title: Determining the potential scalability of transport interventions for improving maternal, child, and newborn health in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pakistan is far behind in achieving the Millennium Development Goals regarding the reduction of child and maternal mortality. Amongst other factors, transport barriers make the requisite obstetric care inaccessible for women during pregnancy and at birth, when complications may become life threatening for mother and child. The significance of efficient transport in maternal and neonatal health calls for identifying which currently implemented transport interventions have potential for scalability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative appraisal of data and information about selected transport interventions generated primarily by beneficiaries, coordinators, and heads of organizations working with maternal, child, and newborn health programs was conducted against the CORRECT criteria of Credibility, Observability, Relevance, Relative Advantage, Easy-Transferability, Compatibility and Testability. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) techniques were used to analyse seven interventions against operational indicators. Logical inference was drawn to assess the implications of each intervention. QCA was used to determine simplifying and complicating factors to measure potential for scaling up of the selected transport intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite challenges like deficient in-journey care and need for greater community involvement, community-based ambulance services were managed with the support of the community and had a relatively simple model, and therefore had high scalability potential. Other interventions, including facility-based services, public-sector emergency services, and transport voucher schemes, had limitations of governance, long-term sustainability, large capital expenditures, and need for management agencies that adversely affected their scalability potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality and increase accessibility of health facilities, it is important to build effective referral linkages through efficient transport systems. Effective linkages between community-based models, facility-based models, and public sector emergency services should be established to provide comprehensive coverage. Voucher scheme integrated with community-based services may bring improvements in service utilization.
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. drmiannaeem@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: uddin Mian
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. mariam.zahid@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariam Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. sarosh.iqbal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. aambbs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad Adeel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvi
authors.affiliation: Research & Advocacy Fund, Islamabad, Pakistan. zmemon@rafpakistan.org.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. drchma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ashraf
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. majrooh58@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majrooh
authors.affiliation: Contech International, 2-G Model Town, Lahore, 54700, Punjab, Pakistan. shehzad_dr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shehzad Hussain
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Awan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000552:Ambulances; D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health; D003256:Community Participation; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D000068104:Infant Health; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000068097:Maternal Health; D000068101:Maternal-Child Health Services; D010154:Pakistan; D011247:Pregnancy; D017150:Public Sector; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019035:Rural Health Services; D014186:Transportation