title: Impact of Vitamin D Status on Cardiometabolic Complications among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an ongoing interest in the relationship between vitamin D status and diabetes control and complications. However, data from Saudi Arabia are limited. To determine the impact of vitamin D status on glycemic control and cardiometabolic complications of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending a tertiary care diabetes clinic in Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of 301 children and adolescent subjects with T1DM (53.5% females) of a mean age of 13.9 years attending King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah during 2010-2013 were retrospectively collected. Relationships between vitamin D status and frequency of hypoglycemia, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and lipid profile were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of diabetes was 7.7±3.7 years. Mean BMI value was 21.1±4.5 kg/m2 and HbA1c was 9.6±1.9% in both genders. Only 26.2% of the patients had a satisfactory HbA1c level. The mean level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was 35.15 and that of cholesterol was 4.75. Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D≤37.5 nmol/L] was detected in 63.6% of the male and 67.7% of the female subjects. In males, it was inversely associated with frequency of hypoglycemia (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), and triglyceride levels (p<0.01), while in females, it was inversely associated with current age (p<0.05), age at diagnosis (p<0.01), and triglyceride levels (p<0.01). No significant correlation between HbA1c and vitamin D deficiency was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in our study sample and was found to be associated with frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and with adverse cardiometabolic control.
authors.affiliation: King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, E-mail: shaikham@ngha.med.sa.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Shaikh
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al Zahrani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014807:Vitamin D; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D