title: Parents of children with psychopathology: psychiatric problems and the association with their child's problems.
abstract: Knowledge is lacking regarding current psychopathology in parents whose children are evaluated in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. This especially accounts for fathers. We provide insight into the prevalence rates of parental psychopathology and the association with their offspring psychopathology by analyzing data on psychiatric problems collected in 701 mothers and 530 fathers of 757 referred children. Prevalence rates of parental psychopathology were based on (sub)clinical scores on the adult self report. Parent-offspring associations were investigated in multivariate analyses taking into account co-morbidity. Around 20 % of the parents had a (sub)clinical score on internalizing problems and around 10 % on attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problems. Prevalence rates did not differ between mothers and fathers. Parent-offspring associations did not differ between girls and boys. Maternal anxiety was associated with all offspring problem scores. In addition, maternal ADH problems were associated with offspring ADH problems. Paternal anxiety and ADH problems scores were specifically associated with offspring internalizing and externalizing problem scores, respectively. Associations with offspring psychopathology were of similar magnitude for mothers and fathers and were not influenced by spousal resemblance. Our study shows that both fathers and mothers are at increased risk for psychiatric problems at the time of a child's evaluation and that their problems are equally associated with their offspring problems. The results emphasize the need to screen mothers as well as fathers for psychiatric problems. Specific treatment programs should be developed for these families in especially high need.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.m.middeldorp@vu.nl.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Overschiestraat 57, 1062 HN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.m.middeldorp@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Christel M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-0428
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Middeldorp
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Wesseldijk
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Medicine, Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, UHC Campus, Arnold 3, 1 South Prospect, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ramon J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lindauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gwen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Dieleman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ADHD; Externalizing symptoms; Familial transmission; Internalizing symptoms; Parental psychopathology