title: Estrogenic effects in the influents and effluents of the drinking water treatment plants.
abstract: Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDC) such as bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and phthalic acid esters are toxic compounds that may occur in both raw- and drinking water. The aim of this study was to combine chemical- and bioassay to evaluate the risk of EEDCs in the drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Fifty-six samples were collected from seven DWTPs located in northern-, central-, and southern Taiwan from 2011 to 2012 and subjected to chemical analyses and two bioassay methods for total estrogenic activity (E-Screen and T47D-KBluc assay). Among of the considered EEDCs, only dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in both drinking and raw water samples. DBP levels in drinking water ranged from <MDL to 0.840 μg/L and from <MDL to 0.760 μg/L in raw water. DEHP had higher detection rate (82.1 %) than other compounds and was present in both drinking water and raw water from all the DWTPs. The highest daily drinking water intake calculated for male and female were 0.0823 and 0.115 μg/kg per day. The two selected bioassays were conducted for the first batch of 56 samples and a detection rate of 23 % for estradiol equivalent (EEQ) lower than the LOQ to 1.3 and 15 % for EEQ lower than LOQ to 0.757 for the second 53 samples. Our results showed a good correlation between E-screen and chemical assay which indicates that a combination of both can be used in detecting EEDCs in environmental samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yan-You
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.affiliation: International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan. susanalin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramurous, Manila, 1002, Philippines.
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Que
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramurous, Manila, 1002, Philippines.
authors.forename: Lemmuel L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ding-Yan
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, No.20, Weixin Rd., Yanpu Township, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-An
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan, 10673, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pen-Chi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xuzhou Rd., Room 734, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Gen-Shuh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, 195 Kunda Rd, Yung-Kang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chyuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Rd, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo Pin
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsui-Chun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.affiliation: Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan. hrchao@mail.npust.edu.tw.
authors.forename: How-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D001681:Biological Assay; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D013624:Taiwan; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D060766:Drinking Water; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); Dibutyl phthalate (DBP); Drinking water; E-Screen; Estrogenic activity; T47D-KBluc assay