title: Is the resulting phenotype of an embryo with balanced X-autosome translocation, obtained by means of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, linked to the X inactivation pattern?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine if a balanced female embryo with X-autosome translocation could, during its subsequent development, express an abnormal phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) analysis on two female carriers with maternal inherited X-autosome translocations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infertility center and genetic laboratory in a public hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two female patients carriers undergoing PGD for a balanced X-autosome translocations: patient 1 with 46,X,t(X;2)(q27;p15) and patient 2 with 46,X,t(X;22)(q28;q12.3).
  
  
  METHODS
  PGD for balanced X-autosome translocations.
  
  
  METHODS
  PGD outcomes, fluorescence in situ hybridization in biopsied embryos and meiotic segregation patterns analysis of embryos providing from X-autosome translocation carriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlled ovarian stimulation facilitated retrieval of a correct number of oocytes. One balanced embryo per patient was transferred and one developed, but the patient miscarried after 6 weeks of amenorrhea. In X-autosome translocation carriers, balanced Y-bearing embryos are most often phenotypically normal and viable. An ambiguous phenotype exists in balanced X-bearing embryos owing to the X inactivation mechanism. In 46,XX embryos issued from an alternate segregation, der(X) may be inactivated and partially spread transcriptional silencing into a translocated autosomal segment. Thus, the structural unbalanced genotype could be turned into a viable functional balanced one. It is relevant that a discontinuous silencing is observed with a partial and unpredictable inactivation of autosomal regions. Consequently, the resulting phenotype remains a mystery and is considered to be at risk of being an abnormal phenotype in the field of PGD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is necessary to be cautious regarding to PGD management for this type of translocation, particularly in transferred female embryos.
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferfouri
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Izabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bernicot
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Anouck
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haquet
authors.affiliation: ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hédon
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U487, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: t-anahory@chu-montpellier.fr.
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anahory
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Female X-autosome translocation; X inactivation; preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)