title: Early Gut Colonization of Preterm Infants: Effect of Enteral Feeding Tubes.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential colonization of nosocomial bacteria in enteral feeding systems and its effect on early gut colonization of preterm neonates.
  
  
  
  Mother's own milk, donor milk, and preterm formula samples obtained after passing through the external part of the enteral feeding tubes were cultured. In addition, meconium and fecal samples from 26 preterm infants collected at different time points until discharge were cultured. Random amplification polymorphism DNA and pulse field gel electrophoresis were performed to confirm the presence of specific bacterial strains in milk and infant fecal samples.
  
  
  
  Approximately 4000 bacterial isolates were identified at the species level. The dominant species in both feces from preterm infants and milk samples were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E faecium, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. All of them were present at high concentrations independently of the feeding mode. Random amplification polymorphism DNA and pulse field gel electrophoresis techniques showed that several bacteria strains were found in both type of samples. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a dense bacterial biofilm in several parts of the feeding tubes and the tube connectors.
  
  
  
  There is a sharing of bacterial strains between the neonates' gastrointestinal microbiota and the feeding tubes used to feed them.
authors.affiliation: *Departamento Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid †Servicio de Neonatología y Red Samid, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre ‡ProbiSearch, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moles
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melgar
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ureta
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bustos
authors.forename: Leónides
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008470:Meconium / Q000382:microbiology