title: Assessment of aflatoxin exposure using serum and urinary biomarkers in São Paulo, Brazil: A pilot study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the human exposure of individuals from Pirassununga, Brazil, to dietary aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1) by determination of serum AFB1-lysine and urinary aflatoxin biomarkers (AFM1 and AFB1-N(7)-guanine). The participants were recruited among employees from a Campus of the University of São Paulo, which provided food samples from their homes, as well as serum and urine samples four times every three months, from June 2011 until March 2012. The probable daily intake (PDI) of aflatoxin was estimated by using the results from analysis of food products collected by the time of samples collection, and data from a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Analyses of AFB1 and AFM1 in food samples were conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomarkers in serum and urine were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 38 samples of cereals (28%, N=136) and 31 milk products (36%, N=86), respectively. AFB1-lysine and AFB1-N(7)-guanine and were not detected in serum or urine samples, respectively. However, AFM1 was found in 74 urine samples (65%), at mean levels in the 4 sampling times ranging from 0.37±0.23 to 1.70±2.88pg/mg creatinine. The mean PDI varied among different sampling times, ranging from 0.09±0.09 to 1.35±5.98ng/kg body weight/day. A modest though significant correlation (r=0.45; p=0.03; N=23) was found for the first time in Brazil between the AFM1 concentration in urine and the PDI for total aflatoxins (AFB1+AFM1) in sampling 1 (June 2011). Urinary AFM1 was confirmed as very sensitive for monitoring the human exposure to dietary aflatoxin. Further studies using serum and urinary biomarkers are needed to estimate the aflatoxin exposure of populations in higher risk areas in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystem Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias-Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Tonin
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias-Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias-Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pollyana C M C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias-Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: carlosaf@usp.br.
authors.forename: Carlos A F
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000652:urine*; D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001938:Brazil; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C066451:aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct; D006147:Guanine; C028319:2,3-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1; D016607:Aflatoxin M1; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; D008239:Lysine
keywords: AFB(1); AFB(1)-N(7)-guanine; AFB(1)-lysine; AFM(1); Biomarkers; Exposure assessment