title: Metabolic Diseases Downregulate the Majority of Histone Modification Enzymes, Making a Few Upregulated Enzymes Novel Therapeutic Targets--"Sand Out and Gold Stays".
abstract: To determine whether the expression of histone modification enzymes is regulated in physiological and pathological conditions, we took an experimental database mining approach pioneered in our labs to determine a panoramic expression profile of 164 enzymes in 19 human and 17 murine tissues. We have made the following significant findings: (1) Histone enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, immune, and other tissues; (2) our new pyramid model showed that heart and T cells are among a few tissues in which histone acetylation/deacetylation, and histone methylation/demethylation are in the highest varieties; and (3) histone enzymes are more downregulated than upregulated in metabolic diseases and regulatory T cell (Treg) polarization/ differentiation, but not in tumors. These results have demonstrated a new working model of "Sand out and Gold stays," where more downregulation than upregulation of histone enzymes in metabolic diseases makes a few upregulated enzymes the potential novel therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases and Treg activity.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chernaya
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: William Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cueto
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaojin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.affiliation: Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Xuebin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.|Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. xfyang@temple.edu.|Centers for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. xfyang@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Xiao-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D057225:Data Mining; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D042421:Histone Code; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D006657:Histones; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Epigenetic regulation; Gene expression and inflammation; Histone modification enzymes; Metabolic diseases; Regulatory T cell