title: Variation in electrosurgical vessel seal quality along the length of a porcine carotid artery.
abstract: Electrosurgical vessel sealing has been demonstrated to have benefits for both patients and practitioners, but significant variation in the strength of the seal continues to be a concern. This study aims to examine the variation in electrosurgical seal quality along the length of a porcine common carotid artery and explore the relationships between seal quality, vessel size and morphology. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the minimum safety threshold for successful seals and the influence of vessel characteristics on meeting this requirement. A total of 35 porcine carotid arteries were sealed using the PlasmaKinetic Open Seal device (Gyrus). Each seal was burst pressure tested and a sample taken for staining with elastin van Gieson's stain, with morphological quantification using image processing software ImageJ. With increasing distance from the bifurcation, there was an increase in seal strength and a reduction in both elastin content and vessel outer diameter. A significant correlation was found between burst pressure with both outer diameter (p < 0.0001) and elastin content (p = 0.001). When considering the safe limits of operation, vessels of less than 5 mm in outer diameter were shown to consistently produce a seal of a sufficient strength (burst pressure > 360 mmHg) irrespective of vessel morphology.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK wyatthl@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hayley Louise
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Rosie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Rhys
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pullin
authors.affiliation: Gyrus Medical Ltd, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Th Jimmy
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Sam L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine
keywords: Electrosurgery; bipolar; blood vessels; morphology; vessel sealing