title: Salvaging effect of triacontanol on plant growth, thermotolerance, macro-nutrient content, amino acid concentration and modulation of defense hormonal levels under heat stress.
abstract: In this study, it was hypothesized that application of triacontanol, a ubiquitous saturated primary alcohol, at different times-before (TBHS), mid (TMHS), and after (TAHS) heat stress-will extend heat stress (HS) protection in mungbean. The effect of triacontanol on the levels of defense hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) was investigated along with the plant growth promotion, nutrient and amino acid content with and without heat stress. Heat stress caused a prominent reduction in plant growth attributes, nutrient and amino acid content, which were attributed to the decreased level of ABA and JA. However, application of triacontanol, particularly in the TBHS and TMHS treatments, reversed the deleterious effects of HS by showing increased ABA and JA levels that favored the significant increase in plant growth attributes, enhanced nutrient content, and high amount of amino acid. TAHS, a short-term application of triacontanol, also significantly increased ABA and JA levels and thus revealed important information of its association with hormonal modulation. The growth-promoting effect of triacontanol was also confirmed under normal growth conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of triacontanol, with or without heat stress, on mungbean and its interaction with or regulation of the levels of defense hormones.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture Extension, Buner 19290, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waqas
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Raheem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shahzad
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
authors.forename: Abdul Latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asaf
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Yoon-Ha
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Saqib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamayun
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ijlee@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: In-Jung
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D054883:Oxylipins; C011006:jasmonic acid; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C047578:1-triacontanol
keywords: Amino acid concentration; Defense hormones modulation; Heat stress resistance; Leguminous crop; Macro nutrient content; Plant growth promotion; Triacontanol