title: Better the donor you know? A qualitative study of renal patients' views on 'altruistic' live-donor kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the UK there is a short-fall between individuals requiring a renal transplant and kidneys available for transplantation. Non-directed 'altruistic' living kidney donation has emerged as a strategy for bridging this gap between supply and demand, with the number increasing each year.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore the views of potential recipients towards non-directed 'altruistic' live-donor kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews with 32 UK deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients were performed. Interviews explored willingness to consider directed and non-directed live-donor kidney transplants (LDKTs). Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analysed using the constant comparison method described in Grounded Theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For those not willing to accept a non-directed 'altruistic' LDKT, the following themes were identified: i) Prioritising other recipients above self; ii) Fear of acquiring an unknown donor's characteristics, and iii) Concern for the donor - unnecessary risk. For those willing to accept a non-directed 'altruistic' LDKT the following themes were identified: iv) Prioritising known above unknown persons, v) Belief that they are as deserving as other potential recipients, and vi) Advantages of a LDKT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drawing on 'gift exchange theory', this study contributes to our understanding of the experience of the intended recipient of a gift. The anonymity of the donor-recipient appears to be seen as a benefit of non-directed 'altruistic' live-donor transplants, freeing recipients from the obligations of the gift. However, those who feel unworthy of the 'gifted transplant' are concerned about the donor and by the lack of opportunity for direct reciprocity. Highlighting the 'reciprocal benefits' reported by donors may allow individuals whose preference is a live-donor transplant to accept one if offered. These insights provide the transplant community with targets for intervention, through which the concerns of potential recipients might be addressed.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. Electronic address: pippa.bailey@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Phillippa K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Salis
authors.affiliation: Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, UK.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomson
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owen-Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000533:Altruism; D046148:Donor Selection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Altruistic; Gift exchange; Living kidney donation; Non-directed; Non-directed 'altruistic'; Qualitative research