title: Patellar instability and quadriceps avoidance affect walking knee moments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To classify patients with patellofemoral (PF) instability on the basis of their mechanical gait characteristics, and to relate gait deficits to patellofemoral congruence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients awaiting patellar stabilisation surgery were recruited for gait analysis and magnetic resonance imaging, MRI assessment of PF congruence. Patients were grouped into two subgroups (P1, P2) based on knee joint moment during stance, and their total support moments (TSMs) during stance were compared against eight healthy Control subjects. PF congruence was compared between groups from MRI data captured at 0, 20 and 40° of passive knee flexion and during dynamic extension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients were classified into group P1 because they demonstrated a knee extensor moment during early stance, and eight patients into group P2 because they did not. The TSM of the more affected limb in group P1 was not significantly different from Control values in early stance but the difference was significant (P<.05) in late stance. In group P2, both the less and more affected limbs were significantly different from Control TSM values in early stance, but only the more affected limb in late stance. Patellofemoral contact areas as measured by MRI were greatest for the Control patients, and least for patient group P2 especially during the active extension trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with patellofemoral pain and instability walked with a slightly flexed knee, avoiding extension. The MRI measurements of joint contact agreed with the patient groupings according to gait mechanics. Cartilage contact across the PF joint can be an objective measure of instability.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Damian A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eldridge
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. Electronic address: G.R.Colborne@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: G Robert
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Colborne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Joint congruence; Knee; Mechanics; Pain; Patellofemoral instability