title: Strong association of relatively low and extremely excessive iodine intakes with thyroid cancer in an iodine-replete area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between iodine intake and development of thyroid diseases shows a U-shaped curve with an increase of risk in both deficient and excessive iodine intakes. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules in an iodine-replete area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 1170 patients with thyroid nodules was performed. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Predictive factors for thyroid cancer were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median UIC in all patients with thyroid nodules was 360 μg/L (range from 4 to 9631 μg/L). More than half of the patients (650/1170, 56 %) belonged to the category of excessive iodine intake (UIC ≥ 300 μg/L) according to WHO iodine recommendations. Patients with thyroid cancer were more likely to be distributed in UIC < 300 μg/L and in UIC ≥ 2500 μg/L than those with benign thyroid nodules. Male gender (OR 1.528, p = 0.028) and UIC were independent predictors for thyroid cancer. The multivariate-adjusted OR (95 % CI) in the relatively low (UIC < 300 μg/L) and extremely excessive (UIC ≥ 2500 μg/L) iodine intake groups for thyroid cancer were 1.519 (1.099-2.098) and 1.874 (1.094-3.208), respectively, compared to the other iodine intake group (300-2499 μg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male gender and UIC were independent predictors of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. This study suggests that relatively low and extremely excessive iodine intakes are associated with thyroid cancer in an iodine-replete area.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Kyung
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeong Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myung Hi
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. thyroid@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Jae Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Iodine; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid nodules