title: Synergistic Effects of Expectancy and Value on Homework Engagement: The Case for a Within-Person Perspective.
abstract: Historically, expectancy-value models of motivation assumed a synergistic relation between expectancy and value: motivation is high only when both expectancy and value are high. Motivational processes were studied from a within-person perspective, with expectancies and values being assessed or experimentally manipulated across multiple domains and the focus being placed on intraindividual differences. In contrast, contemporary expectancy-value models in educational psychology concentrate almost exclusively on linear effects of expectancy and value on motivational outcomes, with a focus on between-person differences. Recent advances in latent variable methodology allow both issues to be addressed in observational studies. Using the expectancy-value model of homework motivation as a theoretical framework, this study estimated multilevel structural equation models with latent interactions in a sample of 511 secondary school students and found synergistic effects between domain-specific homework expectancy and homework value in predicting homework engagement in 6 subjects. This approach not only brings the "×" back into expectancy-value theory but also reestablishes the within-person perspective as the appropriate level of analysis for latent expectancy-value models.
authors.affiliation: a University of Tübingen.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nagengast
authors.affiliation: a University of Tübingen.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.affiliation: a University of Tübingen.
authors.forename: Augustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelava
authors.affiliation: b Humboldt University Berlin.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lüdtke