title: Source apportionment and risk assessment of PM1 bound trace metals collected during foggy and non-foggy episodes at a representative site in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
abstract: The concentration, spatial distribution and source of 13-PM1 bound trace metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Pb and V) and adverse health effects of 5-PM1 bound trace metals (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cd) collected during foggy and non-foggy episodes are presented. Twenty-four samples from each period (foggy and non-foggy episodes) were collected from Kanpur, a typical densely populated city and the most polluted representative site in the Indo-Gangetic plain of India, and were analyzed for carcinogenic (Ni, Cr and Cd) and non-carcinogenic metals (Mn and Zn). The average mass concentration of PM1 during foggy and non-foggy episodes was found to be 160.16±37.70 and 132.87±27.97μg/m(3). Source identification via principle component analysis suggested that vehicular emission and anthropogenic, industrial and crustal dust were the dominant sources in this region. During both episodes the decreasing order of hazard quotient (Hq) for adult and children was as Mn>Cr>Cd>Ni>Zn. In a non-foggy episode the hazardous index (Hi) values of these 5 trace metals were found to be ~3.5 times higher than a foggy episode's exposed population, respectively. In a foggy episode, due to the exposure to total carcinogenic trace metals (Ni, Cr and Cd) present in the ambient air, 95% probability total incremental lifetime cancer risks (TIlcR) were ~687 cancer cases and ~402 cancer cases per million in the adult population and children population respectively. These cancer cases were ~1.6 times higher than a non-foggy episode's exposed population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering & Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
authors.forename: Dharmendra Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering & Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India. Electronic address: tarun@iitk.ac.in.
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007221:Industry; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Foggy and non-foggy episodes; Health risk assessment; Hi; Incremental lifetime cancer risks; PM(1); Trace metals