title: Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy as a Forensic Method to Determine the Composition of Inks Used to Print the United States One-cent Blue Benjamin Franklin Postage Stamps of the 19th Century.
abstract: Through the combined use of infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling, the composition of inks used to print the many different types of one-cent Benjamin Franklin stamps of the 19th century has been established. This information permits a historical evaluation of the formulations used at various times, and also facilitates the differentiation of the various stamps from each other. In two instances, the ink composition permits the unambiguous identification of stamps whose appearance is identical, and which (until now) have only been differentiated through estimates of the degree of hardness or softness of the stamp paper, or through the presence or absence of a watermark in the paper. In these instances, the use of ATR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy effectively renders irrelevant two 100-year-old practices of stamp identification. Furthermore, since the use of ATR sampling makes it possible to obtain the spectrum of a stamp still attached to its cover, it is no longer necessary to identify these blue Franklin stamps using their cancellation dates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Physics, Milford, NJ, USA hbrittain@centerpharmphysics.com.
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Brittain
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D007281:Ink; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D010678:Philately / Q000266:history*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
keywords: ATR; Attenuated total reflectance; FT-IR; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Stamp analysis