title: Multiple Pathogens Including Potential New Species in Tick Vectors in Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our study aimed to assess the presence of different pathogens in ticks collected in two regions in Côte d'Ivoire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time PCR and standard PCR assays coupled to sequencing were used. Three hundred and seventy eight (378) ticks (170 Amblyomma variegatum, 161 Rhipicepalus microplus, 3 Rhipicephalus senegalensis, 27 Hyalomma truncatum, 16 Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, and 1 Hyalomma impressum) were identified and analyzed. We identified as pathogenic bacteria, Rickettsia africae in Am. variegatum (90%), Rh. microplus (10%) and Hyalomma spp. (9%), Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma spp. (23%), Rickettsia massiliae in Rh. senegalensis (33%) as well as Coxiella burnetii in 0.2%, Borrelia sp. in 0.2%, Anaplasma centrale in 0.2%, Anaplasma marginale in 0.5%, and Ehrlichia ruminantium in 0.5% of all ticks. Potential new species of Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Wolbachia were detected. Candidatus Borrelia africana and Candidatus Borrelia ivorensis (detected in three ticks) are phylogenetically distant from both the relapsing fever group and Lyme disease group borreliae; both were detected in Am. variegatum. Four new genotypes of bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family were identified, namely Candidatus Anaplasma ivorensis (detected in three ticks), Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei (in nine ticks), Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica (in four ticks), and Candidatus Wolbachia ivorensis (in one tick).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, we demonstrate the presence of different pathogens such as R. aeschlimannii, C. burnetii, Borrelia sp., A. centrale, A. marginale, and E. ruminantium in ticks in Côte d'Ivoire as well as potential new species of unknown pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.|Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal.|Felix Houphouet Boigny Université, UFR Biosciences, Côte D'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Cyrille Bilé
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ehounoud
authors.affiliation: Felix Houphouet Boigny Université, UFR Biosciences, Côte D'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Kouassi Patrick
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahmani
authors.affiliation: Ecole de spécialisation en Elevage de Bingerville, Côte D'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Yaba Louise
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Achi
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amanzougaghene
authors.affiliation: Felix Houphouet Boigny Université, UFR Sciences médicales, Côte D'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Adèle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kacou N'Douba
authors.affiliation: Felix Houphouet Boigny Université, UFR Biosciences, Côte D'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Jean David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: N'Guessan
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.|Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.|Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fenollar
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm U1095, Faculté de médecine, Marseille cedex 05, France.|Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mediannikov
mesh_terms: D000709:Anaplasma / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D001898:Borrelia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013987:Ticks / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*