title: Histologic and Molecular Profile of Pediatric Insulinomas: Evidence of a Paternal Parent-of-Origin Effect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acquired insulinomas are rare causes of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in children and are much less common than focal lesions of congenital hyperinsulinism. The latter are known to be associated with isodisomy for paternally transmitted ATP-sensitive potassium channel mutations on 11p15; however, the molecular basis for pediatric insulinomas is not well characterized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize the histopathological and molecular defects in a large group of 12 pediatric insulinomas seen at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve children with insulinomas were seen between 1971 and 2013, compared to 201 cases with focal congenital hyperinsulinism seen between 1997 and 2014. The age of insulinoma patients ranged from 4-16 years at the time of surgery. Features of MEN1 syndrome were present in five of the 12, including four cases with heterozygous mutations of MEN1 on 11q. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed nuclear loss of p57 staining consistent with loss of the maternal 11p15 allele in 11 of the 12 insulinomas, including all five MEN1-associated tumors. Imbalance of the paternal 11p allele was confirmed by single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping and methylation assays of the 11p imprinting control loci in four of five MEN1-associated tumors and six of seven sporadic insulinomas. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping revealed extensive tumor aneuploidy beyond chromosome 11.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that MEN1 mutations are more common in insulinomas in children than in adults. Aneuploidy of chromosome 11 and other chromosomes is common in both MEN1 and non-MEN1 insulinomas. The novel observation of a paternal parent-of-origin effect in all MEN1 and most non-MEN1 tumors suggests a critical role for imprinted growth-regulatory genes in the 11p region in the genesis of β-cell endocrine tumors in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Tricia R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Alison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Huppmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Kara E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Boodhansingh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacMullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: N Scott
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Eduardo D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ruchelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Arupa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.R.B., A.R.H., L.C., E.D.R.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (T.R.B., L.C., E.D.R.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (K.G., K.E.B., C.M., S.B., C.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; Department of Pathology (L.M.E.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399; and Departments of Surgery (N.S.A.), Genetics (A.G.), and Pediatrics (C.A.S.), The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000782:Aneuploidy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007340:Insulinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C105373:MEN1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins