title: Are Chinese consumers at risk due to exposure to metals in crayfish? A bioaccessibility-adjusted probabilistic risk assessment.
abstract: Freshwater crayfish, the world's third largest crustacean species, has been reported to accumulate high levels of metals, while the current knowledge of potential risk associated with crayfish consumption lags behind that of finfish. We provide the first estimate of human health risk associated with crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) consumption in China, the world's largest producer and consumer of crayfish. We performed Monte Carlo Simulation on a standard risk model parameterized with local data on metal concentrations, bioaccessibility (φ), crayfish consumption rate, and consumer body mass. Bioaccessibility of metals in crayfish was found to be variable (68-95%) and metal-specific, suggesting a potential influence of metal bioaccessibility on effective metal intake. However, sensitivity analysis suggested risk of metals via crayfish consumption was predominantly explained by consumption rate (explaining >92% of total risk estimate variability), rather than metals concentration, bioaccessibility, or body mass. Mean metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) in surveyed crayfish samples from 12 provinces in China conformed to national safety standards. However, risk calculation of φ-modified hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) suggested that crayfish metals may pose a health risk for very high rate consumers, with a HI of over 24 for the highest rate consumers. Additionally, the φ-modified increased lifetime risk (ILTR) for carcinogenic effects due to the presence of As was above the acceptable level (10(-5)) for both the median (ILTR=2.5×10(-5)) and 90th percentile (ILTR=1.8×10(-4)), highlighting the relatively high risk of As in crayfish. Our results suggest a need to consider crayfish when assessing human dietary exposure to metals and associated health risks, especially for high crayfish-consuming populations, such as in China, USA and Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University, School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: University of Algarve, Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability Center, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Ben K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University, School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: zhonghuan@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Crayfish; Human health risk assessment; Metal; Sensitivity; Uncertainty