Transfer and Cause Host Anemia.
abstract: Intercellular communication between parasites and with host cells provides mechanisms for parasite development, immune evasion, and disease pathology. Bloodstream African trypanosomes produce membranous nanotubes that originate from the flagellar membrane and disassociate into free extracellular vesicles (EVs). Trypanosome EVs contain several flagellar proteins that contribute to virulence, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense EVs contain the serum resistance-associated protein (SRA) necessary for human infectivity. T. b. rhodesiense EVs transfer SRA to non-human infectious trypanosomes, allowing evasion of human innate immunity. Trypanosome EVs can also fuse with mammalian erythrocytes, resulting in rapid erythrocyte clearance and anemia. These data indicate that trypanosome EVs are organelles mediating non-hereditary virulence factor transfer and causing host erythrocyte remodeling, inducing anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Szempruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Rudo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kieft
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Allison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Anzio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Ernesto S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Nakayasu
authors.affiliation: Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
authors.forename: Igor C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: shajduk@bmb.uga.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hajduk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: johnmharrin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D005407:Flagella / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000032:analysis; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D020543:Proteome; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012235:Rhodamines; D037521:Virulence Factors; C403774:serum resistance associated protein, Trypanosoma brucei; C044542:octadecyl Rhodamine B chloride