title: Task management skills and their deficiencies during care delivery in simulated medical emergency situation: A classification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to develop the analysis of task management skills by proposing a framework classifying task management stages and deficiencies. Few studies of non-technical skills have detailed the components of task management skills through behavioural markers, despite their central role in care delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A post hoc qualitative behavioural analysis was performed of recordings made of professional training sessions based upon simulated scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four recorded sessions in a high-fidelity simulation setting were observed and recorded. Two scenarios were used (cardiac arrest and respiratory failure), and there were two training sessions per scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four types of task management deficiencies were identified with regards to task constraints: constraint relaxation, unsatisfied constraints, additional constraints and constraint transgression. Both equipment and space constraints were also identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lack of prerequisite actions when preparing the environment, corequisite actions for equipment and protocol monitoring, or postrequisite actions to restore the environment were associated with task management deficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficiencies in task management behaviours can be identified in simulated as well as actual medical emergency settings. This framework opens perspectives for both training caregivers and designing ergonomic work situations.
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Sud, Centre de Recherches en Psychologie, Cognition, Communication, Lorient, France. Electronic address: thierry.morineau@univ-ubs.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morineau
authors.affiliation: Centre de Simulation en Santé du Scorff, IFPS, Scorff Hospital, Lorient, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chapelain
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Scorff Hospital, Lorient, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quinio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Emergency; Human error; Non-technical skills; Simulation; Task management