title: Vitamin Supplementation at the Time of Immunization with a Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine Corrects Poor Mucosal Antibody Responses in Mice Deficient for Vitamins A and D.
abstract: Vitamin A and D deficiencies and insufficiencies are prevalent worldwide in developed and developing countries. Vitamin metabolites are functionally intertwined in that they are high-affinity ligands for related receptors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The effects of vitamin A deficiencies (VAD) on antibody responses to respiratory virus vaccines have already been demonstrated. Of particular concern was the reduction in IgA, a first line of defense against pathogens in the respiratory tract. Here, we describe the individual and combined effects of vitamin A and D deficiencies in mice immunized with an attenuated influenza virus vaccine. Relative to VAD, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) had a limited effect, but double deficiencies for vitamins A and D (VAD+VDD) further reduced antibody responses in the respiratory tract. The administration of supplemental vitamins A and D to VAD+VDD mice at the time of vaccination restored responses in a dose-dependent manner. Results suggest that vitamin supplementation programs may be beneficial in a clinical setting to promote healthy immune responses to respiratory virus vaccines in vitamin-deficient individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Surman
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Penkert
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sealy
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA julia.hurwitz@stjude.org.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D