title: Not Just Academics: Paths of Longitudinal Effects From Parent Involvement to Substance Abuse in Emerging Adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  By the 12th grade, half of American adolescents have abused an illicit drug at least once (Johnston et al., 2015). Although many substance misuse prevention programs exist, we propose an alternative mechanism for reducing substance use. There is evidence that parent involvement is related to reductions in children's behavior problems which then predict later substance abuse. We examine the Child-Parent Center (CPC) program, an early childhood intervention, as a strategy to impact substance abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a path analysis from CPC to parent involvement through early adolescent problem behaviors and competencies to young adult substance abuse. Participants (N = 1,203; 51.5% female; 93.8% African-American) were assessed from age 3 to 26 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CPC participation initiates a pathway to increased parent involvement and expectations, which positively impact adolescents' competencies and problem behaviors, lowering rates of substance abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through early childhood education, increasing early parental involvement and expectations can alter life-course outcomes by providing children with a foundation for positive behaviors and encouraging adaptive functioning in adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Electronic address: hayak006@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Momoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giovanelli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Englund
authors.affiliation: Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mechanisms of substance abuse prevention; Parent involvement; Substance abuse