title: Nursing student profiles and occurrence of early academic failure: Findings from an explorative European study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the European context regulated by the Bologna Process principles, there is little evidence to date on the different profiles, if any, of nursing students enrolled in the 1st academic year and their academic outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the nursing student profiles and their academic outcomes at the end of the 1st year across European Bachelor of Nursing Science (BNS) courses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exploratory multicentre cohort study involving five countries: Nursing students who were enrolled in nursing programmes for the academic year 2011/2012 in the participating BNS courses, willing to participate and regularly admitted to the 2nd academic year, were included in this study undertaken in 2013. Individual and faculty level variables were collected after having ensured the validity of the tools developed in English and then appropriately translated into the language of each participating country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 378/710 (53.2%) students participated in the study. They attended from 390 to 810h of lessons, while clinical experience ranged from 162 to 536h. The students reported a mean average age of 21.4 (Confidence of Interval [CI] 95%, 21.0-22.3) and foreign students were limited in number (on average 3.7%). The students reported adopting mainly individual learning strategies (92.9%), duplicating notes or lecture notes prepared by professors (74.4%), and concentrating their study before exams (74.6%). The majority reported experiencing learning difficulties (49.7%) and a lack of academic support (84.9%). Around 33.2% reported economic difficulties and the need to work while studying nursing on average for 24h/week. Personal expectations regarding the nursing role were different (45.6%) than the role encountered during the 1st year, as learning workloads were higher (57.2%) with regard to expectations. Around one-third of students reported the intention to leave nursing education while the proportion of those reporting early academic failure was on average 5.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More strategies aimed at harmonising nursing education across Europe, at supporting nursing students' learning processes during 1st year, and identifying factors influencing their intention to leave and their academic failure, are recommended.
authors.affiliation: University of Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: adante@units.it.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dante
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: sonia.ferrao@esel.pt.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrão
authors.affiliation: University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. Electronic address: Darja.Jarosova@osu.cz.
authors.forename: Darja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarosova
authors.affiliation: University of L'Aquila, Italy. Electronic address: loreto.lancia@cc.univaq.it.
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lancia
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: carla.nascimento@esel.pt.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Athens, Greece. Electronic address: venotara@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Venetia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Notara
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, BRNO, Czech Republic. Electronic address: apokorna@med.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pokorna
authors.affiliation: University of Prešov, Slovakia. Electronic address: lubica.rybarova@unipo.sk.
authors.forename: Lubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rybarova
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Care Jesenice, Slovenia. Electronic address: bskelasavic@vszn-je.si.
authors.forename: Brigita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Skela-Savič
authors.affiliation: University of Udine, Italy. Electronic address: alvisa.palese@uniud.it.
authors.forename: Alvisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D013332:Student Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bologna process; Early academic failure; European; Explorative study; Intention to leave; Nursing education; Nursing student; Profile