title: Soluble arabinoxylan enhances large intestinal microbial health biomarkers in pigs fed a red meat-containing diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate how moderately increased dietary red meat combined with a soluble fiber (wheat arabinoxylan [AX]) alters the large intestinal microbiota in terms of fermentative end products and microbial community profiles in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of 10 pigs were fed Western-type diets containing two amounts of red meat, with or without a solubilized wheat AX-rich fraction for 4 wk. After euthanasia, fermentative end products (short-chain fatty acids, ammonia) of digesta from four sections of large intestine were measured. Di-amino-pimelic acid was a measure of total microbial biomass, and bacterial profiles were determined using a phylogenetic microarray. A factorial model determined effects of AX and meat content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arabinoxylan was highly fermentable in the cecum, as indicated by increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (particularly propionate). Protein fermentation end products were decreased, as indicated by the reduced ammonia and branched-chain ratio although this effect was less prominent distally. Microbial profiles in the distal large intestine differed in the presence of AX (including promotion of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii), consistent with an increase in carbohydrate versus protein fermentation. Increased di-amino-pimelic acid (P < 0.0001) suggested increased microbial biomass for animals fed AX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solubilized wheat AX has the potential to counteract the effects of dietary red meat by reducing protein fermentation and its resultant toxic end products such as ammonia, as well as leading to a positive shift in fermentation end products and microbial profiles in the large intestine.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, QAAFI Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: B.williams@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, QAAFI Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Dagong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Allan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lisle
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, QAAFI Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: McSweeney
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Seungha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, QAAFI Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Wayne L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Bryden
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, QAAFI Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gidley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004063:Digestion; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D005285:Fermentation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D000069466:Red Meat; D013552:Swine; D014908:Triticum; D014990:Xylans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D014990:Xylans; C085118:arabinoxylan
keywords: Microbial biomass; Pig model; Protein fermentation; Soluble dietary fiber; Wheat arabinoxylan