title: An Audit of Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is a significant contributor to the burden of disease worldwide. Since its treatment requires extensive self-care, self-management education is widely recommended, particularly in resource limited settings. This study aimed to review the current state of policies and implementation of diabetes self-management education (DSME) in South Africa, with a specific focus on cultural appropriateness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The audit involved a review of policy documents and semi-structured questionnaires with providers and experts in public and private health services. Forty-four respondents were interviewed. Documents were analysed with reference to the International Standards for Diabetes Education from the International Diabetes Federation. Data were entered and analysed in excel to give a description of the DSME programs and ad hoc interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three guidelines for Type 2 diabetes and two for chronic diseases were retrieved, but none were specifically dedicated to DSME. Five structured programs and 22 ad-hoc interventions were identified. DSME is mostly provided by doctors, nurses and dieticians and not consistently linked to other initiatives such as support groups. Health education materials are mainly in English with limited availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSME in South Africa is limited in scope, content and consistency, especially in the public services. A National curricula and materials for diabetes education need to be developed and adapted to the socio-economic context, culture and literacy levels of the target populations. It is recommended that DSME would be addressed in national policies and guidelines to guide the development and implementation of standardised programs. Significance for public healthDiabetes significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. This burden is especially felt in developing countries, where resources are limited and the health system simultaneously has to deal with communicable and non-communicable diseases. While there is a growing body of literature on the development and implementation of diabetes self-management education, nearly all programs originate from developed countries. Very little is known about the current state of diabetes self-management education in developing countries. By focusing on diabetes self-management education in Southern Africa, the current paper provides policy makers and decision makers in South Africa with information that will help decide on where and how to intervene with regard to diabetes self-management education. The paper also has relevance for decision makers from other developing countries by providing recommendations on diabetes policies and diabetes self-management education.
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Loveness
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van den Broucke
authors.affiliation: lnstitute of Health and Society, Universite Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dhoore
authors.affiliation: School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria , South Africa.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalweit
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Housiaux
keywords: Diabetes; South Africa; audit; programs; self-management education