title: Sleep health, messaging, headaches, and academic performance in high school students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested for associations of bedtime, sleep duration, instant messaging, and chronic headaches with hypersomnolence and academic performance in a sample of high school students in New Jersey, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students were surveyed anonymously and asked to report their sleep and messaging habits, headache status, and overall grades.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that greater hypersomnolence was associated with later bedtimes, shorter sleep durations, and the presence of chronic headaches, but not with messaging after lights out. Also, we found that academic performance was lower in students who messaged after lights out, but it was not affected by headache status, bedtime, or sleep duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with other studies that have demonstrated associations between headaches and hypersomnolence and between instant messaging habits and academic performance. They also add to a growing literature on the relationships among use of electronic devices, sleep health, and academic performance by adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Electronic address: pecor@tcnj.edu.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pecor
authors.affiliation: Communication High School, Wall, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Seton Hall Preparatory School, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Tenafly High School, Tenafly, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Neuroscience Institute of New Jersey, Sleep Medicine Division, JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University, Edison, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ming
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006261:Headache; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D012890:Sleep; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060145:Text Messaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Academic performance; Adolescents; Headaches; Sleep health; Sleepiness; Text messaging