title: High Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection of the Foreskin in Asymptomatic Men and Patients with Phimosis.
abstract: There has been increasing interest in understanding the natural history of HPV and the diseases that it causes in men. HPV infection is strongly associated with penile cancer, lack of neonatal circumcision and phimosis. We investigated the incidence of HPV infection in asymptomatic men and patients with phimosis.
  
  
  
  We assessed 110 asymptomatic men and 30 patients who underwent circumcision due to phimosis. DNA was extracted from swabbed samples collected from asymptomatic men and from foreskin samples collected at circumcision. Polymerase chain reaction using consensus primers for detecting HPV-MY09/11 was performed to detect generic HPV DNA. HPV genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction amplification with primers for the E6 gene DNA sequences HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV45 and HPV58.
  
  
  
  HPV was present in 46.66% of patients with phimosis, of whom 50% had high risk HPV genotypes. Of asymptomatic cases 16.36% were HPV positive but only 1 sample showed high risk HPV. We detected a significantly high rate of HPV genital infection in patients presenting with phimosis compared with asymptomatic men (p = 0.00167). The prevalence of high risk HPV genotypes in patients with phimosis was also statistically significant (p = 0.0004).
  
  
  
  We found a robust association between phimosis and the genital HPV prevalence in men and a significant frequency of high risk HPV. Other studies are needed to investigate the occurrence of factors that can increase the incidence of penile carcinoma and determine its impact on female genital infection in cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaissa I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Carestiato
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Brazilian National Institute of Cancer and Hospital Mário Kröeff, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: ornellasa@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio Augusto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ornellas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Research Coordination, Brazilian National Institute of Cancer and Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Pathology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sílvia M B
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D052816:Foreskin / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010688:Phimosis / Q000150:complications*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: circumcision, male; human papillomavirus DNA tests; infection; penis; phimosis