title: Health risks of children's cumulative and aggregative exposure to metals and metalloids in a typical urban environment in China.
abstract: Rapid development of industrialization and urbanization results in serious environmental contamination by metal(loid)s, which would consequently cause deleterious health effects to the exposed people through multi-pathways. Therefore, total health risk assessment for the population in urban environment is very important. Unfortunately, few studies to date investigate the cumulative health risks of metal(loid)s through aggregative pathways in Children who are often susceptible population. 12 metal(loid)s including Lead(Pb), Cadmium(Cd), Arsenic(As), Chromium(Cr), Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Nickel(Ni), Manganese(Mn), Cobalt(Co), Selenium(Se), Antimony(Se) and Vanadium(V), were analyzed in PM10, drinking water, food, soil and indoor dust in this study. The cumulative and aggregative risks of these metal(loid)s among the local children were then evaluated on a field sampling and questionnaire-survey basis. The results showed that the environments were heavily polluted by metal(loid)s. For most metal(loid)s, food ingestion accounted for more than 80% of the total daily exposure dose. The non-cancer risks were up to 30 times higher than the acceptable level due to the food ingestion via Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Sb, and the PM10 inhalation via Cr and Mn. While, the cancer risks were mainly attributed to Cr via food ingestion and As via food and dust ingestion, and approximately 100 times of the maximum acceptable level of 1.0 × 10(-4). The study highlights the cumulative and aggregative exposure assessment, instead of pollutant investigation to evaluate the potential health risks and emphasizes concerns to improve indoor hygienic and environmental quality and to decrease the potential harmful health effects of children living in urban area.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Suzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: duan_jasmine@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiuge
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Yiting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Chengye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: zhenggh@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Binghui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Children; Exposure pathways; Health risks; Metal(loid)s; Urban