title: Preconception endurance training with voluntary exercise during pregnancy positively influences on remodeling markers in female offspring bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigate the effects of preconception endurance training with or without voluntary exercise during pregnancy on indices of bone formation and resorption in female offspring bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into four groups: trained in preconception period and exercised during pregnancy (TE); trained in preconception periods but unexercised during pregnancy (TC); untrained in preconception periods but exercised during pregnancy (CE); untrained and unexercised (CC). Trained dams were subjected to a protocol of moderate exercise training over a period of 4 weeks before pregnancy. Analyses were performed on the adult female offspring that did not have access to running wheels in any portion of their lives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OPG, Runx2, COLI, ALP, and OPN mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in offspring born to dams that was trained in preconception period. However, there was no significant difference in OPG, COLI, Runx2, and ALP expression in TE and TC offspring (p > 0.05). RANKL and osteocalcin expression were significantly down-regulated in TE offspring group (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved physical fitness in preconception period results in significant changes in bone gene expressions of female offspring, in particular towards osteogenic responses with improved RANKL/OPG ratio.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Physiology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran .
authors.forename: Abbas Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gaeini
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Physiology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran .
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shafiei Neek
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Physiology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran .
authors.forename: Siroos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choobineh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology , Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran , and.
authors.forename: Mohamadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baghaban Eslaminejad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Physiology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran .
authors.forename: Sadegh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satarifard
authors.affiliation: b Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology , Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran , and.
authors.forename: Forough Azam
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sayahpour
authors.affiliation: c Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition , School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Neda
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mousavi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Bone; offspring; physical fitness; preconception period