title: Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO): cephalometric norms for a Moroccan population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to develop cephalometric standards of the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in Moroccan adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our data consisted of standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 98 students at the Casablanca Faculty of Dentistry. These included 74 women and 24 men aged 18-34 years, who were selected on the basis of a well-proportioned face, acceptable profile, Class I occlusion, minor or no crowding, and no history of orthodontic treatment. Mean values of seven (six angle and one linear) dentoskeletal parameters were determined from lateral cephalometric radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These Moroccans tended to exhibit an opening in the VDO in comparison with the standards of Steiner and Wylie and those of other populations: GoGn/SN: 35.4° ± 5.3°, FMA: 25.6° ± 5.1°, Occ/SN: 19.3° ± 4.7°, Occ/Fr: 9.1° ± 4°, SGn/Fr: 59.2° ± 3.4°, ENA-Xi-Pm: 46.2° ± 4.4°, ENA-Me: 69.7 ± 5.9 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moroccans have distinct cephalometric characteristics, which should be used as the reference in future orthodontic and prosthetic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, dental faculty , Hassan II university of casablanca, Rue 7, numéro 63 lotissement espérance 2, Ain Sbaa, Casablanca, Morocco. lahcen2228@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Lahcen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ousehal
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, dental faculty , Hassan II university of casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: ElMehdi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jouhadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, dental faculty , Hassan II university of casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D009811:Odontometry / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cephalometry; Morocco; Standards; Vertical dimension; Young adult