title: Novel environment influences the effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation upon brain and peripheral cytokine gene expression.
abstract: Sleep loss increases inflammatory mediators in brain and peripheral tissues, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. Male C57BL/6j mice were exposed to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 24h using the modified multiple platform (MMP) technique (platforms over water) or two different controls: home cage or a dry platform cage, which constituted a novel environment. PSD mice exhibited increased IL-1β and TNF-α pro-inflammatory gene expression in brain (hypothalamus, hippocampus, pre-frontal cortex), as well as in peripheral tissues (liver, spleen), when compared with home-cage controls. In addition, among PSD mice, TGFβ1, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was increased in pre-frontal cortex, liver, and spleen in conjunction with elevated serum corticosterone concentration relative to home-cage controls. However, these differences were nearly abolished when PSD mice were compared with control mice subjected to a dry MMP cage, suggesting that simply exposing mice to a novel environment can induce an acute inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA. Electronic address: noah.ashley@wku.edu.
authors.forename: Noah T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dumaine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D012892:Sleep Deprivation; D012895:Sleep, REM; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Glucocorticoids; IL-1; Inflammation; Novel environment; Paradoxical sleep deprivation; TNF