title: Development and Validation of the Five-by-Five Resilience Scale.
abstract: This article introduces a new measure of resilience and five related protective factors. The Five-by-Five Resilience Scale (5×5RS) is developed on the basis of theoretical and empirical considerations. Two samples ( N = 475 and N = 613) are used to assess the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and criterion-related validity of the 5×5RS. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a bifactor model. The 5×5RS demonstrates adequate internal consistency as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha and empirical reliability estimates. The 5×5RS correlates positively with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a commonly used measure of resilience. The 5×5RS exhibits similar criterion-related validity to the CD-RISC as evidenced by positive correlations with satisfaction with life, meaning in life, and secure attachment style as well as negative correlations with rumination and anxious or avoidant attachment styles. 5×5RS scores are positively correlated with healthy behaviors such as exercise and negatively correlated with sleep difficulty and symptomology of anxiety and depression. The 5×5RS incrementally explains variance in some criteria above and beyond the CD-RISC. Item responses are modeled using the graded response model. Information estimates demonstrate the ability of the 5×5RS to assess individuals within at least one standard deviation of the mean on relevant latent traits.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeSimone
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.affiliation: 3 James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vanhove
authors.affiliation: 4 University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchel N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Herian
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010556:Personality Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D012944:Social Support
keywords: measurement; resilience; validation