title: Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities of Different Venoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animals' venomous secretions or peptides obtained from those secretions are used in the development of new therapeutic agents. The aims of this study were to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral activity of four different venoms obtained from the frog named Bufo arenarum and the snakes Crotalus atrox, Causus rhombeatus and Naja melanoleuca.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antimicrobial activities of the venoms tested against 9 bacteria, 1 yeast, 1 fungal species and 2 viral species based on micro-well dilution assay and antiviral assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four different venoms were examined to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiviral activity against 9 bacteria, 1 yeast and 1 fungal and 2 viral species. None of the venoms exhibited anticandidal or antifungal activity. However, all of the four venoms tested were found to have both antibacterial and antiviral activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study demonstrating that venoms of Crotalus atrox and Bufo arenarum have antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas spp. Antiviral activities of 4 venoms against Poliovirus and Adenovirus were also investigated for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 34755 Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey. sadik.kalayci81@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalayci
authors.forename: Zeynep Ustaoglu
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Iyigundogdu
authors.forename: Muge M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.forename: Burcin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Asutay
authors.forename: Okan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Fikrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000664:Amphibian Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002022:Bufo arenarum; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014688:Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms