title: [Temporality and trauma: Towards an articulation between the judicial, educational and psychological times in repeat teenage offenders].
abstract: Within the past few years, the problem of repeat teenage offenders has raised troubling questions among the various institutions in charge of this population. The temporalities of these adolescents are marked by immediacy, urgency, and repetition that circumvent a linear view of time and the programs set up to handle them. Studies on repeat teenage aggressors (notably, sexual aggressors) have shown that these young people often have a history of an acknowledged or unacknowledged trauma. The fact of having been a victim of abuse during childhood is thought to be a factor leading to later acting out. Our objective is to inquire into these juvenile delinquents and their treatment using a temporal framework of their life pathway that will influence the ways in which they are treated by professionals. By tracing back through the lives of these young authors of violence, we can find out whether they were themselves victims. Repeated acts of violence by a youth could then be seen not as isolated acts but as expressions of ill-being, of having been a victim, whether recognized or not. The act thus represents a link between the present and the past that can be analyzed by looking at occurrences of acting out. It would be interesting, moreover, to reflect upon how continuity could be created there where disruption strikes the youth and often the institutions too. We provide a detailed description of the notion of trauma by recalling its definition and its possible immediate and deferred effects on these youths. In the immediate time frame, the subject may present a physical reaction to the trauma. The psychological reaction will determine a psychic time frame expressed in several ways, whether immediately or at a distance from the traumatic event. Posttraumatic reactions may hamper the development of the teenager's personality. Some traumatized adolescents will express their ill-being by aggressiveness, as they replay the traumatic scene by staging violent and dangerous actions. Next we examine the different intertwined and interacting temporalities of the concerned institutions - namely, the legal, educational, and psychological therapeutic time frames - and how they contribute to creating a link between the past and the present in order to reconstruct the subject's life history. Legal time corresponds to the time during which the committed act is put into words, its significance is determined and judged, and a penal response to the offense is issued. Judgment time constitutes a waiting period for the subject; once the legal decision is made, the subject can mentally return to the present. The subject may experience this waiting period as a time to think about his/her act, in which case it may initiate a time for psychotherapy. Other youths will deny the posited act, thereby preventing any projection into the future. Educational time can only become fully meaningful once the legal decisions have been announced; its purpose is to help these youths project into a future in which their acts will repeatedly end in failure. Lastly, psychological therapy time can constitute a period of reconstruction and repair by making sense out of the acted-out events in the subject's life history. Repetition of delinquent acts, then, should be understand not as the repetition of isolated acts leading to disruptions that call for a response each time, but more as a means of finding meaning by reintegrating a repressed history that perturbs the present and prevents the adolescent from making a life plan. The complexity and interaction of these different temporalities (legal, educational, and psychological) prompt us to reflect upon the interconnections that should be set up, in the form of networks, to best accompany these teenagers and make their time meaningful, notably by enabling them to project into the future.
authors.affiliation: Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université Rennes 1, CHGR, Rennes, France. Electronic address: solennkermarrec@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kermarrec
authors.affiliation: Protection de l'Enfance et Délinquance des Mineurs, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mougli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology*; D004493:Education; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D011330:Prisons; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Acting out; Adolescence; Délinquance; Juvenile delinquency; Passages à l’acte; Repetition; Temporality; Temporalité; Trauma