title: Quantitative in vivo biocompatibility of new ultralow-nickel cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys.
abstract: Nickel (Ni) eluted from metallic biomaterials is widely accepted as a major cause of allergies and inflammation. To improve the safety of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloy implants, new ultralow-Ni Co-Cr-Mo alloys with and without zirconium (Zr) have been developed, with Ni contents of less than 0.01%. In the present study, we investigated the biocompatibility of these new alloys in vivo by subcutaneously implanting pure Ni, conventional Co-Cr-Mo, ultralow-Ni Co-Cr-Mo, and ultralow-Ni Co-Cr-Mo with Zr wires into the dorsal sides of mice. After 3 and 7 days, tissues around the wire were excised, and inflammation; the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α; and Ni, Co, Cr, and Mo ion release were analyzed using histological analyses, qRT-PCR, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Significantly larger amounts of Ni eluted from pure Ni wires than from the other wires, and the degree of inflammation depended on the amount of eluted Ni. Although no significant differences in inflammatory reactions were identified among new alloys and conventional Co-Cr-Mo alloys in histological and qRT-PCR analyses, ICP-MS analysis revealed that Ni ion elution from ultralow-Ni Co-Cr-Mo alloys with and without Zr was significantly lower than from conventional Co-Cr-Mo alloys. Our study, suggests that the present ultralow-Ni Co-Cr-Mo alloys with and without Zr have greater safety and utility than conventional Co-Cr-Mo alloys. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1505-1513, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonofuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouetsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Itoi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects; D015040:Zirconium / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D016207:Cytokines; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009532:Nickel; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy; metal ions; nickel