title: How should we measure proportionality on relative gene expression data?
abstract: Correlation is ubiquitously used in gene expression analysis although its validity as an objective criterion is often questionable. If no normalization reflecting the original mRNA counts in the cells is available, correlation between genes becomes spurious. Yet the need for normalization can be bypassed using a relative analysis approach called log-ratio analysis. This approach can be used to identify proportional gene pairs, i.e. a subset of pairs whose correlation can be inferred correctly from unnormalized data due to their vanishing log-ratio variance. To interpret the size of non-zero log-ratio variances, a proposal for a scaling with respect to the variance of one member of the gene pair was recently made by Lovell et al. Here we derive analytically how spurious proportionality is introduced when using a scaling. We base our analysis on a symmetric proportionality coefficient (briefly mentioned in Lovell et al.) that has a number of advantages over their statistic. We show in detail how the choice of reference needed for the scaling determines which gene pairs are identified as proportional. We demonstrate that using an unchanged gene as a reference has huge advantages in terms of sensitivity. We also explore the link between proportionality and partial correlation and derive expressions for a partial proportionality coefficient. A brief data-analysis part puts the discussed concepts into practice.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. ionas.erb@crg.eu.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. ionas.erb@crg.eu.
authors.forename: Ionas
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erb
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Notredame
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000235:genetics*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013269:Stochastic Processes
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Co-expression; Compositional data; Data normalization; Gene networks; Log-ratio analysis; Spurious correlation