title: Dynamic modulation of innate immunity programming and memory.
abstract: Recent progress harkens back to the old theme of immune memory, except this time in the area of innate immunity, to which traditional paradigm only prescribes a rudimentary first-line defense function with no memory. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that innate leukocytes may adopt distinct activation states such as priming, tolerance, and exhaustion, depending upon the history of prior challenges. The dynamic programming and potential memory of innate leukocytes may have far-reaching consequences in health and disease. This review aims to provide some salient features of innate programing and memory, patho-physiological consequences, underlying mechanisms, and current pressing issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Pathobiology and Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA.
authors.forename: Ruoxi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Pathobiology and Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA. lwli@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Liwu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D049490:Systems Biology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: dynamics; exhaustion; innate immunity; memory; priming; resolving and non-resolving inflammation; tolerance