title: Application of Elastography for the Noninvasive Assessment of Biomechanics in Engineered Biomaterials and Tissues.
abstract: The elastic properties of engineered biomaterials and tissues impact their post-implantation repair potential and structural integrity, and are critical to help regulate cell fate and gene expression. The measurement of properties (e.g., stiffness or shear modulus) can be attained using elastography, which exploits noninvasive imaging modalities to provide functional information of a material indicative of the regeneration state. In this review, we outline the current leading elastography methodologies available to characterize the properties of biomaterials and tissues suitable for repair and mechanobiology research. We describe methods utilizing magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and optical coherent elastography, highlighting their potential for longitudinal monitoring of implanted materials in vivo, in addition to spatiotemporal limits of each method for probing changes in cell-laden constructs. Micro-elastography methods now allow acquisitions at length scales approaching 5-100 μm in two and three dimensions. Many of the methods introduced in this review are therefore capable of longitudinal monitoring in biomaterials and tissues approaching the cellular scale. However, critical factors such as anisotropy, heterogeneity and viscoelasity-inherent in many soft tissues-are often not fully described and therefore require further advancements and future developments.
authors.affiliation: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Woong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.affiliation: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. cpneu@colorado.edu.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304, USA. cpneu@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Corey P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Neu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Elasticity; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Optical coherence microscopy; Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; Ultrasound; Young’s modulus