title: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in the Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.
abstract: Molecular therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have had a profound impact on the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR inhibition with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in squamous NSCLC (sqNSCLC) remains controversial in patients whose tumors are not known to harbor EGFR mutations. Recent meta-analyses of EGFR-inhibition randomized trials that are adequately powered for histological subgroup analysis and anti-EGFR trials limited to patients with squamous histology afford the opportunity to revisit EGFR treatment in sqNSCLC. In unselected patients with sqNSCLC who are not eligible for chemotherapy, EGFR-TKI therapy is a valid treatment option over placebo or best supportive care, with improved progression-free survival noted in randomized controlled trials in both the first- and second-line setting and improved overall survival (OS) in the second-line setting. In patients eligible for chemotherapy, first-line combination regimens with anti-EGFR mAbs have been shown to improve OS over chemotherapy alone in patients with squamous histology in meta-analysis and more recently in the SQUIRE sqNSCLC trial (chemotherapy with and without necitumumab). In sqNSCLC patients who respond to induction chemotherapy, maintenance therapy with erlotinib delays disease progression and may improve the survival of patients with stable disease. In the second-line setting, survival outcomes are comparable between chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs in meta-analysis, with the latter being more tolerable as a second-line therapy. Newer-generation EGFR-TKI therapies may further benefit patients with sqNSCLC who have failed first-line chemotherapy, given the positive trial results from LUX-Lung 8 (afatinib vs. erlotinib). EGFR is a valid therapeutic target in unselected/EGFR wild-type patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. With the recent approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the second-line management of advanced sqNSCLC and their adoption as a new standard of care, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to increase therapeutic efficacy and durable tumor control. As more targeted agents are approved, combination regimens that include an anti-EGFR agent should be evaluated, and the optimal sequencing of targeted therapies should be defined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies remain controversial in unselected/wild-type EGFR squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent meta-analyses and squamous-only NSCLC EGFR-inhibition trials have overcome the power limitations of early trials and can now inform the management of squamous NSCLC with anti-EGFR therapies. With the approval of immunotherapeutics in the second-line management of squamous NSCLC, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to improve efficacy and durable tumor control. The optimal timing and sequencing of available second-line targeted therapies, however, have yet to be defined. This review analyzes randomized clinical trials of EGFR inhibition in NSCLC and meta-analyses of these trials, with a focus on patients with squamous histology.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ggoss@toh.on.ca.
authors.forename: Glenwood D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Johanna N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Spaans
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D060828:Induction Chemotherapy; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors
keywords: Epidermal growth factor receptor; Meta-analysis; Monoclonal antibodies; Non-small cell lung cancer; Small molecule; Squamous