title: [Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of snake venom tripeptide pENW on platelet adhesion].
abstract: This study was designed to investigate inhibitory effects and possible mechanisms of snake venom tripeptide (pENW) on platelet adhesion in order to promote the development of a novel anti-platelet therapy. To study the inhibitory effects of pENW on platelet adhesion, washed platelets pre-incubated with pENW (116.5-466.2 μmol x L(-1)) were used to test the ability of platelet adhesion to fibrinogen. Effect of pENW on fibrin clot retraction was also tested. Effect of pENW on platelets viability was tested by MTT assay. Effect of pENW on reactive-oxygen species (ROS) levels of platelet was studied by flow cytometry assay. Calcium mobilization in Fura-2/AM-loaded platelets was monitored with a spectrofluorimeter. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane A2 (determined as its metabolite thromboxane B2) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. Akt, ERK and p38 phosphorylation were tested by Western blot. The results showed that pENW inhibited platelet adhesion and fibrin clot retraction in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Intracellular cGMP and cAMP in both resting and thrombin-activated platelets were increased by pENW. In addition, pENW attenuated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and TXA2 production in platelets stimulated by thrombin. As shown by Western blot assay, Akt, ERK and p38 phosphorylation in thrombin-induced platelet were attenuated by pENW. However, inhibitory effects of pENW had nothing to do with ROS. Thus, pENW exhibited a significant inhibition on platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, which means pENW could block the first step of thrombosis as while as retard the more stable clot formation. The mechanisms of pENW on inhibition platelet adhesion might be related to instant regulations, such as protein kinases.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Wei-rong
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Yun-man
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012910:Snake Venoms; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium