title: Adolescent Rats Self-Administer Less Nicotine Than Adults at Low Doses.
abstract: Although nearly 90% of current smokers initiated tobacco use during adolescence, little is known about reinforcement by nicotine in adolescents. Researchers are currently investigating whether a potential public health policy setting a tobacco product standard with very low nicotine levels would improve public health, and it is essential to understand whether data generated in adults translates to adolescents, particularly as it relates to the threshold dose of nicotine required to support smoking. The present study compared self-administration of low doses of nicotine between adolescent and adult rats.
  
  
  
  Adolescent (postnatal day [P] 30) and adult (P90) male and female rats were allowed to nosepoke to receive intravenous infusions of nicotine (3-100 μg/kg/infusion) during 16 daily 1-hour sessions.
  
  
  
  At 10 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, adolescent rats earned significantly fewer infusions than adults. When responding for 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, rats of both ages earned a similar number of infusions; however, there were subtle differences in the distribution of infusions across the 1-hour session. No sex differences were apparent in either age group at any dose.
  
  
  
  These results demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. However, at nicotine doses that support self-administration in both age groups, adolescent and adult rats do not differ in acquisition or number of infusions earned. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults may be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents.
  
  
  
  The results of the present studies demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults will be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schassburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Tracy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.|Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Edda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.|Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.|Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine