title: Influence of geology and human activity on the genetic structure and demography of the Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis).
abstract: The Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) is a commonly used study organism, but knowledge of its evolutionary history is incomplete. We analyze sequence data from four genetic markers (mtDNA genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, cytochrome b, and 12S-16S rRNA; nuDNA gene encoding recombination activating gene 2) from 188 individuals across its range in Northeast Asia to elucidate phylogeographic patterns and to identify the historic events that shaped its evolutionary history. Although morphologically similar across its range, B. orientalis exhibits phylogeographic structure, which we infer was shaped by geologic, climatic, and anthropogenic events. Phylogenetic and divergence-dating analyses recover four genetically distinct groups of B. orientalis: Lineage 1-Shandong Province and Beijing (China); Lineage 2-Bukhan Mountain (Korea); Lineage 3-Russia, Northeast China, and northern South Korea; and Lineage 4-South Korea. Lineage 2 was previously unknown. Additionally, we discover an area of secondary contact on the Korean Peninsula, and infer a single dispersal event as the origin of the insular Jeju population. Skyline plots estimate different population histories for the four lineages: Lineages 1 and 2 experienced population decreases, Lineage 3 remained stable, while Lineage 4 experienced a sharp increase during the Holocene. The timing of the population expansion of Lineage 4 coincides with the advent of rice cultivation, which may have facilitated the increase in population size by providing additional breeding habitat.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea; Science Unit, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Center for Chinese Endemic Herp-breeding and Conservation Research and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China. Electronic address: lipipeng@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pi-Peng
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Chinese Endemic Herp-breeding and Conservation Research and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Tian
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Center for Chinese Endemic Herp-breeding and Conservation Research and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Leaché
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: minbio@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mi-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: waldman@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waldman
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history*; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002681:China; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D049690:History, Ancient; D006802:Human Activities / Q000266:history*; D012275:Oryza; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012426:Russia
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D045303:Cytochromes b; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Divergence dating; Jeju Island; Korea; Northeast Asia; Population expansion; Rice cultivation