title: The reciprocal relationship between participation in leisure activities and cognitive functioning: the moderating effect of self-rated literacy level.
abstract: Participation in leisure activities is beneficial for cognitive functioning of older adults, but it is less known whether it is also beneficial for those with low basic cognitive level. This study examined the reciprocal relationship between participating in leisure activities and cognitive functioning among low and higher literacy level older adults.
  
  
  
  Respondents aged 60 years and older who participated in both first waves (2005-2006 and 2009-2010) of the Israeli component of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE-Israel) were divided into low (n = 139) and higher literacy level respondents (n = 714). They reported participation in leisure activities and completed measures of cognitive functioning at both waves.
  
  
  
  Cross-lagged models showed that participation in leisure activities predicted higher cognitive functioning four years later only among older adults with low literacy level. On the other hand, cognitive functioning predicted more participation in leisure activities four years later only among higher literacy level older adults.
  
  
  
  Participating in leisure activities may be especially beneficial to cognitive functioning among older adults with low literacy level, as their initial low cognitive level allows more room for cognitive improvement than among higher literacy level older adults. Public efforts aimed at increasing participation in leisure activities may therefore target particularly older adults with low basic cognitive level.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Special Education, School of Education , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel.
authors.forename: Hefziba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lifshitz-Vahav
authors.affiliation: b Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrira
authors.affiliation: b Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel.|c Department of Music , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel.
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bodner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology*; D000067010:Literacy / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Leisure activities; SHARE-Israel; cognitive functioning; self-rated literacy