title: Automated Outcome Classification of Computed Tomography Imaging Reports for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors have previously demonstrated highly reliable automated classification of free-text computed tomography (CT) imaging reports using a hybrid system that pairs linguistic (natural language processing) and statistical (machine learning) techniques. Previously performed for identifying the outcome of orbital fracture in unprocessed radiology reports from a clinical data repository, the performance has not been replicated for more complex outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate automated outcome classification performance of a hybrid natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning system for brain CT imaging reports. The hypothesis was that our system has performance characteristics for identifying pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of a subset of 2,121 CT reports from the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) TBI study. For that project, radiologists dictated CT reports as free text, which were then deidentified and scanned as PDF documents. Trained data abstractors manually coded each report for TBI outcome. Text was extracted from the PDF files using optical character recognition. The data set was randomly split evenly for training and testing. Training patient reports were used as input to the Medical Language Extraction and Encoding (MedLEE) NLP tool to create structured output containing standardized medical terms and modifiers for negation, certainty, and temporal status. A random subset stratified by site was analyzed using descriptive quantitative content analysis to confirm identification of TBI findings based on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Common Data Elements project. Findings were coded for presence or absence, weighted by frequency of mentions, and past/future/indication modifiers were filtered. After combining with the manual reference standard, a decision tree classifier was created using data mining tools WEKA 3.7.5 and Salford Predictive Miner 7.0. Performance of the decision tree classifier was evaluated on the test patient reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of TBI in the sampled population was 159 of 2,217 (7.2%). The automated classification for pediatric TBI is comparable to our prior results, with the notable exception of lower positive predictive value. Manual review of misclassified reports, 95.5% of which were false-positives, revealed that a sizable number of false-positive errors were due to differing outcome definitions between NINDS TBI findings and PECARN clinical important TBI findings and report ambiguity not meeting definition criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hybrid NLP and machine learning automated classification system continues to show promise in coding free-text electronic clinical data. For complex outcomes, it can reliably identify negative reports, but manual review of positive reports may be required. As such, it can still streamline data collection for clinical research and performance improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Kabir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, Portland State University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Efsun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarioglu
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Hyeong Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Howard University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Walter B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D003663:Decision Trees; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*