title: Effects of three surface conditioning techniques on repair bond strength of nanohybrid and nanofilled composites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repair bond strength of different composite resins has been assessed in few studies. In addition, reports on the efficacy of surface treatments are debated. Therefore, this in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three surface treatments on two nanocomposites versus a microhybrid composite.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental study, 135 composite blocks (45 specimens per composite) of microhybrid (Filtek Supreme Z250, 3M ESPE, USA), nanohybrid (Filtek Supreme XT, 3M ESPE), and nanofilled (Filtek Supreme Z350, 3M ESPE) were thermocycled (5000 rounds) and then surface roughened (except in a control group of 9 specimens of three composite types). Each composite type was divided into three subgroups of surface treatments: (1) Bur abrading and phosphoric acid (PA) etching, (2) sandblasting and PA etching, and (3) hydrofluoric etching and silane application (n = 15 × 9, complying with ISO TR11405). Composite blocks were repaired with the same composite type but of a different color. Microtensile bond strength and modes of failure were analyzed statistically using two-way analyses of variance, Tukey and Chi-square tests (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences between three composite resins (P < 0.0001) and treatment techniques (P < 0.0001). Their interaction was nonsignificant (P = 0.228). The difference between nanofilled and nanohybrid was not significant. However, the microhybrid composite showed a significantly higher bond strength (Tukey P < 0.05). Sandblasting was significantly superior to the other two methods, which were not different from each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it seems that microhybrid composite might have higher repair strengths than two evaluated nanocomposites. Among the assessed preparation techniques, sandblasting followed by PA etching might produce the highest bond strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassoohi
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Morad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadaghiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansouri
authors.affiliation: Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakhshan
keywords: Acid etching; air abrasion; composite resins; dental; dental adhesives; tensile strength