title: Low dose high energy x-ray in-line phase sensitive imaging prototype: Investigation of optimal geometric conditions and design parameters.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the optimization of a high energy in-line phase sensitive x-ray imaging prototype under different geometric and operating conditions for mammography application. A phase retrieval algorithm based on phase attenuation duality (PAD) was applied to the phase contrast images acquired by the prototype. Imaging performance was investigated at four magnification values of 1.67, 2, 2.5 and 3 using an acrylic edge, an American College of Radiology (ACR) mammography phantom and contrast detail (CD) phantom with tube potentials of 100, 120 and 140 kVp. The ACR and CD images were acquired at the same mean glandular dose (MGD) of 1.29 mGy with a computed radiography (CR) detector of 43.75 μm pixel pitch at a fixed source to image distance (SID) of 170 cm. The x-ray tube focal spot size was kept constant as 7 μm while a 2.5 mm thick aluminum (Al) filter was used for beam hardening. The performance of phase contrast and phase retrieved images were compared with computer simulations based on the relative phase contrast factor (RPF) at high x-ray energies. The imaging results showed that the x-ray tube operated at 100 kVp under the magnification of 2.5 exhibits superior imaging performance which is in accordance to the computer simulations. As compared to the phase contrast images, the phase retrieved images of the ACR and CD phantoms demonstrated improved imaging contrast and target discrimination. We compared the CD phantom images acquired in conventional contact mode with and without the anti-scatter grid using the same prototype at 1.295 mGy and 2.59 mGy using 40 kVp, a 25 μm rhodium (Rh) filter. At the same radiation dose, the phase sensitive images provided improved detection capabilities for both the large and small discs, while compared to the double dose image acquired in conventional mode, the observer study also indicated that the phase sensitive images provided improved detection capabilities for the large discs. This study therefore validates the potential of using high energy phase contrast x-ray imaging to improve lesion detection and reduce radiation dose for clinical applications such as mammography.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ghani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Molly D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Xizeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Phase sensitive; high energy; mammography; phase contrast; phase retrieval; x-ray imaging