title: Macromolecular markers in normal human retina and applications to human retinal disease.
abstract: Macromolecular cell markers are essential for the classification and characterization of the highly complex and cellularly diverse vertebrate retina. Although a plethora of markers are described in the current literature, the immunoreactivity of these markers in normal human tissue has not been fully determined. This is problematic as they are quintessential to the characterization of morphological changes associated with human retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular markers currently available to assess human retinal cell types. We draw on immunohistochemical studies conducted in our laboratories to describe marker immunoreactivity in human retina alongside comparative descriptions in non-human tissues. Considering the growing number of eye banks services offering healthy and diseased human retinal tissue, this review provides a point of reference for future human retina studies and highlights key species specific disease applications of some macromolecular markers.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Clairton F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nivison-Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polkinghorne
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGhee
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalloniatis
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. Electronic address: m.acosta@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Acosta
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005136:Eye Proteins
keywords: Amacrine cells; Bipolar cells; Cell markers; Ganglion cells; Human retina; Immunoreactivity; Müller cells; Photoreceptors