title: Toxicity assessment and comparison between two types of iron oxide nanoparticles in Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their increased application and production, are being released into the environment with unpredictable impact on the physiology of marine organisms, as well as on entire ecosystems and upcoming effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the oxidative responses of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis after exposure to iron oxide NPs and to iron oxide NPs incorporated into zeolite for 1, 3 and 7 days. Our results showed that both effectors induced changes on animal physiology by causing oxidative stress in hemocytes of exposed mussels compared to control animals. This was shown by the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, ubiquitin conjugates and DNA damage. In addition an increase in prooxidant levels as measured by the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) assay was observed in exposed mussels' hemolymph. The results show that ROS, DNA damage, protein and lipid oxidation, ubiquitin conjugates and PAB could constitute, after further investigation, reliable biomarkers for the evaluation of pollution or other environmental stressors. In addition, more studies are needed in order to ensure the safety of these NPs on various biomedical applications, since it is critical to design NPs that they meet the demands of application without causing cellular toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrysa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taze
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panetas
authors.affiliation: Alexander Technological Educational Institution of Thessaloniki, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalogiannis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feidantsis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General & Inorganic Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Gallios
authors.affiliation: Aerosol & Particle Technology Laboratory, CERTH/CPERI, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kastrinaki
authors.affiliation: Aerosol & Particle Technology Laboratory, CERTH/CPERI, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University, PO. Box 1517, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Konstandopoulos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, SK-04001 Kosice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Václavíková
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, SK-04001 Kosice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivanicova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: kaloyian@bio.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaloyianni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000499:ferric oxide
keywords: Biomarkers; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Oxidative stress; Toxicity