title: The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that MXE has high affinity for the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site located within the channel pore of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but little is known about its behavioral effects. Dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and PCP produce a characteristic behavioral profile in rats that includes locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether MXE produces PCP-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats using the PPI paradigm and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which enables analyses of patterns of locomotor activity and investigatory behavior. PPI studies were conducted with several other uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists that produce dissociative effects in humans, including PCP, the S-(+) and R-(-) isomers of ketamine, and N-allylnormetazocine (NANM; SKF-10,047).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MXE disrupted PPI when administered at 3 and 10 mg/kg SC. The rank order of potency of MXE and the other test compounds in the PPI paradigm (PCP > MXE > S-(+)-ketamine > NANM > R-(-)-ketamine) parallels their affinities for the PCP binding site reported in the literature. When tested in the BPM, 10 mg/kg MXE induced locomotor hyperactivity, reduced the number of rearings, increased the roughness of locomotor paths, and produced perseverative patterns of locomotion. Administration of PCP (2.25 and 6.75 mg/kg, SC) produced a similar profile of effects in the BPM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that MXE produces a behavioral profile similar to that of other psychotomimetic uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists. Our findings support the classification of MXE as a dissociative drug and suggest that it likely has effects and abuse potential similar to that of PCP and ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA. ahalbers@ucsd.edu.|Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA. ahalbers@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Halberstadt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slepak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mahalah R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Buell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003514:Cyclohexylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D065808:Prepulse Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D003512:Cyclohexanones; D003514:Cyclohexylamines; C569113:2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone
keywords: Behavioral pattern monitor; Ketamine isomers; Locomotor activity; Methoxetamine; Phencyclidine; Prepulse inhibition; S-(+)-ketamine