title: Recent development of allele frequencies and exclusion probabilities of microsatellites used for parentage control in the German Holstein Friesian cattle population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methods for parentage control in cattle have changed since their initial implementation in the late 1950's from blood group typing to more current single nucleotide polymorphism determination. In the early 1990's, 12 microsatellites were selected by the International Society for Animal Genetics based on their informativeness and robustness in a variety of different cattle breeds. Since then this panel is used as standard in cattle herd book breeding and its application is accompanied by recurrent international comparison tests ensuring permanent validity for the most common commercial dairy and beef cattle breeds for example Holstein Friesian, Simmental, Angus, and Hereford. Although, nearly every parentage can be resolved using these microsatellites, cases with very close relatives became an emerging resolution problem during recent years. This is mainly due to an increase of monomorphism and a trend to the fixation of alleles, although no direct selection against their variability was applied. Thus other effects must be presumed resulting in a loss of polymorphism information content, heterozygosity, and exclusion probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine changes of allele frequencies and exclusion probabilities, we analyzed the development of these parameters for the 12 microsatellites from 2004 to 2014. One hundred sixty eight thousand recorded Holstein Friesian cattle genotypes were evaluated. During this period certain alleles of nine microsatellites increased significantly (t-values >5). When calculating the exclusion probabilities for 11 microsatellites, reduction was determined for the three situations, i.e. one parent is wrongly identified (p = 0.01), both parents are wrongly identified (p = 0.005), and the genotype of one parent is missing (p = 0.048). With the addition of BM1818 to the marker set in 2009, this development was corrected leading to significant increases in exclusion probabilities. Although, the exclusion probabilities for the three family situations using the 12 microsatellites are >99%, the clarification of 142 relationships in 40,000 situations where one parent is missing will still be impossible. Twenty-five sires were identified that are responsible for the most significant microsatellite allele increases in the population. The corresponding alleles are mainly associated with milk protein and fat yield, body weight at birth and weaning, as well as somatic cell score, milk fat percentage, and longissimus muscle area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that most of the microsatellites used for parentage control in cattle show directional changes in allele frequencies consistent with the history of artificial selection in the German Holstein population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany. bbrenig@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brenig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany. eschuet@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schütz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010375:Pedigree