title: Signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for traumatic dental injury among schoolchildren: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The determination of risk factors for traumatic dental injury (TDI) is important to the implementation of preventive measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and TDI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control (1 : 1) study involved a population-based sample of 230 schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years. The case and control groups were composed of children with (n = 115) and without (n = 115) TDI, respectively. The groups were matched for age and sex. The outcome variable (TDI) was detected using the O'Brien criteria. The main independent variable (signs of ADHD) was evaluated using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham scale (version IV) administered to parents and teachers. Socio-demographic characteristics and accentuated overjet were analyzed as confounding factors. Statistical analysis involved the McNemar's test as well as the bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate regression demonstrated that schoolchildren with the signs of hyperactivity (parental reports) had a 2.33-fold greater chance of exhibiting TDI (95% CI: 1.10-4.94) than those without this condition, as well as those with accentuated overjet (OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.70-5.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schoolchildren whose parents reported signs suggestive of hyperactivity had a greater chance of exhibiting TDI than those without such signs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mota-Veloso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Eliza C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcio Alexandre
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Homem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Silva
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Letícia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ramos-Jorge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil. joanaramosjorge@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos-Jorge
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*