title: Comparison of haloperidol and midazolam in restless management of patients referred to the Emergency Department: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restless and violent behaviors are common in Emergency Departments (EDs), which need therapeutic interventions in most of the times. The first-generation anti-psychotic drugs are one of the most applicable therapeutic agents in the management of such patients, but their use has some limitations. Some studies suggest midazolam as an alternative medicine. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim of comparison of the efficacy and safety of haloperidol and midazolam in the restless management of referring patients to EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present double-blinded trial was done on patients needed sedation and referred to the ED of Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2014. The patients were categorized into two random groups of haloperidol (5 mg) and midazolam receivers (2.5 mg for those weighing <50 kg and 5 mg in >50 kg), as intramuscular administration. The time to achieve sedation, need for rescue dose, need to resedation within the first 60 min, and adverse effects of drugs were compared among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients were entered to the study. The mean age in the haloperidol and midazolam groups was 44.8 ± 4.1 years and 45.5 ± 4.7 years, respectively (P = 0.91). The mean time of sedation in the haloperidol and midazolam groups was 5.6 ± 0.3 min and 5.2 ± 0.1 min, respectively (P = 0.31). The mean time of full consciousness after sedation was 36.2 ± 4.5 min and 38.2 ± 3.4 min in the haloperidol and midazolam groups, respectively (P = 0.72). On average, time to arousal in the midazolam group was 10.33 min more than the haloperidol group, but it was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study show that administration of midazolam and haloperidol have similar efficacy in the treatment of restless symptoms with the same recovery time from drug effects for referring patients to the ED. In addition, none of the adverse effects were observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmailian
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamani
keywords: Drug effects; drug prescription; emergency treatment; haloperidol; midazolam; movement disorders