title: Investigating staff knowledge of safeguarding and pressure ulcers in care homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether nursing/care home staff regard pressure ulceration as a safeguarding issue; and to explore reporting mechanisms for pressure ulcers (PUs) in nursing/care homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within one clinical commissioning group, 65 staff members from 50 homes completed a questionnaire assessing their experiences of avoidable and unavoidable PUs, grading systems, and systems in place for referral to safeguarding teams. Understanding of safeguarding was assessed in depth by interviews with 11 staff members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staff observed an average of 2.72 PUs in their workplaces over the previous 12 months, judging 45.6% to be avoidable. Only a minority of respondents reported knowledge of a grading system (mostly the EPUAP/NPUAP system). Most respondents would refer PUs to the safeguarding team: the existence of a grading system, or guidance, appeared to increase that likelihood. Safeguarding was considered a priority in most homes; interviewees were familiar with the term safeguarding, but some confusion over its meaning was apparent. Quality of written documentation and verbal communication received before residents returned from hospital was highlighted. However, respondents expressed concern over lack of information regarding skin integrity. Most staff had received education regarding ulcer prevention or wound management during training, but none reported post-registration training or formal education programmes; reliance was placed on advice of district nurses or tissue viability specialists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staff within nursing/care homes understand the fundamentals of managing skin integrity and the importance of reporting skin damage; however, national education programmes are needed to develop knowledge and skills to promote patient health-related quality of life, and to reduce the health-care costs of pressure damage. Further research to investigate understanding, knowledge and skills of nursing/care home staff concerning pressure ulcer development and safeguarding will become increasingly necessary, as levels of the older population who may require assisted living continue to rise.
authors.affiliation: Director Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention.|School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ousey
authors.affiliation: School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.affiliation: NHS Heywood, Middleton and Rochdale Clinical Commissioning Group.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Director Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention.|School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017592:Skin Care / Q000451:nursing*
keywords: care home; nursing home; pressure ulcers; safeguarding