title: Influence of sulfur content on bone formation and antibacterial ability of sulfonated PEEK.
abstract: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is desirable in orthopedic and dental applications because its mechanical properties are similar to those of natural bones but the bioinertness and inferior osteoconduction of PEEK have hampered many clinical applications. In this work, PEEK is sulfonated by concentrated sulfuric acid to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) network. A hydrothermal treatment is subsequently conducted to remove the residues and the temperature is adjusted to obtain different sulfur concentrations. In vitro cell proliferation and real-time PCR analyses disclose enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) on the samples with small sulfur concentrations. The in vitro antibacterial evaluation reveals that all the sulfonated samples possess excellent resistance against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The in vivo rat femur implantation model is adopted and X-ray, micro-CT, and histological analyses indicate that not only the premeditated injected bacteria cells are sterilized, but also new bone forms around the samples with small sulfur concentrations. The in vitro and in vivo results reveal that the samples subjected to the hydrothermal treatment to remove excess sulfur have better osseointegration and antibacterial ability and PEEK modified by sulfonation and hydrothermal treatment is promising in orthopedic and dental applications.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
authors.forename: Yaochao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Yuqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Congqin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China. Electronic address: zhangxianl197826@163.com.
authors.forename: Xianlong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China. Electronic address: xyliu@mail.sic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xuanyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001577:Benzophenones; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011108:Polymers; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D014867:Water; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013455:Sulfur
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Osseointegration; Polyetheretherketone; Sulfonation