title: IMPAIRED FEAR EXTINCTION ASSOCIATED WITH PTSD INCREASES WITH HOURS-SINCE-WAKING.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research has demonstrated that time-of-day may play an important role in the extinction of conditioned fear, with extinction better learned earlier in the day rather than later. Impaired fear extinction memory is widely considered a key mechanism of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The relationship between fear extinction and PTSD symptoms may be moderated by hours-since-waking.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present experiment, we examined whether hours-since-waking would moderate fear extinction learning ability in a clinical PTSD sample (n = 15), compared to trauma-exposed (n = 33) and nonexposed controls (n = 22). Participants completed a standardized differential fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, providing skin conductance response measures to quantify conditioned responding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed-model analysis of variance revealed a PTSD-specific impairment in extinction learning ability in the late extinction phase. A moderation analysis showed that hours-since-waking was a significant moderator of the relationship between impaired late extinction and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, we found that participants with higher PTSD symptoms demonstrated poorer fear extinction learning ability as they were awake for longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study add to a growing literature indicating deficits in fear extinction learning in PTSD samples, compared to trauma-exposed and nonexposed controls. These results support previous findings that fear extinction is impaired later in the day, and extends this to a clinical sample, suggesting that exposure-therapy may be optimized by scheduling sessions in the morning.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Zuj
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Chia-Ming K
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Pippa J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cushing
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Felmingham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: PTSD; fear conditioning; fear extinction; psychophysiology; sleep; time of waking