title: Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcoidosis is a systemic multi-organ granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of granuloma in various organs. The clinical features of sarcoidosis are heterogeneous but pulmonary involvement is cardinal manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine radiologic, clinical and laboratory findings of patients with sarcoidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, all patients visiting sarcoidosis clinic were enrolled in the study. Computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained and lab exams were obtained from patient and reports were recorded in data sheet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total of 55 patients with sarcoidosis were enrolled in the study. The average of age was 44.6 (range 25-62) years. Thirty-seven patients were male and 18 were female. The most common extra-pulmonary manifestation was arthritis (in 18% of cases) and then lupus pernio (12.8%) and uveitis (10.9%). Bilateral hilar adenopathy and para tracheal lymphadenopathy was observed in 39(70%) and 22 (40%) of patients. Parenchymal nodules (30%), bronchiectasia (25%), ground-glass opacification (18%) were the most common findings. Percentages of patients with dyspnea were 29% and percentages of patients with cough were 21%. Among abnormal lab tests, high urine calcium (Ca) were positive in 21% and high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in 16% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary involvements are both fibrosis and granulomatosis and the most common manifestations are parenchymal nodules, bronchiectasia and high-grade fibrosis. The most common extra-pulmonary involvement is arthritis. Lab tests are non-specific and have no correlation with duration or severity of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Research and Development Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tavana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Research and Development Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Amir
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mohajerani
authors.affiliation: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammadreza
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hashemian
keywords: Sarcoidosis; extra-pulmonary; pulmonary