title: Synthesis and antibacterial characterization of sustainable nanosilver using naturally-derived macromolecules.
abstract: Greener nanosynthesis utilizes fewer amounts of materials, water, and energy; while reducing or replacing the need for organic solvents. A novel approach is presented using naturally-derived flavonoids including Quercetin pentaphosphate (QPP), Quercetin sulfonic acid (QSA) and Apigenin Triphosphate (ATRP). These water soluble, phosphorylated flavonoids were utilized both as reducing agent and stabilizer. The synthesis was achieved at room temperature using water as a solvent and it requires no capping agents. The efficiency of the resulting silver nanoparticle synthesis was compared with naturally-occurring flavonoid such as Quercetin (QCR). Results show that QCR reduced Ag(+) faster followed by QPP, QSA and ATRP respectively. This is the first evidence of direct utilization of QCR for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water. The percentage conversion of Ag(+) to Ag(0) was determined to be 96% after 35min. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive absorption spectroscopy (EDS), UV-vis spectroscopy, High resolution TEM (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The particle sizes ranged from 2 to 80nm with an average size of 22nm and in the case of ATRP, the nanoparticle shapes varied from spherical to hexagonal with dispersed particle size ranging from 2 to 30nm. Crystallinity was confirmed by XRD and the SAED of (111), (200), and the fringes observed in HRTEM images. Results were in agreement with the UV resonance peaks of 369-440nm. The particles also exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii in water.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Osonga
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kariuki
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yazgan
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: Apryl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE), Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States. Electronic address: osadik@binghamton.edu.
authors.forename: Omowunmi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sadik
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016971:Citrobacter freundii / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D012834:Silver
keywords: Antibacterial; Flavonoids; Green synthesis; Nanoparticles; Total environment