title: Facilitating cells: Translation of hematopoietic chimerism to achieve clinical tolerance.
abstract: For over 50 y the association between hematopoietic chimerism and tolerance has been recognized. This originated with the brilliant observation by Dr. Ray Owen that freemartin cattle twins that shared a common placental blood supply were red blood cell chimeras, which led to the discovery that hematopoietic chimerism resulted in actively acquired tolerance. This was first confirmed in neonatal mice by Medawar et al. and subsequently in adult rodents. Fifty years later this concept has been successfully translated to solid organ transplant recipients in the clinic. The field is new, but cell-based therapies are being used with increasing frequency to induce tolerance and immunomodulation. The future is bright. This review focuses on chimerism and tolerance: past, present and prospects for the future.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ildstad
authors.affiliation: b Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Esma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yolcu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018183:Transplantation Chimera / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: chimerism; facilitating cells; freemartin cattle; stem cells; tolerance