title: The Concentration of Opioid Prescriptions by Providers and Among Patients in the Oregon Medicaid Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the distribution of opioid prescribing across providers and patients and the extent to which concentrated distribution predicts opioid misuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 2013 Oregon Medicaid claims and the National Provider Identifier Registry, this study identified patients who filled at least one opioid prescription and providers who prescribed opioids for those patients (N=61,477 Medicaid beneficiaries). This study examined the distribution of opioid prescriptions by provider and patient, the extent to which high-volume opioid use was associated with potential opioid misuse, and how this association changed when patients received opioids from providers in the top decile of morphine-equivalent doses (MEQ) prescribed in 2013. This study used four indicators of opioid misuse: doctor and pharmacy shopping for opioid prescriptions, opioid prescription overlap, and opioid and benzodiazepine prescription overlap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opioid use and prescriptions were heavily concentrated among the top 10% of opioid users and prescribers. Those high-volume opioid users and prescribers accounted for, respectively, 83.2% and 80.8% in MEQ of entire opioids prescribed. Patients' increasing use of opioids (by MEQ) was associated with most measures of opioid misuse. Patients receiving opioids from high-volume prescribers had a higher probability of opioid prescription overlap and opioid and benzodiazepine prescription overlap compared with other patients, but the difference was significant only among patients who received high doses of opioids, and the size of the difference was modest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas current policies emphasize reducing opioid prescriptions across all patients and providers, study results suggest that focusing policies on high-volume opioid users and prescribers may be more beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Kim, Ms. Jacob, and Dr. McConnell are with the Center for Health Systems Effectiveness; Dr. Hartung is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice; and Dr. McCarty is with the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, all at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (e-mail: kihy@ohsu.edu ). Dr. Hartung is also with the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
authors.forename: Hyunjee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dr. Kim, Ms. Jacob, and Dr. McConnell are with the Center for Health Systems Effectiveness; Dr. Hartung is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice; and Dr. McCarty is with the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, all at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (e-mail: kihy@ohsu.edu ). Dr. Hartung is also with the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.affiliation: Dr. Kim, Ms. Jacob, and Dr. McConnell are with the Center for Health Systems Effectiveness; Dr. Hartung is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice; and Dr. McCarty is with the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, all at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (e-mail: kihy@ohsu.edu ). Dr. Hartung is also with the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
authors.forename: Reside L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Dr. Kim, Ms. Jacob, and Dr. McConnell are with the Center for Health Systems Effectiveness; Dr. Hartung is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice; and Dr. McCarty is with the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, all at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (e-mail: kihy@ohsu.edu ). Dr. Hartung is also with the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.affiliation: Dr. Kim, Ms. Jacob, and Dr. McConnell are with the Center for Health Systems Effectiveness; Dr. Hartung is with the Department of Pharmacy Practice; and Dr. McCarty is with the Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, all at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (e-mail: kihy@ohsu.edu ). Dr. Hartung is also with the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
authors.forename: K John
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McConnell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid