title: A New ELISA Using the ANANAS Technology Showing High Sensitivity to diagnose the Bovine Rhinotracheitis from Individual Sera to Pooled Milk.
abstract: Diagnostic tests for veterinary surveillance programs should be efficient, easy to use and, possibly, economical. In this context, classic Enzyme linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) remains the most common analytical platform employed for serological analyses. The analysis of pooled samples instead of individual ones is a common procedure that permits to certify, with one single test, entire herds as "disease-free". However, diagnostic tests for pooled samples need to be particularly sensitive, especially when the levels of disease markers are low, as in the case of anti-BoHV1 antibodies in milk as markers of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) disease. The avidin-nucleic-acid-nanoassembly (ANANAS) is a novel kind of signal amplification platform for immunodiagnostics based on colloidal poly-avidin nanoparticles that, using model analytes, was shown to strongly increase ELISA test performance as compared to monomeric avidin. Here, for the first time, we applied the ANANAS reagent integration in a real diagnostic context. The monoclonal 1G10 anti-bovine IgG1 antibody was biotinylated and integrated with the ANANAS reagents for indirect IBR diagnosis from pooled milk mimicking tank samples from herds with IBR prevalence between 1 to 8%. The sensitivity and specificity of the ANANAS integrated method was compared to that of a classic test based on the same 1G10 antibody directly linked to horseradish peroxidase, and a commercial IDEXX kit recently introduced in the market. ANANAS integration increased by 5-fold the sensitivity of the 1G10 mAb-based conventional ELISA without loosing specificity. When compared to the commercial kit, the 1G10-ANANAS integrated method was capable to detect the presence of anti-BHV1 antibodies from bulk milk of gE antibody positive animals with 2-fold higher sensitivity and similar specificity. The results demonstrate the potentials of this new amplification technology, which permits improving current classic ELISA sensitivity limits without the need for new hardware investments.
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casarin
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucchese
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grazioli
authors.affiliation: ANANAS nanotech, S.r.l., Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Facchin
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Realdon
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Emiliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brocchi
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morpurgo
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001360:Avidin / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology*; D008892:Milk / Q000821:virology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D003102:Colloids; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D014764:Viral Proteins; C046998:bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins; D001360:Avidin