title: Exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Test the hypothesis that exposure to fine particulate matter in the air (PM2.5) is associated with increased risk of preterm birth (PTB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Geo-spatial population-based cohort study using live birth records from Ohio (2007-2010) linked to average daily measures of PM2.5, recorded by 57 EPA network monitoring stations across the state. Geographic coordinates of the home residence for births were linked to the nearest monitoring station using ArcGIS. Association between PTB and high PM2.5 levels (above the EPA annual standard of 15 μg/m(3)) was estimated using GEE, with adjustment for age, race, education, parity, insurance, tobacco, birth season and year, and infant gender. An exchangeable correlation matrix for the monitor stations was used in the models. Analyses were limited to non-anomalous singleton births at 20-42weeks with no known chromosome abnormality occurring within 10 km of a monitor station.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of PTB was 8.5 % in the study cohort of 224,921 singleton live births. High PM2.5 exposure (>EPA recommended maximum) occurred frequently during the study period, with 24,662 women (11 %) having high exposure in all three trimesters. Pregnancies with high PM2.5 exposure through pregnancy had increased PTB risk even after adjustment for coexisting risk factors, adjOR 1.19 (95 % CI 1.09-1.30). Assessed per trimester, high 3(rd) trimester PM2.5 exposure resulted in the highest PTB risk, adjOR 1.28 (95 % CI 1.20-1.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution, PM2.5, in pregnancy is associated with a 19 % increased risk of PTB; with greatest risk with high 3(rd) trimester exposure. Although the risk increase associated with high PM2.5 levels is modest, the potential impact on overall PTB rates is robust as all pregnant women are potentially at risk. This exposure may in part contribute to the higher preterm birth rates in Ohio compared to other states in the US, especially in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. emily.defranco@uc.edu.|Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB Room 4553B, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0526, USA. emily.defranco@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DeFranco
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB Room 4553B, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0526, USA. moravewj@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moravec
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. xufanfido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. eric.hall@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. MD.Hossain@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Monir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. erin.haynes@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Louis.Muglia@cchmc.org.|Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB Room 4553B, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0526, USA. Louis.Muglia@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. chenai@UCMAIL.UC.EDU.
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter