title: Teleoperated Echograph and Probe Transducer for Remote Ultrasound Investigation on Isolated Patients (Study of 100 Cases).
abstract: The objective of this study was to design and validate a "Tele-Operated UltRasound System" ("TOURS") to perform ultrasound examinations on patients located in isolated areas.
  
  
  
  A commercially available portable echograph was modified to allow functions (Doppler, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, elastography, etc.) and settings (gain, depth, freeze, record, etc.) to be teleoperated through an Internet connection. Specialized probes were developed that contained motorized transducers that could be teleoperated to change the transducer orientation. The system was installed and tested in four medical centers 50 km, 60 km, 1,800 km, and 7,000 km away from the university hospital.
  
  
  
  Using the teleoperated system, 100 examinations were performed on the abdomen and pelvis (36%), vascular structures (42%), and small parts (thyroid and muscle, 22%), and 15 were performed on fetuses. During these examinations the expert sonographer was able to teleoperate the echograph and motorized probe to obtain images of sufficient quality for diagnoses in 97% of the cases. The average time for one examination was 17 ± 4 min. This new system (dimensions of 400 cm(3) and weighing 430 g) was found to be more ergonomic that a robotic arm previously developed by us for tele-echography (dimensions of 35 × 40 × 40 cm(3) and weighing 3-4 kg). In addition, the teleoperation of the echograph settings and functions allowed for greater ease in acquiring images, resulting in faster examinations with improved quality images.
  
  
  
  The results of this study demonstrate that the teleoperated echograph and probe system developed by our research group can be successfully used for ultrasound examinations in areas isolated from trained sonographers.
authors.affiliation: 1 UMPS-CERCOM (Unit of Medicine and Space Physiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours , Tours, France .
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arbeille
authors.affiliation: 1 UMPS-CERCOM (Unit of Medicine and Space Physiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours , Tours, France .
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zuj
authors.affiliation: 2 Multidisciplinary Health House , Richelieu, France .
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saccomandi
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital , Ceuta, Spain .
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: 2 Multidisciplinary Health House , Richelieu, France .
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.affiliation: 4 Multidisciplinary Health House , Ligueil, France .
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Porte
authors.affiliation: 5 Hospital of North East Guyana , St. Laurent du Maroni, Guyana, France .
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carles
authors.affiliation: 1 UMPS-CERCOM (Unit of Medicine and Space Physiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours , Tours, France .
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.affiliation: 1 UMPS-CERCOM (Unit of Medicine and Space Physiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours , Tours, France .
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgescu
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards
keywords: motorized transducer; remote sonography; tele-echography; telemedicine