title: In vivo prostate cancer detection and grading using restriction spectrum imaging-MRI.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as a robust, noninvasive method for detecting and characterizing prostate cancer (PCa), but limitations remain in its ability to distinguish cancerous from non-cancerous tissue. We evaluated the performance of a novel MRI technique, restriction spectrum imaging (RSI-MRI), to quantitatively detect and grade PCa compared with current standard-of-care MRI.
  
  
  
  In a retrospective evaluation of 33 patients with biopsy-proven PCa who underwent RSI-MRI and standard MRI before radical prostatectomy, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed for RSI-MRI and each quantitative MRI term, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) used to compare each term's ability to differentiate between PCa and normal prostate. Spearman rank-order correlations were performed to assess each term's ability to predict PCa grade in the radical prostatectomy specimens.
  
  
  
  RSI-MRI demonstrated superior differentiation of PCa from normal tissue, with AUC of 0.94 and 0.85 for RSI-MRI and conventional diffusion MRI, respectively (P=0.04). RSI-MRI also demonstrated superior performance in predicting PCa aggressiveness, with Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients of 0.53 (P=0.002) and -0.42 (P=0.01) for RSI-MRI and conventional diffusion MRI, respectively, with tumor grade.
  
  
  
  RSI-MRI significantly improves upon current noninvasive PCa imaging and may potentially enhance its diagnosis and characterization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: McCammack
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Schenker-Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Desikan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rakow-Penner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas San Antonio School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liss
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mattrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shabaik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Karow
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D047368:Tumor Burden