title: Three-dimensional SPACE fluid-attenuated inversion recovery at 3 T to improve subthalamic nucleus lead placement for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: from preclinical to clinical studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-established therapy for motor symptoms in patients with pharmacoresistant Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the procedure, which requires multimodal perioperative exploration such as imaging, electrophysiology, or clinical examination during macrostimulation to secure lead positioning, remains challenging because the STN cannot be reliably visualized using the gold standard, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) at 1.5 T. Thus, there is a need to improve imaging tools to better visualize the STN, optimize DBS lead implantation, and enlarge DBS diffusion. METHODS Gradient-echo sequences such as those used in T2WI suffer from higher distortions at higher magnetic fields than spin-echo sequences. First, a spin-echo 3D SPACE (sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions) FLAIR sequence at 3 T was designed, validated histologically in 2 nonhuman primates, and applied to 10 patients with PD; their data were clinically compared in a double-blind manner with those of a control group of 10 other patients with PD in whom STN targeting was performed using T2WI. RESULTS Overlap between the nonhuman primate STNs segmented on 3D-histological and on 3D-SPACE-FLAIR volumes was high for the 3 most anterior quarters (mean [± SD] Dice scores 0.73 ± 0.11, 0.74 ± 0.06, and 0.60 ± 0.09). STN limits determined by the 3D-SPACE-FLAIR sequence were more consistent with electrophysiological edges than those determined by T2WI (0.9 vs 1.4 mm, respectively). The imaging contrast of the STN on the 3D-SPACE-FLAIR sequence was 4 times higher (p < 0.05). Improvement in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III score (off medication, on stimulation) 12 months after the operation was higher for patients who underwent 3D-SPACE-FLAIR-guided implantation than for those in whom T2WI was used (62.2% vs 43.6%, respectively; p < 0.05). The total electrical energy delivered decreased by 36.3% with the 3D-SPACE-FLAIR sequence (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 3D-SPACE-FLAIR sequences at 3 T improved STN lead placement under stereotactic conditions, improved the clinical outcome of patients with PD, and increased the benefit/risk ratio of STN-DBS surgery.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Suhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senova
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;|DSV/I2BM/MIRCen/Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses; and.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosomi
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gurruchaga
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Gaëtane
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gouello
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Naoufel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ouerchefani
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.
authors.forename: Yara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Beaugendre
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lepetit
authors.affiliation: Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital H. Mondor, DHU PePsy;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Jean-Pascal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lefaucheur
authors.affiliation: DSV/I2BM/MIRCen/Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses; and.
authors.forename: Romina Aron
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Badin
authors.affiliation: DSV/I2BM/MIRCen/Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses; and.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dauguet
authors.affiliation: DSV/I2BM/MIRCen/Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses; and.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.affiliation: DSV/I2BM/MIRCen/Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses; and.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hantraye
authors.affiliation: Service de Neuroradiologie, and.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;|DSV/I2BM/Neurospin/UNIACT, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Saclay, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugières
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie.|Inserm U955 Team 14;|Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil;
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palfi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus
keywords: DBS = deep brain stimulation; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr; LEDD = levodopa equivalent daily dose; M12 = month 12 after implantation; NHP = nonhuman primate; PD = Parkinson's disease; Parkinson's disease; SPACE = sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions; STN = subthalamic nucleus; T1WI = T1-weighted imaging; T2WI = T2-weighted imaging; TEED = total electrical energy delivered; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; anatomical MRI; deep brain stimulation; eSTN = electrophysiologically identified subthalamic nucleus; functional neurosurgery; nonhuman primate; subthalamic nucleus; translational study