title: Several wall-associated kinases participate positively and negatively in basal defense against rice blast fungus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Receptor-like kinases are well-known to play key roles in disease resistance. Among them, the Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) have been shown to be positive regulators of fungal disease resistance in several plant species. WAK genes are often transcriptionally regulated during infection but the pathways involved in this regulation are not known. In rice, the OsWAK gene family is significantly amplified compared to Arabidopsis. The possibility that several WAKs participate in different ways to basal defense has not been addressed. Moreover, the direct requirement of rice OSWAK genes in regulating defense has not been explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show using rice (Oryza sativa) loss-of-function mutants of four selected OsWAK genes, that individual OsWAKs are required for quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. While OsWAK14, OsWAK91 and OsWAK92 positively regulate quantitative resistance, OsWAK112d is a negative regulator of blast resistance. In addition, we show that the very early transcriptional regulation of the rice OsWAK genes is triggered by chitin and is partially under the control of the chitin receptor CEBiP. Finally, we show that OsWAK91 is required for H2O2 production and sufficient to enhance defense gene expression during infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the rice OsWAK genes studied are part of basal defense response, potentially mediated by chitin from fungal cell walls. This work also shows that some OsWAKs, like OsWAK112d, may act as negative regulators of disease resistance.
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. amandine.delteil@laposte.net.|INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. amandine.delteil@laposte.net.
authors.forename: Amandine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delteil
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. eg428@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gobbato
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. bastien.cayrol@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cayrol
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. Joan.Estevan@avignon.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estevan
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. michelco@supagro.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michel-Romiti
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR DAP INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. anne.dievart@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dievart
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. kroj@supagro.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kroj
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A 54/K, 34398, Montpellier, France. jbmorel@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morel
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000201:enzymology; D002686:Chitin / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D017343:Genes, Plant; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D002686:Chitin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases