title: Relative suitability of DMSO and NaHCO3 for reversal of RISUG® induced long-term contraception.
abstract: Among the vas-based methods on trial, reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG(®) ), a co-polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride is being projected as an effective alternative to No Scalpel Vasectomy. RISUG offers long-term contraception with safety, efficacy in human trials and can be delivered by no-scalpel injection. Currently, the procedure is under phase-III clinical trial. However, reversal of this vas-based drug-induced contraception needs to be established in animal models prior to clinical trials to ensure its claim as an effective alternative for vasectomy. In the present investigation, the relative suitability of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and NaHCO3 for RISUG induced long-term vas occlusion reversal was carried out in albino rats. Animals were allocated into four groups (n = 10), viz., sham-operated control (group-I), vas occlusion with RISUG for 360 days (group-II), vas occlusion with RISUG for 360 days and reversal with DMSO (group-III) and vas occlusion with RISUG for 360 days and reversal with NaHCO3 (group-IV). A variable response in fertility was observed in different groups. Absolute sterility in group III at all mating intervals, while, zero percent fertility in groups II and IV following 90 days of occlusion was observed. Following reversal restoration of fertility with DMSO at 45 days, whereas, reversal by NaHCO3 at 30 days was noticed. Ejaculated spermatozoa of RISUG injected and initial intervals of reversed animals exhibited various degrees of abnormalities. The testes exhibited focal degeneration in vas occluded animals. The occluded lumen of the vas deferens contained an eosinated polymer with exfoliated epithelium. Following vas occlusion reversal, a complete regeneration in the vas epithelium was seen. All other parameters remained unaltered. The reversal with NaHCO3 resulted into an early resumption of fertility when compared with DMSO and the procedure found to be successful, feasible and safe up to F1 generation. Thus, RISUG provides a hope for reversible male contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Lohiya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005298:Fertility; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D011091:Polyesters; D011137:Polystyrenes; C440495:contraceptive agent, RISUG; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: RISUG; contraception; fertility; reversal; sperm morphology