title: H3K36ac Is an Evolutionary Conserved Plant Histone Modification That Marks Active Genes.
abstract: In eukaryotic cells, histones are subject to a large number of posttranslational modifications whose sequential or combinatorial action affects chromatin structure and genome function. We identified acetylation at Lys-36 in histone H3 (H3K36ac) as a new chromatin modification in plants. The H3K36ac modification is evolutionary conserved in seed plants, including the gymnosperm Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the angiosperms rice (Oryza sativa), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In Arabidopsis, H3K36ac is highly enriched in euchromatin but not in heterochromatin. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments revealed that H3K36ac peaks at the 5' end of genes, mainly on the two nucleosomes immediately distal to the transcription start site, independently of gene length. H3K36ac overlaps with H3K4me3 and the H2A.Z histone variant. The histone acetyl transferase GCN5 and the histone deacetylase HDA19 are required for H3K36ac homeostasis. H3K36ac and H3K36me3 show negative crosstalk, which is mediated by GCN5 and the histone methyl transferase SDG8. Although H3K36ac is associated with gene activity, we did not find a linear relationship between H3K36ac and transcript levels, suggesting that H3K36ac is a binary indicator of transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Walid
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-5221
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mahrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Minerva Susana Trejo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Arellano
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-1507
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreno-Romero
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-7293
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8429-3557
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-4857
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.).
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gruissem
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden (W.M., M.S.T.A., J.M.-R., M.N., C.K., L.H.);Department of Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (W.M., H.S., W.G.); and Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland (P.N.) lars.hennig@slu.se.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-1862
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hennig
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042421:Histone Code / Q000235:genetics*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D028222:Picea / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D010940:Plant Proteins; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D008239:Lysine