title: Intraocular Pressure Changes After Spinal Anesthesia--Acute and Subacute Effects on Surgery Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal anesthesia has become appropriate for many surgical procedures. Neuraxial anesthesia can result in acute and late complications like hypotension, bradycardia, local anesthetic toxicity, postdural-puncture headache, backache and spinal nerve damage. Although the body's physiological responses to spinal anesthesia are well understood, its effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) haven't been mentioned before.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of spinal anesthesia on IOP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients receiving spinal anesthesia for subumblical surgery were recruited for the study, after ethics committee approval and patients' written informed consent. IOP was measured by Icare PRO tonometer (Icare, Finland) before spinal anesthesia (BS), immediately after spinal anesthesia (AS) and finally on the first postoperative day (PO1). Both eyes of the patients were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients completed the study. Mean BS, AS and PO1 intraocular pressures were 16.53±3.17 (9.40-24.00), 17.08±3.16 (10.00-24.00) and 16.76±2.80 (10.20-23.00) mm Hg, respectively. Mean IOP measurements were not statistically different among the three groups (p=0.104).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal anesthesia alone has no acute or subacute effects on IOP. Studies can be made to evaluate the chronic effects. Further studies must be focused on the relationship between postdural puncture headache and intraocular pressure changes after spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Adiyaman University Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Adiyaman University Research and Educational Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ruslan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdullayev
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Adiyaman University Research and Educational Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Kucukebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Adiyaman University Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adiyaman University Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Adiyaman University Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Reyhan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult