title: The impact of gestational diabetes and hypothyroidism on the third-trimester ultrasound parameters and in adverse perinatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of gestational diabetes and hypothyroidism on the third-trimester ultrasound parameters and in adverse perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study with 817 singleton pregnant women between 26w0d and 37w6d of gestation which were divided in four groups: 56 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 63 hypothyroidism, 14 GDM + hypothyroidism, and 684 controls. The following ultrasound parameters were assessed: mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), umbilical artery PI, middle cerebral artery PI, single deepest pocket (SDP) and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR). Adverse perinatal outcomes were the following: low birth weight, macrosomia, and Agar score at 1st min <7. These four groups were compared using the Kruskall-Wallis and χ(2) tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant women from GDM showed higher weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), SDP (p < 0.001) and newborns with higher birth weight (p = 0.008) and macrosomia (p = 0.02) than other groups. Comparing with control, hypothyroidism showed higher SDP (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women with GDM showed higher risk of macrosomic newborns than other three groups. Both pregnant women with GDM and hypothyroidism showed higher SDP than normal pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: a Mário Palmério University Hospital - University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .|b Radiologic Clinic of Uberaba (CRU) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .
authors.forename: Alberto Borges
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: a Mário Palmério University Hospital - University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .|b Radiologic Clinic of Uberaba (CRU) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .
authors.forename: Taciana Mara Rodrigues da Cunha
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: a Mário Palmério University Hospital - University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .
authors.forename: Raisa Oliveira
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: a Mário Palmério University Hospital - University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil .
authors.forename: Karina Souza
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (DGO-FMRP-USP) , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Wellington P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: d Department of Obstetrics , Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP) , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; hypothyroidism; perinatal outcome; third trimester of pregnancy; ultrasound