title: Influence of Drug Properties and Formulation on In Vitro Drug Release and Biowaiver Regulation of Oral Extended Release Dosage Forms.
abstract: Bioequivalence (BE) studies are often required to ensure therapeutic equivalence for major product and manufacturing changes. Waiver of a BE study (biowaiver) is highly desired for such changes. Current regulatory guidelines allow for biowaiver of proportionally similar lower strengths of an extended release (ER) product provided it exhibits similar dissolution to the higher strength in multimedia. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that (1) proportionally similar strengths of ER tablets exhibiting similar in vitro dissolution profiles do not always assure BE and (2) different strengths that do not meet the criteria for dissolution profile similarity may still be bioequivalent. Four marketed ER tablets were used as model drug products. Higher and lower (half) strength tablets were prepared or obtained from commercial source. In vitro drug release was compared using multi-pH media (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8) per regulatory guidance. In vivo performance was assessed based on the available in vivo BE data or established in vitro-in vivo relationships. This study demonstrated that the relationship between in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance is complex and dependent on the characteristics of specific drug molecules, product design, and in vitro test conditions. As a result, proportionally similar strengths of ER dosage forms that meet biowaiver requirements per current regulatory guidelines cannot ensure bioequivalence in all cases. Thus, without an established relationship between in vitro and in vivo performance, granting biowaiver based on passing in vitro tests may result in the approval of certain bioinequivalent products, presenting risks to patients. To justify any biowaiver using in vitro test, it is essential to understand the effects of drug properties, formulation design, product characteristics, test method, and its in vivo relevance. Therefore, biowaiver requirements of different strengths of ER dosage forms specified in the current regulatory guidance should be reevaluated to assure consistent safety and efficacy among different strengths.
authors.affiliation: Oral Drug Products, Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie, Inc., Dept -045M, Bldg A4-2, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064-6235, USA.|School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Oral Drug Products, Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie, Inc., Dept -045M, Bldg A4-2, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064-6235, USA.
authors.forename: Deliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoag
authors.affiliation: Oral Drug Products, Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie, Inc., Dept -045M, Bldg A4-2, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064-6235, USA. Qiu.yihong@abbvie.com.
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004304:Dosage Forms; D065546:Drug Liberation; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D014700:Verapamil
keywords: bioequivalence; biowaiver; extended release; in vitro drug release; in vivo evaluations; proportionally similar strength