title: A critical Examination of the Phenomenon of Bonding Area - Bonding Strength Interplay in Powder Tableting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the bonding area (BA) and bonding strength (BS) interplay is used to explain complex tableting behaviors, it has never been experimentally proven. The purpose of this study is to unambiguously establish the distinct contributions of each by decoupling the contributions from BA and BS.
  
  
  METHODS
  To modulate BA, a Soluplus® powder was compressed into tablets at different temperatures and then broken following equilibration at 25°C. To modulate BS, tablets were equilibrated at different temperatures. To simultaneously modulate BA and BS, both powder compression and tablet breaking test were carried out at different temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower tablet tensile strength is observed when the powder is compressed at a lower temperature but broken at 25°C. This is consistent with the increased resistance to polymer deformation at lower temperatures. When equilibrated at different temperatures, the tensile strength of tablets prepared under identical conditions increases with decreasing storage temperature, indicating that BS is higher at a lower temperature. When powder compression and tablet breaking are carried out at the same temperature, the profile with a maximum tensile strength at 4°C is observed due to the BA-BS interplay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By systematically varying temperature during tablet compression and breaking, we have experimentally demonstrated the phenomenon of BA-BS interplay in tableting.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Osei-Yeboah
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Shao-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA. sunx0053@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Changquan Calvin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D016062:Porosity; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D013607:Tablets
keywords: bonding area; bonding strength; compaction; powder; tableting