title: The Effectiveness of Group Training of CBT-Based Stress Management on Anxiety, Psychological Hardiness and General Self-Efficacy Among University Students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Admission to university is a very sensitive period of life for efficient, active, and young workforces in any country, and it is mostly associated with many changes in social and human relationships. These changes lead to anxiety in students. Moreover, humans need certain functions in order to adaptively deal with different life situations and challenges. By training stress management, these functions can help human acquire the required abilities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of stress management training in anxiety, psychological hardiness, and general self-efficacy among university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a quasi-experimental intervention (pretest-posttest-follow-up) including a control group, it was a fundamental applied study. The statistical population consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Convenient sampling was employed to select 30 students who were divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Before stress management training, both groups filled out Beck Anxiety Inventory, Long and Goulet scale of psychological hardiness, and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE-10). Afterwards, the experimental group was provided with stress management training. And after the experiment, the abovementioned questionnaires and scales were responded by the two groups. Finally the collected data were analyzed and compared using one-way MANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of MANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety, hardiness, and general self-efficacy (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of the present study and those of previous investigations that are in agreement with those of the present study, it can be concluded that stress management among university students cause anxiety to drop; moreover, it enhances their psychological hardiness and self-efficacy. In regard with the role and importance of stress management, training this skill should be included in educational plans of university.
authors.affiliation: . mmousavi.msc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hamdam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Molla Jafar
authors.forename: Seddigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salabifard
authors.forename: Seyedeh Maryam
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sobhani
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014495:Universities