title: Cigarette Smoking and Electronic Cigarettes Use: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use, particularly in adolescents, yet the effects has not be systematically reviewed and quantified. Relevant studies were retrieved by searching three databases up to June 2015. The meta-analysis results were presented as pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated by a random-effects model. Current smokers were more likely to use e-cigarette currently (OR: 14.89, 95% CI: 7.70-28.78) and the probability was greater in adolescents than in adults (39.13 vs. 7.51). The probability of ever e-cigarettes use was significantly increased in smokers (OR: 14.67, 95% CI: 11.04-19.49). Compared with ever smokers and adults, the probabilities were much greater in current smokers (16.10 vs. 9.47) and adolescents (15.19 vs. 14.30), respectively. Cigarette smoking increases the probability of e-cigarettes use, especially in current smokers and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China. mwang@cdc.zj.cn.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang. 4138 Linglong Road, Qingzhou, 262500, Shandong Province, China. wangjw8711@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang. 4138 Linglong Road, Qingzhou, 262500, Shandong Province, China. caoss1234@163.com.
authors.forename: Shuang-Shuang
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China. wanghuiqin1990121@163.com.
authors.forename: Hui-Qin
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China. ryhu@cdc.zj.cn.
authors.forename: Ru-Ying
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cigarette smoking; electronic cigarette; meta-analysis