title: Anxiety symptom interpretation: A potential mechanism explaining the cardiorespiratory fitness-anxiety relationship.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower trait anxiety, but research has not examined whether fitness is associated with state anxiety levels and the interpretation of these symptoms. The aim of this paper was to (1) reexamine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and general anxiety and (2) examine anxiety intensity and perceptions of these symptoms prior to an acute psychological stress task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=185; 81% female; Mage=18.04, SD=0.43 years) completed a 10-minute Paced Serial Addition Test. General anxiety was assessed using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Cognitive and somatic anxiety intensity and perceptions of symptoms was assessed immediately prior to the acute psychological stress task using the Immediate Anxiety Measures Scale. Cardiorespiratory fitness was calculated using a validated standardized formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with lower levels of general anxiety. Path analysis supported a model whereby perceptions of anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of anxiety experienced during the stress task; results remained significant after adjusting for general anxiety levels. Specifically, higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were positively associated with more positive perceptions of anxiety symptoms and lower levels of state anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A standard formula rather than maximal testing was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, self-report questionnaires were used to assess anxiety, and the study was cross-sectional in design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a potential mechanism explaining how cardiorespiratory fitness can reduce anxiety levels.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Electronic address: s.e.williams@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Jet J C S
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Veldhuijzen van Zanten
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Annie T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ginty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000523:psychology*; D012137:Respiratory System; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aerobic fitness; Anxiety sensitivity; Cognitive anxiety; Coping; Somatic anxiety