title: [Analysis of the clinical characteristics of Kartagener syndrome in Chinese and foreign children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristic of Kartagener syndrome in Chinese and foreign children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cases of Kartagener syndrome diagnosed in our hospital were analyzed with literature review. The differences between Chinese and foreign children in clinical manifestations and diagnosis were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the cases had the following clinical manifestations: recurrent productive cough, nasosinusitis, dextrocardia, total situs inversus and bronchiectasia. Situs inversus of the airway structure was visible under the bronchoscope, and electron microscopy of the respiratory mucosa showed an abnormal ciliary ultrastructure. By using "Kartagener syndrome" and "child" as the key words, reports on 55 Chinese cases and 61 foreign cases in children were retrieved from CNKI and PubMed databases. The average age of diagnosis was 9.16 ± 3.67 years in China, which was significantly later than 7.07 ± 4.92 years in foreign countries (t=2.642, P<0.01). The main clinical manifestations were recurrent productive cough, nasosinusitis or rhinopolyp, recurrent pulmonary infection, recurrent wheezing and otitis media. Sinus imaging showed maxillary sinusitis. Dextrocardia, total situs inversus and bronchiectasia were found on thoracic and abdominal CT. The ciliary ultrastructural analysis showed shorter and missing dynein arm (6/6 cases in China and 25/27 cases in foreign) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical manifestations are recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infection combined with dextrocardia or other situs inversus in both China and other countries. The diagnosis abroad relied more on abnormal ciliary ultrastructure observed under electron microscopy, but in China mainly relied on its typical clinical manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; Email: chen_xing9999@163.com.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
authors.forename: Jinrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002923:Cilia / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000175:diagnosis