title: Protected areas and global conservation of migratory birds.
abstract: Migratory species depend on a suite of interconnected sites. Threats to unprotected links in these chains of sites are driving rapid population declines of migrants around the world, yet the extent to which different parts of the annual cycle are protected remains unknown. We show that just 9% of 1451 migratory birds are adequately covered by protected areas across all stages of their annual cycle, in comparison with 45% of nonmigratory birds. This discrepancy is driven by protected area placement that does not cover the full annual cycle of migratory species, indicating that global efforts toward coordinated conservation planning for migrants are yet to bear fruit. Better-targeted investment and enhanced coordination among countries are needed to conserve migratory species throughout their migratory cycle.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. claire.runge@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James E M
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Butchart
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, England, UK.
authors.forename: Hugh P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Possingham
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D001947:Breeding; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons