title: Single-Fraction Carbon-Ion Radiation Therapy for Patients 80 Years of Age and Older With Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an aging society, many senior citizens want less invasive treatment because of potential medical complications. The National Institute of Radiological Sciences has started to treat stage I lung cancer with single-fraction carbon-ion radiation therapy (CIRT) as a dose escalation prospective phase 1/2 trial. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of CIRT for patients 80 years of age and older, undergoing single-fraction CIRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral non-small cell lung cancer patients who were treated with single-fraction CIRT were prospectively followed. We analyzed the data from among these patients 80 years of age and older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 70 patients. Median age was 83 years (range: 80-89) and median follow-up period was 42.7 months (range: 12-128 months). Three-year local control, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 88.0%, 81.6%, and 72.4%, respectively. Five-year local control, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 85.8%, 64.9%, and 39.7%, respectively. There were no adverse effects higher than grade 2 either in the acute or late phase in terms of skin and lung. Analgesic agents were necessary for only 5 patients (7.1%), to relieve muscular or rib fracture pain caused by irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-fraction CIRT was low-risk and effective, even for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: mstk117@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karube
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamada
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden