title: Type VI secretion systems of human gut Bacteroidales segregate into three genetic architectures, two of which are contained on mobile genetic elements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are contact-dependent antagonistic systems employed by Gram negative bacteria to intoxicate other bacteria or eukaryotic cells. T6SSs were recently discovered in a few Bacteroidetes strains, thereby extending the presence of these systems beyond Proteobacteria. The present study was designed to analyze in a global nature the diversity, abundance, and properties of T6SSs in the Bacteroidales, the most predominant Gram negative bacterial order of the human gut.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By performing extensive bioinformatics analyses and creating hidden Markov models for Bacteroidales Tss proteins, we identified 130 T6SS loci in 205 human gut Bacteroidales genomes. Of the 13 core T6SS proteins of Proteobacteria, human gut Bacteroidales T6SS loci encode orthologs of nine, and an additional five other core proteins not present in Proteobacterial T6SSs. The Bacteroidales T6SS loci segregate into three distinct genetic architectures with extensive DNA identity between loci of a given genetic architecture. We found that divergent DNA regions of a genetic architecture encode numerous types of effector and immunity proteins and likely include new classes of these proteins. TheT6SS loci of genetic architecture 1 are contained on highly similar integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), as are the T6SS loci of genetic architecture 2, whereas the T6SS loci of genetic architecture 3 are not and are confined to Bacteroides fragilis. Using collections of co-resident Bacteroidales strains from human subjects, we provide evidence for the transfer of genetic architecture 1 T6SS loci among co-resident Bacteroidales species in the human gut. However, we also found that established ecosystems can harbor strains with distinct T6SS of all genetic architectures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to comprehensively analyze of the presence and diversity of T6SS loci within an order of bacteria and to analyze T6SSs of bacteria from a natural community. These studies demonstrate that more than half of our gut Bacteroidales, equivalent to about ¼ of the bacteria of this ecosystem, encode T6SSs. The data reveal several novel properties of these systems and suggest that antagonism between or distributed defense among these abundant intestinal bacteria may be common in established human gut communities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. mcoyne@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. kroelofs@partners.org.
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Roelofs
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. lcomstock@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Laurie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Comstock
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000235:genetics*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences / Q000235:genetics; D000069376:Type VI Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000069376:Type VI Secretion Systems