title: Incidence, short-term outcome, and spatial distribution of stroke patients in Ludhiana, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incidence, short-term outcome, and spatial distribution of stroke patients and to evaluate the completeness of case ascertainment in Ludhiana.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based prospective cohort study was conducted in Ludhiana, Punjab, Northwest India. All first-ever stroke patients (≥18 years) were included between March 2010 and March 2013 using WHO Stepwise Approach Surveillance methodology from the city. Stroke patient data were obtained from hospitals, scan centers, and general practitioners, and details of deaths from the Municipal Corporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 7,199 stroke patients recruited, 3,441 were included in final analysis. The mean age was 59 ± 15 years. The annual incidence rate was 140/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 133-147) and age-adjusted incidence rate was 130/100,000 (95% CI 123-137). The annual incidence rate for stroke in the young (18-49 years) was 46/100,000 (95% CI 41-51). The case fatality at 28 days was 22%. Patients above 60 years of age (p = 0.03) and patients who were managed in public hospitals had poor survival (p = 0.01). Hot spots for cumulative incidence were seen in central and southern parts of the city, and hot spots for poor outcome were seen in the outskirts of the city.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence rates are similar to other studies from India. Stroke patient survival is poor in public hospitals. The finding of spatial analysis is of public health significance for stroke prevention and strengthening of stroke services.
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. jeyarajpandian@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jeyaraj D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pandian
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Paramdeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Rajinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Birinder S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Shavinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Clarence J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Shweta J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Premjeeth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moodbidri
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mehmi
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Om P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dhanuka
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sobti
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Mohanjeet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sarvpreet S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sukhdeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jhawar
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Shadangi
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Tushar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Jeetamol S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Ramandeep S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Anakhvir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sandeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bakshi
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sandeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Gurmeet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sikka
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Litoria
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Unit (J.D.P., P.K., S.J.V., P.M., G.M., A. Sharma), Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Singh, R.B., B.S.P., M. Singla), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital; Departments of Community Medicine (S. Singh, C.J.S.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.G., S.S.J.), Christian Medical College; Arora Neuro Center (O.P.A.); Deep Hospital (A.K.D.); Sobti Neuro and Super Specialty Hospital (M.K.S.); Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital (H.S.); Shree Raghunath Hospital (M.K.); Deepak Hospital (T.N.S., T.A.); Mediciti Hospital (A. Saxena, G. Sachdeva); Delta Heart Center (J.S.G., R.S.B.); Heart Beat Diagnostic Center (A.G.); Ace Healthways (S.S.B.); Kuka Diagnostic Center (S.S.P.); Civil Hospital (G. Singh); ESIC Hospital (P.S.); Geology, Water Resources and Geoinformatic Division (P.K.L.), Punjab Remote Sensing Center, Ludhiana; and Non Communicable Diseases Division (M. Sharma), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography / Q000639:trends; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult