title: Quantitative IFN-γ and IL-2 Response Associated with Latent Tuberculosis Test Discordance in HIV-infected Pregnant Women.
abstract: Pregnant women with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) are at high risk for development of TB, especially if infected with HIV.
  
  
  
  To assess the performance of LTBI tests in pregnant and postpartum women infected with HIV, investigate the immunology behind discordance in pregnancy, and explore the implications for the development of postpartum TB.
  
  
  
  We screened pregnant women in their second/third trimester and at delivery for LTBI using the tuberculin skin test (TST) and IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) (QuantiFERON Gold). A subset of antepartum women had longitudinal testing, with repeat testing at delivery and postpartum and additional cytokines measured from the IGRA supernatant. The kappa statistic and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to determine agreement and comparison of cytokine concentrations, respectively.
  
  
  
  Of 252 enrolled, 71 (28%) women had a positive IGRA but only 27 (10%) had a positive TST (P < 0.005). There was 75% agreement (kappa, 0.25). When stratified by pregnancy versus delivery, 20% had IGRA(+)/TST(-) discordance at each time point. A positive IGRA was associated with known TB contact (odds ratio, 3.6; confidence interval, 1.2-11.1; P = 0.02). Compared with IGRA(+)/TST(+), women with IGRA(+)/TST(-) discordance had significantly less IFN-γ (1.85 vs. 3.48 IU/ml; P = 0.02) and IL-2 (46.17 vs. 84.03 pg/ml; P = 0.01). Five developed postpartum TB, of which three had IGRA(+)/TST(-) discordance during pregnancy.
  
  
  
  Choice of LTBI test in pregnant women infected with HIV affects results. Pregnant women with IGRA(+)/TST(-) discordance had less IFN-γ and IL-2 than those with concordant-positive results and may represent an especially high-risk subset for the development of active TB postpartum.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jyoti S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mathad
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College/Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhosale
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanade
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.|4 Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mave
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Nishi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suryavanshi
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.|4 Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.affiliation: 5 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College/Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: 5 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College/Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandanwale
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dupnik
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.affiliation: 3 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India.|4 Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology*; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: HIV; IFN-γ release assay; pregnancy; tuberculin skin test; tuberculosis