title: Evaluation of a patient self-directed mealtime insulin titration algorithm: a US payer perspective.
abstract: Objective To model the potential economic impact of implementing the AUTONOMY once daily (Q1D) patient self-titration mealtime insulin dosing algorithm vs standard of care (SOC) among a population of patients with Type 2 diabetes living in the US. Methods Three validated models were used in this analysis: The Treatment Transitions Model (TTM) was used to generate the primary results, while both the Archimedes (AM) and IMS Core Diabetes Models (IMS) were used to test the veracity of the primary results produced by TTM. Models used data from a 'real world' representative sample of patients (2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) that matched the characteristics of US patients enrolled in the randomized controlled trial 'AUTONOMY' cohort. The base-case time horizon was 10 years. Results The modeling results from TTM demonstrated that total costs in the base-case were reduced by $1732, with savings predicted to occur as early as year 1. Results from the three models were consistent, showing a reduction in total costs for all sensitivity analyses. Limitations Data from short-term clinical trials were used to develop long-term projections. The nature of such extrapolation leads to increased uncertainty. Conclusion The results from all three models indicate that the AUTONOMY Q1D algorithm has the potential to abate total costs as early as the first year.
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Bradley H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: b Medical Decision Modeling Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: b Medical Decision Modeling Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gahn
authors.affiliation: b Medical Decision Modeling Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perk
authors.affiliation: b Medical Decision Modeling Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Smolen
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Numapau
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Jennal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: a Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA ;
authors.forename: Leonard C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Glass
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015897:Comorbidity; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Bolus insulin; economic modeling; healthcare costs; self-titration; type 2 diabetes mellitus