title: Effect of Immunotherapy on Seizure Outcome in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Prospective Observational Registry Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the seizure characteristics and outcome after immunotherapy in adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and new-onset seizure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult (age ≥18 years) patients with AE and new-onset seizure who underwent immunotherapy and were followed-up for at least 6 months were included. Seizure frequency was evaluated at 2-4 weeks and 6 months after the onset of the initial immunotherapy and was categorized as "seizure remission", "> 50% seizure reduction", or "no change" based on the degree of its decrease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one AE patients who presented with new-onset seizure were analysed. At 2-4 weeks after the initial immunotherapy, 51.2% of the patients were seizure free, and 24.4% had significant seizure reduction. At 6 months, seizure remission was observed in 73.2% of the patients, although four patients died during hospitalization. Rituximab was used as a second-line immunotherapy in 12 patients who continued to have seizures despite the initial immunotherapy, and additional seizure remission was achieved in 66.6% of them. In particular, those who exhibited partial response to the initial immunotherapy had a better seizure outcome after rituximab, with low adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AE frequently presented as seizure, but only 18.9% of the living patients suffered from seizure at 6 months after immunotherapy. Aggressive immunotherapy can improve seizure outcome in patients with AE.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Ick
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Keun-Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sunwoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jangsup
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Doo Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Joon
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Keon-Joo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jinsun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Yub
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Man-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Asan medical center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ewha Woman's University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Il
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Asan medical center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yoojin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Woong
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Cha university, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Daejong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.|Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Kun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069283:Rituximab / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012640:Seizures / Q000628:therapy*; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D000069283:Rituximab