title: Tortoiseshell or Polymer? Spectroscopic Analysis to Redefine a Purported Tortoiseshell Box with Gold Decorations as a Plastic Box with Brass.
abstract: The study and preservation of museum collections requires complete knowledge and understanding of constituent materials that can be natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic polymers. In former times, objects were incorporated in museum collections and classified solely by their appearance. New studies, prompted by severe degradation processes or conservation-restoration actions, help shed light on the materiality of objects that can contradict the original information or assumptions. The selected case study presented here is of a box dating from the beginning of the 20th century that belongs to the Portuguese National Ancient Art Museum. Museum curators classified it as a tortoiseshell box decorated with gold applications solely on the basis of visual inspection and the information provided by the donor. This box has visible signs of degradation with white veils, initially assumed to be the result of biological degradation of a proteinaceous matrix. This paper presents the methodological rationale behind this study and proposes a totally non-invasive methodology for the identification of polymeric materials in museum artifacts. The analysis of surface leachates using (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) complemented by in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) allowed for full characterization of the object s substratum. The NMR technique unequivocally identified a great number of additives and ATR FT-IR provided information about the polymer structure and while also confirming the presence of additives. The pressure applied during ATR FT-IR spectroscopy did not cause any physical change in the structure of the material at the level of the surface (e.g., color, texture, brightness, etc.). In this study, variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM-EDS) was also used to obtain the elemental composition of the metallic decorations. Additionally, microbiologic and enzymatic assays were performed in order to identify the possible biofilm composition and understand the role of microorganisms in the biodeterioration process. Using these methodologies, the box was correctly identified as being made of cellulose acetate plastic with brass decorations and the white film was identified as being composed mainly of polymer exudates, namely sulphonamides and triphenyl phosphate.
authors.affiliation: HERCULES Laboratory and Évora Chemistry Centre, School of Science and Technology of Évora University, Évora, Portugal candeias@uevora.pt.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: HERCULES Laboratory and Évora Chemistry Centre, School of Science and Technology of Évora University, Évora, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Teresa
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Caldeira
authors.affiliation: Jose de Figueiredo National Conservation Restoration Laboratory, General Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Belmira
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maduro
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Archaeology, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandenabeele
authors.affiliation: HERCULES Laboratory and Évora Chemistry Centre, School of Science and Technology of Évora University, Évora, Portugal Jose de Figueiredo National Conservation Restoration Laboratory, General Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Candeias
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001154:Art / Q000266:history; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000032:analysis*; D049690:History, Ancient; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009144:Museums; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011174:Portugal; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014426:Turtles; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; C048399:brass; D006046:Gold; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Biodegradation; Cellulose acetate; In situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy; Museum environment; Noninvasive methodology; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy; Plastic objects; Tortoiseshell