title: Minor Contribution of Endogenous GLP-1 and GLP-2 to Postprandial Lipemia in Obese Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose and lipids stimulate the gut-hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) but the effect of these on human postprandial lipid metabolism is not fully clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the responses of GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP after a fat-rich meal compared to the same responses after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to investigate possible relationships between incretin response and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) response to a fat-rich meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP were measured after an OGTT and after a fat-rich meal in 65 healthy obese (BMI 26.5-40.2 kg/m(2)) male subjects. Triglycerides (TG), apoB48 and apoB100 in TG-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL1 and VLDL2) were measured after the fat-rich meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postprandial responses (area under the curve, AUC) for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP in plasma, and TG, apoB48 and apoB100 in plasma and TG-rich lipoproteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP responses after the fat-rich meal and after the OGTT correlated strongly (r = 0.73, p<0.0001; r = 0.46, p<0.001 and r = 0.69, p<0.001, respectively). Glucose and insulin AUCs were lower, but the AUCs for GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP were significantly higher after the fat-rich meal than after the OGTT. The peak value for all hormones appeared at 120 minutes after the fat-rich meal, compared to 30 minutes after the OGTT. After the fat-rich meal, the AUCs for GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP correlated significantly with plasma TG- and apoB48 AUCs but the contribution was very modest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese males, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP responses to a fat-rich meal are greater than following an OGTT. However, the most important explanatory variable for postprandial TG excursion was fasting triglycerides. The contribution of endogenous GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP to explaining the variance in postprandial TG excursion was minor.
authors.affiliation: Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matikainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björnson
authors.affiliation: Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sanni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Söderlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borén
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.affiliation: Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pietiläinen
authors.affiliation: Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leonie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bogl
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakkarainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundbom
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivellese
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alméras
authors.affiliation: NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Juul
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carolyn F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borén
authors.affiliation: Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood; D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48 / Q000097:blood; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D054795:Incretins / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004041:Dietary Fats; D053767:Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; D054795:Incretins; D014280:Triglycerides; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1