title: Feeding rates affect stress and non-specific immune responses of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala subjected to hypoxia.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding rates on stress response, innate immunity and hypoxia resistance of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish were randomly assigned to one of six feeding rates (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7% of body weight/day) for 60 days. Then, fish were subjected to hypoxic conditions and haemato-immunological parameters were analyzed pre- and post-challenge. Low feed ration resulted in decreased liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and reduced glutathione contents. Inadequate feeding also adversely affected the immune functions of fish, as was characterized by the relatively low haemato-immunological parameters (including alternative complement (ACH50), myeloperoxidase (MPO), plasma protein profiles and transferring) and high hypoxia-induced mortality. High feed ration did not lead to the improvement in antioxidant capability, immune responses and survival. In addition, plasma cortisol, glucose and transferrin levels as well as lysozyme activities all increased significantly after hypoxia challenge, whereas the opposite was true for plasma ACH50 and MPO activities as well as protein profiles in terms of hypoxia challenge. An interaction between feeding rate and hypoxia was also observed in plasma cortisol, glucose and protein profiles. In conclusion, a feeding rate of 4-5% of body weight/day is optimal to boost the innate immunity of juvenile blunt snout bream. Low ration resulted in decreased antioxidant capability, compromised immune functions and reduced hypoxia resistance, while over feeding did not benefit the health status.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Guang-Zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Ding-Dong
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: wbliu@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wen-Bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: Blunt snout bream; Hypoxia; Innate immunity; Ration size; Stress