title: Analysis of red inks by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
abstract: A combination of MEKC with a--highly sensitive but not commonly used--LIF detector was tested regarding the possibility of differentiation of red inks. The separation process was conducted in a fused silica capillary (id 50 μm, 60/50 cm total/effective length) in BGE consisting of 40 mM sodium borate, 20 mM SDS and 10% v/v ACN with 30 kV applied. The optimized temperature of storage and capillary was 10 and 25°C, respectively. The samples were prepared using 20 dots (ø 0.5 mm), extracted in 35 μL BGE and diluted with 30 μL of water. The proposed method showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility (RSD (tm ) < 0.8 and < 2.5%, respectively). It was applied to group identification and differentiation of different brands, models, and batches of red printing, stamp, and pen inks. It was demonstrated that differentiation can be performed effectively on the basis of migration times and ratios of peak areas. The high efficiency of the developed method was indicated by discriminating power ranging from 87.3 to 98.8%, for stamp and pen inks, respectively. The results showed that the proposed procedure can be valuable for an objective examination of the red parts of questioned documents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Król
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Klaudia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gondko
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kościelniak
mesh_terms: D020374:Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005453:Fluorescence; D007281:Ink; D011327:Printing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: Forensic science; LIF; MEKC; Questioned document examination; Red inks