title: Prospective study of plasma urate and risk of Parkinson disease in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether higher plasma urate concentrations are associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD) and whether there is a sex difference in the potential urate-PD relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study based on 90,214 participants of 3 ongoing US cohorts. We identified 388 new PD cases (202 men and 186 women) since blood collection, which were then matched to 1,267 controls. PD cases were confirmed by medical record review. Conditional logistic regression estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), after adjustment for age, smoking, caffeine intake, plasma concentrations of cholesterol and ferritin, and other covariates. We also conducted a meta-analysis to combine our study with 3 previously published prospective studies on urate and PD risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present nested case-control study, the multivariate-adjusted RRs of PD comparing extreme quartiles of urate were 0.63 (95% CI 0.35, 1.10; ptrend = 0.049) in men and 1.04 (95% CI 0.61, 1.78; ptrend = 0.44) in women (pheterogeneity = 0.001). In the meta-analysis, the pooled RRs comparing 2 extreme quartiles of urate were 0.63 (95% CI 0.42, 0.95) in men and 0.89 (95% CI 0.57, 1.40) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that men, but not women, with higher urate concentrations had a lower future risk of developing PD, suggesting that urate could be protective against PD risk or could slow disease progression during the preclinical stage of disease.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutritional Health (X.G.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Nutrition (E.J.O., A.A.), Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine (E.J.O., A.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. xxg14@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutritional Health (X.G.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Nutrition (E.J.O., A.A.), Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine (E.J.O., A.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Éilis J
authors.initials: ÉJ
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutritional Health (X.G.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Nutrition (E.J.O., A.A.), Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine (E.J.O., A.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schwarzschild
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutritional Health (X.G.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Nutrition (E.J.O., A.A.), Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine (E.J.O., A.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascherio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid