title: Altered Appetite-Mediating Hormone Concentrations Precede Compensatory Overeating After Severe, Short-Term Energy Deprivation in Healthy Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptive responses of appetite-mediating hormones to negative energy balance are thought to contribute to a counterregulatory response that drives weight regain, but they have not been studied while controlling for reduced diet volume.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this secondary analysis, we aimed to determine the effects of short-term, severe energy deprivation (ED) on appetite and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one adults with a mean ± SD age of 21 ± 3 y and body mass index of 25 ± 3 kg/m(2) consumed isovolumetric diets provided over separate 48-h periods while increasing habitual energy expenditure by 1683 ± 329 kcal/d through light- and moderate-intensity exercise. Energy intake was matched to energy expenditure to maintain energy balance (EB) (-44 ± 92 kcal/d) or was <10% of energy expenditure to generate a -3696 ± 742-kcal/d energy deficit. Postprandial appetite, glucose, insulin, acyl ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses and ad libitum energy intake were measured as secondary outcomes after both experimental periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting insulin (-56% ± 42%) and acyl ghrelin (-60% ± 17%) concentrations decreased during ED but not during EB (condition-by-time interaction; P-interaction ≤ 0.01), whereas fasting leptin concentrations decreased more during ED compared with during EB (-47% ± 27% compared with -20% ± 27%; P-interaction = 0.05). Postprandial insulin (57% ± 63%; P < 0.001), GLP-1 (14% ± 28%; P = 0.04), and PP (54% ± 52%; P < 0.001) areas under the curve (AUCs) were higher, whereas the acyl ghrelin AUC was lower (-56% ± 13%; P < 0.001) after ED compared with after EB. After ED, self-rated appetite was greater, and ad libitum energy intake was 811 kcal/36 h (95% CI: 184, 1439 kcal/36 h) higher relative to after EB (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term, severe ED suppressed acyl ghrelin concentrations and increased postprandial anorexigenic hormone concentrations. These effects preceded compensatory overeating, suggesting that in adults without obesity, altered sensitivity to appetite-mediating hormones may contribute to an adaptive counterregulatory response during the initial stages of negative EB. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01603550.
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Kristie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Jenna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Scisco
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Tracey J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Montain
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Lori Lyn
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and.
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and james.p.karl.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: J Philip
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-2241
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Karl
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012016:Reference Values; D012528:Satiety Response; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D006728:Hormones
keywords: calorie restriction; energy balance; energy density; gut hormone; intermittent fasting; satiety; weight loss