title: A Review of 21st Century Utility of a Biopsychosocial Model in United States Medical School Education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current medical practice is grounded in a biomedical model that fails to effectively address multifaceted lifestyle and morbidogenic environmental components that are the root causes of contemporary chronic diseases. Utilizing the biopsychosocial (BPS) model in medical school training may produce competent healthcare providers to meet the challenge of rising chronic illnesses that are a result of these factors. This study explored the current trend of research on the utility of the BPS model in medical education and examined medical school curricula that have explicitly adopted the BPS model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted on the BPS model and medical education since the 1970s using multiple databases. Descriptive analysis was used to illustrate findings regarding the trends of the BPS model in medical education and its utility in specific medical schools in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major findings illustrated a growing trend in research on the BPS model in medical education since the 1970s with literature in this area most visible since 2000. The same trend was established for the incorporation of psychosocial or behavioral and social science components in medical education. From our peer-reviewed literature search, only 5 medical schools featured utility of the BPS model in their curricula utilizing variable educational processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although literature regarding the BPS model in medical education is growing, the explicit utility of the BPS model in medical school is limited. Our findings can stimulate educational processes and research endeavors to advance medical education and medical practice to ensure that future doctors can meet the challenge of rising lifestyle and environmental associated illnesses.
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Department of Family Medicine, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA.
authors.forename: Paresh Atu
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jaini
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Biopsychosocial model; Chronic disease; Curriculum; Lifestyle factors; Medical education