title: Measuring maximum and standard metabolic rates using intermittent-flow respirometry: a student laboratory investigation of aerobic metabolic scope and environmental hypoxia in aquatic breathers.
abstract: Metabolic rate is one of the most widely measured physiological traits in animals and may be influenced by both endogenous (e.g. body mass) and exogenous factors (e.g. oxygen availability and temperature). Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) are two fundamental physiological variables providing the floor and ceiling in aerobic energy metabolism. The total amount of energy available between these two variables constitutes the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS). A laboratory exercise aimed at an undergraduate level physiology class, which details the appropriate data acquisition methods and calculations to measure oxygen consumption rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, is presented here. Specifically, the teaching exercise employs intermittent flow respirometry to measure SMR and MMR, derives AMS from the measurements and demonstrates how AMS is affected by environmental oxygen. Students' results typically reveal a decline in AMS in response to environmental hypoxia. The same techniques can be applied to investigate the influence of other key factors on metabolic rate (e.g. temperature and body mass). Discussion of the results develops students' understanding of the mechanisms underlying these fundamental physiological traits and the influence of exogenous factors. More generally, the teaching exercise outlines essential laboratory concepts in addition to metabolic rate calculations, data acquisition and unit conversions that enhance competency in quantitative analysis and reasoning. Finally, the described procedures are generally applicable to other fish species or aquatic breathers such as crustaceans (e.g. crayfish) and provide an alternative to using higher (or more derived) animals to investigate questions related to metabolic physiology.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosewarne
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Svendsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss; active metabolic rate; aerobic scope; oxygen consumption rate; stop-flow respirometry; teaching