title: Salivary function impairment in type 2 Diabetes patients associated with concentration and genetic polymorphisms of chromogranin A.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on salivary function impairments according to glycemic control status and subsequently compare the concentration of chromogranin A (CHGA) with its genetic profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with controlled T2DM, 36 with poorly controlled T2DM, and 38 nondiabetic subjects underwent salivary flow rate measurements by means of unstimulated labial (ULS), unstimulated whole (UWS), and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) collections. CHGA concentrations were determined in saliva and plasma with ELISA, and two CHGA polymorphisms (T-415C and Glu264Asp) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2DM patients presented significantly lower ULS and UWS flow rates regardless of glycemic control status compared to controls (P = 0.002 and P = 0.027, respectively). The SWS flow rate in the poorly controlled T2DM was the lowest among the groups (P = 0.026). Significantly higher plasma and salivary CHGA levels were found in T2DM groups (P = 0.019 and P < 0.001, respectively). CHGA gene variants (T-415C and Glu264Asp) revealed significant differences between diabetics and control subjects when associated with lower salivary flow and higher salivary CHGA production (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2DM causes abnormalities in the function of salivary glands. However, poorly controlled T2DM has the most influence on SWS flow rates. Our findings indicate an association between plasma and salivary CHGA levels and T2DM patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. Nevertheless, further epidemiological studies are required to elucidate this clinical implication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary impairments and high levels of CHGA are associated with T2DM patients. In addition, CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. This could be a significant insight to establish a role for salivary CHGA as a potential clinical biomarker to T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. mikaela.kogawa@gmail.com.|Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. mikaela.kogawa@gmail.com.|Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 lote 01 EPCT Campus I Bloco S - sala S213, Bairro: Águas Claras - CEP, 71966-700, Taguatinga/DF, Brasília, Brazil. mikaela.kogawa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Evelyn Mikaela
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kogawa
authors.affiliation: Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Corrêa
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Grisi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Pinheiro
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Falcão
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.|Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ingrid Aquino
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.|Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taia Maria Berto
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.affiliation: FCE, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabel Cristina Rodrigues
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.|Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biotecnologia e Genética), Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Osmar Nascimento
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.|Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biotecnologia e Genética), Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.|Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil.|S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
authors.forename: Octávio Luiz
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rivadávio Fernandes Batista
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Amorim
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053379:Chromogranin A
keywords: Chromogranin A; Genetic; Polymorphism; Saliva; Type 2 diabetes