title: Effect of bioconcentration and trophic transfer on realized exposure to oxazepam in 2 predators, the dragonfly larvae (Aeshna grandis) and the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis).
abstract: Psychoactive substances are used worldwide and constitute one of the most common groups of pharmaceutical contaminants in surface waters. Although these pharmaceuticals are designed to be efficiently eliminated from the human body, very little is known about their trophic-transfer potential in aquatic wildlife. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to quantify and compare uptake of an anxiolytic (oxazepam) from water (bioconcentration) and via the consumption of contaminated diet (trophic transfer) in 2 common freshwater predators: Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the dragonfly larvae Aeshna grandis. Bioconcentration and trophic transfer of oxazepam were found in both predator species. However, higher bioconcentrations were observed for perch (bioconcentration factor [BCF], 3.7) than for dragonfly larvae (BCF, 0.5). Perch also retained more oxazepam from consumed prey (41%) than dragonfly larvae (10%), whereas the relative contribution via prey consumption was 14% and 42% for perch and dragonflies, respectively. In addition, bioconcentration was negatively correlated with perch weight, indicating that exposure levels in natural contaminated environments differ between individuals of different size or between different developmental stages. Hence, trophic transfer of pharmaceuticals may indeed occur, and estimates of environmental exposures that do not consider intake via food or size-dependent bioconcentration may therefore lead to wrongful estimations of realized exposure levels in natural contaminated ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heynen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Micael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonatan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klaminder
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brodin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D063191:Odonata / Q000187:drug effects*; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000633:toxicity*; D010471:Perches / Q000502:physiology*; D011235:Predatory Behavior
chemical_list: D010076:Oxazepam
keywords: Benzodiazepine; Bioconcentration; Dragonfly larvae; Perca fluviatilis; Pharmaceutical pollution; Trophic transfer