title: The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Thromboangiitis obliterans: Is It Still a Mystery?
abstract: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a rare disease of unknown etiology that results in the occlusion of limb arteries located distally to the elbow and knee. Despite the fact that more than one hundred years have passed since its first description, knowledge on the pathogenesis of TAO and precipitating factors is still limited. Due to a lack of decisive noninvasive diagnostic methods and geographical differences in the prevalence of this condition, data on TAO epidemiology also remains sparse. This review presents important evidence on the pathogenesis and the course of the condition, as well as diagnostic modalities, with a focus on differential diagnosis. Theories on the pathogenesis of TAO include the theory of an infectious disease, coagulation disorders and injury to vascular endothelium resulting in activation of the inflammatory response. Differential diagnosis should exclude thoracic outlet syndrome, blue toe syndrome, infectious endocarditis, popliteal entrapment syndrome, Takayasu disease, primary and secondary systemic vasculitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, infection with the anaerobic Clostridium sp. bacilli and some less common conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Małecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluz
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; Department of Vascular, General and Transplantation Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Przeździecka-Dołyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Rajmund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adamiec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013919:Thromboangiitis Obliterans / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy