title: Assessing the Fatty Acid, Carotenoid, and Tocopherol Compositions of Amaranth and Quinoa Seeds Grown in Ontario and Their Overall Contribution to Nutritional Quality.
abstract: Various fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenoids, and their respective antioxidant contributions in 7 amaranth seed and 11 quinoa seed samples along with a new evaluation method are reported. The lipid yield was 6.98-7.22% in amaranth seeds and 6.03-6.74% in quinoa seeds, with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) being the predominant fatty acids, 71.58-72.44% in amaranth seeds and 81.44-84.49% in quinoa seeds, respectively. Carotenoids, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin, are confirmed for the first time in amaranth seeds, while β-carotene is reported first in quinoa seeds. The predominant tocopherols in amaranth seeds are δ- and α-tocopherol, whereas γ- and α-tocopherol are the primary tocopherols in quinoa seeds. UFAs, carotenoids, and tocopherols showed good correlation with antioxidant activity. All of the amaranth seeds demonstrated lower overall lipophilic quality than quinoa seeds, with the AS1 and QS10 cultivars providing the highest scores for amaranth and quinoa seeds, respectively. Results from this study will contribute to developing quinoa seeds and related functional foods with increased benefits.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.|Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xihong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.|Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.|State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronghua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Katan Kitchens , 62 Grist Mill Drive, Georgetown, Ontario L7G 6C1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Draves
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Massimo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Marcone
authors.affiliation: Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsao
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D027465:Chenopodium quinoa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009864:Ontario; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002338:Carotenoids; D024505:Tocopherols
keywords: amaranth and quinoa; antioxidant; carotenoids; comprehensive evaluation; fatty acids; seeds; tocopherols