title: Real-time effects of centrotemporal spikes on cognition in rolandic epilepsy: An EEG-fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the real-time effects of interictal rolandic spikes (or centrotemporal spikes [CTS]) on language, behavior, and cognitive function in patients with rolandic epilepsy (RE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 22 medication-naive patients with RE using EEG-fMRI with a 3T MRI scanner. We used simultaneous EEG to define the pre-CTS, CTS, and post-CTS periods. We analyzed the dynamic functional connectivity maps of the rolandic network during the 3 interictal CTS periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of dynamic changes revealed positive correlations between the bilateral rolandic areas and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; Broca area), the left inferior parietal lobe and the supramarginal gyrus (areas responsible for receptive language function), and the right IFG and left caudate. Anti-correlations were found in the default mode network (bilateral superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and right precuneus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interictal CTS directly disrupts the functional brain networks responsible for language, behavior, and cognition in children with typical RE. It is important to suppress discharges to reduce the risk of neuropsychological impairments in children with RE.
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Fenglai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Du
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Sihan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xintong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Tianhua
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiechuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China. zhoudong66@yahoo.de qiyonggong@hmrrc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Qiyong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: From the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology (F.X., D.A., S.C., X.W., T.Y., J.R., D.Z.), and Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (D.L., L.L., Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China. zhoudong66@yahoo.de qiyonggong@hmrrc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D019305:Epilepsy, Rolandic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests