title: Secondary Metabolome Variability and Inducible Chemical Defenses in the Mediterranean Sponge Aplysina cavernicola.
abstract: Secondary metabolites play a crucial role in marine invertebrate chemical ecology. Thus, it is of great importance to understand factors regulating their production and sources of variability. This work aimed to study the variability of the bromotyrosine derivatives in the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina cavernicola, and also to better understand how biotic (reproductive state) and abiotic factors (seawater temperature) could partly explain this variability. Results showed that the A. cavernicola reproductive cycle has little effect on the variability of the sponges' secondary metabolism, whereas water temperature has a significant influence on the production level of secondary metabolites. Temporal variability analysis of the sponge methanolic extracts showed that bioactivity variability was related to the presence of the minor secondary metabolite dienone, which accounted for 50 % of the bioactivity observed. Further bioassays coupled to HPLC extract fractionation confirmed that dienone was the only compound from Aplysina alkaloids to display a strong bioactivity. Both dienone production and bioactivity showed a notable increase in October 2008, after a late-summer warming episode, indicating that A. cavernicola might be able to induce chemical changes to cope with environmental stressors.
authors.affiliation: CRIOBE, USR 3278 - CNRS/EPHE/UPVD, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reverter
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Université Avignon, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Université Avignon, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France.|Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersbourg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersbourg, 199034, Russia.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ereskovsky
authors.affiliation: CRIOBE, USR 3278 - CNRS/EPHE/UPVD, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France. banaigs@univ-perp.fr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banaigs
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000333:Aeromonas / Q000187:drug effects; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D055442:Metabolome; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000470:Alkaloids; C475724:bromotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C042150:dienone A
keywords: Aplysina sponges; Bioactivity; Dienone; Dynamic chemical defense; Intraspecific variations; Reproductive cycle; Secondary metabolites; Temporal variation