title: Maternal exposure to arsenic and cadmium and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring.
abstract: Hair arsenic and cadmium from 339 women with congenital heart defect (CHD)-affected pregnancies (case women) and 333 women with normal live births (control women) in China were estimated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median levels of hair arsenic and cadmium in the case women were 98.30 (74.30-136.30)ng/g and 14.60 (8.30-32.50)ng/g, respectively, which were significantly higher than the levels in the control group (P<0.05). Arsenic concentrations ≥62.03ng/g were associated with increased risk for almost every CHD subtype, with a dose-response relationship. However, only the group with the highest cadmium levels (≥25.85ng/g) displayed an increased risk of CHDs (AOR 1.96; 95% CI 1.24-3.09), with a 2.81-fold increase found for the occurrence of conotruncal defects in their offspring. Furthermore, an interaction between arsenic and cadmium was observed. Our findings suggest that maternal exposure to arsenic and cadmium may be a significant risk factor for CHDs in offspring. Cadmium may have an enhancing effect on the association between arsenic and the risk of CHDs in offspring.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ultrasound at Guangxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital in Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology for Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: zhujun028@163.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Biomarker; Cadmium; Congenital heart defects; Hair; Maternal exposure