title: Opioid risk addiction in the management of chronic pain in primary care: the addition risk questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic pain is one of the most common complaints for people seeking medical care, with a series of potential detrimental effects on the individual and his social texture. Despite the heavy impact of chronic pain on patients' quality of life, epidemiological data suggest that chronic pain is often untreated or undertreated. An accurate diagnostic flow and appropriate treatment should be considered as key factors for optimal management of patients with chronic pain. Opioids are recommended for treatment of chronic cancer pain (CCP) and chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in guidelines and can safely and effectively relieve pain in a number of patients with chronic pain. Conversely, fears of addiction and adverse events could result in ineffective pain management. Recent epidemiological and clinical data demonstrate that only low percentages of patients treated with opioids for chronic pain have a risk to develop addiction, with a prevalence rate similar to that observed in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Despite the iatrogenic risk can be considered as low, validated tools for the early identification of patients at higher risk of addiction can help health professionals in the overall management of chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the increasing relevance of primary care physicians in chronic pain management, we propose a 28-item questionnaire to validate specifically conceived for GPs' and aimed at the preliminary evaluation of the risk of addiction in patients with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Drug Addiction Department, ASL RMC, Rome, Italy. massimo.mammucari@libero.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vellucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mammucari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fanelli
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid