title: Congenital anatomic variants of the kidney and ureter: a pictorial essay.
abstract: Congenital renal parenchymal and pelvicalyceal abnormalities have a wide spectrum. Most of them are asymptomatic, like that of ectopia, cross fused kidney, horseshoe kidney, etc., while a few of them become complicated, leading to renal failure and death. It is very important for the radiologist to identify these anatomic variants and guide the clinicians for surgical and therapeutic procedures. Cross-sectional imaging with a volume rendered technique/maximum intensity projection has overcome ultrasonography and IVU for identification and interpretation of some of these variants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560002, India. sinumr25@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-8210
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560002, India.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Adarsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560002, India.
authors.forename: Riya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jeeson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560002, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ashwini
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560002, India.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Horseshoe kidney; Intrathoracic ectopia; Pancake kidney; Renal agenesis; Zinner’s syndrome