title: Consumption of Whole-Grain Bread and Risk of Colorectal Cancer among Norwegian Women (the NOWAC Study).
abstract: There is evidence that consumption of foods containing dietary fiber decreases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Whole grains contain dietary fiber, as well as a range of micronutrients and bioactive compounds, but the association between the consumption of whole grains and the risk of CRC remains less studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between whole-grain bread consumption and CRC incidence among Norwegian women, using data from a prospective cohort study (the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study). Dietary intake was estimated from the food-frequency questionnaires of 78,254 women in the cohort (median age: 55 years), and these women were then followed up for CRC incidence. During the 9 years of median follow-up, 795 women were diagnosed with CRC (316 proximal, 193 distal, 218 rectal). Associations between whole-grain bread consumption and the risk of CRC (including colorectal subsites) were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. When compared to the low consumption group, the hazard ratio for CRC was 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72-1.09) for the high consumption group and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.72-1.02) for the medium consumption group in a multivariable model. Overall, no association between whole-grain bread consumption and CRC was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. toril.bakken@uit.no.
authors.forename: Toril
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. tonje.braaten@uit.no.
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braaten
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. anja@cancer.dk.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. ceciliek@cancer.dk.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kyrø
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. eiliv.lund@uit.no.
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. guri.skeie@uit.no.
authors.forename: Guri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skeie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001939:Bread; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000067348:Whole Grains
keywords: Norway; bread; cohort; colorectal cancer; prospective; proximal colon; whole-grain; women