title: Remote Ischemic Preconditioning May Attenuate Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Porcine Model of Supraceliac Aortic Cross-Clamping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) in decreasing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during a suprarenal aortic cross-clamping was examined in a swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of pigs were examined: (a) ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group, renal IRI produced by 30 min of supraceliac aortic cross-clamping; (b) RIPC I group, the same renal IRI following RIPC by brief occlusion of the infrarenal aorta (15 min ischemia and 15 min reperfusion); (c) RIPC II group, the same renal IRI following RIPC by brief occlusion of the infrarenal aorta (3 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion); (d) sham group. Renal function was assessed before and after IRI by examining creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), cystatin C and C-reactive protein (CRP) from renal vein blood samples at specific time intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both RIPC groups presented significantly less impaired results compared to the IR group when considering MDA, cystatin C, CRP and creatinine. Between the two RIPC groups, RIPC II presented a better response with regard to CRP, NGAL, TNF-α, MDA and cystatin C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remote IR protocols and mainly repetitive short periods of cycles of IR ameliorate the biochemical kidney effects of IRI in a model of suprarenal aortic aneurysm repair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Athanasiadis
authors.forename: Alkistis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapelouzou
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martikos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsimpoulas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schizas
authors.forename: Spyros N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vasdekis
authors.forename: Alkiviadis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kostakis
authors.forename: Theodore D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Liakakos
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lazaris
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003250:Constriction; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D023421:Models, Animal; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D055316:Cystatin C; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D054834:Lipocalins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002097:C-Reactive Protein