title: Replenishment and mobilization of intracellular nitrogen pools decouples wine yeast nitrogen uptake from growth.
abstract: Wine yeast capacity to take up nitrogen from the environment and catabolize it to support population growth, fermentation, and aroma production is critical to wine production. Under nitrogen restriction, yeast nitrogen uptake is believed to be intimately coupled to reproduction with nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) suggested mediating this link. We provide a time- and strain-resolved view of nitrogen uptake, population growth, and NCR activity in wine yeasts. Nitrogen uptake was found to be decoupled from growth due to early assimilated nitrogen being used to replenish intracellular nitrogen pools rather than being channeled directly into reproduction. Internally accumulated nitrogen was later mobilized to support substantial population expansion after external nitrogen was depleted. On good nitrogen sources, the decoupling between nitrogen uptake and growth correlated well with relaxation of NCR repression, raising the potential that the latter may be triggered by intracellular build-up of nitrogen. No link between NCR activity and nitrogen assimilation or growth on poor nitrogen sources was found. The decoupling between nitrogen uptake and growth and its influence on NCR activity is of relevance for both wine production and our general understanding of nitrogen use.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, E-46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Biotecnologia Enològica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.affiliation: Biotecnologia Enològica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, E-46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guillamon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden. jonas.warringer@cmb.gu.se.|Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway. jonas.warringer@cmb.gu.se.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warringer
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: GAP1; Growth; Nitrogen catabolite repression; Nitrogen metabolism; Wine yeast