title: Decreased fluidity of cell membranes causes a metal ion deficiency in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing carotenoids.
abstract: The genome-wide transcriptional responses of S. cerevisiae to heterologous carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated using DNA microarray analysis. The results show that the genes involved in metal ion transport were specifically up-regulated in the recombinant strain, and metal ions, including Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+), were deficient in the recombinant strain compared to the ion content of the parent strain. The decrease in metal ions was ascribed to a decrease in cell membrane (CM) fluidity caused by lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol. This was confirmed by the observation that metal ion levels were restored when CM fluidity was increased by supplying linoleic acid. In addition, a 24.3 % increase in the β-carotene concentration was observed. Collectively, our results suggest that heterologous production of carotenoids in S. cerevisiae can induce cellular stress by rigidifying the CM, which can lead to a deficiency in metal ions. Due to the importance of CM fluidity in cellular physiology, maintaining normal CM fluidity might be a potential approach to improving carotenoid production in genetically engineered S. cerevisiae.
authors.affiliation: Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peitong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Biology Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. glyan@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guoliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000378:metabolism; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D004875:Ergosterol
keywords: Cell membrane fluidity; DNA microarray; Heterologous carotenoid biosynthesis; Metal ions deficiency; Saccharomyces cerevisiae