title: Ozone Exposure Increases Circulating Stress Hormones and Lipid Metabolites in Humans.
abstract: Air pollution has been associated with increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. We have shown that acute ozone exposure in rats induces release of stress hormones, hyperglycemia, leptinemia, and glucose intolerance that are associated with global changes in peripheral glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
  
  
  
  To examine ozone-induced metabolic derangement in humans using serum metabolomic assessment, establish human-to-rodent coherence, and identify novel nonprotein biomarkers.
  
  
  
  Serum samples were obtained from a crossover clinical study that included two clinic visits (n = 24 each) where each subject was blindly exposed in the morning to either filtered air or 0.3 parts per million ozone for 2 hours during 15-minute on-off exercise. Serum samples collected within 1 hour after exposure were assessed for changes in metabolites using a metabolomic approach.
  
  
  
  Metabolomic analysis revealed that ozone exposure markedly increased serum cortisol and corticosterone together with increases in monoacylglycerol, glycerol, and medium- and long-chain free fatty acids, reflective of lipid mobilization and catabolism. Additionally, ozone exposure increased serum lysolipids, potentially originating from membrane lipid breakdown. Ozone exposure also increased circulating mitochondrial β-oxidation-derived metabolites, such as acylcarnitines, together with increases in the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate. These changes suggested saturation of β-oxidation by ozone in exercising humans.
  
  
  
  As in rodents, acute ozone exposure increased stress hormones and globally altered peripheral lipid metabolism in humans, likely through activation of a neurohormonally mediated stress response pathway. The metabolomic assessment revealed new biomarkers and allowed for establishment of rodent-to-human coherence. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01492517).
authors.affiliation: 1 Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Desinia B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ghio
authors.affiliation: 3 Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Karoly
authors.affiliation: 3 Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lauren N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Joleen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soukup
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Wayne E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Cascio
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: M Ian
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gilmour
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and.
authors.forename: Urmila P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Kodavanti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D050178:Monoglycerides / Q000097:blood; D010126:Ozone / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D050178:Monoglycerides; D010126:Ozone; D005990:Glycerol; D003345:Corticosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: air pollution; fatty acids; lipid mediators; stress response