title: The fate of organic micropollutants during long-term/long-distance river bank filtration.
abstract: The fate of organic micropollutants during long-term/long-distance river bank filtration (RBF) at a temporal scale of several years was investigated along a row of monitoring wells perpendicular to the Lek River (the Netherlands). Out of 247 compounds, which were irregularly analyzed in the period 1999-2013, only 15 were detected in both the river and river bank observation wells. Out of these, 10 compounds (1,4-dioxan, 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate (1,5-NDS), 2-amino-1,5-NDS, 3-amino-1,5-NDS, AOX, carbamazepine, EDTA, MTBE, toluene and triphenylphosphine oxide) showed fully persistent behavior (showing no concentration decrease at all), even after 3.6 years transit time. The remaining 5 compounds (1,3,5-naphthalene trisulfonate (1,3,5-NTS), 1,3,6-NTS, diglyme, iopamidol, triglyme) were partially removed. Their reactive transport parameters (removal rate constants/half-lives, retardation coefficients) were inferred from numerical modeling. In addition, maximum half-lives for 14 of the fully removed compounds, for which the data availability was sufficient to deduce 100% removal during sub-surface passage, were approximated based on travel times to the nearest well. The study is one of very few reporting on the long-term field-scale behavior of organic micropollutants. It highlights the efficiency of RBF for water quality improvement as a pre-treatment step for drinking water production. However, it also shows the very persistent behavior of various compounds in groundwater.
authors.affiliation: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Geodienste GmbH, Leinestr. 33, D-30827 Garbsen, Germany. Electronic address: enrico.hamann@uni-oldenburg.de.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Technical University Delft, Postbus 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stuyfzand
authors.affiliation: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Janek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greskowiak
authors.affiliation: Oasen Drinking Water Company, Postbus 122, 2800 AC Gouda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harrie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Timmer
authors.affiliation: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Working Group Hydrogeology and Landscape Hydrology, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massmann
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005374:Filtration; D009426:Netherlands; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Degradation; Long-term behavior; Numerical modeling; Organic micropollutants; Removal; River bank filtration