title: The Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Pyretic Activities of Tinospora cordifolia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is a valuable resource due to its traditional uses in the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation, but no sufficient scientific literature is available online to confirm its traditional uses in these ailments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to validate the traditional uses of T. cordifolia in treating pain, inflammation and pyrexia, using albino mice as an experimental animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analgesic effects of T. cordifolia extract were assessed by using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail-flick test. The carrageenan test was performed to assess anti-inflammatory potential, and anti-pyretic activity was evaluated by the brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the T. cordifolia extract exhibited significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the three pain models tested. The extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammation test and antipyretic effects in the brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test in dose-dependent manner compared to the effects observed in the control group animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that T. cordifolia extract has strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects. Further studies are required to investigate the therapeutic activities of the phytochemical constituents of T. cordifolia against pain, inflammation and pyrexia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Liaqat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad S H
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Akash
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Noor-Ul
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Ain
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kanwal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D013997:Time Factors; D031610:Tinospora / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D058633:Antipyretics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid