title: Titanium Implant Impairment and Surrounding Muscle Cell Death Following High-Salt Diet: An In Vivo Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-salt consumption has been widely described as a risk factor for cardiovascular, renal and bone functions. In the present study, the extent to which high-salt diet could influence Ti6Al4V implant surface characteristic, its adhesion to rat tibial crest, and could modify muscle cell viability of two surrounding muscles, was investigated in vivo. These parameters have also been assessed following a NMES (neuro-myoelectrostimulation) program similar to that currently used in human care following arthroplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a three-week diet, a harmful effect on titanium implant surface and muscle cell viability was noted. This is probably due to salt corrosive effect on metal and then release of toxic substance around biologic tissue. Moreover, if the use of NMES with high-salt diet induced muscles damages, the latter were higher when implant was added. Unexpectedly, higher implant-to-bone adhesion was found for implanted animals receiving salt supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vivo study highlights the potential dangerous effect of high-salt diet in arthroplasty based on titanium prosthesis. This effect appears to be more important when high-salt diet is combined with NMES.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire » (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lecocq
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire » (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Solenne
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Conception Bio-Inspirée » (CBI), IUT d'Aix-Marseille, 413, avenue Gaston Berger, 13625, Aix-en-Provence Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Conception Bio-Inspirée » (CBI), IUT d'Aix-Marseille, 413, avenue Gaston Berger, 13625, Aix-en-Provence Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chaves-Jacob
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire » (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Decherchi
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe « Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire » (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dousset
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D001178:Arthroplasty; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002470:Cell Survival; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004032:Diet; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium