title: Increased water contamination and grow-out Pekin duck mortality when raised with water troughs compared to pin-metered water lines using a United States management system.
abstract: Controversy has developed as to whether or not pin-metered water lines or water troughs are more appropriate for Pekin ducks. We hypothesized that water troughs would show improved duck body conditions and environmental quality compared to pin-metered water lines. To test this hypothesis, we housed ducks in 2 barns, one with water lines and one with water troughs. Water troughs were constructed to meet RSPCA guidelines for number and density of ducks and with recently described verandas. Ducks were divided into 4 pens per barn (n=1,000 ducks/pen). The study was then repeated (n=8 pens per water source) in a cross-over design so the barns each contained the opposite water source to the first experiment. We scored the ducks' body condition using an established scoring rubric and analyzed using SAS Proc GLM-Mix as binomial data. Ducks housed with water troughs showed higher (thus worse condition; P<0.001) scores for eyes, nostrils, feather quality, feather cleanliness, and foot pads. We also compared water condition, water quality, and duck mortality using a Student t test for both water sources each week. We found that the water troughs showed higher iron (P<0.001), nitrites (P<0.001), pH (P<0.01), and bacterial growth (P<0.001). The bacterial growth was shown to have higher (P<0.001)E. coli, coliforms, and Staphylococcusin the water troughs. Water lines typically showed no bacterial growth in culture-based assays. Ducks housed with water troughs used greater (P=0.001) volumes of water compared to ducks housed with water lines. Ducks with water troughs also showed a greater percent (P=0.008) mortality at all ages compared to ducks with water lines. These data suggest that water troughs may not be beneficial for duck welfare and could adversely impact both environment and duck or human health.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alenciks
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA South Crossing Veterinary Center, Caledonia, MI USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fraley
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI USA fraley@hope.edu.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fraley
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D006304:Health Status; D007196:Indiana; D008136:Longevity; D011897:Random Allocation; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: angiotensin II; bacterial contamination; corticosterone; stress; water quality