title: Clinical Profile and Early Complications after Single and Dual Chamber Permanent Pacemaker Implantation at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Permanent pacemaker implantation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in the management of patients with cardiac problems. However, complications during and after implantation are not uncommon. There is lack of evidences in rate of complications with the selection of pacemakers in Nepal. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the frequency of implantation and complication rate between single chamber and dual chamber pacemaker.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study is based on all consecutive pacemaker implantations in a single centre between April 2014 and May 2015. A total of 116 patients were categorized into two cohorts according to the type of pacemaker implanted- single chamber or dual chamber. All patients had regular 2-weeks follow-up intervals with standardized documentation of all relevant patient data till 6-week after implantation. Data were presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Comparison of continuous variables between the groups was made with independent Student's t-test. For discrete variables distribution between groups were compared with Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age (±SD) of total population at implant was 64.08 (± 15.09) years. Dual chamber units were implanted in 44 (37.93%) of patients, single chamber in 72 (62.06%). Only 14 women (31.81%) received dual chamber compared with 42 women (58.33%) who received single chamber (Chi-square=18, DF=1, P = 0.0084). Complete atrioventricular block was the commonest (56.03%) indication for permanent pacemaker insertion followed by sick sinus syndrome (33.62%), symptomatic high-grade AV block (11.20%). Hypertension (dual chamber 21.55%, single chamber 40.51%) was the most common comorbidity in both cohorts. Complications occurred in 11 (9.48%) patients. More proportion of complication occurred in single chamber group (9 patients, 12.50%) than in dual chamber (2 patients, 4.54%). Complications occurring in dual chamber group include pocket hematoma 1 patient (2.27%) and arrhythmia in 1 patient (2.27%). Similarly, complications occurring in single chamber include RV perforation in two patients (2.77%) and one each (1.38%) had pocket hematoma, pneumothorax, infection, swelling at pocket site, arrhythmia in the form of NSVT, leads displacement, DVT and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women were more likely to receive single chamber systems than men. More proportion of complication occurred in single chamber group than in dual chamber. Future prospective studies on larger number of patients are needed to confirm and support our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khanal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Poudyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devkota
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.affiliation: Nepal Family Development Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dhungana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution
keywords: Complication; permanent pacemaker implantation; Nepal.