title: High Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients Concomitant with Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-controlled study, with data obtained from 2,551 Chinese participants between 18-79 years of age (representing a population of 1,660,500 in a district of Beijing). 74 cases of DR were found following data assessment by two 45° digital retinal images. Subjects without DR (NDR group) selected from the remaining 2,477 subjects were matched 1:1 to the DR group by HbA1c. MetS was defined by incorporating diagnostic criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistical differences between the DR group and NDR group in a number of biological or laboratory tests. However, the percentage of patients with DR increased vs. patients without DR with the number of MetS components from 1 to 5 (14.3% vs. 85.7%, 38.9% vs. 61.1%, 49.1% vs. 50.9%, 61.4% vs. 38.6% and 83.3% vs. 16.7%, respectively) (Pearson χ2 = 9.938, P = 0.037). The trend to develop DR with MetS was significantly higher than that without MetS (NMetS) (χ2 = 5.540, P = 0.019). MetS was an independent statistical indicator of the presence of DR after adjusting for age and sex [odds ratio (95% CI): 2.701(1.248-5.849), P = 0.012], which is still the case with an additional adjustment for WC, SBP, TC, HbA1c and duration of diabetes [odds ratio (95% CI): 2.948(1.134-7.664), P = 0.027].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DR is one of the diabetic microvascular complications. Apart from poor glycemic control, the concomitance of other metabolic factors can also influence DR. MetS, defined as a cluster of metabolic risk factors, is a strong and independent indicator of DR, even to the same extent as glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Kui
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000473:pathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human