title: In-Vitro Comparative Study of In-office and Home Bleaching Agents on Surface Micro-morphology of Enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of home-use bleaching agent containing 16% Carbamide Peroxide (CP) and in-office bleaching agent with 38% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) on surface micro-morphology of enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The discs were prepared at Material Engineering Department of NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, and surface morphology was analyzed at Centralized Science Laboratory of Karachi University, Pakistan. Duration of study was one year from January to December 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty five sound human third molar crowns, extracted for periodontal reason, were included in the study. Longitudinal sections were made using diamond disks (0.2 mm) under water lubrication to obtain enamel slabs measuring (3 mm x 3 mm). The slabs were embedded in polystyrene resin by using 2.0 cm diameter PVC molds, leaving the outer enamel surface uncovered by the resin. Ninety dental enamel slabs were prepared. The slabs were then randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group contained thirty specimens (n=30). Group 1 was kept in artificial saliva at 37&deg;C in incubator (Memart, Germany) during whole experiment. Group 2 was treated with power whitening gel (White Smile 2011, Germany). Group 3 was treated with tooth whitening pen (White Smile 2011, Germany). The most central region or the region that was most representative of the entire surface area was used. The SEM (Jeol-Japan-JSM6380A, JAPAN) micrographs were examined to determine the type of surface presented. The enamel changes were classified as no or mild alteration, moderate alteration and severe altered surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding micro-morphology, the enamel surface of control groups showed smooth surface in general with some scattered clear scratches due to the polishing procedure. The specimens bleached in group 2 and group 3, represented areas of mild erosion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleaching with 38% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) and 16% Carbamide Peroxide (CP) resulted in mild changes in surface micro-morphology of enamel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Nazish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fatima
mesh_terms: D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D006244:Hardness / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010154:Pakistan; D010545:Peroxides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects*; D014073:Tooth Bleaching; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000517:prevention & control; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000517:prevention & control; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide