title: Germination and early plant development of ten plant species exposed to titanium dioxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: Ten agronomic plant species were exposed to different concentrations of nano-titanium dioxide (nTiO2 ) or nano-cerium oxide (nCeO2 ) (0 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL) to examine potential effects on germination and early seedling development. The authors modified a standard test protocol developed for soluble chemicals (OPPTS 850.4200) to determine if such an approach might be useful for screening engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and whether there were differences in response across a range of commercially important plant species to 2 common metal oxide ENMs. Eight of 10 species responded to nTiO2 , and 5 species responded to nCeO2 . Overall, it appeared that early root growth may be a more sensitive indicator of potential effects from ENM exposure than germination. The observed effects did not always relate to the exposure concentration, indicating that mass-based concentration may not fully explain the developmental effects of these 2 ENMs. The results suggest that nTiO2 and nCeO2 have different effects on early plant growth of agronomic species, with unknown effects at later stages of the life cycle. In addition, standard germination tests, which are commonly used for toxicity screening of new materials, may not detect the subtle but potentially more important changes associated with early growth and development in terrestrial plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2223-2229. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: CSS-Dynamac, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: CSS-Dynamac, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Milt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plocher
authors.affiliation: CSS-Dynamac, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Lok R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Rygiewicz
mesh_terms: D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Ecotoxicology; Germination; Nanomaterials; Plant development; Plant toxicology