title: Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor.
abstract: There is a substantial amount of preclinical or clinical evidence suggesting that steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals play a critical role in urothelial tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These receptors include androgen receptor, estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, vitamin D receptor, retinoid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and others including orphan receptors. In particular, studies using urothelial cancer tissue specimens have demonstrated that elevated or reduced expression of these receptors as well as alterations of their upstream or downstream pathways correlates with patient outcomes. This review summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors and related signals serve as biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma and are able to predict tumor recurrence or progression.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011987:Receptors, Steroid