title: Developmental mechanisms of the tympanic membrane in mammals and non-mammalian amniotes.
abstract: The tympanic membrane is a thin layer that originates from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesenchyme. Molecular-genetic investigations have revealed that interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches is essential for development of the tympanic membrane. We have recently reported that developmental mechanisms underlying the tympanic membrane seem to be different between mouse and chicken, suggesting that the tympanic membrane evolved independently in mammals and non-mammalian amniotes. In this review, we summarize previous studies of tympanic membrane formation in the mouse. We also discuss its formation in amniotes from an evolutionary point of view.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takechi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuratani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051956:Goosecoid Protein / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology; D008322:Mammals; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497992:GSC protein, human; D051956:Goosecoid Protein; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; C082157:PRRX1 protein, human
keywords: Goosecoid; middle ear; morphological evolution; pharyngeal arch; tympanic membrane