title: Pilot Study for the Development of a Self-Care System for Type 2 Diabetes Patients Using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
abstract: The primary objective of the present pilot study was to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of the newly developed self-care system using personal digital assistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The secondary objective was to investigate changes in daily calorie intake, body weight, and hemoglobin A1c after using the system for 6 months.
  
  
  
  The participants were nine outpatients with type 2 diabetes, aged 34-72 and living in Tokyo or surrounding prefectures. They were instructed to use the electronic food diary and to review the graphs of the total energy intake to control food intake under their own target value for 6 months. After they completed the study, the feasibility indicated by adherence rate for food recording and acceptability of the system rated with 6-point Likert scale from 1 (worst) to 6 (best) by the participants were investigated.
  
  
  
  Seven participants out of nine completed the study protocol. The median adherence rate for food recording was 80.6 %. Regarding the acceptability, six patients rated 6 for desire to use the system while one rated 5. In addition, regarding improvement in self-care for diabetes, the median score was 5. Daily calorie intake, body weight, and HbA1c, however, did not change significantly over the 6-month period.
  
  
  
  The newly developed self-care system might be feasible and acceptable in diabetes patients, which could be applied as an ecological momentary intervention tool, although there was some room to refine it to raise adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. kyoshiuc-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshiuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashimachi, Kodaira, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Educational Physiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akabayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Ecological momentary assessment; Ecological momentary intervention; Electronic food diary; Self-care system; Type 2 diabetes