title: Estimating Children's Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates through Retrospective Analyses of Blood Lead Biomonitoring from the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in Idaho.
abstract: Soil/dust ingestion rates are important variables in assessing children's health risks in contaminated environments. Current estimates are based largely on soil tracer methodology, which is limited by analytical uncertainty, small sample size, and short study duration.
  
  
  
  The objective was to estimate site-specific soil/dust ingestion rates through reevaluation of the lead absorption dose-response relationship using new bioavailability data from the Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex Superfund Site (BHSS) in Idaho, USA.
  
  
  
  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in vitro bioavailability methodology was applied to archived BHSS soil and dust samples. Using age-specific biokinetic slope factors, we related bioavailable lead from these sources to children's blood lead levels (BLLs) monitored during cleanup from 1988 through 2002. Quantitative regression analyses and exposure assessment guidance were used to develop candidate soil/dust source partition scenarios estimating lead intake, allowing estimation of age-specific soil/dust ingestion rates. These ingestion rate and bioavailability estimates were simultaneously applied to the U.S. EPA Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children to determine those combinations best approximating observed BLLs.
  
  
  
  Absolute soil and house dust bioavailability averaged 33% (SD ± 4%) and 28% (SD ± 6%), respectively. Estimated BHSS age-specific soil/dust ingestion rates are 86-94 mg/day for 6-month- to 2-year-old children and 51-67 mg/day for 2- to 9-year-old children.
  
  
  
  Soil/dust ingestion rate estimates for 1- to 9-year-old children at the BHSS are lower than those commonly used in human health risk assessment. A substantial component of children's exposure comes from sources beyond the immediate home environment.
  
  
  
  von Lindern I, Spalinger S, Stifelman ML, Stanek LW, Bartrem C. 2016. Estimating children's soil/dust ingestion rates through retrospective analyses of blood lead biomonitoring from the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in Idaho. Environ Health Perspect 124:1462-1470; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510144.
authors.affiliation: TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Inc., Moscow, Idaho, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: von Lindern
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spalinger
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stifelman
authors.forename: Lindsay Wichers
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stanek
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartrem
mesh_terms: D065567:Absorption, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007061:Idaho; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead