title: The Relationship Between Plasma Cytokine Levels and Response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment in Children and Adolescents with Depression and/or Anxiety Disorders.
abstract: In adults there is growing evidence that antidepressant (AD) treatment results in a decline in inflammatory cytokines. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the relationship between response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment for anxiety and/or depression and cytokine levels in children and adolescents.
  
  
  
  Forty-one patients who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) or anxiety disorders participated in study. Their ages ranged from 9 to 18 (14.12 ± 2.30) years. The patients were treated with fluoxetine for 8 weeks. Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) before and after fluoxetine treatment. Clinical response was measured with several scales, including the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) Results: The overall response rate was 56%. Antidepressant treatment significantly reduced TNF-α levels (p = 0.037), with no significant changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. All three proinflammatory cytokines were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in SSRI-refractory than in SSRI-responsive patients.
  
  
  
  Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β might predict nonresponse to fluoxetine treatment in children.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel .|2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .|3 The Ruhman Family Laboratory for Research on the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel .
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amitai
authors.affiliation: 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .|4 Felsenstein Medical Research Center , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taler
authors.affiliation: 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .|4 Felsenstein Medical Research Center , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmel
authors.affiliation: 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .|4 Felsenstein Medical Research Center , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michaelovsky
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eilat
authors.affiliation: 5 The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, Israel .
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yablonski
authors.affiliation: 6 Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Naama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orpaz
authors.affiliation: 3 The Ruhman Family Laboratory for Research on the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel .|7 Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich, Germany .
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel .|2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apter
authors.affiliation: 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .|4 Felsenstein Medical Research Center , Petach Tikva, Israel .|8 Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center , Petach Tikva, Israel .
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weizman
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel .|2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fennig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005473:Fluoxetine; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C508585:IL1B protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human
keywords: SSRI; anxiety; children and adolescent; cytokines; depression