title: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in small ruminants from Veracruz, Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium spp. that can affect domestic animal and human populations. In newborn ruminants, cryptosporidiosis is characterized by outbreaks of diarrhea, which can result in high morbidity and economic impact. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants from the Perote municipality in Veracruz State, Mexico. One hundred and sixty small ruminants (80 sheep and 80 goats) from eight farms located in four towns of the Perote municipality were examined following a cross-sectional study design. Stool samples were analyzed by a modification of the Faust centrifugation method, and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts was examined using a modification of the Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of Cryptosporidium infection and the general characteristics of the animals studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 112 (70%, 95% CI: 62.3-76.9) of the 160 small ruminants sampled were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in goats was 72.5% (95% CI: 61.4-81.9) and in sheep 67.5% (95% CI: 56.1-77.6). Small ruminants aged 1 month old had the highest (88.2%; 95% CI: 63.6-98.5) prevalence of infection. Prevalence varied from 60% to 85% among herds. Animal species, age, sex, breed, farm, town or cohabitation with cattle did not influence the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium spp. was observed in small ruminants from the Perote municipality in Veracruz, Mexico. Infection was widely distributed among sheep and goats regardless of their age, breed or farm location. Further research is required to identify risk factors for, and to assess the veterinary public health significance of Cryptosporidium infection among sheep and goats in the Mexican state of Veracruz.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología. UD PZTM. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico. dromero@uv.mx.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romero-Salas
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica. Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Mexico. alvaradocosme@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Cosme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Esquivel
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología. UD PZTM. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico. anabcruz@uv.mx.
authors.forename: Anabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz-Romero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología. UD PZTM. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico. marieaguilar@uv.mx.
authors.forename: Mariel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología. UD PZTM. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico. nellydeljesus@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Priego
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. mero840125@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: José O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Merino-Charrez
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, USA. Beto.PerezdeLeon@ARS.USDA.GOV.
authors.forename: Adalberto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pérez de León
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico. jhtinoco@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Tinoco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D015995:Prevalence; D012756:Sheep / Q000469:parasitology*