title: [Computed tomographic anatomy of the salivary glands in the cat].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to define anatomical characteristics of the feline salivary glands in cross-sectional images obtained by unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and to describe landmarks for a reliable identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heads of adult normocephalic cats without indications of cephalic disease were examined. Cats were included in the prospective part of the study when examined no later than 1 hour post mortem (n = 16). In the retrospective part of the study, previous CT-studies were evaluated (n = 25). The results of both groups were evaluated separately. Initially, the possibility of identifying and delineating the salivary glands from the surrounding tissue was assessed. Anatomical structures of the head were then defined as landmarks. Dimensions and density (Hounsfield units, HU) of the salivary glands were determined based on transversal and reconstructed sagittal images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 94.3% of the parotid glands, 90.7% of the mandibular glands and 96.8% of the zygomatic glands could be delineated. The remaining salivary glands could not be identified. Anatomical landmarks, including the external ear canal, the musculus (M.) masseter, the M. pterygoideus medialis and the bulbus oculi facilitated the identification. Comparing the size of the salivary glands of both groups revealed differences (measured lateromedially and rostrocaudally) in size of ≤   2 mm. The definable salivary glands varied significantly in their density. The mean density of the glandula (Gl.) parotis was 65 HU, of the Gl. mandibularis 62 HU and of the Gl. zygomatica 57 HU. The comparisons of densities of both sides of the glands did not show statistically significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large salivary glands (Gl. parotis and Gl. mandibularis) and the Gl. zygomatica of the cat can be reliably identified in CT-images. CT landmarks and data regarding the size and density of each gland could be gathered. The remaining minor salivary glands could not be delineated accurately. The difference in depicting the glands can be explained mainly by a lack of contrast with the surrounding tissue.
authors.affiliation: Vivian Fromme, Klinik für Kleintiere der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail: Vivian.Fromme@kleintierklinik.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fromme
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piesnack
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oechtering
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludewig
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012796:Sialography / Q000662:veterinary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Splanchnocranium; mandibular gland; parotid gland; prospective; retrospective; zygomatic gland