title: Butterflies visit more frequently, but bees are better pollinators: the importance of mouthpart dimensions in effective pollen removal and deposition.
abstract: Pollination studies often use visitation frequency of potential pollinators as an indicator of their importance, but this is only one component and may not reflect actual pollen transfer rates. In this study, we determine the most effective pollinator group of Angadenia berteroi, a tropical perennial subshrub with large yellow flowers that set few fruits. We determined visitation frequency and pollen transfer effectiveness of the four most common groups of visitors (long- and short-tongued bees, and skipper and non-skipper butterflies). Using potted plants, we exposed flowers to single visits from different types of pollinators to measure fruit set. We demonstrate that A. berteroi is most effectively pollinated by long-tongued bees, though many other species visit the flowers; the most frequent visitor group is not the most important pollinator, because they neither carry nor deposit much pollen, as the width of their proboscis is small compared with long-tongued bees. In this system, the width of the proboscis of the pollinators correlates with pollen transfer efficiency. Our results demonstrate the importance of pollen removal, pollen deposition, and fruit set, in determining the most effective pollinators, rather than visitor frequency. The distinctive morphology of these flowers, with a large bell and a narrow, short tube, suggests that other flowers of this shape may similarly benefit more from visitors with mouthparts shorter than previously considered optimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA Present address: Rare Plant Conservation Program, Bok Tower Gardens, Lake Wales, FL 33853, USA bbarr006@fiu.edu.
authors.forename: Beyte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA Present address: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sean R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koptur
keywords: Apocynaceae; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; floral visitors; pine rocklands; pollen transfer efficiency; pollination