title: Situation awareness errors in anesthesia and critical care in 200 cases of a critical incident reporting system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A loss of adequate Situation Awareness (SA) may play a major role in the genesis of critical incidents in anesthesia and critical care. This observational study aimed to determine the frequency of SA errors in cases of a critical incident reporting system (CIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experts independently reviewed 200 cases from the German Anesthesia CIRS. For inclusion, reports had to be related to anesthesia or critical care for an individual patient and take place in an in-hospital setting. Based on the SA framework, the frequency of SA errors was determined. Representative cases were analyzed qualitatively to illustrate the role of SA for decision-making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SA errors were identified in 81.5%. Predominantly, errors occurred on the levels of perception (38.0%) and comprehension (31.5%). Errors on the level of projection played a minor role (12.0%). The qualitative analysis of selected cases illustrates the crucial role of SA for decision-making and performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SA errors are very frequent in critical incidents reported in a CIRS. The SA taxonomy was suitable to provide mechanistic insights into the central role of SA for decision-making and thus, patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany. c.schulz@tum.de.
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krautheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hackemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Eberhard F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kochs
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D001364:Awareness; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*