title: Characterization and comparison of osteoblasts derived from mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
abstract: New developments in stem cell biology offer alternatives for the reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. One of these developments is the use of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These stem cells are similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, but can be generated from adult somatic cells and therefore do not raise ethical concerns. Proper characterization of iPS-derived osteoblasts is important for future development of safe clinical applications of these cells. For this reason, we differentiated mouse ES and iPS cells toward osteoblasts using osteogenic medium and compared their functionality. Immunocytochemical analysis showed significant expression of bone markers (osteocalcin and collagen type I) in osteoblasts differentiated from ES and iPS cells on days 7 and 30. An in vitro mineralization assay confirmed the functionality of osteogenically differentiated ES and iPS cells. Gene expression arrays focusing on osteogenic differentiation were performed in order to compare the gene expression pattern in both differentiated and undifferentiated ES cells and iPS cells. We observed a significant upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes such as Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type I, Tnfsf11, Csf1, and alkaline phosphatase upon osteogenic differentiation of the ES and iPS cells. We further validated the expression of key osteogenic genes Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, collagen type I, and osterix in both differentiated and undifferentiated ES and iPS cells by means of quantified real-time polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that ES and iPS cells are similar in their osteogenic differentiation capacities, as well as in their gene expression patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ming-San
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anneriek E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czepiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelyn M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Veerakumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniyan
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuijer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vissink
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.c.v.m.copray@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Sjef C V M
authors.initials: SCVM
authors.lastname: Copray
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerry M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Raghoebar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D000066450:Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation
keywords: Differentiation; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Tissue engineering