title: Cortical connectivity modulation induced by cerebellar oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: A marker of covert cognition?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although some patients suffering from unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) may retain some capacity for covert cognition, it is difficult to directly demonstrate this property by means of tasks needing patient active cooperation and preserved top-down attention processes. Instead, specific passive paradigms may allow identifying a residual θ and γ band functional connectivity within fronto-parietal networks (FPN), which may sustain covert cognitive processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We attempted to highlight such networks in a sample of minimally conscious state (MCS) and UWS patients by means of a cerebellar 5 Hz oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS), in order to modulate the FPN functional connectivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a FPN θ and γ power modulation and coherence increase, which were paralleled by a transient coma recovery scale-revised score amelioration, only in MCS individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show a functional link between the FPN coherent θ and γ oscillations and the cerebellar-cerebral output. Moreover, our data highlighted a residual FPN functional connectivity, which is a fundamental prerequisite for objectifying every aware processes and the potential to cognitive processes (covert cognition).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our otDCS cerebellar-cerebral connectivity modulation may be a useful approach in improving chronic disorders of consciousness differential diagnosis and ameliorating the level of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naro
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cannavò
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manuli
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Placido
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy. Electronic address: salbro77@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Rocco Salvatore
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cerebellum; Cognition; Golgi cells; Thalamo-cortical connectivity; otDCS