title: Outcomes From Polyhydramnios With Normal Ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the short- and long-term outcomes of children from pregnancies complicated with polyhydramnios, defined as amniotic fluid index (AFI) >24 cm, and with a normal detailed ultrasound examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study examined 134 children aged 4 to 9 years with polyhydramnios and normal detailed ultrasound examination during pregnancy compared with 268 controls with normal AFI and normal detailed ultrasound examination matched for maternal age, year of delivery, gestational week at delivery, and presence or absence of diabetes. The primary outcome was the rate of malformations diagnosed postnatally. Additional outcomes were obstetrics outcomes, genetic syndromes, and neurodevelopment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polyhydramnios was associated with increased risk for cesarean delivery (CD) and birth weight >90th percentile. This elevation in CD was attributed to increased rate of elective CD due to suspected macrosomia. Polyhydramnios was associated with increased risk for congenital malformations (n = 25 [19%] compared with 27 [10%], respectively; P = .016) without a statistically significant increase in the rate of major malformations (11 [8%] vs. 10 [4%]; P = .057). Genetic syndromes were more prevalent in the polyhydramnios group (5 [3.7%] vs. 2 [0.75%]; P = .043), as were neurologic disorders and developmental delay (9.7% vs. 3%; P = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a normal detailed ultrasound examination, polyhydramnios is associated with increased rate of fetal malformations, genetic syndromes, neurologic disorders, and developmental delay, which may be diagnosed only after birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; and enavy1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Enav
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yefet
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; and Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
authors.forename: Etty
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daniel-Spiegel
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006831:Polyhydramnios / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal