title: Risk factors associated with Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity in cattle and buffalo in Peshawar, Pakistan.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and associated risk factors in cattle and buffalo in Peshawar, Pakistan. Cattle and buffalo, randomly selected from all four towns of District Peshawar, were screened for bovine tuberculosis using comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CCIT). For obtaining data on risk factors, sociodemographic condition, animal characteristics, and management, interviewer administered pretested questionnaire to animal owners. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure association between risk factors and comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin reactors. A total of 556 cattle and buffalo were screened for bovine tuberculosis. Out of 556 animals screened, 5.75 % (3.9-8.0 %) were found positive. The prevalence was higher in old animals (p = 0.001) as compared to younger animals. Prevalence also varied with source of animal (either raised on farm or purchased), stay of animals at night (indoor or outdoor), and herd size. Farmer's knowledge about transmission of TB from animals to human as well as signs and symptoms of TB was extremely low. Only 3.6 % farmers correctly stated the combination of three major symptoms of TB. Results of the study call for immediate intervention to control bTB in animals as well as its transmission to human population. Furthermore, it is suggested to emphasize on local epidemiology of bTB and husbandry practices of cattle and buffalo during the control program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan. peersabaq@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mansur ud Din
authors.initials: Mu
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Sarwar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mamoona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Umer
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sadique
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes; D002417:Cattle; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007428:Intradermal Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D016015:Logistic Models; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000662:veterinary; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Buffalo; Cattle; Prevalence; Risk factors; Zoonosis