title: Morphology of insertion sites on patellar side of medial patellofemoral ligament.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to clarify the insertion sites on the patellar side of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 nonpaired human cadaveric knees were used in this study. After identification of the MPFL, the insertion sites on the patellar side of the MPFL were marked. Three-dimensional images were created, and the location and morphology of these insertion sites were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morphology of the insertion sites on the patellar side of the MPFL was consistent. The proximal fibres of the MPFL were inserted to the deep fascia of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and medial margin of the vastus intermedius (VI). The distal fibres of the MPFL were inserted to the medial margin of the patella directly. The insertion lengths of the VMO, VI, and patella were 26.7 ± 5.0, 28.5 ± 4.4, and 18.5 ± 4.4 mm, respectively. The rate of the vertical distance from the superior pole of the patella to the superior edge of the MPFL in relation to the total patellar height was 12 ± 4.4 %. At the distal edge, the rate was 58 ± 9.6 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The insertion sites on the patellar side of the MPFL were consistent. The MPFL inserted into the VMO and VI was significantly longer than into the patella. The clinical relevance of this study is to improve understanding of the anatomy of the insertion sites on the patellar side of the MPFL and the pathophysiology of patellar dislocation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan. gorot56jp@mac.com.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Youichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Moritaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Sanjuro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D031222:Patellar Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Insertion; Medial patellofemoral ligament; Morphology; Patella; Vastus medialis obliquus