title: HDL-sphingomyelin reduction after weight loss by an energy-restricted diet is associated with the improvement of lipid profile, blood pressure, and decrease of insulin resistance in overweight/obese patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sphingomyelin (SM) diminishes the fluidity of the surface monolayer of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), affecting their intravascular metabolism and antiatherogenic properties. Since overweight is associated with an altered HDL structure, weight loss may result in changes in HDL subclasses, particularly in their SM content. Therefore, we determined the plasma SM concentrations associated to both total HDL and HDL subclasses after weight loss in obese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty overweight patients, 40 women and 10 men, aged 38.6±6.4 y, were given an energy-restricted diet according to their sex, age, and height. No physical activity was prescribed. Plasma SM concentrations of HDL subclasses were determined by a gel surface method developed for this study. Cholesterol of HDL subclasses was also determined by enzymatic methods performed on a gel surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean weight lost was 3.5±0.4 kg after 6 weeks of dietary intervention. As expected, insulin resistance and blood pressure decreased whereas lipid profile improved, except for HDL-cholesterol. SM in plasma and in all HDL subclasses significantly decreased after intervention. The magnitude of HDL-SM reduction was statistically associated with the amelioration of the components of the metabolic syndrome; the reduction of BMI explained the decrement of HDL-SM in a multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDL-SM decreased after weight loss by an energy-restricted diet. Further, the association of this decrement with the improvement of blood pressure, lipid profile and the decrease of insulin resistance, was statistically significant; all HDL subclasses were similarly affected. Whether a reduction in HDL-SM contributes to the cardiovascular benefits of weight loss remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madero
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico; Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vargas-Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vargas-Barrón
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico; Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fragoso
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: González-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico; Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bautista-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico; Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carreón-Torres
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico; Atherosclerosis Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", D.F., Mexico. Electronic address: opmendez@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pérez-Méndez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000097:blood*; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D013109:Sphingomyelins
keywords: HDL; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Sphingomyelin; Weight loss