title: An attenuated virus vaccine appears safe to the central nervous system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intranasal delivery.
abstract: Nasal vaccines are very effective but the olfactory organ provides direct access of antigens to the brain. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is known to cause high mortalities in salmonids. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of a live attenuated IHNV nasal (I.N) vaccine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the olfactory organ, the vaccine was detected 1 and 4 days after primary I.N vaccination but not in the intramuscular (i.m) or control groups. In the brain, IHNV was detected by RT-qPCR 4 and 21 days after i.m primary vaccination. One i.m and one I.N vaccinated trout were positive at days 4 and 28 days post-boost, respectively. Presence of IHNV in the brain of i.m vaccinated fish correlated with moderate increases in IL-1β and TNF-α expression in this tissue. These results demonstrate that IHNV vaccine lasts for 4 days in the local nasal environment and that nasal vaccination appears to be safe to the CNS of rainbow trout.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Electronic address: Erin.Larragoite@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Erin T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Larragoite
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Electronic address: ltacchi@unm.edu.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tacchi
authors.affiliation: Research Division Clear Springs Foods Inc, Buhl, ID, USA. Electronic address: scott.lapatra@clearsprings.com.
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: LaPatra
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Electronic address: isalinas@unm.edu.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D029142:Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus / Q000276:immunology*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Central nervous system; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; Nasal vaccines; Rainbow trout; Safety