title: Compulsive buying in university students: its prevalence and relationships with materialism, psychological distress symptoms, and subjective well-being.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compulsive buying has become a severe problem among young people. The prominent role that psychological variables play in this phenomenon support their consideration in establishing a risk profile for compulsive buying that serves as a guide for the development of prevention and treatment programs with guarantees of effectiveness. However, there are only a small number of studies in existence which have explored the compulsive buying prevalence among students, and none of them have been conducted in a Mediterranean country.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to estimate the compulsive buying prevalence in a sample of university students from the region of Galicia (Spain). We also intend to determine if statistically significant differences exist between compulsive buyers and non-compulsive buyers in relation with gender, materialistic values, psychological distress symptoms and subjective well-being. Lastly, the clarification of which of the determinants examined represent risk or protection factors for compulsive buying constitutes another important objective of this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total sample of 1448 university students participated in this study. They answered a battery of self-reports assessing gender, compulsive buying propensity, materialism, distress symptomatology, and well-being. Participants were initially classified as either compulsive buyers or non-compulsive buyers. Both groups were compared for the aforementioned variables through chi-square testing or variance analyses. Then, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine which of these determinants make up a risk profile for compulsive buying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated prevalence of compulsive buying in the sample of university students considered was 7.4%. Statistically significant differences between compulsive buyers and non-compulsive buyers were detected for gender, and each and every one of the psychological variables explored. Specifically, it was confirmed that compulsive buyers obtained significantly higher scores in materialism's dimensions of importance, success, and happiness, and in the psychological distress symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsession-compulsion, hostility, and somatization. On the contrary, they presented significantly lower levels in self-esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism. Results of the logistic regression analysis confirmed that high scores in the importance dimension of materialism, in combination with the experiencing of symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsession-compulsion, hostility, and somatization, would constitute risk factors in relation with this phenomenon, and high levels of life satisfaction would act as a protection factor as for compulsive buying in the sample of students considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current findings revealed that 7.4% of the large sample of Spanish university students considered were classified as compulsive buyers. Additionally, it was confirmed that while materialism and psychological distress symptoms would represent vulnerability determinants increasing the propensity for compulsive buying, the high scores in life satisfaction would act to decrease the likelihood of becoming a compulsive buyer. Accordingly, our results suggested that prevention and intervention efforts in relation with compulsive buying among young people should include specific components aimed at the reduction of the importance assigned to money and possessions, and also at the relief of psychological distress symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain. Electronic address: estibaliz.villardefrancos@usc.es.
authors.forename: Estíbaliz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villardefrancos
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain. Electronic address: josemanuel.otero.lopez@usc.es.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otero-López
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D057181:Pleasure; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012945:Social Values; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult