title: Toxicity assessment of atmospheric particulate matter in the Mediterranean and Black Seas open waters.
abstract: Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a relevant input vector for toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), into the marine environment. In this work we aimed to analyse the biological activity and potential adverse effects of PM constituents to aquatic organisms. Organic extracts of atmospheric PM samples from different sub-basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas were screened using different toxicological tests. A yeast-based assay (AhR-RYA) revealed that dioxin-like activity correlated with the concentration of total PAHs in the PM samples, as well as with their predicted toxic equivalent values (TEQs). Although the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (the ZET assay) showed no major phenotypical adverse effects, up-regulation of mRNA expression of cyp1a, fos and development-related genes (previously described as related to PM toxicity) was observed in exposed embryos when compared to controls. Results showed that mRNA patterns of the studied genes followed a similar geographic distribution to both PAH content and dioxin-like activity of the corresponding extracts. The analysis also showed a distinct geographical pattern of activation of pancreatic markers previously related to airborne pollution, probably indicating a different subset of uncharacterized particle-bound toxicants. We propose the combination of the bioassays tested in the present study to be applied to future research with autochthonous species to assess exposure and potential toxic effects of ambient PM. The present study emphasizes the need for more in-depth studies into the toxic burden of atmospheric PM on aquatic ecosystems, in order to improve future regulatory guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: smesquita@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Sofia R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dachs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Barend L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: van Drooge
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, University of Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navarro-Martín
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barata
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Natividade
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piña
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D059038:Black Sea; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aerosol; Atmospheric pollution; Danio rerio; Marine pollution; Organic contaminants; PAH