title: Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer: novel agents, biomarkers and paradigms.
abstract: Despite recent advances, prognosis of patients with advanced lung cancer remains dismal. Owing to a better understanding of the interactions between immune system and tumor cells, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. After the recent approval of nivolumab and the promising results with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination strategies are now subject of intensive research. Notwithstanding these successes, immunotherapy still holds significant drawbacks. As the target shifts from tumor cells to the tumor microenvironment, treatment paradigms are changing and several improvements are needed for optimal use in clinical practice. Robust biomarkers for patient selection and a reliable way of evaluating treatment response are high priorities. Herein we review current data on immune checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Inês-de-Paula
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.|Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Califano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Giannis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mountzios
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.|Division of Clinical Research & Medical Oncology, Centro Oncológico São Mateus, Ceará Cancer Institute, Rua Papi Junior, 1222, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP 60430-235, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ramon Andrade
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Mello
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D015415:Biomarkers; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: biomarkers; immune-related response criteria; immunotherapy; lung cancer; nivolumab