title: Who Self-Weighs and What Do They Gain From It? A Retrospective Comparison Between Smart Scale Users and the General Population in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital self-monitoring, particularly of weight, is increasingly prevalent. The associated data could be reused for clinical and research purposes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to compare participants who use connected smart scale technologies with the general population and explore how use of smart scale technology affects, or is affected by, weight change.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study comparing 2 databases: (1) the longitudinal height and weight measurement database of smart scale users and (2) the Health Survey for England, a cross-sectional survey of the general population in England. Baseline comparison was of body mass index (BMI) in the 2 databases via a regression model. For exploring engagement with the technology, two analyses were performed: (1) a regression model of BMI change predicted by measures of engagement and (2) a recurrent event survival analysis with instantaneous probability of a subsequent self-weighing predicted by previous BMI change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women, users of self-weighing technology had a mean BMI of 1.62 kg/m(2) (95% CI 1.03-2.22) lower than the general population (of the same age and height) (P<.001). Among men, users had a mean BMI of 1.26 kg/m(2) (95% CI 0.84-1.69) greater than the general population (of the same age and height) (P<.001). Reduction in BMI was independently associated with greater engagement with self-weighing. Self-weighing events were more likely when users had recently reduced their BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Users of self-weighing technology are a selected sample of the general population and this must be accounted for in studies that employ these data. Engagement with self-weighing is associated with recent weight change; more research is needed to understand the extent to which weight change encourages closer monitoring versus closer monitoring driving the weight change. The concept of isolated measures needs to give way to one of connected health metrics.
authors.affiliation: Health e-Research Centre, Farr Institute, Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. matthew.sperrin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-9960
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sperrin
authors.forename: Helen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-8870
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.forename: William G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5881-4857
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-9667
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Joffrey
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-6284
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villard
authors.forename: Angela
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-8022
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chieh
authors.forename: Iain
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-1650
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buchan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014894:Weights and Measures / Q000295:instrumentation
keywords: body mass index; body weight; connected health technologies; self-monitoring; weight gain; weight loss