title: Enhancing Contents of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Other Micronutrients in Dehulled Rice during Germination under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions.
abstract: Biofortification of staple grains with high contents of essential micronutrients is an important strategy to overcome micronutrient malnutrition. However, few attempts have targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a functional nutrient for aging populations. In this study, two rice cultivars, Heinuo and Xianhui 207, were used to investigate changes in GABA and other nutritional compounds of dehulled rice after germination under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Forty-one metabolites were identified in both cultivars treated by normoxic germination, whereas the germinated dehulled rice of Heinuo and Xianhui 207 under hypoxic treatment had 43 and 41 metabolites identified, respectively. GABA increased in dehulled rice after germination, especially under hypoxia. Meanwhile, a number of other health-beneficial and/or flavor-related compounds such as lysine and d-mannose increased after the hypoxic treatment. The accumulation of GABA exhibited genotype-specific modes in both normoxic and hypoxic treatments. With regard to GABA production, Xianhui 207 was more responsive to the germination process than Heinuo, whereas Heinuo was more responsive to hypoxia than Xianhui 207. This study provides a promising approach to biofortify dehulled rice with increased GABA and other nutrients through metabolomic-based regulation.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China.|Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Junzhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Tewu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States.
authors.forename: Mengyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Shanbai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Siming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling; D018525:Germination; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: GC-MS; dehulled rice; germination; hypoxic treatment; metabolites; γ-aminobutyric acid