title: Characterization of the Olfactory Receptors Expressed in Human Spermatozoa.
abstract: The detection of external cues is fundamental for human spermatozoa to locate the oocyte in the female reproductive tract. This task requires a specific chemoreceptor repertoire that is expressed on the surface of human spermatozoa, which is not fully identified to date. Olfactory receptors (ORs) are candidate molecules and have been attributed to be involved in sperm chemotaxis and chemokinesis, indicating an important role in mammalian spermatozoa. An increasing importance has been suggested for spermatozoal RNA, which led us to investigate the expression of all 387 OR genes. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of OR transcripts in human spermatozoa of several individuals by RNA-Seq. We detected 91 different transcripts in the spermatozoa samples that could be aligned to annotated OR genes. Using stranded mRNA-Seq, we detected a class of these putative OR transcripts in an antisense orientation, indicating a different function, rather than coding for a functional OR protein. Nevertheless, we were able to detect OR proteins in various compartments of human spermatozoa, indicating distinct functions in human sperm. A panel of various OR ligands induced Ca(2+) signals in human spermatozoa, which could be inhibited by mibefradil. This study indicates that a variety of ORs are expressed at the mRNA and protein level in human spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flegel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofreuter
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin S P
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osthold
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veitinger
authors.affiliation: Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Köln Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany; Competence Network for HIV/AIDS, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Brockmeyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muschol
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennemuth
authors.affiliation: Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Köln Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altmüller
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Hanns
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gisselmann
keywords: antisense transcripts; deep sequencing; odorant receptor; signal transduction; spermatozoa