title: Renin-angiotensin system as a potential therapeutic target in stroke and retinopathy: experimental and clinical evidence.
abstract: As our knowledge expands, it is now clear that the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) mediates functions other than regulating blood pressure (BP). The RAS plays a central role in the pathophysiology of different neurovascular unit disorders including stroke and retinopathy. Moreover, the beneficial actions of RAS modulation in brain and retina have been documented in experimental research, but not yet exploited clinically. The RAS is a complex system with distinct yet interconnected components. Understanding the different RAS components and their functions under brain and retinal pathological conditions is crucial to reap their benefits. The aim of the present review is to provide an experimental and clinical update on the role of RAS in the pathophysiology and treatment of stroke and retinopathy. Combining the evidence from both these disorders allows a unique opportunity to move both fields forward.
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, and Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A. Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdelrahman Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Fouda
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, and Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Artham
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, and Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Azza B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: El-Remessy
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, and Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A. sfagan@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fagan
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
keywords: cognitive impairment; renin–angiotensin system; retinopathy; stroke; traumatic brain injury