title: Non-Invasive Neuromodulation for Headache Disorders.
abstract: Migraine and other chronic headache disorders are common and if inadequately treated, can lead to significant disability. The effectiveness of medications can be limited by side effects, drug interactions, and comorbid diseases necessitating alternative methods. Technological developments in the past 5 years have made it possible to use non-invasive methods of neuromodulation to treat primary headache disorders. This field includes technologies such as supraorbital transcutaneous stimulation (STS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS). Existing trials show these modalities are safe and well tolerated and can be combined with standard pharmacotherapy. We review the technologies, biological rationales, and trials involving non-invasive neuromodulation for the treatment of primary headache disorders.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson Headache Center, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Shuhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Jefferson Headache Center, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. michael.marmura@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marmura
mesh_terms: D004347:Drug Interactions; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
keywords: Cefaly™; Chronic migraine; Cluster headache; SpringTMS™; Supraorbital transcutaneous stimulator; Transcranial magnetic stimulation