title: Polio endgame: the global switch from tOPV to bOPV.
abstract: Globally, polio cases have reached an all-time low, and type 2 poliovirus (one of three) is eradicated. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the primary tool, however, in rare cases, OPV induces paralysis. In 2013, the World Health Assembly endorsed the phased withdrawal of OPV and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into childhood routine immunization schedules. Type 2 OPV will be withdrawn through a globally synchronized "switch" from trivalent OPV (all three types) to bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3). The switch will happen in 155 OPV-using countries between April 17(th) and May 1(st), 2016. Planned activities to reduce type 2 outbreak risks post-switch include the following: tOPV campaigns to increase type 2 immunity prior to the switch, monovalent OPV2 stockpiling to respond to outbreaks should they occur, containment of both wild and vaccine type 2 viruses, enhanced acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance, outbreak response protocols, and ensured access to IPV and bivalent OPV.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Infectious Diseases , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Infectious Diseases , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seib
authors.affiliation: a Department of Infectious Diseases , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.affiliation: b Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramirez Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: b Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang Blanc
authors.affiliation: b Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaffran
authors.affiliation: c Center for Vaccine Equity , Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , Georgia , USA.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D060740:Disease Eradication / Q000379:methods*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
keywords: eradication; immunization; inactivated polio vaccine; oral polio vaccine; polio; poliomyelitis; switch