title: The influence of wastewater discharge on water quality in Hawai'i: A comparative study for Lahaina and Kihei, Maui.
abstract: In Maui, Hawai'i, wastewater reclamation facilities (WWRFs) dispose of partially treated effluent into injection wells connected to the nearshore environment. Hawai'i State Department of Health data from 2004-2015 were assessed for qualitative trends in nutrient, turbidity, and Chlorophyll a water quality (WQ) impairments for fourteen marine sites on Maui Island. We introduce a novel method, the Qualitative Impact Percentage (QIP), to facilitate a qualitative comparison of disparate factors contributing to WQ impairment. Sites near the Lahaina WWRF in West Maui, which was found in violation of the Clean Water Act in 2014, had fewer exceedances and lower geometric means compared to sites near the Kihei WWRF. Our results suggest that WQ impairments may be a greater concern in Kihei than previously acknowledged. This paper attempts to raise the awareness of policymakers and the public and to encourage further research assessing the effects of the Kihei WWRF on the marine environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and NSPIRE IGERT, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA. Electronic address: m.miller-pierce@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Mailea R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Miller-Pierce
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and NSPIRE IGERT, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA. Electronic address: neil@neilrhoads.com.
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rhoads
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006254:Hawaii; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D018508:Water Purification; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Injection wells; Kihei Maui; Lahaina Maui; Qualitative Impact Percentage; Wastewater treatment facility; Water quality