title: Association between toothbrushing and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a large-scale, cross-sectional Japanese study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the association between toothbrushing and risk factors for cardiovascular disease--namely, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidaemia (DL), hyperuricaemia (HUA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A large-scale, single-centre, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  St Luke's International Hospital, Center for Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, between January 2004 and June 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the toothbrushing practices of 85,866 individuals according to the 3-category frequency criterion: 'after every meal', 'at least once a day' and 'less than once a day'. The ORs by frequency were calculated for the prevalences of HT, DM, DL, HUA and CKD according to binominal logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and lifestyle habits--smoking, drinking, walk time and sleep time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of the risk factors were as follows: HT ('after every meal': 13.3%, 'at least once a day': 17.9% and 'less than once a day': 31.0%), DM (3.1%, 5.3% and 17.4%, respectively), DL (29.0%, 42.1% and 60.3%, respectively), HUA (8.6%, 17.5% and 27.2%, respectively) and CKD (3.8%, 3.1% and 8.3%, respectively). The prevalences were significantly higher in the 'less than once a day' group than in the 'after every meal' group for DM (OR=2.03; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.21) and DL (OR=1.50; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.14), but not for HT, HUA and CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even taking into account lifestyle habits, a lower frequency of toothbrushing was associated with high prevalences of DM and DL. Toothbrushing practices may be beneficial for oral health improvement and also for prevention of certain systemic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Department of Cardiology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Molecular Reproductive Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichiura
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Sapporo City University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Tama-Nagayama Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morisawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Asa-Gion Dental Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D065840:Protective Factors; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Dyslipidemia; Toothbrushing