title: Metabolomics revealed diurnal heat stress and zinc supplementation-induced changes in amino acid, lipid, and microbial metabolism.
abstract: Heat stress (HS) dramatically disrupts the events in energy and nutrient metabolism, many of which requires zinc (Zn) as a cofactor. In this study, metabolic effects of HS and Zn supplementation were evaluated by examining growth performance, blood chemistry, and metabolomes of crossbred gilts fed with ZnNeg (no Zn supplementation), ZnIO (120 ppm ZnSO4), or ZnAA (60 ppm ZnSO4 + 60 ppm zinc amino acid complex) diets under diurnal HS or thermal-neutral (TN) condition. The results showed that growth performance was reduced by HS but not by Zn supplementation. Among measured serum biochemicals, HS was found to increase creatinine but decrease blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level. Metabolomic analysis indicated that HS greatly affected diverse metabolites associated with amino acid, lipid, and microbial metabolism, including urea cycle metabolites, essential amino acids, phospholipids, medium-chain dicarboxylic acids, fatty acid amides, and secondary bile acids. More importantly, many changes in these metabolite markers were correlated with both acute and adaptive responses to HS. Relative to HS-induced metabolic effects, Zn supplementation-associated effects were much more limited. A prominent observation was that ZnIO diet, potentially through its influences on microbial metabolism, yielded different responses to HS compared with two other diets, which included higher levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal fluid and higher levels of lysine in the liver and feces. Overall, comprehensive metabolomic analysis identified novel metabolite markers associated with HS and Zn supplementation, which could guide further investigation on the mechanisms of these metabolic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Urriola
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Zhao-Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Zachary J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Rambo
authors.affiliation: Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Torrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Gerald C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Shurson
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota chichen@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008827:Microbiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Heat stress; metabolism; metabolomics; zinc supplementation