title: Daily music exposure dose and hearing problems using personal listening devices in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aimed to explore the evidence on whether the preferred listening levels (PLLs) and durations of music listening through personal listening devices (PLDs) in adolescents and young adults exceed the current recommended 100% daily noise dose; together with the impact on hearing and possible influential factors of such listening behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was conducted using multiple online bibliographic databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 26 studies were included on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that up to 58.2% of participants exceeded the 100% daily noise dose, particularly in the presence of background noise. Significantly positive correlations were found among background noise levels and mean PLLs, as well as the proportion of participants exceeding the 100% daily noise dose. Moreover, significantly worse hearing thresholds were found in PLD users using audiometry, and significantly poor results in otoacoustic emission (OAE), even in the participants with self-reported 'normal hearing'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is crucial to develop appropriate standards and safe recommendations for daily music exposure dose in future studies. Providing an essential guide and effective education to adolescents and young adults will help raise awareness, increase knowledge, and consequently change attitudes and listening habits.
authors.affiliation: a Audiology Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China .
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Speech Language Therapy and Hearing Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff , Wales, UK .|c Department of Hearing and Speech Science , Xinhua College, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China .
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: d Audiology Department , Guys and St. Thomas' Hospital , London , UK .
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guderley
authors.affiliation: e Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences , Lamar University , Beaumont , Texas , USA .|f The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden , and.|g Audiology India , Mysore , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Vinaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manchaiah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D015438:Health Behavior; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008144:Loudness Perception; D055539:MP3-Player; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Music; adolescents; hearing loss; noise-induced hearing loss; personal listening device; young adults