title: Bioavailability of cerium oxide nanoparticles to Raphanus sativus L. in two soils.
abstract: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NP) are a common component of many commercial products. Due to the general concerns over the potential toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), the phytotoxicity and in planta accumulation of CeO2NPs have been broadly investigated. However, most previous studies were conducted in hydroponic systems and with grain crops. For a few studies performed with soil grown plants, the impact of soil properties on the fate and transport of CeO2NPs was generally ignored even though numerous previous studies indicate that soil properties play a critical role in the fate and transport of environmental pollutants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the soil fractionation and bioavailability of CeO2NPs to Raphanus sativus L (radish) in two soil types. Our results showed that the silty loam contained slightly higher exchangeable fraction (F1) of cerium element than did loamy sand soil, but significantly lower reducible (F2) and oxidizable (F3) fractions as CeO2NPs concentration increased. CeO2NPs associated with silicate minerals or the residue fraction (F4) dominated in both soils. The cerium concentration in radish storage root showed linear correlation with the sum of the first three fractions (r2= 0.98 and 0.78 for loamy sand and silty loam respectively). However, the cerium content in radish shoots only exhibited strong correlations with F1 (r2= 0.97 and 0.89 for loamy sand and silty loam respectively). Overall, the results demonstrated that soil properties are important factors governing the distribution of CeO2NPs in soil and subsequent bioavailability to plants.
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Weilan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musante
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ebbs
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Electronic address: xma@civil.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Xingmao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018533:Biomass; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D031224:Raphanus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide
keywords: Bioavailability; Cerium oxide nanoparticles; Radish; Soil fractionation