title: Re-exploring Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha as a Target for Therapy in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a perplexing condition with high mortality and no treatment beyond supportive care. A major portion of the injurious process is takes place during the hours following the development of hematoma. This so-called secondary injury is characterized by an inflammatory cascade that involves a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Several studies in the rodent model of ICH have shown a rapid increase in brain concentrations of TNF-α following hematoma induction. There is a reasonable body of evidence from experimental models of ICH suggesting that upregulation of TNF-α adjacent to the hematoma is associated with increased peri-hematomal edema, and that inhibition of TNF-α attenuates the formation and progression of this edema and ultimately improves outcomes. Unfortunately, efforts to expand upon these findings have interminably stalled at the pre-clinical phase. A robust clinical study to validate serum TNF-α as a marker for secondary injury in ICH patients is yet to materialize.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 8300 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, MC 7883, USA. behrouz@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Réza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behrouz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Biomarkers; Inflammation; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Secondary brain injury; Tumor necrosis factor alpha