title: Inactivation of Dengue and Yellow Fever viruses by heme, cobalt-protoporphyrin IX and tin-protoporphyrin IX.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of heme, cobalt-protoporphyrin IX and tin-protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX and SnPPIX), macrocyclic structures composed by a tetrapyrrole ring with a central metallic ion, on Dengue Virus (DENV) and Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of HepG2 cells with heme, CoPPIX and SnPPIX after DENV infection reduced infectious particles without affecting viral RNA contents in infected cells. The reduction of viral load occurs only with the direct contact of DENV with porphyrins, suggesting a direct effect on viral particles. Previously incubation of DENV and YFV with heme, CoPPIX and SnPPIX resulted in viral particles inactivation in a dose-dependent manner. Biliverdin, a noncyclical porphyrin, was unable to inactivate the viruses tested. Infection of HepG2 cells with porphyrin-pretreated DENV2 results in a reduced or abolished viral protein synthesis, RNA replication and cell death. Treatment of HepG2 or THP-1 cell lineage with heme or CoPPIX after DENV infection with a very low MOI resulted in a decreased DENV replication and protection from death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heme, CoPPIX and SnPPIX possess a marked ability to inactivate DENV and YFV, impairing its ability to infect and induce cytopathic effects on target cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results open the possibility of therapeutic application of porphyrins or their use as models to design new antiviral drugs against DENV and YFV.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Assunção-Miranda
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R L S
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Neris
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: L P S
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: D F F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Da Poian
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bozza
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003715:Dengue / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D006418:Heme; C007095:cobaltiprotoporphyrin; C032628:tin protoporphyrin IX
keywords: Dengue Virus; Yellow Fever Virus; antiviral; inactivation; metalloporphyrins