title: Different osteocalcin forms, markers of metabolic syndrome and anthropometric measures in children within the IDEFICS cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteocalcin (OC), an aboundant non-collagenous bone protein, is inversely associated with parameters of glucose metabolism. Interactions between bone tissue and energy metabolism have not been thoroughly investigated during childhood. This study investigated OC, metabolic parameters and anthropometric characteristics in normal weight and overweight/obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised 108 (46 normal weight/62 overweight/obese) Swedish 2-9year old children. Anthropometric data, insulin, glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), HOMA index, vitamin D, adiponectin, total OC, carboxylated OC (cOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC) were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was found for total OC between the normal and overweight/obese groups, with a mean (±SD) value of 82.6 (±2.8) ng/mL and 77.0 (±2.4) ng/mL, (P=0.11), respectively. Overweight children had lower cOC levels, mean 69.1 (±2.2) ng/mL, vs. normal weight children, mean 75.6 (±2.5) ng/mL (P=0.03). The mean ucOC levels of 7.9 (±0.4) ng/mL in overweight children did not differ vs. normal weight children, mean level 7.0 (±0.4) ng/mL, (P=0.067). None of the three OC forms correlated with any of the measured parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cOC levels were lower in overweight children. There was no correlation between the three OC forms and any of the measured anthropometric or metabolic parameters. OC has been suggested to have a possible metabolic role, but in general the current study in prepubertal children does not support the hypothesis of an association between OC and a positive metabolic profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: bojan.tubic@gu.se.
authors.forename: Bojan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tubic
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: per.magnusson@regionostergotland.se.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: staffan.marild@pediat.gu.se.
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mårild
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: monica.leu@gu.se.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036, Graz, Austria. Electronic address: verena.schwetz@medunigraz.at.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schwetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; Research Foundation, Flanders, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: isabelle.Sioen@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sioen
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstr. 30, DE-28359, Bremen, Germany. Electronic address: herrmann@bips.uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8036, Graz, Austria. Electronic address: barbara.obermayer@medunigraz.at.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermayer-Pietsch
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: lauren.lissner@gu.se.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lissner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: diana.swolin-eide@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swolin-Eide
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D015675:Osteocalcin
keywords: Bone; Carboxylation; Fat mass; Osteocalcin; Paediatric