title: Biomarkers of susceptibility following benzene exposure: influence of genetic polymorphisms on benzene metabolism and health effects.
abstract: Benzene is a ubiquitous occupational and environmental pollutant. Improved industrial hygiene allowed airborne concentrations close to the environmental context (1-1000 µg/m(3)). Conversely, new limits for benzene levels in urban air were set (5 µg/m(3)). The biomonitoring of exposure to such low benzene concentrations are performed measuring specific and sensitive biomarkers such as S-phenylmercapturic acid, trans, trans-muconic acid and urinary benzene: many studies referred high variability in the levels of these biomarkers, suggesting the involvement of polymorphic metabolic genes in the individual susceptibility to benzene toxicity. We reviewed the influence of metabolic polymorphisms on the biomarkers levels of benzene exposure and effect, in order to understand the real impact of benzene exposure on subjects with increased susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carbonari
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Pieranna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiarella
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansi
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pigini
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iavicoli
authors.affiliation: INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tranfo
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001711:Biotransformation; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002648:Child; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C005939:muconic acid; C053003:S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001554:Benzene; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D013011:Sorbic Acid
keywords: benzene; biomarker of exposure; biomarker of susceptibility; environment; genetic polymorphism; leukemia; occupational setting