title: Recommendations and Standardization of Biomarker Quantification Using NMR-Based Metabolomics with Particular Focus on Urinary Analysis.
abstract: NMR-based metabolomics has shown considerable promise in disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery because it allows one to nondestructively identify and quantify large numbers of novel metabolite biomarkers in both biofluids and tissues. Precise metabolite quantification is a prerequisite to move any chemical biomarker or biomarker panel from the lab to the clinic. Among the biofluids commonly used for disease diagnosis and prognosis, urine has several advantages. It is abundant, sterile, and easily obtained, needs little sample preparation, and does not require invasive medical procedures for collection. Furthermore, urine captures and concentrates many "unwanted" or "undesirable" compounds throughout the body, providing a rich source of potentially useful disease biomarkers; however, incredible variation in urine chemical concentrations makes analysis of urine and identification of useful urinary biomarkers by NMR challenging. We discuss a number of the most significant issues regarding NMR-based urinary metabolomics with specific emphasis on metabolite quantification for disease biomarker applications and propose data collection and instrumental recommendations regarding NMR pulse sequences, acceptable acquisition parameter ranges, relaxation effects on quantitation, proper handling of instrumental differences, sample preparation, and biomarker assessment.
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, KAUST , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdul-Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Emwas
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Research, formerly, Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: UCD Insitute of Food and Health, UCD , Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: FiorGen Foundation , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tenori
authors.affiliation: Centro Risonanze Magnetiche - CERM, University of Florence , Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luchinat
authors.affiliation: Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio , Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zeri
authors.affiliation: Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington , 850 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.
authors.forename: G A Nagana
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gowda
authors.affiliation: Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington , 850 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.|Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , 1100 Fairview Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinbeck
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Reza M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Salek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wishart
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: NMR; disease; metabolites; quantification; quantitative analysis; recommendations; standardization; urine