title: Sentence Recognition in Quiet and Noise by Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users: Relationships to Spoken Language.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated associations between sentence recognition and spoken language for children with cochlear implants (CI) enrolled in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation (CDaCI) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective longitudinal study, sentence recognition percent-correct scores and language standard scores were correlated at 48-, 60-, and 72-months post-CI activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six tertiary CI centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with CIs participating in the CDaCI study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlear implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sentence recognition was assessed using the Hearing In Noise Test for Children (HINT-C) in quiet and at +10, +5, and 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Spoken language was assessed using the Clinical Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL) core composite and the antonyms, paragraph comprehension (syntax comprehension), syntax construction (expression), and pragmatic judgment tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive linear relationships were found between CASL scores and HINT-C sentence scores when the sentences were delivered in quiet and at +10 and +5 dB S/N, but not at 0 dB S/N. At 48 months post-CI, sentence scores at +10 and +5 dB S/N were most strongly associated with CASL antonyms. At 60 and 72 months, sentence recognition in noise was most strongly associated with paragraph comprehension and syntax construction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CIs learn spoken language in a variety of acoustic environments. Despite the observed inconsistent performance in different listening situations and noise-challenged environments, many children with CIs are able to build lexicons and learn the rules of grammar that enable recognition of sentences.
authors.affiliation: *USC Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California †USC Caruso Family Center for Childhood Communication, Los Angeles, California ‡Johns Hopkins University, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Laurie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Dianne Hammes
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.forename: Thelma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Niparko
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D032882:Comprehension; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D011446:Prospective Studies; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States; D014825:Vocabulary