title: Abnormal cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic rhythms in single treatment-naïve HIV individuals: A statistical z-score index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested a simple statistical procedure to recognize single treatment-naïve HIV individuals having abnormal cortical sources of resting state delta (<4 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms with reference to a control group of sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy individuals. Compared to the HIV individuals with a statistically normal EEG marker, those with abnormal values were expected to show worse cognitive status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 82 treatment-naïve HIV (39.8 ys.±1.2 standard error mean, SE) and 59 age-matched cognitively healthy subjects (39 ys.±2.2 SE). Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) estimated delta and alpha sources in frontal, central, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ratio of the activity of parietal delta and high-frequency alpha sources (EEG marker) showed the maximum difference between the healthy and the treatment-naïve HIV group. Z-score of the EEG marker was statistically abnormal in 47.6% of treatment-naïve HIV individuals with reference to the healthy group (p<0.05). Compared to the HIV individuals with a statistically normal EEG marker, those with abnormal values exhibited lower mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) score, higher CD4 count, and lower viral load (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This statistical procedure permitted for the first time to identify single treatment-naïve HIV individuals having abnormal EEG activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This procedure might enrich the detection and monitoring of effects of HIV on brain function in single treatment-naïve HIV individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennica
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Percio
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noce
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordone
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferracuti
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Campli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianserra
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aceti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viscione
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limatola
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onorati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods
keywords: Delta/alpha power density; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Low-resolution brain electromagnetic source tomography (LORETA); Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG); Z-score