title: Inhibition of ethylene production by putrescine alleviates aluminium-induced root inhibition in wheat plants.
abstract: Inhibition of root elongation is one of the most distinct symptoms of aluminium (Al) toxicity. Although putrescine (Put) has been identified as an important signaling molecule involved in Al tolerance, it is yet unknown how Put mitigates Al-induced root inhibition. Here, the possible mechanism was investigated by using two wheat genotypes differing in Al resistance: Al-tolerant Xi Aimai-1 and Al-sensitive Yangmai-5. Aluminium caused more root inhibition in Yangmai-5 and increased ethylene production at the root apices compared to Xi Aimai-1, whereas the effects were significantly reversed by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors. The simultaneous exposure of wheat seedlings to Al and ethylene donor, ethephon, or ethylene biosynthesis precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), increased ethylene production and aggravated root inhibition, which was more pronounced in Xi Aimai-1. In contrast, Put treatment decreased ethylene production and alleviated Al-induced root inhibition in both genotypes, and the effects were more conspicuous in Yangmai-5. Furthermore, our results indicated that Al-induced ethylene production was mediated by ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase, and that Put decreased ethylene production by inhibiting ACS. Altogether, these findings indicate that ethylene is involved in Al-induced root inhibition and this process could be alleviated by Put through inhibiting ACS activity.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Chongwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Chengliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Montverde Academy, Shanghai, 201702, China.
authors.forename: Jinghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yiquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Lingli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Xianyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D005838:Genotype; D008190:Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D011700:Putrescine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D005030:Ethylenes; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C036216:ethylene; D000535:Aluminum; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C059460:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; D008190:Lyases; C021773:1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase; D011700:Putrescine; C005073:ethephon