title: Elderly Learners and Massive Open Online Courses: A Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become commonplace in the e-learning landscape. Thousands of elderly learners are participating in courses offered by various institutions on a multitude of platforms in many different languages. However, there is very little research into understanding elderly learners in MOOCs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to show that a considerable proportion of elderly learners are participating in MOOCs and that there is a lack of research in this area. We hope this assertion of the wide gap in research on elderly learners in MOOCs will pave the way for more research in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-course survey data for 10 University of Reading courses on the FutureLearn platform were analyzed to show the level of participation of elderly learners in MOOCs. Two MOOC aggregator sites (Class Central and MOOC List) were consulted to gather data on MOOC offerings that include topics relating to aging. In parallel, a selected set of MOOC platform catalogues, along with a recently published review on health and medicine-related MOOCs, were searched to find courses relating to aging. A systematic literature search was then employed to identify research articles on elderly learners in MOOCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10 courses reviewed had a considerable proportion of elderly learners participating in them. For the over-66 age group, this varied from 0.5% (on the course "Managing people") to 16.3% (on the course "Our changing climate"), while for the over-56 age group it ranged from 3.0% (on "A beginners guide to writing in English") to 39.5% (on "Heart health"). Only six MOOCs were found to include topics related to aging: three were on the Coursera platform, two on the FutureLearn platform, and one on the Open2Study platform. Just three scholarly articles relating to MOOCs and elderly learners were retrieved from the literature search.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review presents evidence to suggest that elderly learners are already participating in MOOCs. Despite this, there has been very little research into their engagement with MOOCs. Similarly, there has been little research into exploiting the scope of MOOCs for delivering topics that would be of interest to elderly learners. We believe there is potential to use MOOCs as a way of tackling the issue of loneliness among older adults by engaging them as either resource personnel or learners.
authors.affiliation: University College of Estate Management, Reading, United Kingdom. tharindu@cem.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tharindu Rekha
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-0172
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Liyanagunawardena
authors.forename: Shirley Ann
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5071-697X
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Williams
keywords: computer-assisted instruction; continuing education; eLearning; education; elderly; loneliness; massive open online courses; older adults