title: Evaluation of urban-rural differences in pharmacy practice needs in Maine with the MaPPNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maine is a rural state with an aging population located in the northeastern United States. Pharmacists play an important role in serving the public's health as they are often the most available point-of-contact within a community.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the current pharmacy practice needs as viewed by licensed pharmacists across our rural state, and to distinguish issues that are unique to rural pharmacy practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online survey was sent to all licensed pharmacists in the state in the fall of 2014 (n=1,262) to assess their pharmacy practice needs, and specify an rural-specific needs, within the categories of (1) opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion, (2) challenges associated with access to healthcare, (3) poly-pharmacy use, (4) meeting the needs of special populations, (5) lack of antibiotic stewardship, and (6) resources, such as staffing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 22.1 % (n=279). We found the most agreed upon issue facing pharmacists' in Maine is opioid use, misuse and diversion, followed closely by shortages in staffing. We also learned that pharmacists' view pharmaceutical care for older adults, those with low health literacy, and those with mental disabilities more time-consuming. Some urban-rural differences were discovered in with regard to the pharmacists' views; such as the magnitude of the distance barrier, and limited transportation options available to rural residents. Issues related to polypharmacy were viewed as more problematic by pharmacists practicing in urban versus rural sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmaceutical care in Maine must focus on meeting the needs of the elderly, those with disabilities, and those with limited health literacy. As with the rest of the nation, opioids challenge pharmacy practice in a variety of ways. These findings clarify areas that present opportunities for pharmacists to focus more specifically on Maine's largely rural population.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Husson University . Bangor, ME ( United States ). martinsar@husson.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Husson University. Bangor , ME ( United States ). bakerr@husson.edu.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Bowdoin College , Brunswick ME ( United States ). bpiper@bowdoin.edu.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Piper
keywords: Community Pharmacy Services; Health Services Needs and Demand; Maine; Professional Practice; Rural Health; Rural Population