title: Levels and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in raw and treated water from water treatment plants in Shenzhen, China.
abstract: Levels and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed for the first time in raw and treated water from five water treatment plants in Shenzhen, South China. The average PCDD/Fs concentrations were 32.93 pg/L (0.057 pg international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ)/L) and 0.64 pg/L (0.021 pg I-TEQ/L) in raw and treated water, respectively. The removal rate of PCDD/Fs in terms of mass concentration varied from 93.4% to 98.8%, whereas a negative removal rate was observed in one plant in terms of TEQ concentration. The PCDD/Fs concentration in raw water was lower than most of the published data from other countries and regions, and the PCDD/Fs concentration in treated water was below the Maximum Contaminants Level (MCL) of 30 pg/L for dioxin in drinking water set by the US EPA. Historical pentachlorophenol usage, local waste incineration and industrial emissions, as well as surface runoff or even soil erosion, might be the main sources for PCDD/F pollution in water. The daily intake of PCDD/Fs for local residents from drinking water was estimated to be 0.69 fg I-TEQ/kg/day, which is negligible compared with that from food consumption (1.23 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day) in the local area.
authors.affiliation: POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Longzhu Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China.
authors.forename: Feina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Longzhu Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China.
authors.forename: Yousheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
authors.forename: Dongting
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Longzhu Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Longzhu Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China.
authors.forename: Shengnong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Longzhu Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China. Electronic address: jianqingzh@szcdc.net.
authors.forename: Jianqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins; D060766:Drinking Water; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023614:dibenzofuran; C020887:dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
keywords: Drinking water; PCDD/Fs; Pollution source; Water treatment