title: The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism.
abstract: There has been no full evaluation of the numbers of victims of Nazi research, who the victims were, and of the frequency and types of experiments and research. This paper gives the first results of a comprehensive evidence-based evaluation of the different categories of victims. Human experiments were more extensive than often assumed with a minimum of 15,754 documented victims. Experiments rapidly increased from 1942, reaching a high point in 1943. The experiments remained at a high level of intensity despite imminent German defeat in 1945. There were more victims who survived than were killed as part of or as a result of the experiments, and the survivors often had severe injuries.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Brookes University, History, Philosophy and Religion, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: p0072333@brookes.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weindling
authors.affiliation: Independent Data Analyst. Electronic address: annavonvilliez@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Villiez
authors.affiliation: Oxford Brookes University, Centre for Medical Humanities, Department of History, Philosophy and Religion, Gypsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada. Electronic address: alexloewenau@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loewenau
authors.affiliation: Independent Holocaust Historian. Electronic address: nicholajh1512@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nichola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farron
mesh_terms: D019548:Crime Victims / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D017767:Holocaust / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history; D006805:Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews / Q000266:history; D008297:Male; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history*
keywords: Auschwitz; Concentration camps; German National Socialism; Gypsy victims; Holocaust; Jewish victims; Mengele; Nazi euthanasia; Unethical human experiments