title: Subjective and objective characteristics of altered consciousness during epileptic seizures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conscious states are inner states and processes of awareness. These states are by definition subjective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed subjective and objective characteristics of alteration of consciousness (AOC) during epileptic seizures, including its involvement in both the level of awareness and subjective content of consciousness. We evaluated AOC using the Consciousness Seizure Scale, the Ictal Consciousness Inventory, and a new structured survey developed by our group: the Seizure Perception Survey, which incorporates patients' subjective experiences before and after they watch a video-electroencephalographic recording of their own seizure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 35 patients (105 seizures) with drug-resistant epilepsy. Most seizures caused profound AOC. The content of consciousness was lower during temporal seizures with profound AOC. We uncovered a correlation between the subjective perception and objective duration of a seizure using the Seizure Perception Survey regarding memory; the patients had a better recall of ictal onset during wakefulness regardless of the epileptogenic zone, laterality, or magnitude of AOC. Nonetheless, the recovery of memory at the end of a seizure took more time in patients who showed greater AOC, less vivid content of consciousness, or a longer seizure. For 85% of the patients, this was the first time they were able to view their own seizures. The majority of the patients requested to view them again because this procedure allowed them to compare the recordings with their own memories and emotions during a seizure and to verify the real duration of the seizure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alteration of consciousness is one of the most dramatic clinical manifestations of epilepsy. Usually, practitioners or relatives assume that the patients with AOC may not have any knowledge on their seizures. In this study, however, we found that most patients with AOC had a fairly accurate perception of the duration of a seizure and retained their memory of ictal onset. In contrast, for the majority of the patients, watching their own seizure was an extremely positive experience, and most patients stated that they were surprised as well as glad to view what really happened, without expressing negative opinions. Inclusion of subjective characteristics of AOC into the analysis yielded complete assessment of various dimensions of consciousness and therefore allowed us to gain a more detailed understanding of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBCN, CONICET, Buenos Aires University, Argentina; Epilepsy Center, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Argentina. Electronic address: nuriacampora@yahoo.com.ar.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Campora
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Ramos Mejía Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBCN, CONICET, Buenos Aires University, Argentina; Epilepsy Center, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Argentina.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kochen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Consciousness; Consciousness in epilepsy; Subjective aspect of consciousness