title: Factors Influencing Aqueous Proinflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factors in Uveitic Glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of factors on aqueous humor proinflammatory cytokine and growth factor levels in patients with uveitic glaucoma (UG).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 143 participants: 1) UG patients (n = 39); 2) primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (n = 36); and 3) cataract surgery patients, as a comparative group (n = 68). Aqueous humor samples were obtained at the start of surgery. Aqueous cytokine levels were determined using a multiplex immunoassay (xMAP and the Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In UG cases, mean interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, and VEGF levels were 171.1, 214.5, 2791.7, 3.5, 23.9, 5.4, and 168.9 pg/mL, respectively, and were higher than those in cataract (non-glaucomatous) cases except PDGF. Levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and VEGF were higher in UG cases than in POAG cases. UG cases with a history of phacoemulsification displayed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (P = 0.0164), IL-8 (P = 0.0003), MCP-1 (P = 0.0465), and PDGF-AB/BB (P = 0.0062) compared to the phakic cases. The presence of cells in the anterior chamber was related to higher levels of IL-8 (P = 0.0002), TNF-α (P = 0.0037), and PDGF-AB/BB (P = 0.0009). The level of PDGF-AB/BB was higher in infectious uveitis than in non-infectious uveitis (P = 0.0211). The level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 was negatively correlated with the levels of MCP-1 (adjusted R2 = 0.28, t = -2.45, P = 0.031) and TNF-α (adjusted R2 = 0.27, t = -2.43, P = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of phacoemulsification, the presence of cells in the anterior chamber, and infectious uveitis were related to aqueous proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with UG. TGF-β2 might be an anti-inflammatory factor in aqueous humor of UG patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanihara
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A