title: Metabolic and clinical response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in layer pullets of different genetic backgrounds supplied with graded dietary L-arginine.
abstract: L-arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acid in birds that plays a decisive role in avian protein synthesis and immune response. Effects of graded dietary Arg supply on metabolic and clinical response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied over 48 hours after a single intramuscular LPS injection in 18-week-old genetically diverse purebred pullets. LPS induced a genotype-specific fever response within 4 hours post injectionem. Whereas brown genotypes showed an initial hypothermia followed by longer-lasting moderate hyperthermia, white genotypes exhibited a biphasic hyperthermia without initial hypothermia. Furthermore, within 2 hours after LPS injection, sickness behavior characterized by lethargy, anorexia, intensified respiration, and ruffled feathers appeared, persisted for 3 to 5 hours and recovered 12 hours post injectionem. The varying grades of Arg did not alter the examined traits named above, whereas insufficient Arg reduced body growth and increased relative weights of liver and pancreas significantly. At 48 hours post injectionem, increased relative weights of liver and spleen were also found in LPS treated pullets, whereas LPS decreased those of pancreas, bursa, thymus, and cecal tonsils. Moreover, LPS lowered the sum of plasma amino acids and decreased plasma concentrations of Arg, citrulline, glutamate, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, and tyrosine, and increased those of aspartate, glutamine, lysine, 1- and 3-methyl-histidine. Elevating concentrations of dietary Arg led to increasing plasma concentrations of Arg, citrulline, ornithine, and 3-methyl-histidine subsequently. As quantitative expression of LPS-induced anorexia, proteolysis, and the following changes in plasma amino acids, pullets showed a significant decrease of feed and nitrogen intake and catabolic metabolism characterized by negative nitrogen balance and body weight loss in the first 24 hours post injectionem. Pullets recovered from the challenge within the second 24 hours post injectionem and changed to anabolism with re-increased feed and nitrogen intake, positive nitrogen retention, and weight gain. To conclude, present results confirmed that LPS induced numerous metabolic and physiological changes in pullet's genotypes, whereas dietary Arg affected the examined traits only slightly.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lieboldt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany jana.frahm@fli.bund.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frahm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Görs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Celle 29223, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.affiliation: Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Neustadt-Mariensee 31535, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weigend
authors.affiliation: Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Cuxhaven 27472, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preisinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Metges
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover 30173, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breves
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide; arginine; clinical response; metabolic response; pullet