title: The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel.
abstract: Helminth infection may be protective against allergy and account for the low prevalence of allergy in developing countries. We studied prospectively the prevalence of allergy in Ethiopian immigrants with heavy helminth infection on arrival in Israel, and again after a year of adjustment to an urban industrialized setting, to explore the roles of helminth infection, changed environment and background immunity on the manifestations of allergy. 126 newly arrived Ethiopian immigrants were studied at baseline and 115 after a year of follow up in Israel. Allergic symptoms, Skin prick tests (SPT), Tuberculin (PPD) skin tests, stool and blood samples were obtained for determining parasites, blood IgE and eosinophil levels, respectively. Anti-helminthic therapy was offered to the entire infected individuals, but only 50/108 (46.3%) took the medication. At baseline, there was a significant negative association between helminth infection and allergy, 4/18 (22.2%) of uninfected participants were allergic compared to 7/108 (6.5%) of helminth-infected participants (p = 0.028), as well as between helminth infection and SPT reactivity, 12/18 (66.6%) of uninfected participants compared to 43/108 (39.8%) of helminth-infected participants (p = 0.033). After one year, a significant general increase in allergy and SPT was observed. While only 11/126 (8.7%) were allergic at baseline, 30/115 (26.1%) became allergic at follow-up (p<0.0001), and while 55/126 (43.7%) were SPT+ at baseline, 79/115 (68.7%) became SPT+ at follow-up (p<0.001). A twofold increase in allergen sensitization was also observed after one year in Israel, particularly for dust mites, grasses and olive tree (p<0.001). These results show that: a) Helminth infection is significantly associated with low allergy and low SPT reactivity; b) One year after immigration to Israel, allergy and SPT reactivity increased significantly in all immigrants; c) Higher increases in positive SPT and allergy were observed after a year in the group that remained infected with helminths, even though they had a lowered helminth load; d) The reasons for the increased allergy one year after immigration needs further investigation but probably reflects the combined influence of the decreased helminth load and novel environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Zalman
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Division, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Zeev T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Handzel
authors.affiliation: Center for Tropical Diseases and AIDS, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Mesfin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Meshesha
authors.affiliation: Center for Tropical Diseases and AIDS, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bentwich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult