title: Co-Circulation of Canine Coronavirus I and IIa/b with High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China.
abstract: To trace the evolution of canine coronavirus (CCoV), 201 stool samples from diarrheic dogs in northeast China were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) targeting the partial M and S genes of CCoV, followed by an epidemiological analysis. M gene RT-PCRs showed that 28.36% (57/201) of the samples were positive for CCoV; of the 57 positive samples, CCoV-I and CCoV-II accounted for 15.79% (9/57) and 84.21% (48/57), respectively. A sequence comparison of the partial M gene revealed nucleotide homologies of 88.4%-100% among the 57 CCoV strains, and 88.7%-96.2% identity between the 57 CCoV strains and the Chinese reference strain HF3. The CCoV-I and CCoV-II strains exhibited genetic diversity when compared with reference strains from China and other countries. The 57 CCoV strains exhibited high co-infection rates with canine kobuvirus (CaKV) (33.33%) and canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) (31.58%). The CCoV prevalence in diarrheic dogs differed significantly with immunization status, regions, seasons, and ages. Moreover, 28 S genes were amplified from the 57 CCoV-positive samples, including 26 CCoV-IIa strains, one CCoV-IIb strain, and one CCoV-I strain. A sequence comparison of the partial S gene revealed 86.3%-100% nucleotide identity among the 26 CCoV-IIa strains, and 89.6%-92.2% identity between the 26 CCoV-IIa strains and the Chinese reference strain V1. The 26 CCoV-IIa strains showed genetic diversity when compared with reference strains from China and other countries. Our data provide evidence that CCoV-I, CCoV-IIa, and CCoV-IIb strains co-circulate in the diarrhoetic dogs in northeast China, high co-infection rates with CaKV and CPV-2 were observed, and the CCoV-II strains exhibited high prevalence and genetic diversity.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chunqiu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Donghua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Enyu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Mingjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiujin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Siyao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dongbo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D003333:Coronaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017939:Coronavirus, Canine / Q000235:genetics*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004285:Dogs; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*