title: Re-evaluation of the water exchange lifetime value across red blood cell membrane.
abstract: The water exchange lifetime (τ(i)) through red blood cell (RBC) membranes can be measured by analyzing the water protons bi-exponential T1 and T2 curves when RBCs are suspended in a medium supplemented with paramagnetic species. Since the seminal papers published in the early '70s of the previous century, paramagnetic Mn(2+) ions were used for doping the extracellular compartment in the RBCs suspension. The obtained τ(i) values fall in the range of 9.8-14 ms. Conversely, other physic-chemical measurements afforded longer τ(i) values. Herein, it is shown that the replacement of Mn(2+) with the highly stable, hydrophilic Gd(III) complexes used as paramagnetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents led to measure τ(iI) values of 19.1 ± 0.65 ms at 25 ° C. The observed difference is ascribed to the occurrence of enhanced permeability of RBC membrane in the presence of Mn(2+) ions. This view finds support from the observation that an analogous behavior was shown in the presence of other divalent cations, such Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) ions. A possible role of scramblase has been hypothesized. Finally, τ(i) has been measured in presence of alcohols to show that the herein proposed method can detect minor changes in RBC membranes' stiffness upon the incorporation of aliphatic alcohols.
authors.affiliation: University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gianolio
authors.affiliation: University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrauto
authors.affiliation: University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Gregorio
authors.affiliation: University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, Torino, Italy. Electronic address: silvio.aime@unito.it.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aime
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D014867:Water; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine
keywords: Gd-complexes; Red blood cells; Relaxometry; Water exchange rate; Water permeability