title: In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033.
abstract: Anabolic agents are often used by athletes to enhance their performance. However, use of steroids leads to considerable side effects. Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of substances that have not been approved so far but seem to have a more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio than steroids and produce fewer side effects. Therefore the use of SARMs has been prohibited since 2008 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Several of these SARMs have been detected on the black market. Metabolism studies are essential to identify the best urinary markers to ensure effective control of emerging substances by doping control laboratories. As black market products often contain non-pharmaceutical-grade substances, alternatives for human excretion studies are needed to elucidate the metabolism. A black market product labelled to contain the SARM LGD-4033 was purchased over the Internet. Purity verification of the black market product led to the detection of LGD-4033, without other contaminants. Human liver microsomes and S9 liver fractions were used to perform phase I and phase II (glucuronidation) metabolism studies. The samples of the in vitro metabolism studies were analyzed by gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)), liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(HR)MS/MS). LC-HRMS product ion scans allowed to identify typical fragment ions for the parent compound and to further determine metabolite structures. In total five metabolites were detected, all modified in the pyrrolidine ring of LGD-4033. The metabolic modifications ranged from hydroxylation combined with keto-formation (M1) or cleavage of the pyrrolidine ring (M2), hydroxylation and methylation (M3/M4) and dihydroxylation (M5). The parent compound and M2 were also detected as glucuronide-conjugates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geldof
authors.affiliation: IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Bioanalysis Research Group, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Pozo
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium.
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lootens
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morthier
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Eenoo
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deventer
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000728:Androgens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008745:Methylation; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D020719:Glucuronides
keywords: GC-MS; LC-HRMS; SARMs; in vitro studies; metabolism studies