title: The Framingham Score and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation at Low Cutoff Values Are Useful Surrogate Markers of High-risk Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the performance of the Framingham score and the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) in assessing high-risk atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assembled 330 cases without established cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and moderate or severe chronic kidney disease among 451 consecutive Spanish patients who underwent CVD risk screening and carotid ultrasound-determined plaque assessment. The findings were validated in 90 black and 97 white African patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When sensitivity for the Framingham score was set at 80% in receiver-operator curve analysis [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.799], the corresponding cutoff value and specificity were 7.3% and 63%, respectively. At a specificity of 80%, the cutoff value and sensitivity were 10.8% and 65%, respectively. When sensitivity for SCORE (AUC = 0.747) was set at 80%, the cutoff value and specificity were 0.5% and 58%, respectively. At a specificity of 80%, the cutoff value and sensitivity were 1.5% and 50%, respectively. Upon applying a cutoff value of 7.3% for the Framingham and 0.5% for SCORE in African white patients with RA, the corresponding sensitivities and specificities were 67% and 72%, and 67% and 55%, respectively. CVD risk equations did not discriminate between black African patients with and without plaque (AUC = 0.544 and 0.549 for Framingham score and SCORE, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Framingham score and SCORE at markedly low cutoff values of 7.3% to 10.8% and 0.5% to 1.5%, respectively, can usefully estimate plaque presence in RA. Effective population-specific CVD risk assessment strategies are needed in black African patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dessein
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez-Mejias
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woodiwiss
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Genre
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Trinitario
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Juanatey
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigación Santaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL); Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Santander; Cardiology Division, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Division of Rheumatology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.P.H. Dessein, MD, FCP (SA), FRCP (UK), PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A. Corrales, MD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; R. Lopez-Mejias, PhD, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, IDIVAL; A. Solomon, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; A.J. Woodiwiss, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; J. Llorca, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBERESP, IDIVAL; G.R. Norton, MBChB, PhD, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; F. 
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Gay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D044383:Black People; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D044465:White People
keywords: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK STRATIFICATION; FRAMINGHAM SCORE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMATIC CORONARY RISK EVALUATION