title: Survey of current trends in postgraduate musculoskeletal ultrasound education in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current trends in postgraduate musculoskeletal ultrasound education across various medical specialties in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey regarding musculoskeletal ultrasound education was sent to all program directors for diagnostic radiology and physical medicine rehabilitation residency programs, as well as adult rheumatology and sports medicine fellowship programs in the United States. The survey, sent in July 2015, queried the presence of formal musculoskeletal ultrasound training, the components of such training and case volume for trainees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates were 23, 25, 28 and 33% for physical medicine and rehabilitation, radiology, rheumatology and sports medicine programs, respectively. Among respondents, musculoskeletal ultrasound training was present in 65% of radiology programs, 88% of sports medicine programs, 90% of rheumatology programs, and 100% of physical medicine and rehabilitation programs. Most programs utilized didactic lectures, followed by hands-on scanning. The majority of programs without current training intend to implement such training within 5 years, although radiology programs reported the lowest likelihood of this happening. Most program directors believed that musculoskeletal ultrasound education is important for their trainees, and is of greater importance than it was 10 years ago. Case volume was lowest for radiology trainees and highest for sports medicine trainees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among respondents, the majority of diagnostic radiology programs offer musculoskeletal ultrasound training. However, this experience is even more widespread in other medical specialties, and hands-on training and experience tend to be greater in other specialties than in radiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. nsberko@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Netanel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Berko
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldberg-Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Thornhill
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Mordecai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koenigsberg
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010810:Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine / Q000193:education*; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D012219:Rheumatology / Q000193:education*; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000193:education*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States
keywords: Curriculum; Education; Fellowship; Musculoskeletal ultrasound; Residency