title: Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues.
abstract: The aim of this manuscript is to review the potential adverse health effects in humans if exposed to residues of selected veterinary drugs used in food-producing animals. Our other objectives are to briefly inform the reader of why many of these drugs are or were approved for use in livestock production and how drug residues can be mitigated for these drugs. The selected drugs include several antimicrobials, beta agonists, and phenylbutazone. The antimicrobials continue to be of regulatory concern not only because of their acute adverse effects but also because their use as growth promoters have been linked to antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, nitroimidazoles and arsenicals are no longer approved for use in food animals in most jurisdictions. In recent years, the risk assessment and risk management of beta agonists, have been the focus of national and international agencies and this manuscript attempts to review the pharmacology of these drugs and regulatory challenges. Several of the drugs selected for this review can cause noncancer effects (e.g., penicillins) and others are potential carcinogens (e.g., nitroimidazoles). This review also focuses on how regulatory and independent organizations manage the risk of these veterinary drugs based on data from human health risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607, USA. Electronic address: Ronald_Baynes@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dedonder
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kissell
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mzyk
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marmulak
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Geof
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Ronette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: Adverse; Drug; Livestock; Residue; Veterinary