title: Effect of sagittal plane mechanics on ACL strain during jump landing.
abstract: The relationships between non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries and the underlying biomechanics are still unclear, despite large quantities of academic research. The purpose of this research was to study anterior cruciate ligament strain during jump landing by investigating its correlation with sagittal plane kinetic/kinematic parameters and by creating an empirical model to estimate the maximum strain. Whole-body kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured from seven subjects performing single leg jump landing and were used to drive a musculoskeletal model that estimated lower limb muscle forces. These muscle forces and kinematics were then applied on five instrumented cadaver knees using a dynamic knee simulator system. Correlation analysis revealed that higher ground reaction force, lower hip flexion angle and higher hip extension moment among others were correlated with higher peak strain (p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that intrinsic anatomic factors account for most of the variance in strain. Among the extrinsic variables, hip and trunk flexion angles significantly contributed to the strain. The empirical relationship developed in this study could be used to predict the relative strain between jumps of a participant and may be beneficial in developing training programs designed to reduce an athlete's risk of injury. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1636-1644, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomescu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Elora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenneman
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gajendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hangalur
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACL; knee injury; muscle force; musculoskeletal modeling; risk factor