title: Biology and Applications of CRISPR Systems: Harnessing Nature's Toolbox for Genome Engineering.
abstract: Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated) systems, which provide adaptive immunity against foreign nucleic acids. CRISPR systems function by acquiring genetic records of invaders to facilitate robust interference upon reinfection. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the diverse mechanisms by which Cas proteins respond to foreign nucleic acids and how these systems have been harnessed for precision genome manipulation in a wide array of organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Addison V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic address: doudna@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doudna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004720:Endonucleases