title: Patients' experiences and actions when describing pain after surgery--a critical incident technique analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative pain assessment remains a significant problem in clinical care despite patients wanting to describe their pain and be treated as unique individuals. Deeper knowledge about variations in patients' experiences and actions could help healthcare professionals to improve pain management and could increase patients' participation in pain assessments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was, through an examination of critical incidents, to describe patients' experiences and actions when needing to describe pain after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An explorative design involving the critical incident technique was used. Patients from one university and three county hospitals in both urban and rural areas were included. To ensure variation of patients a strategic sampling was made according to age, gender, education and surgery. A total of 25 patients who had undergone orthopaedic or general surgery was asked to participate in an interview, of whom three declined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain experiences were described according to two main areas: "Patients' resources when in need of pain assessment" and "Ward resources for performing pain assessments". Patients were affected by their expectations and tolerance for pain. Ability to describe pain could be limited by a fear of coming into conflict with healthcare professionals or being perceived as whining. Furthermore, attitudes from healthcare professionals and their lack of adherence to procedures affected patients' ability to describe pain. Two main areas regarding actions emerged: "Patients used active strategies when needing to describe pain" and "Patients used passive strategies when needing to describe pain". Patients informed healthcare professionals about their pain and asked questions in order to make decisions about their pain situation. Selfcare was performed by distraction and avoiding pain or treating pain by themselves, while others were passive and endured pain or refrained from contact with healthcare professionals due to healthcare professionals' large work load.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, PO Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ryhov County Hospital, 551 85 Jönköping Sweden. Electronic address: kerstin.eriksson@rjl.se.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, PO Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ryhov County Hospital, 551 85 Jönköping Sweden.
authors.forename: Lotta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, PO Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden. Electronic address: Bengt.Fridlund@ju.se.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fridlund
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: kristofer.arestedt@lnu.se.
authors.forename: Kristofer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Årestedt
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, PO Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: anders.brostrom@ju.se.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Critical incident technique; Pain assessment; Patients’ experiences; Postoperative pain