title: Shaping Public Health Initiatives in Kidney Diseases: The Peer Kidney Care Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While broad-based societal efforts to improve public health have targeted disorders such as cardiovascular disease and cancer for several decades, efforts devoted to kidney disease have developed only more recently. The Peer Kidney Care Initiative, a novel effort designed to address knowledge gaps in the care of patients with kidney disease, examines key disease processes, the roles of geography and seasonality on outcomes, and longitudinal trends in outcomes over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Admissions for gastrointestinal bleeds increased approximately 28% between 2004 and 2011 in prevalent patients. Infection with Clostridium difficile increased nearly 70% between 2003 and 2010 in patients within a year of initiation. Admissions for heart failure in prevalent patients decreased approximately 25% between 2004 and 2012, but admissions for volume overload increased a nearly equal amount. Incidence rates varied substantially by geographic region, such that unadjusted rates in the highest region were nearly double than those in the lowest. There was seasonal variation in all-cause mortality of approximately 15-20% in both incident and prevalent patients, suggesting a link between cardiovascular events and seasonally related environmental conditions. New cases of end-stage renal disease fell from 385 per million population in 2003 to 344 in 2012, a decline of approximately 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peer complements existing kidney disease epidemiologic efforts by examining specific actionable disease entities, exploring geographic variation in care, highlighting the role of seasonality on outcomes, and emphasizing the importance of trending outcomes over time as overall societal progress is being made.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wetmore
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011634:Public Health; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology