title: Fate of Ag-NPs in Sewage Sludge after Application on Agricultural Soils.
abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the fate of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in a sludge-amended soil cultivated with monocot (Wheat) and dicot (Rape) crop species. A pot experiment was performed with sludges produced in a pilot wastewater treatment plant containing realistic Ag concentrations (18 and 400 mg kg(-1), 14 mg kg(-1) for the control). Investigations focused on the highest dose treatment. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that Ag2S was the main species in the sludge and amended soil before and after plant culture. The second most abundant species was an organic and/or amorphous Ag-S phase whose proportion slightly varied (from 24% to 36%) depending on the conditions. Micro and nano X-ray fluorescence (XRF) showed that Ag was preferentially associated with S-rich particles, including organic fragments, of the sludge and amended soils. Ag was distributed as heteroaggregates with soil components (size ranging from ≤0.5 to 1-3 μm) and as diffused zones likely corresponding to sorbed/complexed Ag species. Nano-XRF evidenced the presence of mixed metallic sulfides. Ag was weakly exchangeable and labile. However, micronutrient mobilization by plant roots and organic matter turnover may induce Ag species interconversion eventually leading to Ag release on longer time scales. Together, these data provide valuable information for risk assessment of sewage sludge application on agricultural soils.
authors.affiliation: ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS , 38041 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Ana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pradas del Real
authors.affiliation: ID21, ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220 , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castillo-Michel
authors.affiliation: Eawag , Particle Laboratory, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaegi
authors.affiliation: Eawag , Particle Laboratory, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sinnet
authors.affiliation: ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS , 38041 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magnin
authors.affiliation: ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS , 38041 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.affiliation: ID16b, ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220 , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villanova
authors.affiliation: Université Grenoble Alpes , INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|CEA , INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.affiliation: Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem, UMR 7265 CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université , 13108 CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul Les Durance, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santaella
authors.affiliation: ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS , 38041 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS , IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545, Aix en Provence, France.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levard
authors.affiliation: ISTerre (Institut des Sciences de la Terre), Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS , 38041 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarret
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry; D013557:Switzerland; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012834:Silver; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013455:Sulfur; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical