title: Differential Effects of Thidiazuron on Production of Anticancer Phenolic Compounds in Callus Cultures of Fagonia indica.
abstract: Fagonia indica, a very important anticancer plant, has been less explored for its in vitro potential. This is the first report on thidiazuron (TDZ)-mediated callogenesis and elicitation of commercially important phenolic compounds. Among the five different plant growth regulators tested, TDZ induced comparatively higher fresh biomass, 51.0 g/100 mL and 40.50 g/100 mL for stem and leaf explants, respectively, after 6 weeks of culture time. Maximum total phenolic content (202.8 μg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/mL for stem-derived callus and 161.3 μg GAE/mL for leaf-derived callus) and total flavonoid content (191.03 μg quercetin equivalent [QE]/mL for stem-derived callus and 164.83 μg QE/mL for leaf-derived callus) were observed in the optimized callus cultures. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data indicated higher amounts of commercially important anticancer secondary metabolites such as gallic acid (125.10 ± 5.01 μg/mL), myricetin (32.5 ± 2.05 μg/mL), caffeic acid (12.5 ± 0.52 μg/mL), catechin (9.4 ± 1.2 μg/mL), and apigenin (3.8 ± 0.45 μg/mL). Owing to the greater phenolic content, a better 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity (69.45 % for stem explant and 63.68 % for leaf explant) was observed in optimized calluses. The unusually higher biomass and the enhanced amount of phenolic compounds as a result of lower amounts of TDZ highlight the importance of this multipotent hormone as elicitor in callus cultures of F. indica.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan. bhabbasi@qau.edu.pk.|Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. bhabbasi@qau.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Bilal Haider
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Abbottabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mubarak Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.|Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zabta Khan
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Shinwari
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D028461:Zygophyllaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C016785:thidiazuron; C040015:myricetin
keywords: Anticancer; Callus; Fagonia; HPLC; Phenolic acids; TDZ