title: Residues of selected antibiotics in the South Moravian Rivers, Czech Republic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the contamination level of aquatic ecosystems of the Oslava and the Jihlava Rivers, and of the Nove Mlyny Water Reservoir, situated in the South Moravian Region (Czech Republic), by residues of selected veterinary pharmaceuticals. We isolated and determined 10 sulfonamide antibiotics in samples of surface water and bottom sediments using optimized analytical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative number of sampling sites in the entire basin of selected waters were chosen. Samples were collected particularly near the larger cities in order to assess their possible impact to the aquatic ecosystems. Extraction, pre-concentration and purification of samples were performed using optimized methods of solid phase extraction and pressurized solvent extraction. Final identification and quantification were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of sulfonamides in water samples were all under the limit of detection. Regarding sediment samples, sulfadimidine was found at most sampling sites; its highest values were recorded in the Jihlava River (up to 979.8 µg.kg(-1) dry matter). Other frequently detected sulfonamides were sulfamethoxazole and sulfamerazine. Most other sulfonamides were under the limit of detection or limit of quantification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring of antibiotic residues in the environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystem, is a current topic due to the growing worldwide use in both human and veterinary medicine. According to obtained results, we document the pollution of selected rivers and water reservoir by particular sulfonamides which basically reflects their application in veterinary medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vavrova
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koleckarova
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018153:Czech Republic; D004350:Drug Residues; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013416:Sulfamerazine / Q000032:analysis*; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000032:analysis*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013418:Sulfamethazine; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D013416:Sulfamerazine