title: Effect of a trans fatty acid-enriched diet on biochemical and inflammatory parameters in Wistar rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent data regarding trans fatty acids (TFAs) have implicated these lipids as particularly deleterious to human health, causing systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and possibly inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to clarify the impact of partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) with different TFA concentrations on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and hepatic parameters in adult Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats (n = 15/group) were fed either a normolipidic diet or a hyperlipidic diet for 90 days. The normolipidic and hyperlipidic diets had the same ingredients except for fat compositions, concentrations and calories. We used lard in the cis fatty acid group and PHSO in the trans fatty acid group. The intervention groups were as follows: (1) low lard (LL), (2) high lard (HL), (3) low partially hydrogenated soybean oil (LPHSO) and (4) high partially hydrogenated soybean oil (HPHSO). Body weight, lipid profiles and the inflammatory responses in the CSF, serum and liver tissue were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surprisingly, with the PHSO diet we observed a worse metabolic response that was associated with oxidative stress in hepatic tissue as well as impaired serum and CSF fluid parameters at both PHSO concentrations. In many analyses, there were no significant differences between the LPHSO and HPHSO diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with PHSO impaired inflammatory parameters in CSF and blood, induced insulin resistance, altered lipid profiles and caused hepatic damage. Overall, these findings suggest that fat composition is more important than the quantity of fat consumed in terms of cis and trans fatty acid diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. longhinutricao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0909-2290
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Longhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Farina
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letiane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Center, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Marta Medeiros Frescura
authors.initials: MMMF
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Guerini
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano Martimbianco
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Assis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quincozes-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo Onofre
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Brain function; Hydrogenated vegetable oils; Obesity; Proinflammatory