title: Measurement of extremely (2) H-enriched water samples by laser spectrometry: application to batch electrolytic concentration of environmental tritium samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural water samples artificially or experimentally enriched in deuterium ((2) H) at concentrations up to 10,000 ppm are required for various medical, environmental and hydrological tracer applications, but are difficult to measure using conventional stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we demonstrate that off-axis integrated cavity output (OA-ICOS) laser spectrometry, along with (2) H-enriched laboratory calibration standards and appropriate analysis templates, allows for low-cost, fast, and accurate determinations of water samples having δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP values up to at least 57,000 ‰ (~9000 ppm) at a processing rate of 60 samples per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As one practical application, extremely (2) H-enriched samples were measured by laser spectrometry and compared to the traditional (3) H Spike-Proxy method in order to determine tritium enrichment factors in the batch electrolysis of environmental waters. Highly (2) H-enriched samples were taken from different sets of electrolytically concentrated standards and low-level (<10 TU) IAEA inter-comparison tritium samples, and all cases returned accurate and precise initial low-level (3) H results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to quickly and accurately measure extremely (2) H-enriched waters by laser spectrometry will facilitate the use of deuterium as a tracer in numerous environmental and other applications. For low-level tritium operations, this new analytical ability facilitated a 10-20 % increase in sample productivity through the elimination of spike standards and gravimetrics, and provides immediate feedback on electrolytic enrichment cell performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Center, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Wassenaar
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Center, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Center, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Douence
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Center, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Belachew
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Center, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D003903:Deuterium / Q000737:chemistry; D004572:Electrolysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014316:Tritium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014316:Tritium; D003903:Deuterium