title: Effect of Polydextrose on Subjective Feelings of Appetite during the Satiation and Satiety Periods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results amongst independent studies testing the same product. This review proposes a methodology to analyze VAS during both the Satiation and Satiety periods, allowing us to compare results in a meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A methodology to express VAS results as incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for both the Satiation and Satiety periods is proposed using polydextrose as a case study. Further, a systematic review and meta-analysis on subjective feelings of appetite was conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were important differences in the methods used to analyze appetite ratings amongst these studies. The separate subjective feelings of appetite reported were Hunger, Satisfaction, Fullness, Prospective Food Consumption, and the Desire to Eat. The method proposed here allowed the results of the different studies to be homogenized. The meta-analysis showed that Desire to Eat during the Satiation period favors polydextrose for the reduction of this subjective feeling of appetite (SMD = 0.24, I² < 0.01, p = 0.018); this effect was also significant in the sub-analysis by sex for the male population (SMD = 0.35, I² < 0.01, p = 0.015). There were no other significant results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to compare VAS results from separate studies. The assessment of iAUC for both the Satiation and Satiety periods generates results of homogeneous magnitudes. This case study demonstrates, for the first time, that polydextrose reduces the Desire to Eat during the Satiation period. This may explain, at least in part, the observed effects of polydextrose on the reduction of levels of energy intake at subsequent meals.
authors.affiliation: Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition &amp; Health, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland. alvin.ibarra@dupont.com.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK. nerys.astbury@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nerys M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Astbury
authors.affiliation: Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition &amp; Health, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland. kaisa.olli@dupont.com.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olli
authors.affiliation: Avoltus Oy, Joukahaisenkatu 1 C, Turku 20520, Finland. esa.alhoniemi@avoltus.com.
authors.forename: Esa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alhoniemi
authors.affiliation: Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition &amp; Health, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland. kirsti.tiihonen@dupont.com.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiihonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005503:Food Additives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005936:Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D005936:Glucans; C033375:polydextrose
keywords: VAS; appetite; iAUC; meta-analysis; polydextrose