title: Left Ventricular End-Systolic Eccentricity Index for Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify a quantitative echocardiographic marker of septal curvature that can be used to accurately identify PH in NICU infants with concern for PH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiograms of infants who were prematurely born and infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn were performed using a defined protocol for evaluation of PH. Qualitative assessment by a single pediatric cardiologist was used as a reference standard. Qualitative and quantitative parameters of right ventricular (RV) size, pressure, and function were documented. Left ventricular end-systolic eccentricity index (EI) was defined as the ratio of the anterior-inferior and septal-posterolateral cavity dimensions at the mid-ventricular level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 216 infants at risk for PH were included in this study. One hundred forty-three (66%) had an interpretable tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity. While systolic septal flattening was recognized at EIs ≥ 1.15, more than half-systemic RV pressure became apparent at EIs ≥ 1.3. Unlike qualitative assessment of septal flattening, there was high inter-observer agreement for EIs. Quantitative parameters of RV systolic function were impaired only at EIs ≥ 1.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that EIs should be incorporated into routine protocols when there is a concern for PH in neonates. This may lead to a more reliable assessment of PH and may reduce inter-observer variability. Correlation of EIs with invasive hemodynamic data is needed to validate our results.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Echocardiography Laboratory, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Constance G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Weismann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: eccentricity index; echocardiography; newborn; prematurity; pulmonary hypertension; screening