title: Effect of appreciation for Indigenous cultures and exposure to racial insults on alcohol and drug use initiation among multiethnic Argentinean youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of factors reflecting appreciation of Indigenous culture and racial insults on alcohol and drug use initiation among multi-ethnic youth in Jujuy, Argentina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students were surveyed from 27 secondary schools that were randomly selected to represent the province. A total of 3040 eligible students in 10th grade, age 14 to 18years were surveyed in 2006 and 2660 of these same students completed surveys in 11th grade in 2007. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the effect of appreciation for Indigenous cultures and reported exposure to racial insults in 10th grade on incident current alcohol drinking in previous 30days, binge drinking (≥5 drinks at one sitting), and lifetime drug use (marijuana, inhalants or cocaine) in 11th grade among students not reporting these behaviors in 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2006, 63% of respondents reported high appreciation for Indigenous cultures and 39% had ever experienced racial insults. In 2007, incident current drinking was 24.4%, binge drinking 14.8%, and any drug use initiation was 4.1%. Exposure to racial insults increased the likelihood of binge drinking (OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1) but was not significant for any drug use. Appreciation for Indigenous cultures reduced the risk of any drug use initiation (OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.7) but had no effect for alcohol drinking outcomes. These effects were independent of Indigenous ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhancing appreciation for Indigenous cultures and decreasing racial insults are achievable goals that can be incorporated into programs to prevent youth substance use.
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Regional (ICTER), Argentina.
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alderete
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gregorich
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Madalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteban
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, USA.
authors.forename: Celia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Livaudais-Toman
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, USA; Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: eliseo.perez-stable@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Eliseo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Stable
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D065840:Protective Factors; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012923:Social Class; D012933:Social Identification; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Culture; Indigenous; Latin America; Racism; Substance use; Youth