title: Wake-sleep, thermoregulatory, and autonomic effects of cholinergic activation of the lateral hypothalamus in the rat: a pilot study.
abstract: A major role in the wake-promoting effects of the activation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been ascribed to a population of orexin (ORX)-containing neurons that send projections to central areas which regulate Wake-Sleep and autonomic function. Since, in the rat, a substantial amount of ORX neurons receive cholinergic projections from cells involved in Wake-Sleep regulation, the aim of this study was to assess the role played by LH cholinoceptive cells in Wake-Sleep and autonomic regulations. To this end, the effects of a microinjection of the cholinergic agonist Carbachol (CBL) into the LH were compared to those obtained through the activation of a wider cell population by the microinjection of the GABAA antagonist GABAzine (GBZ). The results of this pilot study showed that both drugs elicited the same behavioral and autonomic effects, those caused by GBZ being larger and longer-lasting than those following administration of CBL. Briefly, wakefulness was enhanced and sleep was depressed, and brain temperature and heart rate consistently increased, while mean arterial pressure showed only a mild increment. Surprisingly, the administration of the drug vehicle (SAL) elicited a similar pattern of Wake-Sleep effects which, although much smaller, were sufficient to mask any statistical significance between treatment and control data. In conclusion, the results of this work show that the arousal elicited by LH disinhibition by GABAzine is concomitant with autonomic responses set by the intervention of cold-defense mechanisms. Since the same response is elicited at a lower level by CBL administration, the hypothesis of an involvement of cholinoceptive ORX neurons in its generation is discussed.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Cristoforo
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerri
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: Timna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hitrec
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zamboni
authors.affiliation: Dept. Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences - Physiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, P.zza P.ta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. Email: roberto.amici@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D059329:Cholinergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D000068797:Orexins / Q000378:metabolism; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012890:Sleep; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D000068797:Orexins; D011724:Pyridazines; D002217:Carbachol; C049853:gabazine