title: Saccadic Corollary Discharge Underlies Stable Visual Perception.
abstract: Saccadic eye movements direct the high-resolution foveae of our retinas toward objects of interest. With each saccade, the image jumps on the retina, causing a discontinuity in visual input. Our visual perception, however, remains stable. Philosophers and scientists over centuries have proposed that visual stability depends upon an internal neuronal signal that is a copy of the neuronal signal driving the eye movement, now referred to as a corollary discharge (CD) or efference copy. In the old world monkey, such a CD circuit for saccades has been identified extending from superior colliculus through MD thalamus to frontal cortex, but there is little evidence that this circuit actually contributes to visual perception. We tested the influence of this CD circuit on visual perception by first training macaque monkeys to report their perceived eye direction, and then reversibly inactivating the CD as it passes through the thalamus. We found that the monkey's perception changed; during CD inactivation, there was a difference between where the monkey perceived its eyes to be directed and where they were actually directed. Perception and saccade were decoupled. We established that the perceived eye direction at the end of the saccade was not derived from proprioceptive input from eye muscles, and was not altered by contextual visual information. We conclude that the CD provides internal information contributing to the brain's creation of perceived visual stability. More specifically, the CD might provide the internal saccade vector used to unite separate retinal images into a stable visual scene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual stability is one of the most remarkable aspects of human vision. The eyes move rapidly several times per second, displacing the retinal image each time. The brain compensates for this disruption, keeping our visual perception stable. A major hypothesis explaining this stability invokes a signal within the brain, a corollary discharge, that informs visual regions of the brain when and where the eyes are about to move. Such a corollary discharge circuit for eye movements has been identified in macaque monkey. We now show that selectively inactivating this brain circuit alters the monkey's visual perception. We conclude that this corollary discharge provides a critical signal that can be used to unite jumping retinal images into a consistent visual scene.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 jrc@lsr.nei.nih.gov.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: Wilsaan M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wurtz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: FEF; MD; corollary discharge; efference copy; macaque; visual perception