title: Cardiometabolic disease and features of depression and bipolar disorder: population-based, cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative contribution of demographic, lifestyle and medication factors to the association between affective disorders and cardiometabolic diseases is poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between cardiometabolic disease and features of depresion and bipolar disorder within a large population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 145 991 UK Biobank participants: multivariate analyses of associations between features of depression or bipolar disorder and five cardiometabolic outcomes, adjusting for confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant associations between mood disorder features and 'any cardiovascular disease' (depression odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.19; bipolar OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.14-1.43) and with hypertension (depression OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.18; bipolar OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.12-1.42). Individuals with features of mood disorder taking psychotropic medication were significantly more likely than controls not on psychotropics to report myocardial infarction (depression OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.24-1.73; bipolar OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.53-3.57) and stroke (depression OR = 2.46, 95% CI 2.10-2.80; bipolar OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.39-3.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between features of depression or bipolar disorder and cardiovascular disease outcomes were statistically independent of demographic, lifestyle and medication confounders. Psychotropic medication may also be a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease in individuals without a clear history of mood disorder.
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ul-Haq
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Barbara I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Nicholl
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Breda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Jason M R
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallacher
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotopf
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Jill P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.affiliation: Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK daniel.smith@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs