title: Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: progress and problems.
abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been a major threat to livestock across the world. The predominant method of controlling this disease in endemic regions is through regular vaccination with inactivated vaccine. However, there are many limitations. For instance, cultivation of virulent FMD virus (FMDV) in the manufacturing units poses a risk of escape from production sites. Vaccines may sometimes contain traces of FMD viral non-structural proteins (NSPs), therefore, interfering with the NSP-based serological differentiation infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Moreover, vaccines are unable to eliminate virus from carrier animals. To address the shortcomings of inactivated vaccines, many efforts are currently devoted to develop novel vaccines including attenuated and/or marker inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines, and empty capsid vaccines. Here, we review the research progress of novel vaccines, problems that remain to be solved, and also raise some suggestions that would help in the development of FMD vaccines.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu , China.
authors.forename: Yimei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu , China.
authors.forename: Zengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu , China.
authors.forename: Zaixin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058751:Livestock; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058425:Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D058425:Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: FMDV; Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD); inactivated vaccine; novel vaccines; progress