title: Vapor and healing treatment for CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) films toward large-area perovskite solar cells.
abstract: Hybrid methyl-ammonium lead trihalide perovskites are promising low-cost materials for use in solar cells and other optoelectronic applications. With a certified photovoltaic conversion efficiency record of 20.1%, scale-up for commercial purposes is already underway. However, preparation of large-area perovskite films remains a challenge, and films of perovskites on large electrodes suffer from non-uniform performance. Thus, production and characterization of the lateral uniformity of large-area films is a crucial step towards scale-up of devices. In this paper, we present a reproducible method for improving the lateral uniformity and performance of large-area perovskite solar cells (32 cm(2)). The method is based on methyl-ammonium iodide (MAI) vapor treatment as a new step in the sequential deposition of perovskite films. Following the MAI vapor treatment, we used high throughput techniques to map the photovoltaic performance throughout the large-area device. The lateral uniformity and performance of all photovoltaic parameters (V(oc), J(sc), Fill Factor, Photo-conversion efficiency) increased, with an overall improved photo-conversion efficiency of ∼100% following a vapor treatment at 140 °C. Based on XRD and photoluminescence measurements, We propose that the MAI treatment promotes a "healing effect" to the perovskite film which increases the lateral uniformity across the large-area solar cell. Thus, the straightforward MAI vapor treatment is highly beneficial for large scale commercialization of perovskite solar cells, regardless of the specific deposition method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Laxman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gouda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Ronen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Shay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tirosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Eynav
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haltzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Yaniv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bouhadana
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel. zabana@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaban