title: The Breast Imager's Approach to Nonmammary Masses at Breast and Axillary US: Imaging Technique, Clues to Origin, and Management.
abstract: Ultrasonography (US) of the breast and axilla is primarily used to evaluate a symptomatic patient or to further investigate findings identified with other imaging modalities. Breast imagers are generally familiar with US evaluation of level I, II, and III axillary lymph nodes in the diagnosis and staging of breast cancer. However, the axilla contains nonlymphatic tissue as well, including muscle, fat, and vascular and neurologic structures, and anatomically the breast lies on the chest wall. Therefore, lesions of nonmammary and non-lymph node origin in the axilla or chest wall are not infrequently encountered during US evaluation of the breast or axilla. In fact, such lesions may be the reason that the patient presents to the breast imaging department for evaluation. Understanding the anatomy of the chest wall and axilla and using a systematic US approach will help radiologists expedite accurate diagnosis, suggest optimal additional imaging, and streamline appropriate clinical referral. Key imaging features of nonmammary non-lymph node masses are highlighted, and case examples are provided to illustrate these features. Appropriate patient management is critical in these cases because referral to a breast surgeon may not be the best next step. Depending on institutional referral patterns, other subspecialty surgeons will be involved. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oliff
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Birdwell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Sughra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Giess
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*