title: What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic toxic effects of sulfonamides on Escherichia coli?
abstract: Bacteria in the environment face the threat of antibiotics. However, most studies investigating the toxicity and toxicity mechanisms of antibiotics have been conducted on microorganisms in aerobic conditions, while studies examining the anaerobic toxicity and toxicity mechanisms of antibiotics are still limited. In this study, we determined the aerobic and anaerobic toxicities of sulfonamides (SAs) on Escherichia coli. Next, a comparison of the aerobic and anaerobic toxicities indicated that the SAs could be divided into three groups: Group I: log(1/EC50-anaerobic)>log(1/EC50-aerobic) (EC50-anaerobic/EC50-aerobic, the median effective concentration under anaerobic/aerobic conditions), Group II: log(1/EC50-anaerobic)≈log(1/EC50-aerobic), and Group III: log(1/EC50-anaerobic)<log(1/EC50-aerobic). Furthermore, this division was not based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level or the interaction energy (Ebinding) value, which represents the affinity between SAs and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) but rather on the total binding energy. Furthermore, SAs with greatly similar structures were categorized into different groups. This deep insight into the difference between aerobic and anaerobic toxicities will benefit environmental science, and the results of this study will serve as a reference for the risk assessment of chemicals in the environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Mengnan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China. Electronic address: lzhifen@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhifen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Dali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000693:Anaerobiosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase
keywords: Anaerobic and aerobic toxicity; Sulfonamides; Total binding energy; Toxic difference