title: Influence of internal pore architecture on biological and mechanical properties of three-dimensional fiber deposited scaffolds for bone regeneration.
abstract: Fused deposition modeling has been used to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications, because it allows to tailor their pore network. Despite the proven flexibility in doing so, a limited amount of studies have been performed to evaluate whether specific pore shapes have an influence on cell activity and tissue formation. Our study aimed at investigating the influence of internal pore architecture on the biological and mechanical properties of 3D scaffolds seeded with mesenchymal stromal cells. Polycaprolactone scaffolds with six different geometries were fabricated. The 3D samples were manufactured with different lay-down pattern of the fibers by varying the layer deposition angle from 0°/15°/30°, to 0°/30°/60°, 0°/45°/90°, 0°/60°/120°, 0°/75°/150°, and 0°/90°/180°. The scaffolds were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and micro computed tomographical analysis and displayed a fully interconnected pore network. Cell proliferation and differentiation toward the osteogenic lineage were evaluated by DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and polymerase chain reaction. The obtained scaffolds had structures with open porosity (50%-60%) and interconnected pores ranging from 380 to 400 µm. Changing the angle deposition affected significantly the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. With increasing the angle deposition between successive layers, the elastic modulus increased as well. Cellular studies also showed influence of the internal architecture on cell adhesion and proliferation within the 3D construct, yet limited influence on cell differentiation was observed.
authors.affiliation: Materials Design Division, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Woloska Street, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland.|Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostrowska
authors.affiliation: Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Luca
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szlazak
authors.affiliation: Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.|Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel 40, 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.affiliation: Materials Design Division, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Woloska Street, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Swieszkowski
mesh_terms: D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone
keywords: fused deposition modeling; mechanical properties; mesenchymal stromal cells; polycaprolactone; scaffolds; tissue engineering