title: Current applications of nanoparticles in infectious diseases.
abstract: For decades infections have been treated easily with drugs. However, in the 21st century, they may become lethal again owing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Pathogens can become resistant by means of different mechanisms, such as increasing the time they spend in the intracellular environment, where drugs are unable to reach therapeutic levels. Moreover, drugs are also subject to certain problems that decrease their efficacy. This requires the use of high doses, and frequent administrations must be implemented, causing adverse side effects or toxicity. The use of nanoparticle systems can help to overcome such problems and increase drug efficacy. Accordingly, there is considerable current interest in their use as antimicrobial agents against different pathogens like bacteria, virus, fungi or parasites, multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms; as targeting vectors towards specific tissues; as vaccines and as theranostic systems. This review begins with an overview of the different types and characteristics of nanoparticles used to deliver drugs to the target, followed by a review of current research and clinical trials addressing the use of nanoparticles within the field of infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain.
authors.forename: Hinojal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zazo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain.
authors.forename: Clara I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Colino
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain. Electronic address: jmlanao@usal.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lanao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053758:Nanoparticles
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Amphotericin B (PubChem CID: 5280965); Antimicrobial; Chloroquine (PubChem CID: 2719); Drug delivery; Fluconazole (PubChem CID: 3365); Gentamicin (PubChem CID: 3467); Infections; Nanoparticles; Penicillin (PubChem CID: 5904); Rifampicin (PubChem CID: 5381226); Saquinavir (PubChem CID: 60934); Streptomycin (PubChem CID: 5999); Vancomycin (PubChem CID: 14969); Zidovudine (PubChem CID: 35370)