title: Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Sample Sizes.
abstract: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is generally regarded as a technique for large sample sizes (N), with N = 50 as a reasonable absolute minimum. This study offers a comprehensive overview of the conditions in which EFA can yield good quality results for N below 50. Simulations were carried out to estimate the minimum required N for different levels of loadings (λ), number of factors (f), and number of variables (p) and to examine the extent to which a small N solution can sustain the presence of small distortions such as interfactor correlations, model error, secondary loadings, unequal loadings, and unequal p/f. Factor recovery was assessed in terms of pattern congruence coefficients, factor score correlations, Heywood cases, and the gap size between eigenvalues. A subsampling study was also conducted on a psychological dataset of individuals who filled in a Big Five Inventory via the Internet. Results showed that when data are well conditioned (i.e., high λ, low f, high p), EFA can yield reliable results for N well below 50, even in the presence of small distortions. Such conditions may be uncommon but should certainly not be ruled out in behavioral research data. ∗ These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.affiliation: a Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C F
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.affiliation: a Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dodou
authors.affiliation: a Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wieringa