title: Toxic effects of thifluzamide on zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: Thifluzamide is a fungicide widely used to control crop diseases, and it therefore constitutes a hazard to the environment. In this study, zebrafish were selected to assess the aquatic toxicity of thifluzamide. The acute and development toxicity of thifluzamide to embryos, larvae, and adult zebrafish were measured and the corresponding 96h-LC50 values were as follows: adult fish (4.19mg/L) <larvae (3.52mg/L) <embryos (3.08mg/L). A large suite of symptoms was found in these three stages of zebrafish, including abnormal spontaneous movement, slow heartbeat, hatching inhibition, growth regression, and morphological deformities. In addition, for adult zebrafish, distinct pathological changes were noted in liver and kidney 21 days post exposure (dpe) to 0.19, 1.33, and 2.76mg/L. Liver damage was more severe than kidney damage. In another 28 days exposure of adult zebrafish to 0.019, 0.19, and 1.90mg/L, negative changes in mitochondrial structure and enzymes activities [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and respiratory chain complexes] were found. These might be responsible for the adverse expansion of the apoptosis- and immune-related genes, which would facilitate the action of these factors in programmed cell death and might play a key role during the toxic events.
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: Wangchengju@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chengju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D045222:Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013844:Thiazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C494892:thifluzamide; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase
keywords: Enzyme activities; Genes; Histopathology; Mitochondrion; Toxicity