title: Cellular phenotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
abstract: Defining the phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) with prognosis may lead to delivery of personalized treatment. This study aimed to identify cellular phenotypes of CRSwNP using cluster analysis and define an algorithm for different clusters associated with polyp recurrence.
  
  
  
  Overall, 366 patients with CRSwNP were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Eighteen variables, including clinical characteristics and tissue/peripheral inflammatory cells assessments, were selected for factor analysis. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed after variables reduction and standardization and differences in polyp recurrence during follow-up for a minimum of 24 months were analysed among clusters. Discriminant analysis was further used to develop a clinically useful algorithm for predicting clustering.
  
  
  
  Five phenotypic clusters were identified. Clusters 1 and 2 were plasma cell-dominant and lymphocyte-dominant phenotypes, respectively. Cluster 3 revealed a mixed inflammatory pattern. Cluster 4 was characterized by infiltration of predominantly neutrophils. Cluster 5 was characterized by a marked tissue eosinophilia and highest recurrence rate of 98.5%. The clinical algorithm predicted clustering with 93.7% accuracy.
  
  
  
  Chinese CRSwNP patients may be classified into five phenotypes with different polyp recurrence rates, based on the presence of predominantly plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils or mixed inflammatory cells in polyps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors.forename: Yingshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors.forename: Chengshuo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004802:Eosinophilia; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D010641:Phenotype; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult