title: Structural, biocomplexation and gene delivery properties of hydroxyethylated gemini surfactants with varied spacer length.
abstract: Gemini surfactants with hexadecyl tails and hydroxyethylated head groups bridged with tetramethylene (G4), hexamethylene (G6) and dodecamethylene (G12) spacers were shown to self-assemble at the lower critical micelle concentration compared to their conventional m-s-m analogs. The lipoplex formation and the plasmid DNA transfer into different kinds of host cells were studied. In the case of eukaryotic cells, high transfection efficacy has been demonstrated for DNA-gemini complexes, which increased as follows: G6<G4<G12. Different activity series, i.e., G6>G4>G12 has been obtained in the case of transformation of bacterial cells with plasmid DNA-gemini complexes, mediated by electroporation technique. Solely G6 shows transformation efficacy exceeding the control result (uncomplexed DNA), while the inhibitory effect occurs for G4 and G12. Analysis of physico-chemical features of single surfactants and lipoplexes shows that compaction and condensation effects change as follows: G6<G4 ≤ G12, i.e., agree with the order of transfection efficacy, which is supported by membrane tropic properties of G12. On the other hand, gel retardation assay and docking study testify low electrostatic affinity in G12/DNA pair, thereby indicating that hydrophobic effect probably plays important role in the lipoplex formation. Two factors are assumed to be responsible for the inhibition effect of gemini in the case of transformation of bacterial cells. They are (i) an unfavorable influence of cationic surfactants on the electroporation procedure due to depressing the electrophoretic effect; and (ii) antibacterial activity of cationic surfactants that may cause the disruption of integrity of cell membranes.
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation. Electronic address: lucia@iopc.ru.
authors.forename: Lucia Ya
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zakharova
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Dinar R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gabdrakhmanov
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alsu R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ibragimova
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Elmira A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vasilieva
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Irek R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Nizameev
authors.affiliation: A.E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 ul. Arbuzov, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Marsil K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kadirov
authors.affiliation: Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, p.o.b. 30, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ermakova
authors.affiliation: Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, p.o.b. 30, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Natalia E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Gogoleva
authors.affiliation: Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, p.o.b. 30, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Dzhigangir A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Faizullin
authors.affiliation: Novosibirsk State University, 2 ul. Pirogova, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Andrey G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pokrovsky
authors.affiliation: Novosibirsk State University, 2 ul. Pirogova, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Vladislav A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Korobeynikov
authors.affiliation: Novosibirsk State University, 2 ul. Pirogova, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Cheresiz
authors.affiliation: Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, p.o.b. 30, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Yuriy F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zuev
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018274:Electroporation; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C529656:hexylidene-1,6-bis(dimethyloctadecylammonium); D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004247:DNA
keywords: Cationic surfactants; Complexation; DNA; Lipid bilayer; Transfection; Transformation