title: Chronic intermittent abdominal pain in young woman with intestinal malrotation, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome and appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor: a rare case report and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are a lot of different causes of abdominal pain; in this case, a young woman suffers from three diseases with similar symptoms. Adult intestinal mal-rotation is a rare condition of deviation from the normal 270° counter clockwise rotation of the midgut resulting in, not only mal-position of the small intestine, but also mal-fixation of the mesentery. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease; it involves liver capsule inflammation associated with genital tract infection, which is usually caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Neuroendocrine tumors are enterochromaffin cell neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems; the appendicular one is the most common primary malignant lesion of these tumors, it's incidence is about 0.3 - 0.9% of appendectomies done. Just for knowledge, this is the first described case of concomitant presence of all these diseases with clinical symptoms attributable to each one.
  
  
  METHODS
  40-years-old woman suffers from acute abdominal pain, predominantly on the right quadrants, without abdominal distension, no guarding nor rigidity and normal intestinal peristalsis. She has a long history of abdominal intermittent pain, with cramps every 30-40 min, resolving spontaneously. She was diagnosed as intestinal mal-rotation through computed tomography scan which has evidenced a mobilized intra--peritoneal duodenum with cecum/ascending colon predominately lying on the left side and the small intestine almost entirely lying on the right side of abdomen, without evidence of effusion, edema or signs of intestinal ischemia or infarction. Exploratory laparoscopy demonstrated an inflammatory process in the hepatic-renal space, with bloody adhesions above the liver capsule; this is additional to the typical pelvic inflammatory disease signs (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome). Appendectomy was performed with histological analysis resulting in appendicular neuroendocrine tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the patient has an intestinal mal-rotation which could explain the abdominal painful symptoms, it is not possible to exclude other concomitant causes, such as perihepatitis on pelvic inflammatory disease or neuroendocrine tumors. Even if all these diseases are rarely seen in daily clinical practice, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic intermittent abdominal pain in a young woman.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Clinica luganese SA, Via Moncucco 10, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland. alessia0414@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cusimano
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Clinica luganese SA, Via Moncucco 10, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland. ahmed.beniamin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed Mohammed Alaaeldien Beniamin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdelghany
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Clinica luganese SA, Via Moncucco 10, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland. andrea.donadini@clinicaluganese.ch.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donadini
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001063:Appendiceal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D045822:Intestinal Volvulus / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000150:complications