title: Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.
abstract: Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) refers to optic nerve injury resulting from impact remote to the optic nerve. The mechanism of injury is not understood, and there are no confirmed protocols for prevention, mitigation or treatment. Most data concerning this condition comes from case series of civilian patients suffering blunt injury, such as from sports- or motor vehicle-related concussion, rather than military-related ballistic or blast damage. Research in this field will likely require the development of robust databases to identify patients with ITON and follow related outcomes, in addition to both in-vivo animal and virtual human models to study the mechanisms of damage and potential therapies.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Singman
authors.affiliation: Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daphalapurkar
authors.affiliation: Director of Informatics and Information Management, Vision Center of Excellence [VCE], Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs [ASD-HA], United States Department of Defense [DOD], Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: Thao D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: Lijo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panghat
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCulley
keywords: Biomechanics; Blast; Blunt; Indirect trauma; Neuropathy; Optic nerve; Virtual model