title: The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman.
abstract: The stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human pathogens. It has dispersed globally with its human host, resulting in a distinct phylogeographic pattern that can be used to reconstruct both recent and ancient human migrations. The extant European population of H. pylori is known to be a hybrid between Asian and African bacteria, but there exist different hypotheses about when and where the hybridization took place, reflecting the complex demographic history of Europeans. Here, we present a 5300-year-old H. pylori genome from a European Copper Age glacier mummy. The "Iceman" H. pylori is a nearly pure representative of the bacterial population of Asian origin that existed in Europe before hybridization, suggesting that the African population arrived in Europe within the past few thousand years.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maixner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krause-Kyora
authors.affiliation: CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Dmitrij
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turaev
authors.affiliation: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 23, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.|Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbig
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hoopmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hallows
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kusebauch
authors.affiliation: Scuola Superiore Sanitaria Provinciale "Claudiana", Via Lorenz Böhler 13, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Eduard Egarter
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Vigl
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de Référence des Helicobacters et Campylobacters and INSERM U853, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Megraud
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Niall
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cipollini
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Coia
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samadelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Robert Mondavi Institute for Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 23, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.|Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa.|Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstr. 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Yoshan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.affiliation: CUBE - Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rattei
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zink
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005060:Europe; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D046448:Ice Cover / Q000382:microbiology; D009106:Mummies / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial