title: Vascular endothelial growth factor C is an indicator of lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cellcarcinomas and its role in long-term survival after surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To define the role of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) on lymph node (LN) metastasis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to investigate its impact on overall survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time polymerase chain reaction was introduced to quantify the expression of VEGF-CmRNA. One hundred and eight samples (59 tumor tissue and 59 paired normal tissue) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal mucosa (P = 0.02). VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in LN (+) patients than in LN (-) patients (P = 0.04). VEGF-CmRNA expression was related to a positive LN number (P = 0.06) and a positive LN station number (P = 0.04). VEGF-CmRNA expression was significantly higher in stage III and IV patients than in stage I and II patients (P = 0.03). A logistic regression model showed that VEGF-CmRNA and T status were independent risk factors for LN metastasis(P < 0.05). In univariate analysis, survival tended to be poorer in the VEGF-CmRNA high expression group (22.0 months vs. 44.0 months, P = 0.08). A Cox regression model revealed that a positive LN station number was the only independent risk factor for overall survival (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF-C was a useful indicator for LN metastasis in human ESCC, and it might have some influence on long-term survival by affecting LN metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xufeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wenhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Esophageal cancer; VEGF-C; lymph node metastasis; real-time polymerase chain reaction; survival