title: In vivo kinematics of healthy male knees during squat and golf swing using image-matching techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Participation in specific activities requires complex ranges of knee movements and activity-dependent kinematics. The purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic knee kinematics during squat and golf swing using image-matching techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy males performed squats and golf swings under periodic X-ray images at 10 frames per second. We analyzed the in vivo three-dimensional kinematic parameters of subjects' knees, namely the tibiofemoral flexion angle, anteroposterior (AP) translation, and internal-external rotation, using serial X-ray images and computed tomography-derived, digitally reconstructed radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During squat from 0° to 140° of flexion, the femur moved about 25 mm posteriorly and rotated 19° externally relative to the tibia. Screw-home movement near extension, bicondylar rollback between 20° and 120° of flexion, and medial pivot motion at further flexion were observed. During golf swing, the leading and trailing knees (the left and right knees respectively in the right-handed golfer) showed approximately five millimeters and four millimeters of AP translation with 18° and 26° of axial rotation, respectively. A central pivot motion from set-up to top of the backswing, lateral pivot motion from top to ball impact, and medial pivot motion from impact to the end of follow-through were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The medial pivot motion was not always recognized during both activities, but a large range of axial rotation with bilateral condylar AP translations occurs during golf swing. This finding has important implications regarding the amount of acceptable AP translation and axial rotation at low flexion in replaced knees.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Electronic address: hamachan@ortho.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University, 2-3-1 Matsugadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-8583, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizu-uchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University, 2-3-1 Matsugadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-8583, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 1-3-3 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006055:Golf / Q000502:physiology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Golf swing; Image-matching techniques; Kinematics; Knee joint; Squat