title: Grafting of gallic acid onto chitosan nano particles enhances antioxidant activities in vitro and protects against ochratoxin A toxicity in catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
abstract: This study aimed to prepare and characterize enzymatic modified chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) with gallic acid (GA) or octyl gallate (OG) to optimize its potential in human application and to evaluate their protective role against ochrtoxin A (OTA) toxicity in catfish. The modified CSNPs have average size around 90 nm with positive charge and high scavenging activity especially GA-CSNPs. In the in vivo study, catfish were divided into 8 groups and treated for 3 weeks as follow: the control group, OTA-treated group (1 mg/kg b.w.), the groups treated with CSNPs, GA-CSNPs or OG-CSNPs (280 mg/kg b.w.) anole or in combination with OTA. Blood, liver and kidney samples were collected for different analyses. OTA induced a significant biochemical disturbances accompanied with oxidative stress in liver and kidney, histological changes and increase DNA fragmentation in the kidney. Co-treatment with OTA plus the different CSNPs resulted in a significant improvement in all tested parameters and histological picture of the kidney. This improvement was more pronounced in the group treated with GA-CSNPs. It could be concluded that grafting of GA or its ester improved the properties of CSNPs. Moreover, GA-CSNPs showed strong scavenging properties than OG-CSNPs due to the blocking of carboxyl groups responsible of the scavenging activity in OG.
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: mosaad_abdelwahhab@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mosaad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Wahhab
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Abdulhadi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aljawish
authors.affiliation: Hydrobiology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amany M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kenawy
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Aziza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Nekeety
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Heba S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hamed
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sekena H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aziem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002397:Catfishes / Q000502:physiology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009793:Ochratoxins; C016627:octyl gallate; C025589:ochratoxin A; D005707:Gallic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Catfish; Chitosan nanoparticles; Gallic acid; Nephrotoxicity; Ochratoxin A; Octyl gallate