title: Three-dimensional reconstruction of Haversian systems in human cortical bone using synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT: morphology and quantification of branching and transverse connections across age.
abstract: This study uses synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography (CT) scans to reconstruct three-dimensional networks of Haversian systems in human cortical bone in order to observe and analyse interconnectivity of Haversian systems and the development of total Haversian networks across different ages. A better knowledge of how Haversian systems interact with each other is essential to improve understanding of remodeling mechanisms and bone maintenance; however, previous methodological approaches (e.g. serial sections) did not reveal enough detail to follow the specific morphology of Haversian branching, for example. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to identify the morphological diversity of branching patterns and transverse connections, and to understand how they change with age. Two types of branching morphologies were identified: lateral branching, resulting in small osteon branches bifurcating off of larger Haversian canals; and dichotomous branching, the formation of two new osteonal branches from one. The reconstructions in this study also suggest that Haversian systems frequently target previously existing systems as a path for their course, resulting in a cross-sectional morphology frequently referred to as 'type II osteons'. Transverse connections were diverse in their course from linear to oblique to curvy. Quantitative assessment of age-related trends indicates that while in younger human individuals transverse connections were most common, in older individuals more evidence of connections resulting from Haversian systems growing inside previously existing systems was found. Despite these changes in morphological characteristics, a relatively constant degree of overall interconnectivity is maintained throughout life. Altogether, the present study reveals important details about Haversian systems and their relation to each other that can be used towards a better understanding of cortical bone remodeling as well as a more accurate interpretation of morphological variants of osteons in cross-sectional microscopy. Permitting visibility of reversal lines, synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT is a valuable tool for the reconstruction of Haversian systems, and future analyses have the potential to further improve understanding of various important aspects of bone growth, maintenance and health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Department of Anthropology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Isabel S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Maggiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA.|Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maggiano
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: C David L
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: David M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D005269:Femur / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006253:Haversian System / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017356:Synchrotrons; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Haversian system; age; branching; cortical bone; micro-CT; osteon; synchrotron; three-dimensional