title: Development and Initial Validation of the Pain Resilience Scale.
abstract: Over the past decade, the role of positive psychology in pain experience has gained increasing attention. One such positive factor, identified as resilience, has been defined as the ability to maintain positive emotional and physical functioning despite physical or psychological adversity. Although cross-situational measures of resilience have been shown to be related to pain, it was hypothesized that a pain-specific resilience measure would serve as a stronger predictor of acute pain experience. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of studies to develop and validate the Pain Resilience Scale. Study 1 described exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that support a scale with 2 distinct factors, Cognitive/Affective Positivity and Behavioral Perseverance. Study 2 showed test-retest reliability and construct validity of this new scale, including moderate positive relationships with measures of positive psychological functioning and small to moderate negative relationships with vulnerability measures such as pain catastrophizing. Finally, consistent with our initial hypothesis, study 3 showed that the Pain Resilience Scale is more strongly related to ischemic pain responses than existing measures of general resilience. Together, these studies support the predictive utility of this new pain-specific measure of resilience in the context of acute experimental pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Pain Resilience Scale represents a novel measure of Cognitive/Affective Positivity and Behavioral Perseverance during exposure to noxious stimuli. Construct validity is supported by expected relationships with existing pain-coping measures, and predictive validity is shown by individual differences in response to acute experimental pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
authors.forename: P Maxwell
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Slepian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ankawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
authors.forename: Lina K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Himawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Electronic address: France@ohio.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: France
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Pain; resilience; scale development; vulnerability