title: Evaluation and management of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Cholangiocarcinomas are rare biliary tract tumors that are often challenging to diagnose and treat. Cholangiocarcinomas are generally categorized as intrahepatic or extrahepatic depending on their anatomic location. The majority of patients with cholangiocarcinoma do not have any of the known or suspected risk factors and present with advanced disease. The optimal evaluation and management of patients with cholangiocarcinoma requires thoughtful integration of clinical information, imaging studies, cytology and/or histology, as well as prompt multidisciplinary evaluation. The current review focuses on recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma and, in particular, on the role of endoscopy, surgery, transplantation, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, and liver-directed therapies in the curative or palliative treatment of these individuals. Cancer 2016;122:1349-1369. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Nestor F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Esnaola
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Joshua E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karachristos
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maranki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: E Ramsay
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Crystal S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Denlinger
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: chemotherapy; cholangiocarcinoma; diagnosis; endoscopy; extrahepatic; intrahepatic; radiotherapy; surgery; transplantation