title: Protective effects of Egyptian cloudy apple juice and apple peel extract on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory status in diabetic rat pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apples possess rich content of varied polyphenolic compounds showing a variety of biological activities that may ascribe to worthy effects against some chronic diseases. The present study was designed to assess the protective effects of the cloudy apple juice (CAJ) and apple peel extract (APE) of Egyptian Anna apple on the complications in experimental diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups were studied. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) to only three groups of albino Wistar rats. Two of the diabetic groups received either CAJ or APE for 21 days. At the end of the study, lipid profile parameters were measured in serum while lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, antioxidant enzyme activities and inflammatory markers were evaluated in pancreas tissue samples. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of phenolic compounds found in CAJ and APE was carried out. Moreover, total phenolic content of CAJ and APE were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significant increase of blood glucose level, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, in addition to tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels, but a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and the activity of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were the remarkably parameters observed in diabetic control rats. Dissimilarly, oral supplementation of 15 ml/kg CAJ and 1 g/kg APE for 21 days resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, serum TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and tissue MDA, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 levels coupled with a significant elevation of HDL-C and antioxidant enzymes' activity when compared with diabetic control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that Egyptian CAJ and APE supplementation may have protective effects against deleterious complications of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. samahfathy1972@gmail.com.|Biology Department, Faculty of Science, JazanUniversity, Jazan, KSA. samahfathy1972@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fathy
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ehab A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Drees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004534:Egypt; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D020011:Protective Agents