title: Weekly response assessment of involved lymph nodes to radiotherapy using diffusion-weighted MRI in oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with cancers of oropharynx have a favorable prognosis and are an ideal candidate for adaptive therapy. A replan to improve coverage or escalate/de-escalate dose based on morphological information alone may not be adequate as the grossly involved lymph nodes (LNs) of a subset of these patients tend to become cystic and often do not regress. Functional adaptation may be a better approach when considering replanning for these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the weekly trends in treatment related morphological and physiological changes for these LNs using diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and evaluate its implications for adaptive replanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with histologically proven oropharynx HNSCC undergoing concurrent chemoradiation were analyzed in this study. MR imaging protocol included axial T1w, T2w, and DW-MRI using a 3 T Philips MR scanner. The patients were scanned weekly in radiation treatment planning position using a 16 element phased-array anterior coil and a 44 element posterior coil. A total of 65 DWI and T2w scans were analyzed. DWI was performed using an optimized single-shot echo planar imaging sequence (TR/TE = 5000/65 ms, slice thickness = 5 mm; slices = 28; b values = 0 and 800 s/mm(2)). Quantification of the DW-MRI images was performed by calculating the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). T2w and DWI scans were imported into the Eclipse treatment planning system and gross tumor volumes (GTVs) corresponding to grossly involved LNs were contoured on each axial slice by physician experts. An attempt was made to remove any cystic or necrotic components so that the ADC analysis was of viable tumor only. A pixel-by-pixel fit of signal intensities within the GTVs was performed assuming monoexponential behavior. From each GTV histogram mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated. Absolute and percent change in weekly ADC histogram parameters and percent change in T2w GTV were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all nodes, an immediate change in ADC was observed during first 2-3 weeks after which ADC values either continued to increase or plateaued. A few nodal volumes had a slightly decreased ADC value during later weeks. Percent increase in median ADC from weeks 1 to 6 with respect to baseline was 14%, 25%, 41%, 42%, 45%, and 58%. The corresponding change in median T2 volumes was 8%, 10%, 16%, 22%, 40%, and 42%, respectively. The ADC distribution of the viable tumors was initially highly kurtotic; however, the kurtosis decreased as treatment progressed. The ADC distribution also showed a higher degree of skewness in the first 2 weeks, progressively becoming less skewed as treatment progressed so as to slowly approach a more symmetric distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiological changes in LNs represented by changes in ADC evaluated using DW-MRI are evident sooner than the morphological changes calculated from T2w MRI. The decisions for adaptive replanning may need to be individualized and should be based primarily on tumor functional information. The authors' data also suggest that for many patients, week 3 maybe the optimal time to intervene and replan. Larger studies are needed to confirm their findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Neelam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wengler
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Vaios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hatzoglou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mechalakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000528:radiation effects