title: Polymer Coated Urea in Turfgrass Maintains Vigor and Mitigates Nitrogen's Environmental Impacts.
abstract: Polymer coated urea (PCU) is a N fertilizer which, when added to moist soil, uses temperature-controlled diffusion to regulate N release in matching plant demand and mitigate environmental losses. Uncoated urea and PCU were compared for their effects on gaseous (N2O and NH3) and aqueous (NO3(-)) N environmental losses in cool season turfgrass over the entire PCU N-release period. Field studies were conducted on established turfgrass sites with mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in sand and loam soils. Each study compared 0 kg N ha(-1) (control) to 200 kg N ha(-1) applied as either urea or PCU (Duration 45CR®). Application of urea resulted in 127-476% more evolution of measured N2O into the atmosphere, whereas PCU was similar to background emission levels from the control. Compared to urea, PCU reduced NH3 emissions by 41-49% and N2O emissions by 45-73%, while improving growth and verdure compared to the control. Differences in leachate NO3(-) among urea, PCU and control were inconclusive. This improvement in N management to ameliorate atmospheric losses of N using PCU will contribute to conserving natural resources and mitigating environmental impacts of N fertilization in turfgrass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: LeMonte
authors.affiliation: Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Von D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.affiliation: Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Summerhays
authors.affiliation: Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.affiliation: Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D005308:Fertilizers; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000009:adverse effects; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D011108:Polymers; D012987:Soil; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen