title: A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Neurofeedback, Methylphenidate, and Physical Activity on Event-Related Potentials in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback (NF) is considered a nonpharmacological alternative for medication in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparisons of the behavioral efficacy of NF and medication have produced inconsistent results. EEG measures can provide insight into treatment mechanisms, but have received little consideration. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), effects of NF were compared with methylphenidate (MPH), and physical activity (PA) in children with ADHD on event-related potential (ERP) indices of response inhibition, which are involved in ADHD psychopathology.
  
  
  
  Using a multicenter three way parallel group RCT design, 112 children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994 ) diagnosis of ADHD, between 7 and 13 years of age, were initially included. NF training consisted of 30 sessions of theta/beta training at Cz over a 10 week period. PA training was a semiactive control group, matched in frequency and duration. MPH was titrated using a double-blind placebo controlled procedure in 6 weeks, followed by a stable dose for 4 weeks. ERP measures of response inhibition, N2 and P3, were available for 81 children at pre- and postintervention (n = 32 NF, n = 25 MPH, n = 24 PA).
  
  
  
  Only the medication group showed a specific increase in P3 amplitude compared with NF (partial eta-squared [ηp(2) ] = 0.121) and PA (ηp(2) = 0.283), which was related to improved response inhibition. Source localization of medication effects on P3 amplitude indicated increased activation primarily in thalamic and striatal nuclei.
  
  
  
  This is the first study that simultaneously compared NF with stimulant treatment and a semiactive control group. Only stimulant treatment demonstrated specific improvements in brain function related to response inhibition. These results are in line with recent doubts on the efficacy and specificity of NF as treatment for ADHD.
  
  
  
  Train Your Brain? Exercise and Neurofeedback Intervention for ADHD, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544 , Ref. No. NCT01363544.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Tieme Willem Pieter
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bink
authors.affiliation: 2 Yulius Academy , Barendracht, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Katleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Geladé
authors.affiliation: 3 Royal Dutch Kentalis , Utrecht, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Mourik
authors.affiliation: 2 Yulius Academy , Barendracht, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maras
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate