title: Greenhouse Gas and Noxious Emissions from Dual Fuel Diesel and Natural Gas Heavy Goods Vehicles.
abstract: Dual fuel diesel and natural gas heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) operate on a combination of the two fuels simultaneously. By substituting diesel for natural gas, vehicle operators can benefit from reduced fuel costs and as natural gas has a lower CO2 intensity compared to diesel, dual fuel HGVs have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the freight sector. In this study, energy consumption, greenhouse gas and noxious emissions for five after-market dual fuel configurations of two vehicle platforms are compared relative to their diesel-only baseline values over transient and steady state testing. Over a transient cycle, CO2 emissions are reduced by up to 9%; however, methane (CH4) emissions due to incomplete combustion lead to CO2e emissions that are 50-127% higher than the equivalent diesel vehicle. Oxidation catalysts evaluated on the vehicles at steady state reduced CH4 emissions by at most 15% at exhaust gas temperatures representative of transient conditions. This study highlights that control of CH4 emissions and improved control of in-cylinder CH4 combustion are required to reduce total GHG emissions of dual fuel HGVs relative to diesel vehicles.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, U.K.|Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Marc E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stettler
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, U.K.
authors.forename: William J B
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Midgley
authors.affiliation: Minnesota State University Mankato, Mankato, Minnesota 56001, United States.
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, U.K.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cebon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Boies
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D005742:Gasoline; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D059206:Natural Gas; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D059206:Natural Gas; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane