title: Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer.
abstract: Biomarkers can improve prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for early diagnosis of prostate cancer is not satisfactory, as it is an organ- but not cancer-specific biomarker, and it can be improved by using models that incorporate PSA along with other test results, such as prostate cancer antigen 3, the molecular forms of PSA (proPSA, benign PSA and intact PSA), as well as kallikreins. Recent reports suggest that new tools may be provided by metabolomic studies as shown by preliminary data on sarcosine. Additional molecular biomarkers have been identified by the use of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. We review the most relevant biomarkers for early diagnosis and management of localized prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buonerba
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Terracciano
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency & Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology & Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lucarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cosimato
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bottero
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Deliu
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency & Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology & Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ditonno
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Cancer Institute of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Sisto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perdonà
authors.affiliation: Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autorino
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology 'Iuliu Hatieganu', University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Ioman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coman
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Placido
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.|Department of Urology 'Iuliu Hatieganu', University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Ottavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: De Cobelli
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000652:urine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D012521:Sarcosine
keywords: biomarkers; prostate cancer