title: Examining the Minimal Important Difference of Patient-reported Outcome Measures for Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Model Using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of different analytical methods, baseline covariates, followup periods, and anchor questions when establishing a minimal important difference (MID) for individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Second, to propose MID for improving and worsening on the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 272 patients with knee OA undergoing a multidisciplinary nonsurgical management strategy. The magnitude and rate of change as well as the influence of baseline covariates were examined for 5 KOOS subscales over 52 weeks. The MID for improving and worsening were investigated using 4 anchor-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Waitlisted for joint replacement and exhibiting unilateral/bilateral symptoms influenced change in KOOS over time. Generally, low correlations between anchors and KOOS change scores limited calculations of MID; thus, they were only proposed for the pain, activities of daily living, and quality of life subscales. The method used to calculate the MID influenced the cutpoint; however, the type of anchor question only influenced the MID when analyzed with a particular mean change method. Depending on patient and clinical characteristics, the subscale, and the analytical approach used, the MID for KOOS improvement ranged from an absolute change of -1.5 to 20.6 points and worsening ranged from -19.17 to 8.5 points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MID vary with patient and clinical characteristics, KOOS subscale, and analytical approach. Provided the anchor question is relevant to the patient-reported outcome and baseline status is considered, the anchor does not appear to influence the MID for improvement or worsening when using some anchor-based methods.
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.K.A. Mills, BPhty, PhD, Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; J.M. Naylor, BAppSci (Phty), PhD, Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, and South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; J.P. Eyles, BAppSci (Phty), Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney; E.M. Roos, PhD, PT, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark; D.J. Hunter, MBBS, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney. Kathryn.mills@mq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kathryn A G
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.K.A. Mills, BPhty, PhD, Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; J.M. Naylor, BAppSci (Phty), PhD, Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, and South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; J.P. Eyles, BAppSci (Phty), Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney; E.M. Roos, PhD, PT, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark; D.J. Hunter, MBBS, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: Justine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.K.A. Mills, BPhty, PhD, Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; J.M. Naylor, BAppSci (Phty), PhD, Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, and South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; J.P. Eyles, BAppSci (Phty), Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney; E.M. Roos, PhD, PT, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark; D.J. Hunter, MBBS, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: Jillian P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eyles
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.K.A. Mills, BPhty, PhD, Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; J.M. Naylor, BAppSci (Phty), PhD, Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, and South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; J.P. Eyles, BAppSci (Phty), Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney; E.M. Roos, PhD, PT, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark; D.J. Hunter, MBBS, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: Ewa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.K.A. Mills, BPhty, PhD, Centre for Physical Health, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University; J.M. Naylor, BAppSci (Phty), PhD, Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, and South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research; J.P. Eyles, BAppSci (Phty), Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney; E.M. Roos, PhD, PT, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark; D.J. Hunter, MBBS, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATIENT OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY INDICATORS