title: Non-Intravenous Sedatives and Analgesics for Procedural Sedation for Imaging Procedures in Pediatric Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe the method of delivery, dosage regimens, and outcomes of sedatives administered by extravascular route for imaging procedures in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched using keywords "child", "midazolam", "ketamine", dexmedetomidine", "fentanyl", "nitrous oxide", and "imaging." Articles evaluating the use of extravascular sedation in children for imaging procedures published in English between 1946 and March 2015 were included. Two authors independently screened each article for inclusion. Reports were excluded if they did not contain sufficient details on dosage regimens and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty reports representing 1,412 patients ranging in age from 0.33 to 19 years of age were included for analysis. Due to discrepancies in doses and types of analyses, statistical analyses were not performed. Oral midazolam was the most common agent evaluated; other agents included intranasal (IN) ketamine, IN midazolam, IN fentanyl, IN and transmucosal dexmedetomidine, and N2O. Most agents were considered efficacious compared with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most agents showed efficacy for sedation during imaging when delivered through an extra-vascular route. Selection of agents should be based on onset time, duration, patient acceptability, recovery time, and adverse events. More robust studies are necessary to determine the optimal agent and route to utilize for imaging procedures when sedation is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences,College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences,College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Couloures
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences,College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Johnson
keywords: child; dexmetomidine; fentanyl; ketamine; midazolam; nitrous oxide