title: Lactobacillus plantarum L67 glycoprotein protects against cadmium chloride toxicity in RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: The food and water we consume may be contaminated with a range of chemicals and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury by accumulation through the food chain. Cadmium is known to be one of the major components in cigarette smoke and can cause lesions in many organs. Some lactobacilli can bind and remove heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and copper. However, the mechanisms of cadmium toxicity and inhibition by probiotics are not clear. In this study, we demonstrated that glycoprotein (18 kDa) isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum L67 protected RAW 264.7 cells from expression of inflammation-related factors stimulated by cadmium chloride (100 µM). Furthermore, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of cadmium using the MTT assay and intracellular Ca(2+) using fluorescence, and assessed activities of activator protein kinase C (PKC-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase, activator protein (AP)-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases using immunoblot. Our results indicated that glycoprotein isolated from L. plantarum L67 inhibited intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. It also significantly suppressed inflammatory factors such as AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos), mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38), and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Our findings suggest that the 24-kDa glycoprotein isolated from L. plantarum L67 might be used as a food component for protection of inflammation caused by cadmium ion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Gwang-ju 500-757, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sooyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Gwang-ju 500-757, South Korea. Electronic address: soh@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sejong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Gwang-ju 500-757, South Korea. Electronic address: ktlim@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kye-Taek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019256:Cadmium Chloride
keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum; activator protein (AP)-1; cadmium; glycoprotein; mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)