title: Erosion rills offset the efficacy of vegetated buffer strips to mitigate pesticide exposure in surface waters.
abstract: Regulatory risk assessment considers vegetated buffer strips as effective risk mitigation measures for the reduction of runoff-related pesticide exposure of surface waters. However, apart from buffer strip widths, further characteristics such as vegetation density or the presence of erosion rills are generally neglected in the determination of buffer strip mitigation efficacies. This study conducted a field survey of fruit orchards (average slope 3.1-12.2%) of the Lourens River catchment, South Africa, which specifically focused on the characteristics and attributes of buffer strips separating orchard areas from tributary streams. In addition, in-stream and erosion rill water samples were collected during three runoff events and GIS-based modeling was employed to predict losses of pesticides associated with runoff. The results show that erosion rills are common in buffer strips (on average 13 to 24 m wide) of the tributaries (up to 6.5 erosion rills per km flow length) and that erosion rills represent concentrated entry pathways of pesticide runoff into the tributaries during rainfall events. Exposure modeling shows that measured pesticide surface water concentrations correlated significantly (R(2)=0.626; p<0.001) with runoff losses predicted by the modeling approach in which buffer strip width was set to zero at sites with erosion rills; in contrast, no relationship between predicted runoff losses and in-stream pesticide concentrations were detected in the modeling approach that neglected erosion rills and thus assumed efficient buffer strips. Overall, the results of our study show that erosion rills may substantially reduce buffer strip pesticide retention efficacies during runoff events and suggest that the capability of buffer strips as a risk mitigation tool for runoff is largely overestimated in current regulatory risk assessment procedures conducted for pesticide authorization.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany. Electronic address: stehle@uni-landau.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.affiliation: CSIR, Natural Resources and Environment, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: James Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dabrowski
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Uli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bangert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers; D013019:South Africa; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Exposure modeling; Field survey; Monitoring; Risk assessment; Runoff; South Africa