title: In-vitro activity of sodium-hypochlorite gel on bacteria associated with periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of a sodium hypochlorite formulation including its components against bacteria associated with periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sodium hypochlorite formulation (NaOCl gel), its components sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and the activating vehicle were compared with 0.1 % chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) solution. The antimicrobial activity was proven by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentrations, and killing assays. Furthermore, the influence on formation as well as on a 4-day-old 6-species biofilm was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for one strain (Parvimonas micra ATCC 33270 in case of NaOCl gel), the MICs both of the CHX solution and NaOCl gel did not exceed 10 % of the formulations' concentration. In general, MICs of the NaOCl gel were equal as of the CHX solution against Gram-negatives but higher against Gram-positive bacteria. CHX but not NaOCl gel clearly inhibited biofilm formation; however, the activity of NaOCl gel was more remarkable on a 4-day-old biofilm. NaOCl killed bacteria in the biofilm and interfered with the matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NaOCl gel acts antimicrobial in particular against Gram-negative species associated with periodontitis. Moreover, its component NaOCl hypochlorite is able to alter biofilm matrices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NaOCl gel may represent a potential alternative for adjunctive topical antimicrobial treatment in periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jurczyk
authors.affiliation: Center of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nietzsche
authors.affiliation: Center of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ender
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland. sigrun.eick@zmk.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005782:Gels; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005782:Gels; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Biofilm; Periodontal infection; Sodium hypochlorite