title: Association between Bone Mass and Dental Hypomineralization.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the association between the bone mass (bone mineral content [BMC]) and hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPMs)/molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in 6-y-old children. This cross-sectional study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study, starting from fetal life until adulthood in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria were used to score the intraoral photographs on the presence or absence of HSPMs and MIH. Bone mass was measured with a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Intraoral photographs and DXA scans were available in 6,510 6-y-old children. Binary logistic regression models were used to study the association between the bone mass and HSPMs/MIH. In total, 5,586 children had their second primary molars assessed and a DXA scan made; 507 children were diagnosed with HSPM. Of 2,370 children with data on their permanent first molars, 203 were diagnosed with MIH. In the fully adjusted model, children with lower BMC (corrected for bone area) were more likely to have HSPMs (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.26 per 1-standard deviation decrease). A lower BMC (corrected for bone area) was not associated with MIH (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.87 to 1.20 per 1-standard deviation decrease). We observed a negative association between BMC (corrected for bone area) and HSPMs. No association was found between BMC (corrected for bone area) and MIH. Future research should focus on investigating the mechanism underlying the negative association between the bone mass and HSPMs. Our study, in a large population of 6-y-old children, adds the finding that BMC (corrected for bone size) is associated with HSPMs but not with MIH in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands j.vandertas@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van der Tas
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Pedodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elfrink
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vucic
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: D H M
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Heppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Pedodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J S J
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Veerkamp
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: V W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivadeneira
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000886:Anthropometry; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D023861:Photography, Dental; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous
keywords: bone density; cross-sectional analysis; dental enamel; pediatric dentistry; permanent dentition; primary dentition