title: Validation of Reported Whole-Grain Intake from a Web-Based Dietary Record against Plasma Alkylresorcinol Concentrations in 8- to 11-Year-Olds Participating in a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole-grain (WG) intake is important for human health, but accurate intake estimation is challenging. Use of a biomarker for WG intake provides a possible way to validate dietary assessment methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to validate WG intake from 2 diets reported by children, using plasma alkylresorcinol (AR) concentrations, and to investigate the 3-mo reproducibility of AR concentrations and reported WG intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  AR concentrations were analyzed in fasting blood plasma samples, and WG intake was estimated in a 7-d web-based diary by 750 participants aged 8-11 y in a 2 school meal × 3 mo crossover trial. Reported WG intake and plasma AR concentrations were compared when children ate their usual bread-based lunch (UBL) and when served a hot lunch meal (HLM). Correlations and cross-classification were used to rank subjects according to intake. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between subjects' measurements at baseline and after the UBL were used to assess reproducibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between reported WG wheat + rye intake and plasma AR were 0.40 and 0.37 (P < 0.001) for the UBL and the HLM diets, and 78% and 77% were classified in the same or adjacent quartiles for the UBL and HLM diets, respectively. The ICC over 3 mo was 0.47 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.55) for plasma total ARs and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.70) for reported WG intake. Correlations were higher when using the AR C17:0 homolog as a biomarker, reflecting rye intake instead of plasma total ARs [UBL: r = 0.47; HLM: r = 0.43, P < 0.001; ICC = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.59)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported WG wheat + rye intake among children showed moderate correlations with plasma AR concentrations. Substantial intraindividual variation was found in WG intake and plasma AR concentrations. The AR homolog C17:0 may be used as a biomarker for WG intake when the WG intake primarily comes from rye as in the present study. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01457794.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark; apbj@food.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6607-7575
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biltoft-Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Camilla T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Damsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark;
authors.forename: Elisabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Karin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ygil
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Majken
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ege
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Tue
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Anne-Vibeke
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; and.
authors.forename: Huaxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001939:Bread; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000097:blood*; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D012118:Resorcinols
keywords: 7-d diet record; biomarker; dietary assessment; schoolchildren; validity