title: Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury in critically ill children - a developing country perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in critically ill children and is associated with poor outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence, risk factors and outcome of AKI in children admitted to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care PICU over one-year period. Critically ill children aged from 2 months to 18 years were included. RIFLE criteria based on GFR, and urine output was used for categorisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 380 children, 53 children (14%) had AKI (met any of the RIFLE criteria). The most common diagnoses underlying AKI were acute lower respiratory tract infection, CNS illness and severe dehydration. Subjects with AKI had a higher PRISM score (>10) at admission, longer duration of stay and high mortality. Significant risk factors for AKI following multivariate analysis were: age 1-5, PRISM score (>10) at admission, shock, infection, thrombocytopenia, hypo-albuminaemia and multi-organ dysfunction. Twenty-six of 53 subjects fulfilled the maximum RIFLE criteria within 72 h after admission and the mean (SD) time to first RIFLE attend was 1.6 (1.2) day. Subjects with AKI (RIFLE criteria) had 4.5 times higher mortality than those without AKI (36 vs 8%, P< etc).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high incidence of AKI was noted in the PICU that was associated with high mortality. The RIFLE criterion is an effective tool which can be used not only for predicting the outcomes, but may help in the early identification of patients at risk for AKI.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) and GTB Hospital , New Delhi , 110095 , India.
authors.forename: Rashi Singal
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rustagi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , Dayanand Medical College and Hospital , Ludhiana.
authors.forename: Kamaldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pediatrics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India.
authors.forename: Rashmi Ranjan
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , Dayanand Medical College and Hospital , Ludhiana.
authors.forename: Puneet Aulakh
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pooni
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , Dayanand Medical College and Hospital , Ludhiana.
authors.forename: Daljit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ADQI, acute dialysis quality initiative; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARF acute renal failure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Glomerular filtration rate; MODS, ultiple organ dysfunction syndrome; Mortality; PICU; PICU, paediatric intensive care unit; PRISM, paediatric risk of mortality; RIFLE criteria; RIFLE, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease; RRT renal replacement therapy; Renal failure; UO, urine output; eCCL, estimated creatinine clearance