title: Clinical and economic benefits of extended treatment with apixaban for the treatment and prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in Canada.
abstract: Background and objective Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with long-term clinical and economic burden. Clinical guidelines generally recommend at least 3 months of anticoagulation, but, in clinical practice, concerns over bleeding risk often limit extended treatment. Apixaban was studied for extended VTE treatment in the AMPLIFY-EXT trial, demonstrating superiority to placebo in VTE reduction without increasing risk of major bleeding. This study assessed the long-term clinical and economic benefits of extending treatment with apixaban when clinical equipoise exists compared to standard of care with enoxaparin/warfarin and other novel oral anti-coagulants (NOACs) for the treatment and prevention of recurrent VTE in Canada. Methods A Markov model was developed to follow patients with VTE over their lifetimes. Efficacy and safety for apixaban and enoxaparin/warfarin were based on AMPLIFY and AMPLIFY-EXT, while relative efficacy to other NOACs was synthesized by network meta-analysis (NMA). Dosages for NOACs and enoxaparin/warfarin were based on their respective trials and were given up to 18 months and up to 6 months, followed by no treatment, respectively. Patient quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were based on published studies, and costs for resource utilization were from a Ministry of Health perspective, expressed as 2014 CAD ($). Results Extended treatment with apixaban compared to enoxaparin/warfarin resulted in fewer recurrent VTEs, VTE-related deaths, and bleeding events, but at slightly increased cost. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $4828 per QALY gained. Compared to other NOACs, apixaban had the fewest bleeding events, similar recurrent VTE events, and the lowest overall cost, which was driven by the strong bleeding profile. In scenario analyses of acute and lifetime treatments, apixaban was cost-effective against all strategies. Conclusions Extended treatment with apixaban can offer substantial clinical benefits and is a cost-effective alternative to enoxaparin/warfarin and other NOACs.
authors.affiliation: a Evidera , Bethesda , MD , USA ;
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quon
authors.affiliation: b Evidera , Lexington , MA , USA ;
authors.forename: Hoa H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: c Pfizer Canada , Kirkland , QC , Canada ;
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.affiliation: d Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada , Montreal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Mondher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mtibaa
authors.affiliation: d Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada , Montreal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Andriy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moshyk
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011728:Pyridones / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; C522181:apixaban; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: Venous thromboembolism; cost-effectiveness analysis; extended treatment; markov model; novel oral anticoagulants