title: Toxicity profile of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for fungi and Cyprinus carpio fish.
abstract: An investigation on the toxicological assessment of 10 choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) towards four fungi strains and Cyprinus carpio fish was conducted. ChCl was combined with materials from different chemical groups such as alcohols, sugars, acids and others to form DESs. The study was carried out on the individual DES components, their aqueous mixture before DES formation and their formed DESs. The agar disc diffusion method was followed to investigate their toxicity on four fungi strains selected as a model of eukaryotic microorganisms (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus niger, Lentinus tigrinus and Candida cylindracea). Among these DESs, ChCl:ZnCl2 exhibited the highest inhibition zone diameter towards the tested fungi growth in vitro, followed by the acidic group (malonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid). Another study was conducted to test the acute toxicity and determine the lethal concentration at 50 % (LC50) of the same DESs on C. carpio fish. The inhibition range and LC50 of DESs were found to be different from their individual components. DESs were found to be less toxic than their mixture or individual components. The LC50 of ChCl:MADES is much higher than that of ChCl:MAMix. Moreover, the DESs acidic group showed a lower inhibition zone on fungi growth. Thus, DESs should be considered as new components with different physicochemical properties and toxicological profiles, and not merely compositions of compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.|University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Juneidi
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. maan_hayyan@yahoo.com.|Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. maan_hayyan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Maan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-0801
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ozair
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mohd Ali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D002794:Choline / Q000633:toxicity*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D002794:Choline
keywords: Acute toxicity; Choline chloride; Cyprinus carpio fish; Deep eutectic solvents; Ionic liquids; Toxicity