title: Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Selected Florida Wetlands.
abstract: Phthalates have been shown to cause endocrine disruption in laboratory animals and are associated with altered development of the reproductive system in humans. Further, human have significant exposure to phthalates. However, little is known concerning the exposure of wildlife to phthalates. We report urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations from fifty juvenile alligators from three Florida lakes and a site in the Everglades. Urinary phthalate monoester concentrations varied widely among alligators from the different sites but also among alligators from the same site. Mono-2-ethylhexy phthalate and monobutyl phthalate were found in most samples of alligator urine with maximums of 35,700 ng/mL and 193 ng/mL, respectively. Monobenzyl phthalate was found in 5 alligators with a maximum of 66.7 ng/mL. Other monoesters were found in only one or two alligator urine samples. The wide variation within and among sites, in addition to the high levels of mEHP, mBP and mBzP, is consistent with exposure arising from the intermittent spraying of herbicide formulations to control invasive aquatic plants in Florida freshwater sites. Phthalate diesters are used as adjuvants in many of these formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA. jbrock1@unca.edu.
authors.forename: John W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-4446
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC, 28805, USA.
authors.forename: Jane Margaret
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.|Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Guillette
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005431:Florida; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid