title: Ancestral state reconstruction infers phytopathogenic origins of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi on apple.
abstract: Members of the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) complex are epiphytic fungi in the Ascomycota that cause economically damaging blemishes of apples worldwide. SBFS fungi are polyphyletic, but approx. 96% of SBFS species are in the Capnodiales. Evolutionary origins of SBFS fungi remain unclear, so we attempted to infer their origins by means of ancestral state reconstruction on a phylogenetic tree built utilizing genes for the nuc 28S rDNA (approx. 830 bp from near the 59 end) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The analyzed taxa included the well-known genera of SBFS as well as non-SBFS fungi from seven families within the Capnodiales. The non-SBFS taxa were selected based on their distinct ecological niches, including plant-parasitic and saprophytic species. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that most SBFS species in the Capnodiales are closely related to plant-parasitic fungi. Ancestral state reconstruction provided strong evidence that plant-parasitic fungi were the ancestors of the major SBFS lineages. Knowledge gained from this study may help to better understand the ecology and evolution of epiphytic fungi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Izera
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
authors.forename: Jean Carlson
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Batzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 tcharrin@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands MicrobiologyDepartment of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the NetherlandsWageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pedro W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Crous
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
authors.forename: Dennis V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Lavrov
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China.
authors.forename: Huanyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gleason
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Dothideomycetidae; multilocus phylogeny