title: Retinal Information is Independently Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: To evaluate the association between a series of retinal information and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to evaluate whether this association is independent of traditional CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients, we undertook an age-sex matched case-control study with 79 CVD cases and 150 non-CVD controls. All the participants underwent standardized physical examinations and retinal imaging. Retinal information was extracted from the retinal images using a semi-automatic computer program. Three stepwise logistic regression models were evaluated: model 1 with cardiovascular risk factors only; model 2 with retinal information only and model 3 with both cardiovascular risk factors and retinal information. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were used to compare the performances of different models. Results showed that the AUCs were 0.692 (95%CI: 0.622-0.761) and 0.661 (95%CI: 0.588-0.735) for model 1 and model 2, respectively. In addition, model 3 had an AUC of 0.775 (95%CI: 0.716-0.834). Compared to the previous two models, the AUC of model 3 increased significantly (p < 0.05 in both comparisons). In conclusion, retinal information is independently associated with CVD in type 2 diabetes. Further work is needed to validate the translational value of applying retinal imaging analysis into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Vivian Yawei
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.|Asia Diabetes Foundation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Juliana Chung Ngor
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wingyee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, New Territories East Cluster, Hospital Authority (Ma On Shan Family Medicine Centre), Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Augustine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Lab, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Benny Chung-Ying
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Zee
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*