title: Impact of the introduction of a specialist critical care pharmacist on the level of pharmaceutical care provided to the critical care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of a dedicated specialist critical care pharmacist service on patient care at a UK critical care unit (CCU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacist intervention data was collected in two phases. Phase 1 was with the provision of a non-specialist pharmacist chart review service and Phase 2 was after the introduction of a specialist dedicated pharmacy service. Two CCUs with established critical care pharmacist services were used as controls. The impact of pharmacist interventions on optimising drug therapy or preventing harm from medication errors was rated on a 4-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in the mean daily rate of pharmacist interventions after the introduction of the specialist critical care pharmacist (5.45 versus 2.69 per day, P < 0.0005). The critical care pharmacist intervened on more medication errors preventing potential harm and optimised more medications. There was no significant change to intervention rates at the control sites. Across all study sites the majority of pharmacist interventions were graded to have at least moderate impact on patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of a specialist critical care pharmacist resulted in an increased rate of pharmacist interventions compared to a non-specialist pharmacist service thus improving the quality of patient care.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Pharmacist, Whittington Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-5356
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Lead Pharmacist Clinical Services, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thacker
authors.affiliation: Lead Medication Safety Pharmacist, University College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Yogini
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Pharmacist, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Farrell
authors.affiliation: Whittington Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Whittington Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Lead Pharmacist Critical Care, University College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shulman
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D024382:Professional Role; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013038:Specialization; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: critical care; drug-related problem; medication error; medicines optimisation; pharmacist