title: Patient-Centered Outcomes Following Thoracentesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleural effusions impact over 1.5 million people annually in the United States and cause significant morbidity. Although therapeutic thoracentesis is associated with improvement in respiratory parameters, unanswered questions remain regarding its impact.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate patient-centered outcomes, the need for additional pleural interventions, and mortality in the 30 days following thoracentesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective observational cohort study was performed in a tertiary care academic medical center between December 2010 and December 2011. Adult patients referred for thoracentesis were offered enrollment. The following characteristics were evaluated both before and at 30 days postprocedure: dyspnea using modified BORG (mBORG), physical and mental quality of life (QoL) using the short form 12, and basic activities of daily living (BADLs). The primary outcomes included changes in these parameters 30 days after thoracentesis. Secondary outcomes included the need for additional pleural procedures and mortality within 30 days of the thoracentesis. Multivariable logistic regression was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 284 patients who underwent thoracentesis, 80 (28.2%) died within 30 days of the procedure. Of the 163 patients comprising the analytical cohort, 35 (21.5%) patients required an additional pleural intervention within 30 days of the index procedure. Patients who survived more than 30 days following thoracentesis had a sustained improvement in dyspnea and mental QoL, but a minority had improvement in physical QoL or BADLs. Surviving patients demonstrated no significant associations between bilateral and unilateral thoracentesis, volume of fluid removed, or the etiology of the effusion (malignant vs nonmalignant) and improvement in QoL, dyspnea, and BADLs. Relative to nonmalignant etiology, the presence of a malignant effusion was strongly associated with the need for an additional intervention, yielding an odds ratio (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) of 16.92 (5.47-52.37). Patients with hepatic hydrothorax and infectious etiologies of their effusion were also likely to require additional pleural interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients in this cohort demonstrated sustained improvement in dyspnea and the mental aspect of QoL 30 days following thoracentesis, independent of the etiology and regardless of the volume of pleural fluid removed. A minority experienced sustained improvements in the physical aspect of QoL and BADLs. Although 28.2% of patients died within 30 days, nearly 1 in 5 survivors required an additional pleural intervention. These results emphasize the significant clinical impact, morbidity, and mortality experienced by patients who undergo thoracentesis for pleural effusions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: A Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Argento
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics section and the Program on Aging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Terrence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics section and the Program on Aging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Katy L B
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puchalski
keywords: dyspnea; pleural effusion; quality of life; thoracentesis