title: Low Coverage and Disparities of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening in Thai Women: Analysis of National Representative Household Surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The coverage of breast and cervical cancer screening has only slightly increased in the past decade in Thailand, and these cancers remain leading causes of death among women. This study identified socioeconomic and contextual factors contributing to the variation in screening uptake and coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from two nationally representative household surveys, the Health and Welfare Survey (HWS) 2007 and the Reproductive Health Survey (RHS) 2009 conducted by the National Statistical Office were used. The study samples comprised 26,951 women aged 30-59 in the 2009 RHS, and 14,619 women aged 35 years and older in the 2007 HWS were analyzed. Households of women were grouped into wealth quintiles, by asset index derived from Principal components analysis. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening rates for cervical and breast cancers increased between 2007 and 2009. Education and health insurance coverage including wealth were factors contributing to screening uptake. Lower or non- educated and poor women had lower uptake of screenings, as were young, unmarried, and non-Buddhist women. Coverage of the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme increased the propensity of having both screenings, while the universal coverage scheme increased the probability of cervical screening among the poor. Lack of awareness and knowledge contributed to non-use of both screenings. Women were put off from screening, especially Muslim women on cervical screening, because of embarrassment, fear of pain and other reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cervical screening is covered by the benefit package of three main public health insurance schemes, free of charge to all eligible women, the low coverage of cervical screening should be addressed by increasing awareness and strengthening the supply side. As mammography was not cost effective and not covered by any scheme, awareness and practice of breast self examination and effective clinical breast examination are recommended. Removal of cultural barriers is essential.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand E-mail : viroj@ihpp.thaigov.net.
authors.forename: Suwanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukem
authors.forename: Qingyue
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Hutcha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sriplung
authors.forename: Viroj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tangcharoensathien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D016504:Breast Self-Examination; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D065006:Papanicolaou Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D055815:Young Adult