title: Assessment of mediators of racial disparities in cervical cancer survival in the United States.
abstract: Cervical cancer (CC) morbidity and mortality have decreased in the United States, but they remain high among black women. We assessed racial disparities in CC mortality, accounting for socioeconomic status (SES). We linked data from the 1988 to 2007 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to the US Census. Additional SES information was obtained through linkage with Area Resource Files. We used the Kaplan-Meier method for estimating probabilities following CC diagnosis and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CC mortality by race. The models were incrementally adjusted for marital status, registry, period, stage, age at diagnosis, histology, treatment, household income, poverty and unemployment rates. We stratified the analyses by disease stage and American state. A total of 44,554 women with CC were identified. Compared to white women, black women had a higher risk of dying from CC; crude and adjusted HRs were 1.41 (CI: 1.34-1.48) and 1.09 (CI: 1.03-1.15), respectively. Corresponding estimates for Hispanic women were 0.85 (CI: 0.80-0.89) and 0.75 (CI: 0.71-0.80). Black women diagnosed at late disease stages had a higher risk of CC death, whereas Hispanic women diagnosed at early and late stages had significantly lower risks. Black CC patients in California experienced poorer survival relative to white women. Conversely, longer CC survival was seen among Hispanic women in California, Georgia and Utah. While crude estimates indicated an increased CC death risk among black women, risks diminished upon adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Candace S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Zein
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Agnihotram V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ramanakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferenczy
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Eduardo L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012042:Registries; D012923:Social Class; D014589:Utah; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People
keywords: cervical cancer; mortality; racial disparities; socioeconomic status; survival