title: The onset of lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: consequences and monitoring.
abstract: Several epidemiological studies propose the association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to estimate the possible onset of systemic lipid peroxidation in RA patients and its relevance for pathophysiology and monitoring of RA. Seventy-three patients with RA and 73 healthy subjects were included in the study. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the measurement of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 4-hydroxyhexenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 4-oxononenal, and isoprostanes (8-isoPGF(2α)) levels. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and vitamin E levels were also determined. In parallel, the plasma levels of phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), and 4-HNE-protein adducts were monitored. Plasma of RA patients had increased vitamin E levels, but decreased GSH-Px activity and phospholipid AA and LA levels when compared to levels of the healthy subjects. The levels of aldehydes were significantly increased in the plasma of the RA patients and even more in urine. Significant increases in HNE-modified protein adducts was observed for the first time in plasma of RA patients, while the activities of PAF-AH and cPLA(2) were decreased. The 8-isoPGF(2α) levels were 9-fold higher in plasma and 3-fold higher in urine of RA patients and were related to the severity of disease. The levels of lipid peroxidation products in plasma and in urine suggest the relationship between lipid peroxidation and the development of RA. Additionally, urine 8-isoPGF(2α), plasma 4-HNE and 4-HNE-protein adducts appear to be convenient biomarkers to monitor progression of this autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland ;
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Łuczaj
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland ;
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz
authors.affiliation: a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland ;
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jarocka-Karpowicz
authors.affiliation: c Laboratory for Oxidative Stress , LabOS, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Zagreb , Croatia ;
authors.forename: Luka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andrisic
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland ;
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sierakowski
authors.affiliation: c Laboratory for Oxidative Stress , LabOS, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Zagreb , Croatia ;
authors.forename: Neven
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zarkovic
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzen's University in Graz , Graz , Austria.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland ;
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skrzydlewska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
keywords: 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal; 8-isoprostane; plasma; polyunsaturated fatty acid; reactive aldehydes; urine