title: Observed callousness as a predictor of treatment outcomes in parent management training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this study was to examine how observed Callous-Unemotional (CU) behavior influenced change in externalized and internalized problems, hyperactivity, social competence, and treatment satisfaction following parent management training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-three children and their families received Parent Management Training-the Oregon model (PMTO). They were compared at intake and after treatment in order to examine differences in 14 treatment outcomes using hierarchical regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with low levels of observed CU showed the greatest gains after PMTO treatment. This was evident in parent, therapist, self, and teacher reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that it is possible to observe CU behavior among children with conduct problems, and that children with elevated levels of observed CU behavior may be in need of additional treatment or components of treatment or more intense versions of parent management treatment.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjørnebekk
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjøbli
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D066107:Social Skills; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Observed callousness; aggression; anxiety; delinquency; depression; parent management training; social competence