title: Types of vicarious learning experienced by pre-dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis renal replacement treatment options are in clinical equipoise, although the cost of haemodialysis to the National Health Service is £16,411/patient/year greater than peritoneal dialysis. Treatment decision-making takes place during the pre-dialysis year when estimated glomerular filtration rate drops to between 15 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Renal disease can be familial, and the majority of patients have considerable health service experience when they approach these treatment decisions. Factors affecting patient treatment decisions are currently unknown. The objective of this article is to explore data from a wider study in specific relation to the types of vicarious learning experiences reported by pre-dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study utilised unstructured interviews and grounded theory analysis during the participant's pre-dialysis year. The interview cohort comprised 20 pre-dialysis participants between 24 and 80 years of age. Grounded theory design entailed thematic sampling and analysis, scrutinised by secondary coding and checked with participants. Participants were recruited from routine renal clinics at two local hospitals when their estimated glomerular filtration rate was between 15 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vicarious learning that contributed to treatment decision-making fell into three main categories: planned vicarious leaning, unplanned vicarious learning and historical vicarious experiences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exploration and acknowledgement of service users' prior vicarious learning, by healthcare professionals, is important in understanding its potential influences on individuals' treatment decision-making. This will enable healthcare professionals to challenge heuristic decisions based on limited information and to encourage analytic thought processes.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sturt
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adams
keywords: Education; decision-making; long-term condition; self-efficacy; vicarious learning