title: Feasibility and effectiveness of adding object-related bilateral symmetrical training to mirror therapy in chronic stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of adding object-related bilateral symmetrical training to mirror therapy (MT) to improve upper limb (UL) activity in chronic stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with moderate UL impairment were randomly allocated to either the experimental (EG) or control (CG) group. Both groups performed 1 hour sessions, 3 days/week for 4 weeks, involving object-related bilateral symmetrical training. EG performed the tasks observing their nonparetic UL reflected in the mirror, while CG observed the paretic UL directly. The primary outcome measure was unilateral and bilateral UL activity according to the Test d'Évaluation des Membres Supérieurs de Personnes Âgées (TEMPA). All measurements were taken at baseline, post-training, and follow-up (2 weeks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEMPA total score showed the main effect of time. Significant improvement was found for bilateral but not unilateral tasks. Both groups showed gains after training, with no differences between them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the feasibility of adding object-related bilateral training to MT. Both types of training improved UL bilateral activity; however, a larger sample is required for a definitive study. Other studies need to be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of combining more distal-oriented movements and object-related unilateral training to improve these effects in chronic stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Movement Science Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Cardoso
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Movement Science Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil.
authors.forename: Nayara Correa
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Movement Science Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Pinheiro
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Movement Science Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil.
authors.forename: Stella Maris
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation*
keywords: Hemiparesis; rehabilitation; task-oriented training; upper limb