title: Envisioning future cognitive telerehabilitation technologies: a co-design process with clinicians.
abstract: Purpose Cognitive telerehabilitation is the concept of delivering cognitive assessment, feedback, or therapeutic intervention at a distance through technology. With the increase of mobile devices, wearable sensors, and novel human-computer interfaces, new possibilities are emerging to expand the cognitive telerehabilitation paradigm. This research aims to: (1) explore design opportunities and considerations when applying emergent pervasive computing technologies to cognitive telerehabilitation and (2) develop a generative co-design process for use with rehabilitation clinicians. Methods We conducted a custom co-design process that used design cards, probes, and design sessions with traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinicians. All field notes and transcripts were analyzed qualitatively. Results Potential opportunities for TBI cognitive telerehabilitation exist in the areas of communication competency, executive functioning, emotional regulation, energy management, assessment, and skill training. Designers of TBI cognitive telerehabilitation technologies should consider how technologies are adapted to a patient's physical/cognitive/emotional state, their changing rehabilitation trajectory, and their surrounding life context (e.g. social considerations). Clinicians were receptive to our co-design approach. Conclusion Pervasive computing offers new opportunities for life-situated cognitive telerehabilitation. Convivial design methods, such as this co-design process, are a helpful way to explore new design opportunities and an important space for further methodological development. Implications for Rehabilitation Designers of rehabilitation technologies should consider how to extend current design methods in order to facilitate the creative contribution of rehabilitation stakeholders. This co-design approach enables a fuller participation from rehabilitation clinicians at the front-end of design. Pervasive computing has the potential to: extend the duration and intensity of cognitive telerehabilitation training (including the delivery of 'booster' sessions or maintenance therapies); provide assessment and treatment in the context of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient's everyday life (thereby enhancing generalization); and permit time-sensitive interventions. Long-term use of pervasive computing for TBI cognitive telerehabilitation should take into account a patient's changing recovery trajectory, their meaningful goals, and their journey from loss to redefinition.
authors.affiliation: a Intelligent Assistive Technology & Systems Lab (IATSL), University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Tuck-Voon
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: How
authors.affiliation: a Intelligent Assistive Technology & Systems Lab (IATSL), University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: b Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network , Toronto , Canada.|c Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Robin E A
authors.initials: REA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: a Intelligent Assistive Technology & Systems Lab (IATSL), University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.|b Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihailidis
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D004867:Equipment Design; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000295:instrumentation; D000069350:Telerehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D000076251:Wearable Electronic Devices
keywords: Co-design; cognitive rehabilitation; design methods; pervasive computing; pervasive health; telerehabilitation; traumatic brain injury