title: Potential influence of in utero and early neonatal exposures on the later development of endometriosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible correlation between maternal characteristics, in utero and early neonatal life exposures, and the development of endometriosis in adult life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 161 patients with endometriosis and a control group of 230 women undergoing laparoscopy for benign adnexal diseases and free of endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women included in the study were requested to answer a series of questions about their mothers' gestational data and on their own perinatal and early postnatal lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratio, adjusted odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between maternal characteristics during the patient's pregnancy, in utero exposure to obstetrical and perinatal complications, and the type of feeding received during the neonatal period with the development of endometriosis in adult life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers of women with endometriosis were significantly more likely to be affected by endometriosis or uterine fibroids, with a higher incidence of smoking during pregnancy. Women with endometriosis were more frequently born prematurely, with a significantly lower birth weight, and their mothers experienced preeclampsia during their pregnancies more often than control subjects. They were also more frequently formula fed than breast fed in early life. However, only prematurity and formula feeding were retained in the multivariate analysis model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among intrauterine and early neonatal exposures, prematurity and formula feeding were risk factors for the development of endometriosis in adult life. Further studies should evaluate the underlying biologic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vannuccini
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lazzeri
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orlandini
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tosti
authors.affiliation: Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. Electronic address: felice.petraglia@unisi.it.
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Endometriosis; epigenetic; formula feeding; low birth weight; preterm birth