title: Associations between attending physician workload, teaching effectiveness, and patient safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies suggest that high workload among attending physicians may be associated with reduced teaching effectiveness and poor patient outcomes, but these relationships have not been investigated using objective measures of workload and safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between attending workload, teaching effectiveness, and patient safety, hypothesizing that higher workload would be associated with lower teaching effectiveness and negative patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of 69,386 teaching evaluation items submitted by 543 internal medicine residents for 107 attending physicians who supervised inpatient teaching services from July 2, 2005 to July 1, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attending workload measures included hospital service census, patient length of stay, daily admissions, daily discharges, and concurrent outpatient duties. Teaching effectiveness was measured using residents' evaluations of attendings. Patient outcomes considered were applicable patient safety indicators (PSIs), intensive care unit transfers, cardiopulmonary resuscitation/rapid response team calls, and patient deaths. Mixed linear models and generalized linear regression models were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Workload measures of midnight census and daily discharges were associated with lower teaching evaluation scores (both β = -0.026, P < 0.0001). The number of daily admissions was associated with higher teaching scores (β = 0.021, P = 0.001) and increased PSIs (odds ratio = 1.81, P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several measures of attending physician workload were associated with slightly lower teaching effectiveness, and patient safety may be compromised when teams are managing new admissions. Ongoing efforts by residency programs to optimize the learning environment should include strategies to manage the workload of supervising attendings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Majken T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wingo
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.affiliation: Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Darcy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*