title: Methods for the determination of the substantivity of topical formulations.
abstract: Skin diseases are usually treated using topical formulations. Frequently, multiple applications per day are necessary, as up to 90% of the formulation (and thus of the active) are withdrawn from the skin by contact with the environment. During the development of topical formulations ex vivo permeation and penetration experiments are deployed to characterize the formulations. Still, these tests do not take into account the removal of formulations during the application period. To date, only few methods exist to probe the substantivity of dermal formulations. The aim of this investigation was to develop methods that simulate skin-to-skin or clothing-to-skin contact and enable the determination of the amount of formulation that is removed from the skin due to the contact. Three different types of formulations were used to validate the systems: a conventional semisolid cream, an oil-in-oil-emulsion, and a film forming formulation. The results showed that the substantivity decreased in the order: film forming formulation > semisolid cream > oil-in-oil-emulsion. A similar trend could be determined with both methods although the total amounts of withdrawn formulation differed. The developed methods can add to the knowledge about the formulation and can be used to develop formulations that exhibit higher substantivity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lunter
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D018689:Sensory System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D063465:Skin Cream / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D009821:Oils; D018689:Sensory System Agents; D002211:Capsaicin; C040937:nonivamide
keywords: Film forming formulation; formulation characterization; nonivamide; pig ear skin; semisolids; substantivity