title: Couple's infertility in relation to male smoking in a Chinese rural area.
abstract: Smoking is a well-known risk factor of reproductive health. However, the effect of paternal smoking on fertility has been less extensively examined. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a mountainous area of South-West China to assess the effect of male smoking on couples' fertility. A total of 8200 couples aged 18-49 years in the study area were invited to participate in the study. An in-person interview was performed to collect demographic characteristics of the couples, and husbands' life style factors including smoking and drinking habits. Information on time to pregnancy (TTP) was collected retrospectively. Infertility was defined as failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after regular unprotected intercourse for ≥12 months. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between male smoking and infertility. A total of 7025 couples were included in the final analysis. After adjusting for potential confounders, the couples were more likely to suffer from infertility if the husbands smoked (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] =1.28, 95% CI: 1.08-1.52) before the first pregnancy. After the analyses were performed according to husbands' smoking duration, an increased risk started at a relatively longer smoking duration of 5-10 years (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.26-1.99) and a stronger association (aOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.45-4.56) was observed in the group of ≥10 years. Similar patterns were found for the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the total amount of cigarettes smoked. From our findings, we conclude that male smoking may have an adverse impact on couples' infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Family Planning Research Institute, Guiyang, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Family Planning Research Institute, Guiyang, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mao-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Miao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D060728:Reproductive Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult