title: Ion transfer from an atmospheric pressure ion funnel into a mass spectrometer with different interface options: Simulation-based optimization of ion transmission efficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We optimized an atmospheric pressure ion funnel (APIF) including different interface options (pinhole, capillary, and nozzle) regarding a maximal ion transmission. Previous computer simulations consider the ion funnel itself and do not include the geometry of the following components which can considerably influence the ion transmission into the vacuum stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, a three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) model of our setup was created using Autodesk Inventor. This model was imported to the Autodesk Simulation CFD program where the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were calculated. The flow field was transferred to SIMION 8.1. Investigations of ion trajectories were carried out using the SDS (statistical diffusion simulation) tool of SIMION, which allowed us to evaluate the flow regime, pressure, and temperature values that we obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation-based optimization of different interfaces between an atmospheric pressure ion funnel and the first vacuum stage of a mass spectrometer require the consideration of fluid dynamics. The use of a Venturi nozzle ensures the highest level of transmission efficiency in comparison to capillaries or pinholes. However, the application of radiofrequency (RF) voltage and an appropriate direct current (DC) field leads to process optimization and maximum ion transfer. The nozzle does not hinder the transfer of small ions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our high-resolution SIMION model (0.01 mm grid unit(-1) ) under consideration of fluid dynamics is generally suitable for predicting the ion transmission through an atmospheric-vacuum system for mass spectrometry and enables the optimization of operational parameters. A Venturi nozzle inserted between the ion funnel and the mass spectrometer permits maximal ion transmission. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Permoserstraße 15, D-4318, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Permoserstraße 15, D-4318, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Helko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borsdorf