title: Extracellular calcium regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation through calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in stallion sperm.
abstract: Protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PY), a hallmark of sperm capacitation, is inhibited by extracellular calcium in stallion sperm. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and influence of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in this phenomenon. First, the presence of the CaSR was demonstrated in stallion sperm. We then tested its function in these gametes using its inhibitor NPS2143 or its agonist AC34356. Sperm were capacitated for 4 hr in modified Whitten's medium with 25 mM bicarbonate plus NPS2143 and 2.4 mM calcium or AC34356 alone, followed by analysis of PY. Inhibition of CaSR with NPS2143 prevented the calcium-dependent PY inhibition in a dose-dependent manner (5, 10, and 15 μM) whereas AC34356 (100 μM) inhibited PY similarly to calcium. Stallion sperm motility and viability significantly decreased in presence of 15 μM of NPS2143 whereas only sperm motility decreased with 100 μM of AC34356. CaSR function was also studied in the complete absence of calcium by including 2 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA); under these conditions, AC34356 again inhibited PY, but this time induced a significant increase in sperm motility. Inhibition of calmodulin by W-7 did not recover the AC34356-mediated PY inhibition. When stallion sperm were incubated under capacitating conditions (calcium, bicarbonate, plus bovine serum albumin) at elevated pH (7.9 or 8.5) AC34356 did not block PY. These results thus elucidate the effect of extracellular conditions on the regulation of CaSR, and point to its modulatory role on stallion sperm PY, motility, and viability. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 236-245, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, University of Porto, Portugal.|ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macías-García
authors.affiliation: CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, University of Porto, Portugal.|ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: CECA/ICETA: Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, University of Porto, Portugal.|ICBAS: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lauro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González-Fernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C436740:N-(2-hydroxy-3-(2-cyano-3-chlorophenoxy)propyl)-1,1-dimethyl-2-(2-nephthyl)ethylamine; D009281:Naphthalenes; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D002118:Calcium