title: Lifestyle factors and risk of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for leukemia and lymphomas in adults are largely unknown. This study was aimed at evaluating the association between lifestyle factors and the risk of hematological malignancies in an adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a population-based case-control study carried out in Italy and included 294 cases (199 lymphoid and 95 myeloid) and 279 controls. Analyses were performed using standard multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hair dye use for at least 15 years was associated with a higher risk of lymphoid malignancies among females (OR 2.3, 95 % CI 1.0-4.9, p = 0.036, test for trend). Furthermore, a protective effect of a moderate to heavy tea consumption on the risk of myeloid malignancies was observed (OR 0.4, 95 % CI 0.2-0.9, p = 0.017). No association was found for the use of alcoholic beverages and tobacco smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the potential carcinogenic effect of prolonged hair dye use observed in previous investigations. The excess risk could be explained by exposure to a higher concentration of toxic compounds in hair products used in the past. The protective effect of regular tea consumption observed in an area with a very high prevalence of black tea consumers deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, National Research Council of Italy, Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parodi
authors.affiliation: AO Clinical Investigation and Documentation (AOCID), Stettbachstrasse 6, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.affiliation: Liguria Cancer Registry, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marani
authors.affiliation: Liguria Cancer Registry, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.affiliation: Liguria Cancer Registry, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puppo
authors.affiliation: Liguria Mortality Registry, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garrone
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Liguria Mortality Registry, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy. emanuele.stagnaro@hsanmartino.it.|Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy. emanuele.stagnaro@hsanmartino.it.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stagnaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000009:adverse effects; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013662:Tea
chemical_list: D006202:Hair Dyes; D013662:Tea
keywords: Alcohol; Case–control study; Coffee; Hair dyes; Hemolymphopoietic malignancies; Tea