title: Low diversity of planktonic bacteria in the tropical ocean.
abstract: The diversity of macro-organisms increases towards the equator, with almost no exceptions. It is the most conserved biogeographical pattern on earth and is thought to be related to the increase of temperature and productivity in the tropics. The extent and orientation of a latitudinal gradient of marine bacterioplankton diversity is controversial. Here we studied the euphotic zone of the Atlantic Ocean based on a transect covering ~12.000 km from 51°S to 47 °N. Water samples were collected at 26 stations at five depths between 20 and 200 m and sequentially filtered through 8 μm, 3 μm and 0,22 μm filters, resulting in a total of 359 samples. Illumina sequencing of the V5-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene revealed a clear biogeographic pattern with a double inverted latitudinal gradient. Diversity was higher in mid-latitudinal regions of the Atlantic Ocean and decreased towards the equator. This pattern was conserved for bacteria from all three planktonic size fractions. Diversity showed a non-linear relationship with temperature and was negatively correlated with bacterial cell numbers in the upper depth layers (<100 m). The latitudinal gradients of marine bacterial diversity and the mechanisms that govern them are distinct from those found in macro-organisms.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milici
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomasch
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Interactions and Processes, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wos-Oxley
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Interactions and Processes, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jáuregui
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Interactions and Processes, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camarinha-Silva
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Zhi-Luo
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Interactions and Processes, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Plumeier
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Helge-Ansgar
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Giebel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mascha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wurst
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Interactions and Processes, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Meinhard
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wagner-Döbler
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D044822:Biodiversity; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics*; D010933:Plankton / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S