title: The Relationships between Individualism, Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and Authoritarianism in Flanders: A Continuous Time-Structural Equation Modeling Approach.
abstract: This article analyzes the relationships among nationalism (N), individualism (I), ethnocentrism (E), and authoritarianism (A) in continuous time (CT), estimated as a structural equation model. The analysis is based on the General Election Study for Flanders, Belgium, for 1991, 1995, and 1999. We find reciprocal effects between A and E and between E and I as well as a unidirectional effect from A on I. We furthermore find relatively small, but significant, effects from both I and E on N but no effect from A on N or from N on any of the other variables. Because of its central role in the N-I-E-A complex, mitigation of authoritarianism has the largest potential to reduce the spread of nationalism, ethnocentrism, and racism in Flanders.
authors.affiliation: a Statistics Department , Bogor Agricultural University , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yenni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Angraini
authors.affiliation: b Statistics Department , University of Padjadjaran , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toharudin
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Spatial Sciences , University of Groningen , The Netherlands.|d Department of Agricultural Economics , College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Folmer
authors.affiliation: e Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan H L
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oud