title: Self-report of gingival problems and periodontitis in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Chiapas, Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of self-reported gingival and periodontal conditions and their association with smoking, oral hygiene, indigenous origin, diabetes and location (urban or rural) in indigenous and non-indigenous adults in Chiapas, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 1,749 persons, ≥20 years of age, living in four rural and four urban marginal localities in Comitán (Chiapas, México). The variables investigated were: age; sex; indigenous origin; oral hygiene; halitosis; chewing ability; gingival conditions; periodontitis; smoking; alcoholism; diabetes; and location. Bivariate analysis and a logistic regression model were used to identify the association of periodontitis with the independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 762 (43.6%) indigenous and 987 (56.4%) non-indigenous persons were interviewed. Their mean age was 41 ± 14 years, 66.7% were women and 43.8% lived in rural locations. Gingival problems were reported by 68.5% and periodontitis by 8.7%. In total, 17.9% had used dental services during the previous year, 28.7% wore a removable partial or a complete dental prosthesis, 63.7% had lost at least one tooth, the prevalence of diabetes was 9.2% and the prevalence of smoking was 12.2%. The logistic regression model showed that age, diabetes and the interaction between rural location and indigenous origin were associated with the presence of periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indigenous people living in rural areas are more likely to have periodontitis. It is necessary to promote oral health practices in indigenous and marginalised populations with a focus on community-oriented primary care.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México, S.A. de C.V., BIRMEX, México D.F, México.|Departamento de Epidemiologia Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana, IAP, México D. F, México.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: García-Pérez
authors.affiliation: División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F, México.
authors.forename: Socorro Aída
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Borges-Yáñez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana, IAP, México D. F, México.|Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, México D. F, México.|Unidad de Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México, S.A. de C.V., BIRMEX, México D.F, México.|Dirección General Adjunta de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, México D. F, México.
authors.forename: María Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México, S.A. de C.V., BIRMEX, México D.F, México.|División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F, México.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponce-de-León
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003729:Dental Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003824:Denture, Complete / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003832:Denture, Partial, Removable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006209:Halitosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Prevalence; diabetes; oral hygiene; periodontal diseases; rural