title: Surface modification of PVDF using non-mammalian sources of collagen for enhancement of endothelial cell functionality.
abstract: Although polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is non-toxic and stable in vivo, its hydrophobic surface has limited its bio-applications due to poor cell-material interaction and thrombus formation when used in blood contacting devices. In this study, surface modification of PVDF using naturally derived non-mammalian collagen was accomplished via direct surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) to enhance its cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Results showed that Type I collagen was successfully extracted from fish scales and bullfrog skin. The covalent immobilisation of fish scale-derived collagen (FSCOL) and bullfrog skin-derived collagen (BFCOL) onto the PVDF surface improves the attachment and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, both FSCOL and BFCOL had comparable anti-thrombogenic profiles to that of commercially available bovine collagen (BVCOL). Also, cell surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule was lower on HUVECs cultured on non-mammalian collagen surfaces than on BVCOL, which is an indication of lower pro-inflammatory response. Overall, results from this study demonstrated that non-mammalian sources of collagen could be used to confer bioactivity to PVDF, with comparable cell-material interactions and hemocompatibility to BVCOL. Additionally, higher expression levels of Type IV collagen in HUVECs cultured on FSCOL and BFCOL were observed as compared to BVCOL, which is an indication that the non-mammalian sources of collagen led to a better pro-angiogenic properties, thus making them suitable for blood contacting applications.
authors.affiliation: Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.|Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.|School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jun Kit
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Gordon Minru
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Baiwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chee Chong
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 19 Wangjiang Road, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Shaojun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.|Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.|KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nguan Soon
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore. cleochoong@ntu.edu.sg.|KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. cleochoong@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Cleo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Choong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005399:Fishes; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D013499:Surface Properties; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012313:RNA; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers