title: Modeling Neurological Disease by Rapid Conversion of Human Urine Cells into Functional Neurons.
abstract: Somatic cells can be directly converted into functional neurons by ectopic expression of defined factors and/or microRNAs. Since the first report of conversion mouse embryonic fibroblasts into functional neurons, the postnatal mouse, and human fibroblasts, astroglia, hepatocytes, and pericyte-derived cells have been converted into functional dopaminergic and motor neurons both in vitro and in vivo. However, it is invasive to get all these materials. In the current study, we provide a noninvasive approach to obtain directly reprogrammed functional neurons by overexpression of the transcription factors Ascl1, Brn2, NeuroD, c-Myc, and Myt1l in human urine cells. These induced neuronal (iN) cells could express multiple neuron-specific proteins and generate action potentials. Moreover, urine cells from Wilson's disease (WD) patient could also be directly converted into neurons. In conclusion, generation of iN cells from nonneural lineages is a feasible and befitting approach for neurological disease modeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Zhen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xiang
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jing
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Feng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3513-1276
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Ying
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu