title: Trends in authorship based on gender and nationality in published neuroscience literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the disparity in authorship based on gender and nationality of institutional affiliation among journals from developed and developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original articles from two neuroscience journals, with a 5 year impact factor >15 (Neuron and Nature Neuroscience) and from two neurology journals from a developing country (Neurology India and Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology) were categorized by gender and institutional affiliation of first and senior authors. Articles were further divided by the type of research (basic/translational/clinical), study/target population (adult/pediatrics/both) and field of neurology. Data was collected for the years 2002 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are large disparities in authorship by women and from developing countries in high impact factor neuroscience journals. However, there was a non-statistical rise in female first and senior authorship over a 10 year period. Additionally there was a significant increase in first authorship from institutions based in developing countries in the two neuroscience journals examined (P < 0.05). In the two neurology journals based in India there was a significant increase in the number of articles published by international investigators between 2002 and 2012 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the last decade, there has been a non-statistical increase in proportion of female first and senior authors, and a significant increase in authors from developing countries in high impact factor neuroscience journals. However they continue to constitute a minority. The disparity in authorship based on gender also exists in neurology journals based in a developing country (India).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Divyanshu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Anshudha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawhney
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atluru
authors.forename: Amod
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amritphale
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trivedi
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D009462:Neurology; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000639:trends*; D011642:Publications