title: Sequence determination of synthesized chondroitin sulfate dodecasaccharides.
abstract: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear acidic polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. The polysaccharide is modified with sulfate groups at different positions by a variety of sulfotransferases. CS chains exhibit various biological and pathological functions by interacting with cytokines and growth factors and regulating their signal transduction. The fine structure of the CS chain defines its specific biological roles. However, structural analysis of CS has been restricted to disaccharide analysis, hampering the understanding of the structure-function relationship of CS chains. Here, we chemo-enzymatically synthesized CS dodecasaccharides having various sulfate modifications using a bioreactor system of bacterial chondroitin polymerase mutants and various CS sulfotransferases. We developed a sequencing method for CS chains using the CS dodecasaccharides. The method consists of (i) labeling a reducing end with 2-aminopyridine (PA), (ii) partial digestion of CS with testicular hyaluronidase, followed by separation of PA-conjugated oligosaccharides with different chain lengths, (iii) limited digestion of these oligosaccharides with chondroitin lyase AC II into disaccharides, followed by labeling with 2-aminobenzamide, (iv) CS disaccharide analysis using a dual-fluorescence HPLC system (reversed-phase ion-pair and ion-exchange chromatography), and (v) estimation of the composition by calculating individual disaccharide ratios. This CS chain sequencing allows characterization of CS-modifying enzymes and provides a useful tool toward understanding the structure-function relationship of CS chains.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsumasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shioiri
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsuchimoto
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan nsugiura@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D000116:Acetylgalactosamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000737:chemistry; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002808:Chondroitin Lyases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006602:Hexosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004187:Disaccharides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D006602:Hexosyltransferases; C460368:chondroitin polymerase, E coli; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D002808:Chondroitin Lyases; D000116:Acetylgalactosamine; C000219:anthranilamide; C032439:alpha-aminopyridine
keywords: chemo-enzymatic synthesis; chondroitin sulfate; dodecasaccharide; glycosaminoglycan; sequencing