title: Intravaginal Practices in Female Sex Workers in Cambodia: A Qualitative Study.
abstract: Intravaginal practices (IVPs) are associated with several adverse health outcomes, including HIV infection. However, few studies have examined this topic in Asian cultures, particularly in female sex workers (FSWs). This theory-based qualitative study aimed to describe the IVPs and to identify salient determinants of these practices in FSWs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conducted in-depth interviews using open-ended questions with 30 FSWs in July-August 2014. We analyzed data using thematic content analysis, with thematic codes based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The results showed that the most common IVP was a combination of intravaginal washing and wiping, to which we refer as intravaginal cleansing. There was a clear and close connection between IVP and sex work. Perceived benefits of intravaginal cleansing were numerous, while the perceived risks were few. As a result, the attitude toward intravaginal cleansing was favorable. A common misperception of benefit was that intravaginal cleansing could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Local physicians considerably influenced the subjective norm related to IVP. Intention to quit IVPs was suboptimal. In conclusion, the psychological factors associated with IVPs in FSWs were somewhat different from those in the general population of Cambodian women and women in other countries. Behavioral beliefs, attitude, and subjective norms appeared salient and important factors in IVPs. Interventions aimed at reducing IVPs should target these constructs as well as the sex-work-associated economic motives. Local physicians may be an agent to change IVP and an effective channel to deliver interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1330, P.O. Box 301439, Houston, TX, 77230-1439, USA. thanh.bui@aya.yale.edu.
authors.forename: Thanh Cong
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ly Thi-Hai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Authority, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Leng Bun
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Scheurer
authors.affiliation: Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Damon J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vidrine
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Markham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002160:Cambodia; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009042:Motivation; D015995:Prevalence; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011477:Sex Work; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000523:psychology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases; D044364:Vaginal Douching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Cambodia; Female sex workers; Intravaginal practices; Theory of planned behavior