title: Factors that influence excessive gestational weight gain: moving beyond assessment and counselling.
abstract: One in four Canadian adults is obese, and more women are entering pregnancy with a higher body mass index (BMI) than in the past. Pregnant women who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of pregnancy-related complications than women of normal weight. Gestational weight gain (GWG) is also associated with childhood obesity. Although the factors influencing weight gain during pregnancy are multifaceted, little is known about the social inequality of GWG. This review will address some of the socioeconomic factors and maternal characteristics influencing weight gain and the impact that excessive GWG has on health outcomes such as post-partum weight retention. The effects of an overweight or obese pre-pregnancy BMI on GWG and neonatal outcomes will also be addressed. The timing of weight gain is also important, as recommendations now include trimester-specific guidelines. While not conclusive, preliminary evidence suggests that excessive weight gain during the first trimester is most detrimental.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences , Brescia University College, Western University , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: a Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences , Brescia University College, Western University , London , ON , Canada .|b Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, Western University , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: Paula D N
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Dworatzek
authors.affiliation: c Children's Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .|d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Western University , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penava
authors.affiliation: c Children's Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .|d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Western University , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: Barbra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Vrijer
authors.affiliation: c Children's Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .|e Department of Paediatrics , Western University , London , ON , Canada .|f Lawson Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .|g Department of Geography , Western University , London , ON , Canada , and.|h School of Health Studies, Western University , London , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.affiliation: a Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences , Brescia University College, Western University , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: June I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: a Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences , Brescia University College, Western University , London , ON , Canada .|c Children's Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .|e Department of Paediatrics , Western University , London , ON , Canada .|f Lawson Health Research Institute , London , ON , Canada .
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Seabrook
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D037841:Pregnant People; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Gestational weight gain; pregnancy; social class; socioeconomic status (SES); weight gain timing