title: Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. THs produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short-term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short-term-activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short-term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of THs, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gnocchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruscalupi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.|Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D013963:Thyroid Hormones
keywords: genomic effects; metabolic disorders; short-term effects; thyroid hormone metabolites; thyroid hormones