title: Clinical and Environmental Surveillance for Vibrio cholerae in Resource Constrained Areas: Application During a 1-Year Surveillance in the Far North Region of Cameroon.
abstract: Biological confirmation of the presence of Vibrio cholerae in clinical and environmental samples is often constrained due to resource- and labor-intensive gold standard methods. To develop low-cost, simple, and sustainable surveillance techniques, we modified previously published specimen sampling and culture techniques and applied the use of enriched dipstick testing in conjunction with the use of filter paper for DNA specimen preservation during clinical and environmental surveillance in the Far North of Cameroon from August 2013 to October 2014. The enriched dipstick methodology during routine use in a remote setting demonstrated a specificity of 99.8% compared with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The novel application of filter paper as a preservation method for cholera DNA specimens reduced the need for cold chain storage and allowed for PCR characterization and confirmation of V. cholerae. The application of basic technologies such as the enriched dipstick, the use of simplified gauze filtration for environmental sample collection, and the use of filter paper for sample preservation enabled early case identification with reduced logistics and supply cost while reporting minimal false-positive results. Simplified laboratory and epidemiological methodologies can improve the feasibility of cholera surveillance in rural and resource-constrained areas, facilitating early case detection and rapid response implementation.
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Debes
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ateudjieu
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guenou
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ebile
authors.forename: Isaac Tadzong
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Sonkoua
authors.forename: Anthony Chebe
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Njimbia
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinwald
authors.forename: Malathi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011934:Reagent Strips / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011934:Reagent Strips