title: Optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor in labial and lingual orthodontics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the present study was to specify an optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor and to compare the effects of bracket positioning at different heights from the incisal edge in Labial Orthodontics (LaO) and Lingual Orthodontics (LiO).
  
  
  METHODS
  A mathematical model of maxillary central incisor with normal inclination was developed. Four cases of heights of bracket slot from incisal edge were considered both in LaO and LiO viz. 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6mm. Based on a mathematical model, an optimum force system consisting of an intrusive or extrusive force (F) and a moment (M) was devised and moment (M) to force (F) ratio (M:F ratio) was estimated in each case. Then, three-dimensional Computer Aided Design (CAD) models of incisor and surrounding structures were prepared. To validate an optimum force system, finite element analysis was carried out and force system with derived M:F ratio was applied in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In finite element analysis, results were shown in the form of vector graph of nodal displacements along with undeformed and deformed models. The desired intrusion or extrusion of incisor was observed. Thus, force system devised from a mathematical model was validated with finite element analysis in each case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To achieve intrusion or extrusion, M:F ratios required in LaO were same i.e. 8:1 for aforementioned heights of bracket slot from incisal edge but different in LiO i.e. 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 for the heights of 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6mm respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: abhi.thote8@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abhishek M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thote
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Rashmi V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Uddanwadiker
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008954:Models, Biological; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques
keywords: Extrusion; Finite element analysis; Intrusion; LaO; LiO; Mathematical model; Maxillary central incisor