title: Quality use of medicine in a developing economy: Measures to overcome challenges in the Malaysian healthcare system.
abstract: Malaysia inherits a highly subsidized tax-based public healthcare system complemented by a fee-for-service private sector. Population health in Malaysia has considerably improved since independence using a relatively small amount of gross domestic product (~4%). Brain drain of highly specialized personnel, growth in healthcare spending, demographic and disease pattern changes and increase in patients' demands and expectations towards better medical care are exerting pressure on the sustainability of the system to continuously provide efficient and effective services at relatively low cost. Malaysia has adopted and implemented some of the quality use of medicine concepts such as National Essential Medicine List, health technology assessment and promotion of generic medicines in their health policy, but so far the results may not be optimal. Activities to further promote these strategies are needed for successful implementation to achieve more positive and sustained beneficial outcomes. Better strategic planning, management and collaboration between various stakeholders, considering the needs and barriers of the strategies, are important to ensure effective implementation of the strategies. More emphasis should be placed upon more equitable and rational distribution of healthcare resources to cater for rapid urbanization. Additionally, a sustainable health financing structure that is more progressive and does not encourage moral hazard should be established. In conclusion, Malaysia has achieved good outcomes in population health with relatively low financial inputs since independence. However, changes in the overall environment have created issues which would threaten the long-term viability of the healthcare system if not tackled properly. The numbers of internationally trialled strategies could be used to deal with these challenges. In addition, coordinated implementation of these strategies and effective engagement and communication between various stakeholders are necessary to further strengthen the Malaysian healthcare system effectively.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacy and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurul-Ain
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mohd-Tahir
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paraidathathu
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacy and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Shu-Chuen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Health system; health planning; health policy; quality use of medicine