title: Characteristics of motivation and their impacts on the functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits of motivation have been considered to be a core feature of schizophrenia, and recent studies have begun to reveal the biological and psychological characteristics and mechanisms underlying the deficits in motivation in schizophrenia patients. The aims of the present study were to investigate the characteristics of motivation in schizophrenia patients using the General Causality Orientations Scale (GCOS), and the impacts of motivational orientations on the functional outcomes in schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 53 outpatients with schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The GCOS was used to assess individual tendencies in respect of three different motivational orientations: the autonomy, controlled, and impersonal orientations, corresponding to intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, respectively. The cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, and quality of life of the subjects were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The score for autonomy orientation was significantly lower in the patient group than that in the control group, while no significant differences were found between the two groups in respect of the scores for the other two orientations. The autonomy orientation was associated with various clinical variables, and regression analysis identified as one of the variables with the highest predictive accuracy for social functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrinsic motivation measured by the GCOS in schizophrenia patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. The deficits of intrinsic motivation were broadly associated with the clinical features and were a determinant of social functioning. Development of treatments for enhancing intrinsic motivation would be essential for functional recovery in schizophrenia patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tobe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: takahiro.nemoto@med.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsujino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiju
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiyo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment