title: Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Mortality After Major Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the long-term cardiovascular-specific mortality in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) after major surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In surgical patients, pre-existing CKD and postoperative AKI are associated with increases in all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-center cohort of 51,457 adult surgical patients undergoing major inpatient surgery, long-term cardiovascular-specific mortality was modeled using a multivariable subdistributional hazards model while treating any other cause of death as a competing risk and accounting for the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after discharge. Pre-existing CKD and ESRD, and postoperative AKI were the main independent predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the admission, 4% and 8% of the cohort had pre-existing ESRD and CKD not requiring renal replacement therapy, respectively. During hospitalization, 39% developed AKI. At 10-year follow-up, adjusted cardiovascular-specific mortality estimates were 6%, 11%, 12%, 19%, and 27% for patients with no kidney disease, AKI with no CKD, CKD with no AKI, AKI with CKD, and ESRD, respectively (P < 0.001). This association remained after excluding 916 patients who progressed to ESRD after discharge, although it was significantly amplified among them. Compared with patients having no kidney disease, adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher among patients with kidney disease, ranging from 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.80-2.11) for patients with de novo AKI to 5.70 (95% confidence interval, 5.00-6.49) for patients with pre-existing ESRD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both AKI and CKD were associated with higher long-term cardiovascular-specific mortality compared with patients having no kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL†Chief Data Officer, University of Florida Health and Science Center, Gainesville, FL‡Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL§Department of Surgery, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL¶Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Tezcan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozrazgat-Baslanti
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thottakkara
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lipori
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bihorac
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications*; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors