title: Pilot validation of objective malnutrition-inflammation scores in pediatric and adolescent cohort on chronic maintenance dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recognition of the challenges inherent with the use of single-item indices for the diagnosis of malnutrition-inflammation morbidity in pediatric dialysis patients, to enhance accuracy, we validated a composite scoring system in a pilot study. The objective malnutrition-inflammation score seeks to validate the use of a composite scoring system as a tool for assessing malnutrition-inflammation burden in a pediatric dialysis population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 20 patients on hemodialysis (n = 14) and peritoneal dialysis (n = 6) over a period of 12 months. We derived composite scores from selected indices of renal pathology, nutrition, dialysis adequacy, protein catabolism, and dialysis modality. We assessed reliability by a test-retest method and measured validity by defining the relationship of the indices with serum C-reactive protein in a multiple regression analysis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision for the malnutrition-inflammation score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 12.8 years (standard deviation = 6.1), and male-female ratio was 12:8. Patients (n = 8) with elevated serum C-reactive protein (>0.3 mg/dL) had higher composite score for malnutrition-inflammation morbidity. Similarly, the pediatric cohort on hemodialysis had higher score than those on peritoneal dialysis. Upon reliability testing, a low value of typical error (0.07) and high correlation coefficient (r = 0.95) supported validity of the instrument. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed a strong predictive relationship (R(2) = 0.9, p = 0.03) between the indices and serum C-reactive protein. Sensitivity of malnutrition-inflammation score was 62.5%, specificity was 83%, accuracy was 75%, and precision was 71%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using criterion-validation method, we established the potential use of multi-diagnostic approach to quantify malnutrition-inflammation morbidity in a pediatric dialysis cohort. Given the small sample size, large-scale population-specific studies are needed to ratify these findings and to demonstrate its clinical effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Franca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Iorember
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital at Downstate, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203.
authors.forename: Oluwatoyin F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Bamgbola
keywords: Malnutrion-inflammation score; chronic hemodialysis; chronic peritoneal dialysis