title: Percutaneous embolization of arteriovenous malformations at the plantar aspect of the foot.
abstract: Peripheral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) remain most challenging among various congenital vascular malformations to be treated. Here we present three illustrative patients with Yakes type IIIb and type IV AVM at the plantar aspect of the foot who were successfully treated by minimally invasive embolization. The value of the Yakes AVM classification system to guide the therapeutic decision making by directing specific therapeutic procedures to specific AVM types defined by their angioarchitecture is demonstrated. Direct percutaneous AVM puncture with coiling of aneurysmal outflow vein and subsequent ethanol embolization is shown. Finally, the report illustrates that several AVM types can coexist.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Malformation Center, Englewood, Colo.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yakes
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huguenot
authors.affiliation: Vascular Malformation Center, Englewood, Colo.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yakes
authors.affiliation: Vascular Malformation Center, Englewood, Colo.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Continenza
authors.affiliation: Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kammer
authors.affiliation: Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: iris.baumgartner@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011677:Punctures; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol