title: Biomarkers of Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Apoptotic Effects in Cyprinus carpio Exposed to Complex Mixture of Contaminants from Hospital Effluents.
abstract: Hospital wastewater is an important source of emerging contaminants. Recent studies emphasize the importance of assessing the effects of mixtures of contaminants rather than environmental risk of their individual components, as well as the determination of intrinsic toxicity of wastewater. Mixtures of pollutants has possible interactions that have notable environmental side effects. The aim of this study is an attempt to characterize biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio related to the exposure to a complex mixture of contaminants found in hospital wastewater. Results of a particular hospital effluent show the presence of traces of heavy metals, high chlorine concentration and emerging contaminants such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The LC50 was of 5.49 % at 96 h. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic biomarkers increase when fishes were exposed to wastewater (1/10 CL50) from hospital wastewater. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and quantifying the effects of contaminants as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and surfactants in order to design and implement an ecotoxicological plan.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq Paseo Colón S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Corina G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Olvera-Néstor
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq Paseo Colón S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico. enrimorafm@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morales-Avila
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq Paseo Colón S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Leobardo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Olivan
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galár-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq Paseo Colón S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neri-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002347:Carps / Q000097:blood*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006761:Hospitals; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D004202:Disinfectants; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomarkers; Cytotoxicity; Emergent contaminants; Genotoxicity; Hospital effluents