title: Longitudinal associations of active commuting with wellbeing and sickness absence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to explore longitudinal associations of active commuting (cycling to work and walking to work) with physical wellbeing (PCS-8), mental wellbeing (MCS-8) and sickness absence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study (2009 to 2012; n=801) to test associations between: a) maintenance of cycling (or walking) to work over a one year period and indices of wellbeing at the end of that one year period; and b) associations between change in cycling (or walking) to work and change in indices of wellbeing. Linear regression was used for testing associations with PCS-8 and MCS-8, and negative binomial regression for sickness absence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, physical activity and physical limitation, those who maintained cycle commuting reported lower sickness absence (0.46, 95% CI: 0.14-0.80; equivalent to one less day per year) and higher MCS-8 scores (1.50, 0.10-2.10) than those who did not cycle to work. The association for sickness absence persisted after adjustment for baseline sickness absence. No significant associations were observed for PCS-8. Associations between change in cycle commuting and change in indices of wellbeing were not significant. No significant associations were observed for walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides some evidence of the value of cycle commuting in improving or maintaining the health and wellbeing of adults of working age. This may be important in engaging employers in the promotion of active travel and communicating the benefits of active travel to employees.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box, 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: otm21@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Oliver Tristan
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Mytton
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box, 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panter
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box, 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Absenteeism; Adult; Bicycling; Epidemiology; Health Status; Motor Activity; Psychological; Sick Leave; Transportation; Walking