title: ACCURATE KAP METER CALIBRATION AS A PREREQUISITE FOR OPTIMISATION IN PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY.
abstract: Modern X-ray units register the air kerma-area product, PKA, with a built-in KAP meter. Some KAP meters show an energy-dependent bias comparable with the maximum uncertainty articulated by the IEC (25 %), adversely affecting dose-optimisation processes. To correct for the bias, a reference KAP meter calibrated at a standards laboratory and two calibration methods described here can be used to achieve an uncertainty of <7 % as recommended by IAEA. A computational model of the reference KAP meter is used to calculate beam quality correction factors for transfer of the calibration coefficient at the standards laboratory, Q0, to any beam quality, Q, in the clinic. Alternatively, beam quality corrections are measured with an energy-independent dosemeter via a reference beam quality in the clinic, Q1, to beam quality, Q Biases up to 35 % of built-in KAP meter readings were noted. Energy-dependent calibration factors are needed for unbiased PKA Accurate KAP meter calibration as a prerequisite for optimisation in projection radiography.
authors.affiliation: Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualisation, Linköping University, Linköping SE 58185, Sweden alexandr.malusek@liu.se.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malusek
authors.affiliation: Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualisation, Linköping University, Linköping SE 58185, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandborg
authors.affiliation: Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualisation, Linköping University, Linköping SE 58185, Sweden.
authors.forename: G Alm
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlsson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D038622:Internationality; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D000072232:Radiation Dosimeters / Q000592:standards*; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity