title: Exercise echocardiography for structural heart disease.
abstract: Since the introduction of transcatheter structural heart intervention, the term "structural heart disease" has been widely used in the field of cardiology. Structural heart disease refers to congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. In structural heart disease, valvular heart disease is frequently identified in the elderly. Of note, the number of patients who suffer from aortic stenosis (AS) and mitral regurgitation (MR) is increasing in developed countries because of the aging of the populations. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement and percutaneous mitral valve repair has been widely used for AS and MR, individually. Echocardiography is the gold standard modality for initial diagnosis and subsequent evaluation of AS and MR, although the difficulties in assessing patients with these diseases still remain. Here, we review the clinical usefulness and prognostic impact of exercise echocardiography on structural heart disease, particularly on AS and MR.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan. heartizumo@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izumo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Akashi
mesh_terms: D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis; D065467:Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
keywords: Aortic stenosis; Echocardiography; Exercise echocardiography; Mitral regurgitation; Structural heart disease