title: Bubble CPAP Support after Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation Protects Rat Lungs with Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) has been used in neonates with respiratory distress for decades, but its lung-protective effect and underlying mechanism has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that BCPAP use after extubation decreases lung injury and that alterations to lung nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 3 expression may be one of the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared gas exchange, lung injury severity, and lung NOS expression among rats with ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) treated with either BCPAP or spontaneous breathing. After high tidal volume ventilation for 30 min, the rats were randomly divided to three groups: a control group underwent spontaneous breathing (n = 7), and two BCPAP groups were treated with the bubble technique with either a 2.5-mm-diameter (n = 7) or a 5.5-mm-diameter (n = 7) expiratory limb for 2 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bubble technique (2.5 and 5.5 mm diameter combined) resulted in a significantly higher PaO2, decreased alveolar protein levels (1.01 vs. 1.43 mg/kg, p < 0.05), a lower lung injury score (3.87 vs. 4.86, p < 0.05), and decreased NOS3 expression (1.99 vs. 3.32, p < 0.05) compared to spontaneous breathing in the control group. BCPAP with a 2.5-mm-diameter and with a 5.5-mm-diameter expiratory limb was not different with regard to gas exchange, alveolar protein levels, and lung injury scores, but there was a trend for lower NOS3 expression in the 5.5-mm group (1.41 vs. 2.56, p = 0.052).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCPAP decreases lung injury in rats with VILI after stopping mechanical ventilation. Attenuation of lung NOS3 expression may be one of the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chun Shan
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hsiu Chu
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Liang Ti
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yen Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chung Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat