title: Sleep bruxism: an updated review of an old problem.
abstract: Objective To provide an update on what is known about bruxism and some of the major clinical highlights derived from new insights into this old problem in dentistry. Materials and methods A selective, non-systematic but critical review of the available scientific literature was performed. Results There are two main different types of bruxism, which are related to different circadian periods (sleep and awake bruxism) that may differ in terms of pathophysiology, but they share some common signs and symptoms. Approximately one out of 10 adult individuals may suffer from bruxism, but not all bruxers may need treatment. Bruxism is complicated to diagnose in the clinic and self-report of bruxism may not necessarily reflect the true presence of jaw muscle activity. Better understanding has been acquired of bruxism relationships with sleep stages, arousal responses and autonomic function with the help of polysomnography and controlled sleep studies. Meanwhile, there is still much more to learn about awake bruxism. With the available scientific knowledge it is possible to systematically assess the effects of bruxism and its potential risk factors for oral and general health. Moreover, we can be aware of the realistic possibilities to manage/treat the patient suffering from bruxism. Conclusion Bruxism is a parafunctional activity involving the masticatory muscles and probably it is as old as human mankind. Different ways have been proposed to define, diagnose, assess the impact and consequences, understand the pathophysiology and treat or manage bruxism. Despite the vast research efforts made in this field, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge.
authors.affiliation: a Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry , HEALTH Aarhus University , Denmark ;|b Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) , Aarhus University , Denmark ;
authors.forename: Eduardo E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Castrillon
authors.affiliation: c Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering , College of Oral Medicine, Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University , Taiwan ;
authors.forename: Keng-Liang
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: d Department of Health Science and Technology, the Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Denmark ;|e Orofacial Pain & TMD Research Unit , Institute of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Kelun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: e Orofacial Pain & TMD Research Unit , Institute of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Jinglu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: f Department of Stomatology , Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , PR China ;
authors.forename: Xinwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: a Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry , HEALTH Aarhus University , Denmark ;|b Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) , Aarhus University , Denmark ;|g Department of Dental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Bruxism; jaw muscle activity; review