title: Layered double hydroxides as effective carrier for anticancer drugs and tailoring of release rate through interlayer anions.
abstract: Hydrophobic anticancer drug, raloxifene hydrochloride (RH) is intercalated into a series of magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with various charge density anions through ion exchange technique for controlled drug delivery. The particle nature of the LDH in presence of drug is determined through electron microscopy and surface morphology. The release of drug from the RH intercalated LDHs was made very fast or sustained by altering the exchangeable anions followed by the modified Freundlich and parabolic diffusion models. The drug release rate is explained from the interactions between the drug and LDHs along with order-disorder structure of drug intercalated LDHs. Nitrate bound LDH exhibits greater interaction with drug and sustained drug delivery against the loosely interacted phosphate bound LDH-drug, which shows fast release. Cell viability through MTT assay suggests drug intercalated LDHs as better drug delivery vehicle for cancer cell line against poor bioavailability of the pure drug. In vivo study with mice indicates the differential tumor healing which becomes fast for greater drug release system but the body weight index clearly hints at damaged organ in the case of fast release system. Histopathological experiment confirms the damaged liver of the mice treated either with pure drug or phosphate bound LDH-drug, fast release system, vis-à-vis normal liver cell morphology for sluggish drug release system with steady healing rate of tumor. These observations clearly demonstrate that nitrate bound LDH nanoparticle is a potential drug delivery vehicle for anticancer drugs without any side effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005, India.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senapati
authors.affiliation: Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Disorders, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Shiv Prakash
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
authors.forename: Shivali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duggal
authors.affiliation: Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
authors.forename: Durga Prasad
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Disorders, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Parimal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: UGC-DAE CSR, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 001, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Industrial Membrane Research Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur St., Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada.
authors.forename: Dipak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005, India. Electronic address: pmaiti.mst@itbhu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Pralay
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maiti
mesh_terms: D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010316:Particle Size; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004338:Drug Combinations; C013591:aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide
keywords: Anti tumor activity; Controlled release; Histopathology; Layered double hydroxide