title: Natural history of human papillomavirus infection in non-vaccinated young males: low clearance probability in high-risk genotypes.
abstract: In this study, we aimed to investigate the clearance of type-specific genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in heterosexual, non-HPV-vaccinated males whose female partners were positive to HPV DNA tests. All consecutive men attending the same sexually transmitted diseases (STD) centre between January 2005 and December 2006 were considered for this study. All subjects (n = 1009) underwent a urologic visit and microbiological tests on first void, midstream urine and total ejaculate samples. One hundred and five patients were positive for HPV DNA (10.4 %; mean age: 34.8 ± 5.8 years) and consented to clinical examination and molecular diagnostic assays for HPV detection scheduled every 6 months (median surveillance period of 53.2 months). HPV genotypes were classified as high risk, probable high risk and low risk. HPV-positive samples which did not hybridise with any of the type-specific probes were referred to as positive non-genotypeable. At enrollment, the distribution of HPV genotypes was as follows: high-risk HPV (n = 37), probable high-risk HPV (n = 6), low-risk HPV (n = 23) and non-genotypeable HPV (n = 39). A high HPV genotype concordance between stable sexual partners emerged (kappa = 0.92; p < 0.001). At the end of the study, 71/105 (67.6 %) subjects were negative for HPV (mean virus clearance time: 24.3 months). With regard to the HPV genotype, virus clearance was observed in 14/37 (37.8 %) high-risk HPV cases, 6/6 (100 %) probable high-risk HPV cases, 20/23 (86.9 %) low-risk HPV cases and 31/39 (79.5 %) non-genotypeable cases. The high-risk HPV genotypes showed the lowest rate and probability of viral clearance (p < 0.001). In our series, high-risk HPV infections were more likely to persist over time when compared with other HPV genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro, 9, 38123, Trento, Italy. ktommy@libero.it.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Division, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.|Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perletti
authors.affiliation: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meacci
authors.affiliation: Urology Clinic, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magri
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verze
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.affiliation: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzoli
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mirone
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartoletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load