title: Differences in infant feeding practices by mode of conception in a United States cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify associations between fertility treatment use (assisted reproductive technologies, ovulation induction, and artificial insemination) and subsequent infant feeding practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Upstate KIDS population-based cohort enrolled mothers who delivered live births in New York (2008-2010), sampling on fertility treatment and plurality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding singletons and one randomly selected infant between twins were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers reported breast feeding and formula feeding practices at 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Modified Poisson regression was used to compare risks for feeding practices by mode of conception. Marginal structural models were used to estimate the controlled direct effects of fertility treatment on feeding, independent of preterm birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4,591 mothers, 1,361 (30%) conceived with the use of fertility treatments. Mothers who used fertility treatments were less likely to breast feed to 12 months after birth and were more likely to provide formula, solids, and juice by 4 months than mothers who did not conceive with treatments. Fertility treatment remained associated with breast feeding cessation and formula feeding in mediation analyses, suggesting that preterm birth does not fully explain these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who conceived with the use of fertility treatments were less likely to breast feed later in infancy and were more likely to provide formula, solids, and juice earlier in infancy. Our analyses accounted for confounding and preterm birth, but other contributing factors may include difficulties feeding twins or workplace breast feeding accommodations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kara A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sunni L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: CapitalCare Pediatrics-Troy, Troy, New York.
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland. Electronic address: yeungedw@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Edwina H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Breast feeding; assisted reproductive techniques; infant food; infant nutritional physiologic phenomena