title: Zero-valent iron-activated persulfate oxidation of a commercial alkyl phenol polyethoxylate.
abstract: Aqueous Triton X-45 (TX-45; 20 mg/L; original total organic carbon (TOC) = 14 mg/L), a representative, commercially important alkylphenol polyethoxylate, was subjected to persulfate (PS) oxidation activated with zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles. After optimization of the ZVI/PS treatment combination (1 g/L ZVI; 2.5 mM PS at pH5) in terms of pH (3-9), ZVI (0.5-5 g/L) and PS (0.5-5.0 mM) concentrations, TX-45 could be efficiently (>90%) degraded within short treatment periods (<60 min) accompanied with significant (>40%) TOC removals. The degree of PS consumption and Fe release was also followed during the experiments and a positive correlation existed between enhanced TX-45 removals and ZVI-activated PS consumption rates accompanied with a parallel Fe release. Acute toxicity tests were conducted using two different bioassays to examine the toxicological safety of the ZVI/PS oxidation system. Acute toxicity profiles significantly decreased from an original value of 66% relative inhibition to 21% and from 16% relative inhibition to non-toxic values according to Vibrio fischeri and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata bioassays, respectively. The photobacterium V. fischeri appeared to be more sensitive to TX-45 and its degradation products than the microalgae P. subcapitata.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kubra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Temiz
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Tugba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olmez-Hanci
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Idil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arslan-Alaton
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri; D000460:Chlorophyta; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017830:Octoxynol; D007501:Iron
keywords: Triton X-45; acute toxicity; persulfate activation; sulfate radicals; zero-valent iron nanoparticles