title: Neonicotinoid concentrations in UK honey from 2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were determined in honey collected in Spring 2013 from a variety of locations in England. The honey was produced before the moratorium in the EU on the use of neonicotinoids in pollinator-attractive crops became effective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither imidacloprid nor its metabolites were detected in any honey samples. Concentrations of clothianidin ranged from <0.02 to 0.82 µg kg(-1) , and thiamethoxam concentrations were between <0.01 and 0.79 µg kg(-1) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonicotinoid concentrations were below those likely to cause any chronic mortality. The concentrations detected should provide a useful baseline against which the effectiveness of the moratorium in reducing exposure of honeybees can be measured. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
authors.forename: Ainsley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turnbull
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D004739:England; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam
keywords: Apis mellifera; clothianidin; honey; honeybee; imidacloprid; neonicotinoids; pollinator; thiamethoxam