title: Integration of high-resolution data for temporal bone surgical simulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the state of the art in obtaining high-resolution 3D data of the microanatomy of the temporal bone and to process that data for integration into a surgical simulator. Specifically, we report on our experience in this area and discuss the issues involved to further the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current temporal bone image acquisition and image processing established in the literature as well as in house methodological development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the current English literature for the techniques used in computer-based temporal bone simulation systems to obtain and process anatomical data for use within the simulation. Search terms included "temporal bone simulation, surgical simulation, temporal bone." Articles were chosen and reviewed that directly addressed data acquisition and processing/segmentation and enhancement with emphasis given to computer-based systems. We present the results from this review in relationship to our approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-resolution CT imaging ([Formula: see text] voxel resolution), along with unique image processing and rendering algorithms, and structure-specific enhancement are needed for high-level training and assessment using temporal bone surgical simulators. Higher-resolution clinical scanning and automated processes that run in efficient time frames are needed before these systems can routinely support pre-surgical planning. Additionally, protocols such as that provided in this manuscript need to be disseminated to increase the number and variety of virtual temporal bones available for training and performance assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 250 Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. Gregory.wiet@nationwidechildrens.org.|Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, 4000 Eye and Ear Institute, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA. Gregory.wiet@nationwidechildrens.org.|Department of Otolaryngology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. Gregory.wiet@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-3206
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wiet
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Group, Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.|Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, 4000 Eye and Ear Institute, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stredney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 250 Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Kimerly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Group, Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hittle
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Group, Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerwin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: High-resolution imaging; Image processing; Micro-CT; Surgical simulation; Temporal bone imaging