title: The selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer prevention.
abstract: Persistently increased blood levels of estrogens are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that act on the estrogen receptor (ER).
  
  
  
  Several clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of its prophylactic administration. Incidence of invasive ER-positive breast cancer was reduced by SERMs treatment, especially for those women with high risk of developing breast cancer. In this study, we reviewed the clinical application of SERMs in breast cancer prevention.
  
  
  
  To date, four prospective randomized clinical trials had been performed to test the efficacy of tamoxifen for this purpose. Concerning on the benefit and cost of tamoxifen, various studies from different countries demonstrated that chemoprevention with tamoxifen seemed to be cost-effective for women with a high risk of invasive breast cancer. Based above, tamoxifen was approved for breast cancer prevention by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1998. Raloxifene was also approved for postmenopausal women in 2007 for breast cancer prevention which reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer with a lower risk of unwanted stimulation of endometrium. Thus, raloxifene is considered to have a better clinical possesses as prophylactic agent. Several other agents, such as arzoxifene and lasofoxifene, are currently being investigated in clinic. The American Society of Clinical Oncology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network had published guidelines on breast cancer chemoprevention by SERMs. However, use of tamoxifen and raloxifene for primary breast cancer prevention was still low.
  
  
  
  A broader educational effort is needed to alert women and primary care physicians that SERMs are available to reduce breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
authors.forename: Fangxuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
authors.forename: Jinli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
authors.forename: Shixia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China. ljt641024@163.com.
authors.forename: Juntian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride
keywords: Breast cancer; Raloxifene; Selective estrogen receptor modulators; Tamoxifen