title: No difference in compensation for sugar in a drink versus sugar in semi-solid and solid foods.
abstract: It is claimed that sugar consumed in a drink is poorly compensated for by a reduction in subsequent energy intake, however very little research has tested directly the effect on appetite of adding sugar to a drink versus food. In this between subjects study, 144 participants (72 men) consumed preloads sweetened with either sucrose or the low-energy sweetener, sucralose (preload energy difference 162kcal) in the form of a blackcurrant drink, jelly or candy. The different preload viscosities were achieved by varying the amount of thickener (carrageenan) and water in the recipes. Participants completed hunger ratings before and 5, 10 and 20min after consuming their preload. After the 20-minute rating they were served a test-meal comprising an excess of bite-sized sandwiches and a sweet dessert. Energy intake measured for the same meal consumed the previous day (baseline day, no preload consumed) was used in the data analyses to control for individual differences in energy intake. Overall, there was 36% compensation for the energy difference in the preloads, but this did not vary with preload viscosity - if anything compensation was greater for the drink preload, and greater in men. The drink preload also showed an effect of sucrose versus sucralose for hunger. The lack of the predicted effect of viscosity on compensation could not be explained by differences in blood-glucose concentration 20min after the preload (measured in a separate study) or by differences in preload sweetness, flavour intensity, liking or familiarity. Comparison of baseline and test-meal food intakes indicated that, irrespective of energy content, the sweet drinks reduced the relative intake of sweet food. In conclusion, short-term energy compensation did not differ across a set of realistic drink and food stimuli.
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Nouf S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gadah
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brunstrom
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: peter.rogers@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: Appetite; Compensation; Drink; Food; Low-energy sweetener; Sugar