title: Studies on medicinal herbs for cognitive enhancement based on the text mining of Dongeuibogam and preliminary evaluation of its effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In literature on Korean medicine, Dongeuibogam (Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine), published in 1613, represents the overall results of the traditional medicines of North-East Asia based on prior medicinal literature of this region. We utilized this medicinal literature by text mining to establish a list of candidate herbs for cognitive enhancement in the elderly and then performed an evaluation of their effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Text mining was performed for selection of candidate herbs. Cell viability was determined in HT22 hippocampal cells and immunohistochemistry and behavioral analysis was performed in a kainic acid (KA) mice model in order to observe alterations of hippocampal cells and cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four herbs for cognitive enhancement in the elderly were selected by text mining of Dongeuibogam. In HT22 cells, pretreatment with 3 candidate herbs resulted in significantly reduced glutamate-induced cell death. Panax ginseng was the most neuroprotective herb against glutamate-induced cell death. In the hippocampus of a KA mice model, pretreatment with 11 candidate herbs resulted in suppression of caspase-3 expression. Treatment with 7 candidate herbs resulted in significantly enhanced expression levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein. Number of proliferated cells indicated by BrdU labeling was increased by treatment with 10 candidate herbs. Schisandra chinensis was the most effective herb against cell death and proliferation of progenitor cells and Rehmannia glutinosa in neuroprotection in the hippocampus of a KA mice model. In a KA mice model, we confirmed improved spatial and short memory by treatment with the 3 most effective candidate herbs and these recovered functions were involved in a higher number of newly formed neurons from progenitor cells in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These established herbs and their combinations identified by text-mining technique and evaluation for effectiveness may have value in further experimental and clinical applications for cognitive enhancement in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Malk Eun
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Ri
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Neui
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mukjagan@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Ung
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choibt@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byung Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007608:Kainic Acid; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D053148:Caspase 3; D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: Behaviors; Cognition; Dongeuibogam; Hippocampal cell; Text mining