title: Fructose and glucose combined with free fatty acids induce metabolic disorders in HepG2 cell: A new model to study the impacts of high-fructose/sucrose and high-fat diets in vitro.
abstract: METHODS
  This work investigated the underlying mechanism of high-fructose/sucrose and high-fat diets, which rapidly induce metabolic syndrome in vivo, via a new cell model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose and/or fructose were used to induce the human hepatoma cell (HepG2) in the presence of palmitic acid, oleic acid, or combined fatty acids (CFA) for 24 h. The alterations in lipid and uric acid production, glucose metabolism, oxidative status, and related genes and proteins were monitored. The cell model that featured metabolic disorders was established by treatment of 10 mM glucose and 15 mM fructose plus 1 mM CFA. Results showed that palmitic acid mainly induced insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and triglyceride (TG) secretion, whereas oleic acid mainly contributed to intracellular TG. Fructose was mainly responsible for uric acid and cholesterol production. In addition, fructose synergistically elevated the intra- and extracellular TG and extracellular malonaldehyde with glucose and CFA. Regulations of genes and proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism and lipogenesis partially explained the action of fructose in inducing the metabolic disorders in cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of glucose, fructose, and CFA could successfully induce metabolic disorders in HepG2 cells, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia, and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Ribio Biotech Co, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hongjuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Baoping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005631:Fructokinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D005632:Fructose; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006003:Glycogen; D002784:Cholesterol; D005631:Fructokinases; C046173:fructokinase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Cell model; Free fatty acids; Fructose; HepG2; Metabolic disorders