title: Optimization of pectin extraction from banana peels with citric acid by using response surface methodology.
abstract: A central composite design was used to determine effects of pH (2.0-4.5), extraction temperature (70-90 °C) and time (120-240 min) on the yield, degree of methoxylation (DM) and galacturonic acid content (GA) of pectins extracted from banana peels with citric acid. Changes in composition during the main steps of pectin extraction were followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR was also used to determine DM and GA of pectins. Harsh temperature and pH conditions enhanced the extraction yield, but decreased DM. GA presented a maximum value at 83 °C, 190 min, and pH 2.7. The yield of galacturonic acid (YGA), which took into account both the extraction yield and the pectin purity, was improved by higher temperature and lower pH values. The optimum extraction conditions, defined as those resulting in a maximum YGA while keeping DM at a minimum of 51%, were: 87 °C, 160 min, pH 2.0.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: tulioufc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Túlio Ítalo S
authors.initials: TÍ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: morsyleide.rosa@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Morsyleide F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: fabiolima2008@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabio Lima
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique F
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Graham K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Moates
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wellner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: selma@ufc.br.
authors.forename: Selma E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mazzetto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: henriette.azeredo@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Henriette M C
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Azeredo
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry*; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D019343:Citric Acid; D010368:Pectins
keywords: Banana; Biopolymers; Pectin; Polysaccharides; Response surface methodology