title: Progress and prospects for blood-stage malaria vaccines.
abstract: There have been significant decreases in malaria mortality and morbidity in the last 10-15 years, and the most advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine, RTS,S, received a positive opinion from European regulators in July 2015. However, no blood-stage vaccine has reached a phase III trial. The first part of this review summarizes the pros and cons of various assays and models that have been and will be used to predict the efficacy of blood-stage vaccines. In the second part, blood-stage vaccine candidates that showed some efficacy in human clinical trials or controlled human malaria infection models are discussed. Then, candidates under clinical investigation are described in the third part, and other novel candidates and strategies are reviewed in the last part.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Kazutoyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines
keywords: Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; blood-stage; challenge models; clinical trial; in vitro assays; vaccine