title: Investigation of Ultrasound-Measured Flow Rate and Wall Shear Rate in Wrist Arteries Using Flow Phantoms.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the errors in measurement of volumetric flow rate and wall shear rate measured in radial and ulnar arteries using a commercial ultrasound scanning system. The Womersley equations were used to estimate the flow rate and wall shear rate waveforms, based on the measured vessel diameter and centerline velocity waveform. In the experiments, each variable (vessel depth, diameter, flow rate, beam-vessel angle and different waveform) in the phantom was investigated in turn, and its value was varied within a normal range while others were fixed at their typical values. The outcomes revealed that flow rate and wall shear rate were overestimated in all cases, from around 13% to nearly 50%. It is concluded that measurements of flow rate and wall shear rate in radial and ulnar arteries with a clinical ultrasound scanner are vulnerable to overestimation.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Physics & Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: cmxia@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chunming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Faisel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Physics & Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Corner
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Physics & Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. Electronic address: z.y.huang@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hoskins
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001811:Blood Volume Determination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Doppler ultrasound; Flow phantoms; Flow rate; Radial artery; Ulnar artery; Wall shear rate; Womersley