title: The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure.
abstract: Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health,Ulster University,Coleraine BT52 1SA,UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Logue
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health,Ulster University,Coleraine BT52 1SA,UK.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dowey
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health,Ulster University,Coleraine BT52 1SA,UK.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health,Ulster University,Coleraine BT52 1SA,UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health,Ulster University,Coleraine BT52 1SA,UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: ADI acceptable daily intake; Biomarkers; EU European Union; Exposure assessment; Intense sweeteners; LCS low-calorie sweeteners; Low-calorie sweeteners