title: Effects of short term and long term Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field on depressive disorder in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports on the possible effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF MF) on mood have been paradoxical in different settings while no study has yet been conducted on animal behavior. In addition, it was shown that ELF MF exposure makes an increase in brain nitric oxide level. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to assess the possible effect(s) of ELF MF exposure on mice Forced Swimming Test (FST) and evaluate the probable role of the increased level of nitric oxide in the observed behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adult mice NMRI were recruited to investigate the short term and long term ELF MF exposure (0.5 mT and 50 Hz, single 2h and 2 weeks 2h a day). Locomotor behavior was assessed by using open-field test (OFT) followed by FST to evaluate the immobility time. Accordingly, NΩ-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester 30 mg/kg was used to exert anti-depressant like effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results, short term exposure did not alter the immobility time, whereas long term exposure significantly reduces immobility time (p<0.01). However, it was revealed that the locomotion did not differ among all experimental groups. Short term exposure reversed the anti-depressant like effect resulting from 30 mg/kg of NΩ-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been concluded that long term exposure could alter the depressive disorder in mice, whereas short term exposure has no significant effect. Also, reversing the anti-depressant activity of L-NAME indicates a probable increase in the brain nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madjid Ansari
authors.affiliation: Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farzampour
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.affiliation: Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shekarchi
authors.affiliation: Cancer Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR, Iran; Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: kmajidzadeh@razi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Keivan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Majidzadeh-A
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D060526:Magnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000528:radiation effects; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Depression; ELF; L-NAME; Magnetic fields