title: Novel Finding of Widespread Occurrence and Accumulation of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters.
abstract: Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)- and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE)-based epoxy resins have a broad range of applications, including serving as inner coatings of food and beverage cans and as protective coatings in marine construction. Prior to this study, no studies had examined the occurrence and bioaccumulation of BADGEs or BFDGEs in aquatic organisms. In this study, BADGE, BFDGE, and nine of their derivatives were determined in 121 tissue (liver, kidney, blubber, and brain) samples from eight species of marine mammals collected from the U.S. coastal waters of Florida, California, Washington, and Alaska. BADGE·2HCl was the predominant compound found in the majority (78.5%) of the marine mammal tissues analyzed, at concentrations of up to 2950 ng/g (wet weight (wt)) found in the liver of a sea otter from Kachemak Bay, Alaska. The measured concentrations of BADGE·2HCl in marine mammals were on the order of hundreds of nanograms per gram tissue, which are some of the highest concentrations ever reported for this compound in biota. Males contained greater concentrations of BADGE·2HCl than did females. BADGE·2HCl also was found in the brain tissues of sea otters. Trace levels of BADGE·2HCl were found in the livers of polar bears from Alaska, which suggested that BADGEs are widely distributed in the oceanic environment.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Jingchuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12222, United States.|Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical