title: Nonunion of the Femur and Tibia: An Update.
abstract: Delayed union and nonunion of tibial and femoral shaft fractures are common orthopedic problems. Numerous publications address lower extremity long bone nonunions. This review presents current trends and recent literature on the evaluation and treatment of nonunions of the tibia and femur. New studies focused on tibial nonunion and femoral nonunion are reviewed. A section summarizing recent treatment of atypical femoral fractures associated with bisphosphonate therapy is also included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Ambulatory Care Center, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, 2nd Floor, 655 West 8th Street, C126, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, 701 Park Avenue S, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA. Electronic address: templ015@umn.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Templeman
authors.affiliation: Regional One Health, University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Weinlein
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents
keywords: Atypical femur fractures; Bisphosphonates; Bone grafting; Dynamization; Exchange nailing; Femoral nonunion; Nonunion; Tibial nonunion