title: Cluster-Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial to Compare Supplement Consumption and Adherence to Different Dosing Regimens for Antenatal Calcium and Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Preeclampsia and Anaemia: Rationale and Design of the Micronutrient Initiative Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To prevent pre-eclampsia in populations with insufficient dietary calcium (Ca) intake, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends routine Ca supplementation during antenatal care (ANC). WHO guidelines suggest a complex dosing regimen, requiring as many as 5 pill-taking events per day when combined with iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements. Poor adherence may undermine public health effectiveness, so simpler regimens may be preferable. This trial will compare the effect of the WHO-recommended (higher-dose) regimen vs. a simpler, lower-dose regimen on supplement consumption and pill-taking behaviours in Kenyan ANC clients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a parallel, non-inferiority, cluster-randomized trial; we examined 16 primary care health facilities in Kenya, 1047 pregnant women between 16-30 weeks gestational age. Higher-dose regimen: 1.5 g elemental calcium in 3 separate doses (500 mg Ca/pill) and IFA (60 mg Fe + 400 µg folic acid) taken with evening dose. Lower-dose regimen: 1.0 g calcium in 2 separate doses (500 mg Ca/pill) with IFA taken as above.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome is Ca pills consumed per day, measured by pill counts. Secondary outcomes include IFA pills consumed per day, client knowledge, motivation, social support, and satisfaction, measured at 4 to 10 weeks post-enrolment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unit of randomization is the healthcare facility; unit of analysis is individual client. Intent-to-treat analysis will be implemented with multi-level models to account for clustering.
  If pregnant women prescribed lower doses of Ca ingest as many pills as women prescribed the WHO-recommended regimen, developing a lower-dose recommendation for antenatal Ca and IFA supplementation programs could save resources. Significance for public healthPre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Based on clinical evidence of significant reduction in risk of pre-eclampsia, the WHO recommends including calcium (Ca) supplementation in antenatal care services in settings with inadequate dietary Ca intakes. A high daily amount of Ca administered in a complex dosing regimen is recommended to maximize efficacy and bioavailability. Factors such as client adherence, motivation, cost and logistical complexities may undermine effectiveness when implemented in public health programs. This cluster-randomized trial will compare Ca supplement consumption between higher and lower-dose regimens delivered through antenatal care in Kenya, integrated with iron-folic acid supplementation. If a lower-dose regimen improves adherence, women's Ca supplement consumption may be comparable to that achieved under a complex, higher-dose regimen. Evidence gained from this trial will guide public health planning for antenatal calcium supplementation programs to maximize benefits through reducing logistical, cost and adherence barriers.
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Moshood O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Omotayo
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dickin
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chapleau
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Malava Sub-county Health Management Team, Ministry of Health , Kakamega County, Kenya.
authors.forename: Erick O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mwanga
authors.affiliation: Micronutrient Initiative, Africa Regional Office , Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Jacqueline K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kung'u
authors.affiliation: Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stoltzfus
keywords: Preeclampsia; adherence; anaemia; calcium supplements; iron-folic acid