title: Dose enhancement in radiotherapy of small lung tumors using inline magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo based planning study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on significant dose enhancement effects caused by magnetic fields aligned parallel to 6 MV photon beam radiotherapy of small lung tumors. Findings are applicable to future inline MRI-guided radiotherapy systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of eight clinical lung tumor cases were recalculated using Monte Carlo methods, and external magnetic fields of 0.5, 1.0, and 3 T were included to observe the impact on dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumor volume (GTV). Three plans were 6 MV 3D-CRT plans while 6 were 6 MV IMRT. The GTV's ranged from 0.8 to 16 cm(3), while the PTV's ranged from 1 to 59 cm(3). In addition, the dose changes in a 30 cm diameter cylindrical water phantom were investigated for small beams. The central 20 cm of this phantom contained either water or lung density insert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For single beams, an inline magnetic field of 1 T has a small impact in lung dose distributions by reducing the lateral scatter of secondary electrons, resulting in a small dose increase along the beam. Superposition of multiple small beams leads to significant dose enhancements. Clinically, this process occurs in the lung tissue typically surrounding the GTV, resulting in increases to the D98% (PTV). Two isolated tumors with very small PTVs (3 and 6 cm(3)) showed increases in D98% of 23% and 22%. Larger PTVs of 13, 26, and 59 cm(3) had increases of 9%, 6%, and 4%, describing a natural fall-off in enhancement with increasing PTV size. However, three PTVs bounded to the lung wall showed no significant increase, due to lack of dose enhancement in the denser PTV volume. In general, at 0.5 T, the GTV mean dose enhancement is around 60% lower than that at 1 T, while at 3 T, it is 5%-60% higher than 1 T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monte Carlo methods have described significant and predictable dose enhancement effects in small lung tumor plans for 6 MV radiotherapy when an external inline magnetic field is included. Results of this study indicate that future clinical inline MRI-guided radiotherapy systems will be able to deliver a dosimetrically superior treatment to small (PTV < 15 cm(3)), isolated lung tumors over non-MRI-Linac systems. This increased efficacy coincides with the reimbursement in the United States of lung CT screening and the likely rapid growth in the number of patients with small lung tumors to be treated with radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Cancer Care Centre (ICCC), Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia and Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Oborn
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hardcastle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2500, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D047368:Tumor Burden