title: How do case presentation teaching methods affect learning outcomes?--SNAPPS and the One-Minute preceptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various techniques have been developed to enable preceptors to teach residents effectively in outpatient settings to promote active learning, including SNAPPS and the One-Minute Preceptor (OMP). This study aimed to ascertain the differences between SNAPPS and the OMP in case presentation content and learner evaluation when used to teach residents about case presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2011 to 2013, participants were 71 junior clinical residents employed in two hospitals for clinical training. They were randomly allocated to two groups, one using SNAPPS and the other the OMP. From recorded discussions, the "differential diagnoses", "questions and uncertainties", "treatment plans", and "learning issues" were counted. Also, a self-evaluation form was distributed at the end of the study to evaluate the residents' satisfaction with the case presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Members of the SNAPPS group used significantly more meaning units related to questions and uncertainties compared with those of the OMP group (P < 0.001). Self-evaluation sheets revealed that members of the SNAPPS group had significantly higher positive responses than those of the OMP group in terms of the following evaluations: "It was easy to bring up questions and uncertainties" (P = 0.046), "It was easy to present the case efficiently" (P = 0.002), "It was easy to present the case in the sequence given" (P = 0.029), and "I was able to give an in-depth case presentation" (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNAPPS may induce more meaning units related to questions and uncertainties and give more satisfaction to residents than the OMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.|Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.|Department of General Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan. jo-tky@umin.ac.jp.|Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan. jo-tky@umin.ac.jp.|Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan. jo-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Otaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breugelmans
authors.affiliation: Educational Institutional Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagata-Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akaishi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hiramoto
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and General Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007564:Japan; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011231:Preceptorship / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*