title: Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) across many world regions is high. We aim to estimate COPD prevalence and number of disease cases for the years 1990 and 2010 across world regions based on the best available evidence in publicly accessible scientific databases.
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic search of Medline, EMBASE and Global Health for original, population-based studies providing spirometry-based prevalence rates of COPD across the world from January 1990 to December 2014. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted on extracted crude prevalence rates of COPD, with overall summaries of the meta-estimates (and confidence intervals) reported separately for World Health Organization (WHO) regions, the World Bank's income categories and settings (urban and rural). We developed a meta-regression epidemiological model that we used to estimate the prevalence of COPD in people aged 30 years or more.
  
  
  
  Our search returned 37 472 publications. A total of 123 studies based on a spirometry-defined prevalence were retained for the review. From the meta-regression epidemiological model, we estimated about 227.3 million COPD cases in the year 1990 among people aged 30 years or more, corresponding to a global prevalence of 10.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.3%-14.0%) in this age group. The number of COPD cases increased to 384 million in 2010, with a global prevalence of 11.7% (8.4%-15.0%). This increase of 68.9% was mainly driven by global demographic changes. Across WHO regions, the highest prevalence was estimated in the Americas (13.3% in 1990 and 15.2% in 2010), and the lowest in South East Asia (7.9% in 1990 and 9.7% in 2010). The percentage increase in COPD cases between 1990 and 2010 was the highest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (118.7%), followed by the African region (102.1%), while the European region recorded the lowest increase (22.5%). In 1990, we estimated about 120.9 million COPD cases among urban dwellers (prevalence of 13.2%) and 106.3 million cases among rural dwellers (prevalence of 8.8%). In 2010, there were more than 230 million COPD cases among urban dwellers (prevalence of 13.6%) and 153.7 million among rural dwellers (prevalence of 9.7%). The overall prevalence in men aged 30 years or more was 14.3% (95% CI 13.3%-15.3%) compared to 7.6% (95% CI 7.0%-8.2%) in women.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest a high and growing prevalence of COPD, both globally and regionally. There is a paucity of studies in Africa, South East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean region. There is a need for governments, policy makers and international organizations to consider strengthening collaborations to address COPD globally.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Davies
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adeloye
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Chinwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basquill
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papana
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Evropi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodoratou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gasevic
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Devi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Kit Yee
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for Population Health Research and Training, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods; D014944:World Health Organization