title: Design of a cone-and-plate device for controlled realistic shear stress stimulation on endothelial cell monolayers.
abstract: Endothelial cells are constantly exposed to blood flow and the resulting frictional force, the wall shear stress, varies in magnitude and direction with time, depending on vasculature geometry. Previous studies have shown that the structure and function of endothelial cells, and ultimately of the vessel wall, are deeply affected by the nature of wall shear stress waveforms. To investigate the in vitro effects of these stimuli, we developed a compact, programmable, real-time operated system based on cone-and-plate geometry, that can be used within a standard cell incubator. To verify the capability to replicate realistic shear stress waveforms, we calculated both analytically and numerically to what extent the system is able to correctly deliver the stimuli defined by the user at plate level. Our results indicate that for radii greater than 25 mm, the shear stress is almost uniform and directly proportional to cone rotation velocity. We further established that using a threshold of 10 Hz of wall shear stress waveform frequency components, oscillating flow conditions can be reproduced on cell monolayer surface. Finally, we verified the capability of the system to perform long-term flow exposure experiments ensuring sterility and cell culture viability on human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to unidirectional and oscillating shear stress. In conclusion, the system we developed is a highly dynamic, easy to handle, and able to generate pulsatile and unsteady oscillating wall shear stress waveforms. This system can be used to investigate the effects of realistic stimulations on endothelial cells, similar to those exerted in vivo by blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ene-Iordache
authors.affiliation: Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 4, 24144, Dalmine, BG, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oldani
authors.affiliation: Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 4, 24144, Dalmine, BG, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Righettini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy. andrea.remuzzi@marionegri.it.|Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 4, 24144, Dalmine, BG, Italy. andrea.remuzzi@marionegri.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
keywords: Computational fluid dynamics; Cone-and-plate; Endothelial cells; Shear stress