title: Incidence and predictors for cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a population-based retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to estimate the 5-year incidence rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and determine predictive factors of new CVD in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 115,470 T2DM patients aged ≥18 years without any history of CVD. Cox Proportional Hazard regression stratified by gender was performed to explore predictive factors of CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 5.3 years median follow-up, the overall incidence rate of CVD per 1,000 person-years was 17.2 (95% CI: 16.9-17.6), without significant gender difference. Predictors of higher risk of CVD were older age, current smoking, longer duration of T2DM, more severe stage of chronic kidney disease, anti-hypertensive and oral anti-diabetic drugs needed, and higher body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C ratio) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Lipid-lowering agents needed in men, and ex-smoking and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in female were the additional predictive factors of increased CVD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking, BMI, HbA1c, SBP, DBP, TC/HDL-C ratio and ACR were found to be modifiable risk factors of new CVD in Chinese T2DM patients, which should be targeted as tertiary preventive interventions. The lack of association between HbA1c and CVD in men found in this study deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, the University of Hong Kong, 3/F Ap Lei Chau Clinic, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong; School of Nursing, the University of Hong Kong, 4/F, William M. W., Mong Block 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Electronic address: yfwan@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Eric Yuk Fai
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, the University of Hong Kong, 4/F, William M. W., Mong Block 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Electronic address: dytfong@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Daniel Yee Tak
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, the University of Hong Kong, 3/F Ap Lei Chau Clinic, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong. Electronic address: cfsc@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Colman Siu Cheung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, the University of Hong Kong, 3/F Ap Lei Chau Clinic, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong. Electronic address: clklam@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Cindy Lo Kuen
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes mellitus; Incidence; Predictor; Primary care; Risk factors