title: Glyceryl trinitrate and caprylic acid for the mitigation of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm on C1018 carbon steel.
abstract: Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), also known as biocorrosion, is caused by corrosive biofilms. MIC is a growing problem, especially in the oil and gas industry. Among various corrosive microbes, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are often the leading culprit. Biofilm mitigation is the key to MIC mitigation. Biocide applications against biofilms promote resistance over time. Thus, it is imperative to develop new biodegradable and cost-effective biocides for large-scale field applications. Using the corrosive Desulfovibrio vulgaris (an SRB) biofilm as a model biofilm, this work demonstrated that a cocktail of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and caprylic acid (CA) was very effective for biofilm prevention and mitigation of established biofilms on C1018 carbon steel coupons. The most probable number sessile cell count data and confocal laser scanning microscope biofilm images proved that the biocide cocktail of 25 ppm (w/w) GTN + 0.1% (w/w) CA successfully prevented the D. vulgaris biofilm establishment on C1018 carbon steel coupons while 100 ppm GTN + 0.1% CA effectively mitigated pre-established D. vulgaris biofilms on C1018 carbon steel coupons. In both cases, the cocktails were able to reduce the sessile cell count from 10(6) cells/cm(2) to an undetectable level.
authors.affiliation: College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77230, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77230, USA.
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Raad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China. xudake@imr.ac.cn.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA. gu@ohio.edu.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D003343:Corrosion; D016969:Desulfovibrio vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013232:Steel / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D004202:Disinfectants; D013232:Steel; D002244:Carbon; D005996:Nitroglycerin
keywords: Biocide; Biofilm; Caprylic acid; Glyceryl trinitrate; Microbiologically influenced corrosion; Sulfate reducing bacteria