title: Endovascular intracranial treatment of acute ischemic strokes.
abstract: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the leading cause of long-term disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for AIS. The use of IV tPA in AIS related to large-vessel occlusion (LVO) has shown low recanalization rates and poor clinical outcomes. Over the last decade, endovascular treatment has demonstrated safety and effectiveness in the management of LVO-associated AIS due to the evolution of endovascular techniques and technologies, beginning with intraarterial thrombolysis, aspiration, self-expanding intracranial stents, and now retrievable stents. With the recent publication of the results of five randomized controlled studies, mechanical thrombectomy in combination with IV tPA demonstrated significant radiographic and clinical benefit over traditional strategies with IV tPA alone. In light of these results, endovascular therapy has been placed at the forefront of stroke treatment, redefining the standard of care. This review presents the evolution of endovascular treatment of AIS resulting from LVO; provides an analysis of the initial and latest RCTs; and discusses the association between endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and clinical outcomes, functional outcomes, and rates of revascularization, intracranial hemorrhage, morbidity, and mortality. Finally, shortcomings of the recent technological advances, such as clot fragmentation, and potential solutions to overcome these drawbacks are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA - lnhopkins@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rangel-Castilla
authors.forename: Kenneth V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Adnan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Elad I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Nelson L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator