title: Trauma of the midface.
abstract: Fractures of the midface pose a serious medical problem as for their complexity, frequency and their socio-economic impact. Interdisciplinary approaches and up-to-date diagnostic and surgical techniques provide favorable results in the majority of cases though. Traffic accidents are the leading cause and male adults in their thirties are affected most often. Treatment algorithms for nasal bone fractures, maxillary and zygomatic fractures are widely agreed upon whereas trauma to the frontal sinus and the orbital apex are matter of current debate. Advances in endoscopic surgery and limitations of evidence based gain of knowledge are matters that are focused on in the corresponding chapter. As for the fractures of the frontal sinus a strong tendency towards minimized approaches can be seen. Obliteration and cranialization seem to decrease in numbers. Some critical remarks in terms of high dose methylprednisolone therapy for traumatic optic nerve injury seem to be appropriate. Intraoperative cone beam radiographs and preshaped titanium mesh implants for orbital reconstruction are new techniques and essential aspects in midface traumatology. Fractures of the anterior skull base with cerebrospinal fluid leaks show very promising results in endonasal endoscopic repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kühnel
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Reichert
keywords: ESS; midface fractures; orbit; rhinology; trauma