title: Role of overlapping genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between early adolescent conduct problems and substance use in young adulthood.
abstract: To determine (1) the prospective associations of conduct problems during early adolescence with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood and (2) to what extent these associations are due to overlapping genetic versus environmental influences.
  
  
  
  A prospective twin study using biometric twin modelling.
  
  
  
  Finland.
  
  
  
  A total of 1847 Finnish twins (943 males and 904 females) were interviewed in early adolescence, 73% of whom (n = 1353, 640 males and 713 females) were retained in young adulthood.
  
  
  
  Symptom counts of conduct disorder (CD) criteria were obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in early adolescence [age 14-15 years, mean = 14.2, standard deviation (SD) = 0.15]. Frequency of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in young adulthood (age 19.9-26.6 years, mean = 22.4, SD = 0.7).
  
  
  
  We found modest to moderate phenotypical correlations (r = 0.16-0.35) between early adolescent CD symptoms and substance use in young adulthood. In males, the phenotypical correlations of CD symptoms with all three substance use variables are explained largely by overlapping genetic influences. In females, overlapping shared environmental influences predominantly explain the phenotypical correlation between CD symptoms and tobacco and cannabis use.
  
  
  
  Conduct disorder symptoms in early adolescence appear to moderately predict substance use in early adulthood. In males, genetic influences seem to be most important in explaining the relationship between conduct disorder symptoms and substance use whereas in females, shared environmental influences seem to be most important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, the Netherlands.|Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin J H
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.affiliation: Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanneke E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Creemers
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Tellervo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latvala
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000074609:Marijuana Use / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000235:genetics; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent twins; common environments; conduct problems; genetics; substance use; young adult twins