title: [Autophagy level of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the change of autophagy level of bone marrow mononuclear cells（BMMNCs）in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes（MDS）.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty- eight patients with MDS and 26 megaloblastic anemia patients were enrolled in this study. The autophagic vacuoles were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and the quantity of autophagic vacuoles was detected by monodansylcadaverine （MDC） staining. The LC3 protein positive cells were counted by immunofluorescence assays. The expression of Beclin 1, LC3A, mTOR mRNA were measured by real time PCR. The expression of Beclin 1 proteins were detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The autophgic vacuoles of double membrane that surrounds lysosomes appeared in MDS patients. The percentage of MDC positive cells was significantly higher in MDS patients［（9.75±2.63）%］than that of controls［（2.90± 0.89）%, P＜0.05）. The percentage of LC3 protein cells was also increased in MDS patients（6.13±1.03）% vs（1.5±0.58）%, P＜0.05）. The expression of Beclin 1 and LC3A mRNA in low-risk and intermediate-1 MDS were higher compared with controls （3.61 ± 3.02 vs 1.55 ± 1.03 and 6.56 ± 3.97 vs 1.21 ± 0.95 respectively, both P＜0.05）. The expression of mTOR mRNA was down- regulated in low- risk and intermediate-1 MDS compared with controls（0.39±0.37 vs 1.50±1.03, P＜0.05）. There were no significant difference in expression of Beclin 1, LC3 and mTOR mRNA among intermediate-2 and high-risk MDS and controls. Beclin 1 protein expression was higher in low- risk and intermediate- 1 MDS patients（1.257 ± 0.197）than that of controls（0.528±0.086）and inermediate-2 and high-risk MDS patients（0.622±0.118）.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The autophagy levels were increased in low- risk and intermediate- 1 MDS, while not enhanced in intermediate-2 MDS. Autophagy might be considered as a cell protective mechanism in MDS. The relatively defective autophagy in intermediate- 2 and high- risk MDS might contribute to disease's progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Ningbo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Huaquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Erbao
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Guojin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Yihao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Zonghong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy; D000071186:Beclin-1; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000473:pathology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases