title: Energetic endpoints provide early indicators of life history effects in a freshwater gastropod exposed to the fungicide, pyraclostrobin.
abstract: Organismal energetics provide important insights into the effects of environmental toxicants. We aimed to determine the effects of pyraclostrobin on Lymnaea stagnalis by examining energy allocation patterns and life history traits. Juvenile snails exposed to pyraclostrobin decreased feeding rate and increased apparent avoidance behaviors at environmentally relevant concentrations. In adults, we found that sublethal concentrations of pyraclostrobin did not affect reproductive output, however, there were significant effects on developmental endpoints with longer time to hatch and decreased hatching success in pyraclostrobin-exposed egg masses. Further, there were apparent differences in developmental effects depending on whether mothers were also exposed to pyraclostrobin suggesting this chemical can exert intergenerational effects. Pyraclostrobin also affected protein and carbohydrate content of eggs in mothers that were exposed to pyraclostrobin. Significant effects on macronutrient content of eggs occurred at lower concentrations than effects on gross endpoints such as hatching success and time to hatch suggesting potential value for these endpoints as early indicators of ecologically relevant stress. These results provide important insight into the effects of a common fungicide on important endpoints for organismal energetics and life history.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Bridgette N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Fidder
authors.affiliation: The Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Evelyn G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Reátegui-Zirena
authors.affiliation: The Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Adric D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Studies Program, Psychology Bldg. Rm 210, Towson University, 8000 York Rd., Towson, MD 21252, USA. Electronic address: csalice@towson.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Salice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012908:Snails; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C513428:pyrachlostrobin
keywords: Bioenergetic; Life history; Lymnaea stagnalis; Resource allocation; Strobilurin