title: Diabetes Distress Among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: a Systematic Review.
abstract: Diabetes distress (DD) refers to the negative emotions arising from living with diabetes and the burden of self-management. Among adults, the prevalence and significance of DD are well established, but this is not the case among adolescents. This systematic review investigated among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the prevalence of DD; demographic, clinical, behavioral and psychosocial correlates of DD and interventions that reduce DD. Consistent with adult studies, around one third of adolescents experience elevated DD and this is frequently associated with suboptimal glycemic control, low self-efficacy and reduced self-care. Three measures of DD have been developed specifically for adolescents, as those designed for adults may not be sufficiently sensitive to adolescent concerns. Interventions reducing DD in the short term include strategies such as cognitive restructuring, goal setting and problem solving. Further work is needed to investigate sustainability of effect. Rigorous research is needed to progress this field among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, 570 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia. vhagger@deakin.edu.au.|Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. vhagger@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hagger
authors.affiliation: The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, 570 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia. chendrieckx@acbrd.org.au.|Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. chendrieckx@acbrd.org.au.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hendrieckx
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK. jackie.sturt@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sturt
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina 0811, Northern Territory, Australia. Timothy.Skinner@cdu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, 570 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia. jspeight@acbrd.org.au.|Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. jspeight@acbrd.org.au.|AHP Research, Hornchurch, UK. jspeight@acbrd.org.au.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Speight
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Adolescent; Distress; Emotions; Psychological stress; Review; Type 1 diabetes