title: Is cholesterol a mediator of cold-induced cancer?
abstract: Many factors such as smoking, obesity, and high fat have been either directly or indirectly linked to cancer deaths and/or incidences. Similarly, abnormal serum cholesterol levels have been assigned as a risk factor for cancer, but some studies show a discrepant result. To resolve this discrepancy, we have analyzed cholesterol data of 166 countries. Univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between serum average total cholesterol (ATC) and overall cancer mortality rate (CMR) [tau = 0.277, z = 5.19, p < 0.0001]. It was also observed that a similar positive correlation was found between ATC and different anatomical site-specific CMRs in lung, bladder, ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Our recent published data documented an existence of a negative correlation between average annual temperature (AAT) and overall CMR, as well as CMR of the abovementioned anatomical site-specific cancers. Statistical analysis further shows a negative correlation between AAT and ATC, similar to that of AAT and CMR. The resulting patterns of univariate analysis between AAT and CMR are almost identical with AAT and ATC, when this analysis was performed every 2 °C of AAT increment for all countries. Moreover, geographical location of the top 50 countries having the highest CMR is almost similar to the top 50 countries having the highest ATC. Similarly, the least 50 countries having the lowest CMR are located in the same geographical region, similar to the least 50 countries having the lowest ATC. These data along with other literature reports suggest that cholesterol could be a mediator of cold-induced cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. chandicmandal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chandi C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Central University of Rajasthan, 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Mahaveer S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Panwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Radosevich
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Cancer mortality rate; Cancer-causing factors; Cholesterol; Environmental temperature; Geographical location