title: High prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with skin-restricted lupus: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric disorders have been extensively documented in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with skin-restricted lupus (SRL) remains unknown, although SRL is more common than SLE.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess current and lifetime prevalence of Axis I psychiatric disorders among outpatients with SRL and to examine the factors associated with psychiatric disorders among such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre case-control study involving outpatients with SRL and controls matched for sex, age and education level. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used for psychiatric evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 75 patients and 150 controls. Of these, 49% of patients vs. 13% of controls fulfilled the criteria for at least one current psychiatric disorder (P < 0·001). The following disorders were significantly more frequent among patients than controls: current and lifetime major depressive disorder (9% vs. 0%, P < 0·001 and 44% vs. 26%, P = 0·01), generalized anxiety disorder (23% vs. 3%, P < 0·001 and 35% vs. 19%, P = 0·03), panic disorder (7% vs. 0%, P = 0·004 and 21% vs. 3%, P < 0·001), current suicide risk (24% vs. 7%, P = 0·003), alcohol dependence (7% vs. 0%, P = 0·004) and lifetime agoraphobia (20% vs. 9%, P = 0·01). Lupus duration and lupus past treatment by thalidomide were significantly higher among patients with current psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a high prevalence of several psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, suicide risk, alcohol dependence) in patients with SRL.
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.|Clermont Université, UFR Médecine, Université d'Auvergne Clermont 1, Equipe d'Accueil 7280, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jalenques
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte A et Psychologie Médicale, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rondepierre
authors.affiliation: CHU St-Etienne, Service de Psychiatrie, 42055, Saint-Etienne, France.|University Jean Monnet, 42100, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massoubre
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychiatry, CIC 1431 INSERM and EA 481 Neurosciences, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haffen
authors.affiliation: CHS Le Valmont, Monteleger, France.|Urgences et Psychiatrie de Liaison, Hôpital Général de Valence, Valence, France.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.affiliation: Service de Dermatologie, CHU Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Labeille
authors.affiliation: Service de Dermatologie, CHU Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perrot
authors.affiliation: Université de Franche Comté, EA3181, Besançon, France.|Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Dermatologie, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.affiliation: Service de Dermatologie, CH de Valence, 26000, Valence, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Skowron
authors.affiliation: Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulliez
authors.affiliation: Université d'Auvergne, Service de Dermatologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Incan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data