title: Electromagnetic interference of endodontic equipments with cardiovascular implantable electronic device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess the electromagnetic interference (EMI) of endodontic equipment with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The laser device, electronic apex locators (EAL), optical microscope, endodontic rotary motors, gutta-percha heat carrier (GH), gutta-percha gun and ultrasonic device were tested next to CIEDs (Medtronic and Biotronik) with varied sensitivity settings and distances. CIEDs were immersed in a saline solution to simulate the electrical resistence of the human body. The endodontic equipment was tested in both horizontal and vertical positions in relation to the components of the CIED. The tests were performed on a dental chair in order to assess the cumulative effect of electromagnetic fields.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found no EMI with the Biotronik pacemaker. EALs caused EMI with Medtronic PM at a 2 cm distance, with the NSK(®) EAL also affecting the Medtronic defibrillator. GH caused EMI at 2 cm and 5 cm from the Medtronic defibrillator. EMI occurred when devices were horizontally positioned to the CIED. In the majority of the cases, EMI occurred when the pacemaker was set to maximum sensitivity. There was cumulative effect of electromagnetic fields between GH and dental chair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EALs and GH caused EMI which ranged according to type and sensitivity setting of the CIEDs and the distance. However, no endodontic equipment caused permanent damage to the CIED. The use of GH caused a cumulative effect of electromagnetic fields. It suggests that during the treatment of patients with CIEDs, only the necessary equipments should be kept turned on.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CIEDs may be subject to EMI from electronic equipment used in dental offices, as they remain turned on throughout the treatment. This is the first article assessing the cumulative effect of electromagnetic fields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: manudadalti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manoela Teixeira de Sant'Anna
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dadalti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: antonioledo@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Antônio José Ledo Alves
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: araujomcp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcos César Pimenta
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: luisgbelo@ig.com.br.
authors.forename: Luis Gustavo Belo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: patriciarisso@odonto.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Patrícia de Andrade
authors.initials: Pde A
authors.lastname: Risso
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D004708:Endodontics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D006171:Gutta-Percha
keywords: Defibrillator; Dental equipment; Electromagnetic interference; Pacemaker