title: Effect of exposure to aggressive stimuli on aggressive driving behavior at pedestrian crossings at unmarked roadways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aggressive driving, influenced by the proneness of driving aggression, angry state and provoking situation, is adversely affecting traffic safety especially in developing countries where pedestrians frequently cross an unmarked crosswalk. Exposure to aggressive stimuli causes driving anger and aggressive driving behaviors, but the exposure effect on higher and lower aggression drivers and their cumulative changes under successive exposures need more investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An experiment was conducted to examine (1) driving behaviors of individuals with higher and lower aggressive driving traits when approaching pedestrian crossings at unmarked roadways with and without aggressive provocation; and (2) cumulative changes of driving performance under repeated provocations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a driving simulator study with 50 participants. Trait of aggressive driving served as a between-subjects variable: participants with an Aggressive Driving Scale (ADS) total score of 30 or more (for men) or 23 or more (for women) were regarded as higher aggressive drivers; lower aggressive drivers were those individuals whose ADS total scores were 21 or less (for men) or 13 or less (for women). Exposure to aggressive stimuli (provoked vs. non-provoked condition) served as a within-subjects variable. Several aspects of the participants' minimum driving speed, lateral distance from a simulated pedestrian, lateral deviation, and subjective measures were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that drivers with higher aggressive driving traits were more likely to feel irritated and fail to give way for pedestrians and drove closer to pedestrians when exposed to sustained honking and improper passing compared to the non-provoked condition. This trait×state interaction only occurred when pedestrians crossed the street from the right roadway edge line. In addition, we observed an accumulation effect of exposure to aggressive stimuli on driver's aggressive behaviors at pedestrian crossings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental design, law enforcement, and educational campaign may have practical value for reducing pedestrian and driver conflicts at unmarked roadways.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China. Electronic address: zhaogz@psych.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guozhen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002681:China; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D000069636:Pedestrians; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggressive driving; Aggressive driving trait; Exposure to aggressive stimuli; Pedestrian crossings; Provocation