title: Effects of the belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation system on lower extremity skeletal muscle activity: Evaluation using positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower-extremity muscle weakness in athletes after lower limb trauma or surgery can hinder their return to sports, and the associated muscle atrophy may lead to deterioration in performance after returning to sports. Recently, belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation (B-SES) which can contract all the lower limb skeletal muscles simultaneously was developed. However, no study has evaluated skeletal muscle activity with B-SES. Since only superficial muscles as well as a limited number of muscles can be investigated using electromyography, we investigated whether positron emission tomography (PET) can evaluate the activity of all the skeletal muscles in the body simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the B-SES system using PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy males (mean age, 24.3 years) were divided into two groups. The subjects in the control group remained in a sitting position for 10 min, and [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was intravenously injected. In the exercise group, subjects exercised using the B-SES system for 20 min daily for three consecutive days as a pre-test exercise. On the measurement day, they exercised for 10 min, received an injection of FDG, and exercised for another 10 min. PET-computed tomography images were obtained in each group 60 min after the FDG injection. Regions of interest were drawn in each lower-extremity muscle. We compared each skeletal muscle metabolism using the standardized uptake value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the exercise group, FDG accumulation in the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, quadriceps femoris, sartorius, and hamstrings was significantly higher than the muscles in the control (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise with B-SES increased the skeletal muscle activity of the gluteal muscles as well as the most lower-extremity muscles simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan. Electronic address: nakase1007@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Junsuke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakase
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine/Biotracer Medicine, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Anri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inaki
authors.affiliation: Kanazawa Advanced Medical Center, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine/Biotracer Medicine, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004566:Electrodes; D015444:Exercise; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013848:Thigh; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18