title: Effects of emissions from copper-nickel smelters on the frost hardiness of Finns sylvestris needles in the subarctic region.
abstract: It has been proposed that freezing injuries play an important role in the forest decline phenomenon. In this study, the effect of emissions from the copper-nickel smelters in Monchegorsk and Nikel-Zapolyarnyi in the Kola Peninsula, south-west Russia, on seasonal changes in the frost hardiness of Pinus sylvestris L. needles were studied. The frost hardiness of current-year needles during autumn, winter, spring and early summer in 1991-1993 was estimated by the electrolyte leakage method and by visual estimation of the proportion of damaged needles at nine sites in Finnish Lapland, at five sites in the vicinity of Monchegorsk and at two sites in Norway, in the vicinity of Nikel. The foliar S, Cu, and Ni concentrations also analysed. There were no significant differences at any time of the year between the frost hardiness of pine needles at the sites in Norway and Finnish Lapland. However, in the winter, the degree of visual damage at -45 °C, the temperature close to the lowest recorded temperature in this area, was slightly higher at the sites near to Nikel than at the sites in Finnish Lapland. In the Kola Peninsula the frost hardiness was consistently lower at the sites located 10 km to the south and 36 km to the south-west of Monchegorsk than at the other sites (48-110 km to the south-west). The differences were greatest in early June, 1991, when frost hardiness was -2 °C and -8°C at the sites closest to Monchegorsk. At the same time, the frost hardiness at the other sites was e.-20 °C. There were slight differences between years, but the trends were the same. A clearly increasing gradient in the S, Cu and Ni concentrations was observed on moving towards the emission point source at Monchegorsk. Highly elevated concentrations were found within 40 km of the smelter. The results suggest that air pollutants from the copper-nickel smelter have predisposed the pines to freezing injuries, rhus contributing to forest decline in the Kola Peninsula.
authors.affiliation: Rovaniemi Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 16, Rovaniemi, FIN-96301, FinlandParkano Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kairaniementie 54, Parkano, FIN-39700, Finland.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sutinen
authors.affiliation: Rovaniemi Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 16, Rovaniemi, FIN-96301, FinlandParkano Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kairaniementie 54, Parkano, FIN-39700, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raitio
authors.affiliation: Rovaniemi Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 16, Rovaniemi, FIN-96301, FinlandParkano Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kairaniementie 54, Parkano, FIN-39700, Finland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nivala
authors.affiliation: Rovaniemi Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 16, Rovaniemi, FIN-96301, FinlandParkano Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kairaniementie 54, Parkano, FIN-39700, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ollikainen
authors.affiliation: Rovaniemi Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 16, Rovaniemi, FIN-96301, FinlandParkano Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kairaniementie 54, Parkano, FIN-39700, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritari
keywords: Air pollution; Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine); frost hardiness; heavy metals; sulphur dioxide