title: Adiposity and Chronic Inflammation in Young Women Predict Inflammation during Normal Pregnancy in the Philippines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rates of overweight and obesity are on the rise globally, and excess adipose tissue may contribute to elevations in inflammation during pregnancy, leading to pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate adiposity and inflammation in young women as predictors of inflammation in the third trimester of pregnancy in a community-based sample of healthy women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female participants (24-30 y) in a prospective observational cohort study (Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey) were contacted between 2009 and 2014 to identify new pregnancies. A total of 309 women provided data from 409 pregnancies. An in-home interview was scheduled for the third trimester to collect pregnancy information, anthropometric measurements, and a blood sample. Circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a high-sensitivity immunoassay. Data collected from assessments in 2005 and 2009 were used to assess body mass index (BMI) and CRP in young adulthood, before pregnancy. Robust regression models were implemented to evaluate BMI and CRP in young adulthood as predictors of pregnancy CRP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-pregnancy BMI was a stronger predictor of third-trimester circulating CRP than BMI in the third trimester. No association was found between pregnancy weight gain and CRP. Pre-pregnancy CRP was a significant predictor of CRP in pregnancy, independent of BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of overweight/obesity and inflammation in young adulthood, before pregnancy, are important predictors of inflammation in the third trimester of pregnancy. These results may have implications for addressing the growing concern about the contribution of obesity to adverse birth outcomes, and they suggest that factors that influence the regulation of inflammation, before pregnancy and independent of adiposity, may be important in shaping the inflammatory response to pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada; t-mcdade@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: McDade
authors.affiliation: University of San Carlos Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., and Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines; and.
authors.forename: Judith B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Borja
authors.affiliation: University of San Carlos Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., and.
authors.forename: Fe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Largado
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL;
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kuzawa
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight; D010679:Philippines; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; Philippines; cohort studies; inflammation; obesity; pregnancy