title: Comparison of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Proanthocyanidin, Quercetin, and Damnacanthal on Benzo(a)pyrene Exposed A549 Alveolar Cell Line.
abstract: Phytochemical compounds are emerging as a new group of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agents that help minimize toxicity in patients with pulmonary diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential curative effects of Quercetin (QC), Damnacanthal (DAM), and Proanthocyanidine (PA) on inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress parameters and to examine the viability of the A549 cell line treated with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in vitro. The A549 cell line was treated with BaP, a BaP/QC combination, a BaP/DAM combination, and BaP/PA combination. Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters, mRNA expression levels of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, and cell viability were assessed, and the results were compared. There were higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase after BaP treatment of A549 cell lines. Interferon-γ level significantly decreased in the QC, DAM, and PA-treated group (P < 0.001). IL-1β and TNF-α levels significantly decreased after PA and QC treatments (P < 0.001). Some of the oxidative stress markers (NO, MDA, TOS) and OSI decreased, while antioxidant (GSH) levels increased after treatment with QC, DAM, and PA. The QC and DAM treatments profoundly upregulated apoptotic gene expression and downregulated antiapoptotic gene expression. Viability of QC, DAM, and PA-treated cells was found to be significantly higher in comparison to the control and BaP-treated groups (p < 0.001). Our results revealed that A549 cell lines treated with BaP-stimulated necrosis produced higher level of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters. Treatments with PA, QC, and DAM reduced inflammatory response induced by BaP exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. ersingunay@gmail.com.|Afyon Kocatepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Arastirma ve Uygulama Hastanesi C Blok Gogus Hastaliklari A.D., 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. ersingunay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Günay
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sefa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevinc
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarinc-Ulasli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Özyürek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Hazman
authors.affiliation: Chest Diseases Clinic, Afyon State Hospital, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Günay
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fethiye School of Health, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ünlü
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C079170:damnacanthal; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011794:Quercetin; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: COPD; antioxidants; cell culture; inflammation; oxidative stress