title: Removal of the pesticides imazalil and tebuconazole in saturated constructed wetland mesocosms.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of the pesticides imazalil and tebuconazole at realistic concentration levels (10 and 100 μg L(-1)) in saturated constructed wetland (CW) mesocosms planted with five wetland plant species (Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus and Berula erecta) at different hydraulic loading rates during summer and winter. The removal of imazalil and tebuconazole was not influenced by the influent concentration, but the removal efficiency for both compounds was lower in winter than in summer. Planted mesocosms had significantly higher removal efficiencies than the unplanted controls only in summer. The first-order kinetics model fitted the tebuconazole removal in all mesocosms, and the reaction rate constants varied by plant species and season (0.1-0.7 d(-1) in winter and 0.6-2.9 d(-1) in summer). For imazalil, the first-order kinetics model fitted the removal only in mesocosms planted with Phragmites australis (k = 1.2 ± 0.4 d(-1)) and in the unplanted control (k = 1.2 ± 0.5 d(-1) in both summer and winter). The removal of imazalil and tebuconazole by sorption to the bed substrate and plant uptake were low, suggesting a high rate of metabolization in the saturated CW mesocosms. The removal of imazalil and tebuconazole correlated with the rate of evapotranspiration and the removal of nutrients (N and P) during summer and with the DO/oxygen saturation during winter. This reveals two possible metabolization pathways: degradation inside the plant tissue after uptake and plant-stimulated microbial degradation in the bed substrate. Furthermore, the results indicate that nitrifying bacteria may play an active role in the biodegradation of these pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. Electronic address: lvtao@bios.au.dk.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pedro N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brix
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D014230:Triazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C087114:tebuconazole; C017435:enilconazole
keywords: Biocides; Emerging organic pollutants; Fungicides; Macrophytes; Phytoremediation