title: Dual Modulation of Nociception and Cardiovascular Reflexes during Peripheral Ischemia through P2Y1 Receptor-Dependent Sensitization of Muscle Afferents.
abstract: Numerous musculoskeletal pain disorders are based in dysfunction of peripheral perfusion and are often comorbid with altered cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction/exercise. We have recently found in mice that 24 h peripheral ischemia induced by a surgical occlusion of the brachial artery (BAO) induces increased paw-guarding behaviors, mechanical hypersensitivity, and decreased grip strength. These behavioral changes corresponded to increased heat sensitivity as well as an increase in the numbers of chemosensitive group III/IV muscle afferents as assessed by an ex vivo forepaw muscles/median and ulnar nerves/dorsal root ganglion (DRG)/spinal cord (SC) recording preparation. Behaviors also corresponded to specific upregulation of the ADP-responsive P2Y1 receptor in the DRGs. Since group III/IV muscle afferents have separately been associated with regulating muscle nociception and exercise pressor reflexes (EPRs), and P2Y1 has been linked to heat responsiveness and phenotypic switching in cutaneous afferents, we sought to determine whether upregulation of P2Y1 was responsible for the observed alterations in muscle afferent function, leading to modulation of muscle pain-related behaviors and EPRs after BAO. Using an afferent-specific siRNA knockdown strategy, we found that inhibition of P2Y1 during BAO not only prevented the increased mean blood pressure after forced exercise, but also significantly reduced alterations in pain-related behaviors. Selective P2Y1 knockdown also prevented the increased firing to heat stimuli and the BAO-induced phenotypic switch in chemosensitive muscle afferents, potentially through regulating membrane expression of acid sensing ion channel 3. These results suggest that enhanced P2Y1 in muscle afferents during ischemic-like conditions may dually regulate muscle nociception and cardiovascular reflexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our current results suggest that P2Y1 modulates heat responsiveness and chemosensation in muscle afferents to play a key role in the development of pain-related behaviors during ischemia. At the same time, under these pathological conditions, the changes in muscle sensory neurons appear to modulate an increase in mean systemic blood pressure after exercise. This is the first report of the potential peripheral mechanisms by which group III/IV muscle afferents can dually regulate muscle nociception and the exercise pressor reflex. These data provide evidence related to the potential underlying reasons for the comorbidity of muscle pain and altered sympathetic reflexes in disease states that are based in problems with peripheral perfusion and may indicate a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, and.
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Queme
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, and.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, and.
authors.forename: Peilin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, and.
authors.forename: Renita C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hudgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3026, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 michael.jankowski@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-096X
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jankowski
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D017704:Baroreflex; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D059225:Nociception; D011930:Reaction Time; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1
keywords: cardiovascular assays; electrophysiology; muscle pain; protein analysis; siRNAs