title: Inclusion of ancient Latin-American crops in bread formulation improves intestinal iron absorption and modulates inflammatory markers.
abstract: This study compares iron (Fe) absorption in Fe-deficient animals from bread formulations prepared by substitution of white wheat flour (WB) by whole wheat flour (WWB), amaranth flour (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, 25%) (AB) and quinoa flour (Chenopodium quinoa, 25%) (QB), or chia flour (Salvia hispanica L, 5%) (ChB). Hematological parameters of Fe homeostasis, plasmatic active hepcidin peptide production (LC coupled to Ms/Ms), and liver TfR-2 and IL-6 expression (RT-qPCR) were determined. The different bread formulations increased Fe content between 14% and 83% relative to white bread. Only animals fed with WWB, AB and ChB increased haemoglobin concentrations significantly. Feeding the different bread formulations did not increase hepcidin levels, but down-regulated transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) (apart from WWB) and IL-6 (apart from QB) expression levels. Only AB and ChB had a significant influence on Fe bioavailability at the investigated level of substitution. The potential contribution of these flours would not differ considerably from that of WWB.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna-Valencia, Spain. j.moises.laparra@uv.es.
authors.forename: José Moisés
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Laparra
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna-Valencia, Spain. j.moises.laparra@uv.es.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haros
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D027465:Chenopodium quinoa / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D064451:Hepcidins / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D064451:Hepcidins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; C548977:Tfr2 protein, rat; D010833:Phytic Acid