title: Synthesis and toxicity evaluation of hydrophobic ionic liquids for volatile organic compounds biodegradation in a two-phase partitioning bioreactor.
abstract: Synthesis of several hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs), which might be selected as good candidates for degradation of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds in a two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB), were carried out. Several bioassays were also realized, such as toxicity evaluation on activated sludge and zebrafish, cytotoxicity, fluoride release in aqueous phase and biodegradability in order to verify their possible effects in case of discharge in the aquatic environment and/or human contact during industrial manipulation. The synthesized compounds consist of alkylimidazoliums, functionalized imidazoliums, isoqinoliniums, triazoliums, sulfoniums, pyrrolidiniums and morpholiniums and various counter-ions such as: PF6(-), NTf2(-) and NfO(-). Toxicity evaluation on activated sludge of each compound (5% v/v of IL) was assessed by using a glucose uptake inhibition test. Toxicity against zebrafish and cytotoxicity were evaluated by the ImPACCell platform of Rennes (France). Fluoride release in water was estimated by regular measurements using ion chromatography equipment. IL biodegradability was determined by measuring BOD28 of aqueous samples (compound concentration,1mM). All ILs tested were not biodegradable; while some of them were toxic toward activated sludge. Isoquinolinium ILs were toxic to human cancerous cell lines. Nevertheless no toxicity was found against zebrafish Danio rerio. Only one IL released fluoride after long-time agitation.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université européenne de Bretagne.
authors.forename: Alfredo Santiago
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rodriguez Castillo
authors.affiliation: Université européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR, CNRS 6226, Groupe Ingénierie Chimique & Molécules Pour le Vivant (ICMV), Bât. 10A, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France. Electronic address: solene.guiheneuf@wanadoo.fr.
authors.forename: Solène
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guihéneuf
authors.affiliation: Plate-forme ImPACcell Structure Fédérative de Recherche BIOSIT Université de Rennes 1, Bat. 8, Campus de Villejean, 2 Avenue du Pr. Leon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Guével
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université européenne de Bretagne.
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Biard
authors.affiliation: Université européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR, CNRS 6226, Groupe Ingénierie Chimique & Molécules Pour le Vivant (ICMV), Bât. 10A, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paquin
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université européenne de Bretagne.
authors.forename: Abdeltif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amrane
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France; Université européenne de Bretagne.
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couvert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D019149:Bioreactors; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012722:Sewage; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012722:Sewage; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Biodegradation; Ionic liquids; Synthesis; Toxicity