title: The association of race/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several epidemiologic studies suggest that compared to white women, Asians have a greater propensity to suffer an atypical femur fracture (AFF) while taking bisphosphonate therapy. This study examines the relative risk of AFF following bisphosphonate initiation for Asian compared to white women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a large integrated northern California healthcare delivery system, we examined diaphyseal femur fracture outcomes among women age≥50years old who initiated oral bisphosphonate therapy during 2002-2007. An AFF was defined by the 2013 American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force criteria. The risk of radiographically-confirmed AFF was examined for Asian compared to white women, adjusting for differences in bisphosphonate exposure and other potential risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 48,390 women (65.3% white, 17.1% Asian) who newly initiated bisphosphonate therapy and were followed for a median of 7.7years, 68 women experienced an AFF. The rate of AFF was 18.7 per 100,000 person-years overall and eight-fold higher among Asian compared to white women (64.2 versus 7.6 per 100,000 person-years). Asians were also more likely to have longer bisphosphonate treatment duration compared to whites (median 3.8 versus 2.7years). The age-adjusted relative hazard for AFF was 8.5 (95% confidence interval 4.9-14.9) comparing Asian to white women, and was only modestly reduced to 6.6 (3.7-11.5) after adjusting for bisphosphonate duration and current use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms marked racial disparity in AFF risk that should be further investigated, particularly the mechanisms accounting for this difference. These findings also underscore the need to further examine the association of bisphosphonate duration and AFF in women of Asian race, as well as differential risk across Asian subgroups. In the interim, counseling of Asian women about osteoporosis drug continuation should include consideration of their potentially higher AFF risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA; Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, USA. Electronic address: Joan.C.Lo@kp.org.
authors.forename: Joan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, Kaiser Permanente California, USA.
authors.forename: Rita L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Grimsrud
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA.
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA.
authors.forename: Romain S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA.
authors.forename: Joel R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budayr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ettinger
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates
keywords: Atypical fracture; Bisphosphonates; Femoral shaft; Femur fracture; Subtrochanter