title: Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation.
abstract: The food additive nitrite (E249, E250) is commonly used in meat curing as a food preservation method. Because of potential negative health effects of nitrite, its use is strictly regulated. In an earlier study we have shown that the calculated intake of nitrite in children can exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) when conversion from dietary nitrate to nitrite is included. This study examined time-dependent changes in nitrite levels in four Swedish meat products frequently eaten by children: pork/beef sausage, liver paté and two types of chicken sausage, and how the production process, storage and also boiling (e.g., simmering in salted water) and frying affect the initial added nitrite level. The results showed a steep decrease in nitrite level between the point of addition to the product and the first sampling of the product 24 h later. After this time, residual nitrite levels continued to decrease, but much more slowly, until the recommended use-by date. Interestingly, this continuing decrease in nitrite was much smaller in the chicken products than in the pork/beef products. In a pilot study on pork/beef sausage, we found no effects of boiling on residual nitrite levels, but frying decreased nitrite levels by 50%. In scenarios of time-dependent depletion of nitrite using the data obtained for sausages to represent all cured meat products and including conversion from dietary nitrate, calculated nitrite intake in 4-year-old children generally exceeded the ADI. Moreover, the actual intake of nitrite from cured meat is dependent on the type of meat source, with a higher residual nitrite levels in chicken products compared with pork/beef products. This may result in increased nitrite exposure among consumers shifting their consumption pattern of processed meats from red to white meat products.
authors.affiliation: a Chemistry Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden.|b Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC) , Paterna (Valencia) , Spain.|c Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: d Risk Benefit Assessment Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Per Ola
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Darnerud
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC) , Paterna (Valencia) , Spain.
authors.forename: Fidel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toldrá
authors.affiliation: d Risk Benefit Assessment Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden.|e Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Nils-Gunnar
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ilbäck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D013548:Sweden; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D009573:Nitrites
keywords: Exposure assessment; analysis; cured meat; nitrite; risk–benefit; validation