title: An Alternative Approach to "Identification of Unknowns": Designing a Protocol to Verify the Identities of Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria.
abstract: Microbiology courses often include a laboratory activity on the identification of unknown microbes. This activity consists of providing students with microbial cultures and running biochemical assays to identify the organisms. This approach lacks molecular techniques such as sequencing of genes encoding 16S rRNA, which is currently the method of choice for identification of unknown bacteria. A laboratory activity was developed to teach students how to identify microorganisms using 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and validate microbial identities using biochemical techniques. We hypothesized that designing an experimental protocol to confirm the identity of a bacterium would improve students' knowledge of microbial identification techniques and the physiological characteristics of bacterial species. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from the root nodules of Medicago truncatula and prepared for 16S rRNA PCR analysis. Once DNA sequencing revealed the identity of the organisms, the students designed experimental protocols to verify the identity of rhizobia. An assessment was conducted by analyzing pre- and posttest scores and by grading students' verification protocols and presentations. Posttest scores were higher than pretest scores at or below p = 0.001. Normalized learning gains (G) showed an improvement of students' knowledge of microbial identification methods (LO4, G = 0.46), biochemical properties of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (LO3, G = 0.45), and the events leading to the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbioses (LO1&2, G = 0.51, G = 0.37). An evaluation of verification protocols also showed significant improvement with a p value of less than 0.001.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hamline University, Saint Paul, MN 55104.
authors.forename: Betsy M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Vaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
authors.forename: Nevin D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sadowsky