title: The influence of lower extremity postures on kinematics and injuries of cyclists in vehicle side collisions.
abstract: A cyclist assumes various cyclic postures of the lower extremities while pushing the pedals in a rotary motion while pedaling. In order to protect cyclists in collisions, it is necessary to understand what influence these postures have on the global kinematics and injuries of the cyclist.
  
  
  
  Finite element (FE) analyses using models of a cyclist, bicycle, and car were conducted. In the simulations, the Total Human Model of Safety (THUMS) occupant model was employed as a cyclist, and the simulation was set up such that the cyclist was hit from its side by a car. Three representative postures of the lower extremities of the cyclist were examined, and the kinematics and injury risk of the cyclist were compared to those obtained by a pedestrian FE model. The risk of a lower extremity injury was assessed based on the knee shear displacement and the tibia bending moment.
  
  
  
  When the knee position of the cyclist was higher than the hood leading edge, the hood leading edge contacted the leg of the cyclist, and the pelvis slid over the hood top and the wrap-around distance (WAD) of the cyclist's head was large. The knee was shear loaded by the hood leading edge, and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptured. The tibia bending moment was less than the injury threshold. When the cyclist's knee position was lower than the hood leading edge, the hood leading edge contacted the thigh of the cyclist, and the cyclist rotated with the femur as the pivot point about the hood leading edge. In this case, the head impact location of the cyclist against the car was comparable to that of the pedestrian collision. The knee shear displacement and the tibia bending moment were less than the injury thresholds.
  
  
  
  The knee height of the cyclist relative to the hood leading edge affected the global kinematics and the head impact location against the car. The loading mode of the lower extremities was also dependent on the initial positions of the lower extremities relative to the car structures. In the foot up and front posture, the knee was loaded in a lateral shear direction by the hood leading edge and as a result the ACL ruptured. The bicycle frame and the struck-side lower extremity interacted and could influence the loadings on lower extremities.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan.
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuguchi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: b Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering , Xiamen University of Technology , Xiamen , China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: c Department of Legal Medicine , Shiga University of Medical Science , Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu , Shiga , Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hitosugi
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries
keywords: bicyclist; finite elements; injury mechanism; pedestrian