title: A single-group pilot feasibility study of cognitive behavioural therapy in people with multiple sclerosis with depressive symptoms.
abstract: The aims were to evaluate (a) the feasibility of face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in people with MS (PwMS) with depressive symptoms; (b) the feasibility of methods and measurements used; and (c) the outcome of the intervention before the conducting of an equivalence study of comparative methods of face-to-face CBT.
  
  
  
  A single-group pilot feasibility study.
  
  
  
  PwMS (n = 15) with sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms, recruited at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
  
  The intervention consisted of 15-20 sessions of face-to-face CBT. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment rate, recruitment procedure and adverse events. Primary clinical outcome was the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Follow-ups were conducted after 3 weeks and 3 months. An estimated sample size calculation was conducted.
  
  
  
  The face-to-face CBT intervention, methods and measurements used were feasible. The outcome on BDI-II indicated that face-to-face CBT is an effective method for alleviating sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms in PwMS.
  
  
  
  Face-to-face CBT is feasible for use in PwMS aiming at decrease depressive symptoms. For an equivalence study, a screening process for depressive symptoms and two comparative intervention arms including traditional face-to-face CBT and low-intensity face-to-face CBT is recommended. Primary outcomes should include the BDI-II and also assessment of anxiety symptoms. Implications for Rehabilitation Depression is common among people with MS (PwMS), however, depressed PwMS do not always receive adequate treatment for depression which may lead to increased disability and worse health-related quality of life (HRQL). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a psychological treatment method that might be beneficial for PwMS with depressive symptoms, but the evidence is still weak and further research is needed. The results from our pilot feasibility study demonstrate that for an effectiveness study of face-to-face CBT for PwMS with sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms the following points should be acknowledged. The design of an effectiveness study should be a randomized controlled trial including two treatment arms: traditional face-to-face CBT and a low-intensity face-to-face CBT. To increase the inclusion rate a screening process for depressive symptoms is recommended. Primary outcomes besides the Beck Depression Inventory-II should include the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in order to capture anxiety symptoms and the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 to capture HRQL.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurobiology , Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden ;|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;|c Department of Physiotherapy , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chruzander
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurobiology , Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden ;|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gottberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurobiology , Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden ;|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;|c Department of Physiotherapy , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ytterberg
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Backenroth
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurobiology , Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden ;|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;|c Department of Physiotherapy , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Lotta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Widén Holmqvist
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurobiology , Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden ;|b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ;|c Department of Physiotherapy , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Sverker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinical; cognitive behavioural therapy; depression; multiple sclerosis; pilot projects; psychological techniques; psychology