title: The Odocoileus virginianus Femur: Mechanical Behavior and Morphology.
abstract: Biomechanical research relies heavily on laboratory evaluation and testing with osseous animal structures. While many femora models are currently in use, including those of the European red deer (Cervus elaphus), the Odocoileus virginianus femur remains undocumented, despite its regional abundance in North America. The objective of this study was to compare biomechanical and morphological properties of the Odocoileus virginianus femur with those of the human and commonly used animal models. Sixteen pairs of fresh-frozen cervine femora (10 male, 6 female, aged 2.1 ± 0.9 years) were used for this study. Axial and torsional stiffnesses (whole bone) were calculated following compression and torsion to failure tests (at rates of 0.1 mm/sec and 0.2°/sec). Lengths, angles, femoral head diameter and position, periosteal and endosteal diaphyseal dimensions, and condylar dimensions were measured. The results show that the cervine femur is closer in length, axial and torsional stiffness, torsional strength, and overall morphology to the human femur than many other commonly used animal femora models; additional morphological measurements are comparable to many other species' femora. The distal bicondylar width of 59.3mm suggests that cervine femora may be excellent models for use in total knee replacement simulations. Furthermore, the cervine femoral head is more ovoid than other commonly-used models for hip research, making it a more suitable model for studies of hip implants. Thus, with further, more application-specific investigations, the cervine femur could be a suitable model for biomechanical research, including the study of ballistic injuries and orthopaedic device development.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hedgeland
authors.affiliation: Physician Assistant Studies, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Morgan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Libruk
authors.affiliation: Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Corbiere
authors.affiliation: Occupational Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ciani
authors.affiliation: Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuxhaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical