title: Experimental Approaches to Study Endothelial Responses to Shear Stress.
abstract: Shear stress controls multiple physiological processes in endothelial cells (ECs).
  
  
  
  The response of ECs to shear has been studied using a range of in vitro and in vivo models.
  
  
  
  This article describes some of the experimental techniques that can be used to study endothelial responses to shear stress. It includes an appraisal of large animal, rodent, and zebrafish models of vascular mechanoresponsiveness. It also describes several bioreactors to apply flow to cells and physical methods to separate mechanoresponses from mass transport mechanisms.
  
  
  
  We conclude that combining in vitro and in vivo approaches can provide a detailed mechanistic view of vascular responses to force and that high-throughput systems are required for unbiased assessment of the function of shear-induced molecules. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 389-400.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duckles
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .|2 The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Hyejeong Rosemary
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moers
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .|2 The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Jovana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serbanovic-Canic
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Xanthis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Victoria C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Ridger
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and INSIGNEO Institute of in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom .|2 The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular; D013314:Stress, Mechanical