title: Imaging the renal lesion with dual-energy multidetector CT and multi-energy applications in clinical practice: what can it truly do for you?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many fortuitously detected renal lesions are incompletely characterised at traditional MDCT imaging, thus posing daily challenges to radiologists and referring physicians. There is burgeoning evidence that dual-energy MDCT and multi-energy applications provide an added value over traditional MDCT imaging in renal lesion characterisation and throughput. This special report gives a vendor-neutral outlook on technical essentials, recommended protocols, high-yield clinical opportunities and reviews radiation dose aspects of dual-energy MDCT imaging and multi-energy applications in renal lesions. In addition to a guide on interpretative traps and emerging problems, we provide an update on new, potential imaging horizons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual-energy MDCT and multi-energy applications can facilitate the imaging interpretation and throughput of renal lesions. Conjointly with capitalisation on the benefits, familiarity with dual- and multi-energy data sets as well as continuous scrutiny of interpretative traps can be the keys to the successful implementation and enhanced clinical acceptance of this powerful technique in the imaging community. Continuous advances in hardware and computer interfaces are expected to pave the way for the further expansion of the application spectrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Optimal protocols must be adopted for leveraging dual-energy benefits in renal imaging. • Virtual monochromatic imaging can overcome renal cyst pseudoenhancement. • Iodine maps help to interpret renal lesions incompletely characterised at traditional MDCT. • Interpretative traps need to be weighed-up in dual-energy renal lesions imaging. • Technical advances are expanding the dual-energy applications spectrum for renal lesions imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. achille.mileto@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mileto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.|Department of Radiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sofue
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine; D052177:Kidney Diseases, Cystic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine
keywords: Dual-energy multidetector CT; Iodine map; Renal cell carcinoma; Renal lesion; Virtual monochromatic imaging