title: Increasing vegetable intakes: rationale and systematic review of published interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the health benefits of a high fruit and vegetable consumption are well known and considerable work has attempted to improve intakes, increasing evidence also recognises a distinction between fruit and vegetables, both in their impacts on health and in consumption patterns. Increasing work suggests health benefits from a high consumption specifically of vegetables, yet intakes remain low, and barriers to increasing intakes are prevalent making intervention difficult. A systematic review was undertaken to identify from the published literature all studies reporting an intervention to increase intakes of vegetables as a distinct food group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases-PubMed, PsychInfo and Medline-were searched over all years of records until April 2015 using pre-specified terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our searches identified 77 studies, detailing 140 interventions, of which 133 (81 %) interventions were conducted in children. Interventions aimed to use or change hedonic factors, such as taste, liking and familiarity (n = 72), use or change environmental factors (n = 39), use or change cognitive factors (n = 19), or a combination of strategies (n = 10). Increased vegetable acceptance, selection and/or consumption were reported to some degree in 116 (83 %) interventions, but the majority of effects seem small and inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater percent success is currently found from environmental, educational and multi-component interventions, but publication bias is likely, and long-term effects and cost-effectiveness are rarely considered. A focus on long-term benefits and sustained behaviour change is required. Certain population groups are also noticeably absent from the current list of tried interventions.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK. k.appleton@bournemouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.affiliation: Centre for Food and Hospitality Research, Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saulais
authors.affiliation: Department of the Management of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Systems, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dinnella
authors.affiliation: Department of the Management of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Systems, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Erminio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monteleone
authors.affiliation: Food and Behaviours Department, Corporate Research and Communication, Bonduelle, Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Depezay
authors.affiliation: Food and Behaviours Department, Corporate Research and Communication, Bonduelle, Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morizet
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Armando Perez-Cueto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bevan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Management, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hartwell
mesh_terms: D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005638:Fruit; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Interventions; Published literature; Systematic review; Vegetables