title: Pragmatic ethical basis for radiation protection in diagnostic radiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medical ethics has a tried and tested literature and a global active research community. Even among health professionals, literate and fluent in medical ethics, there is low recognition of radiation protection principles such as justification and optimization. On the other hand, many in healthcare environments misunderstand dose limitation obligations and incorrectly believe patients are protected by norms including a dose limit. Implementation problems for radiation protection in medicine possibly flow from apparent inadequacies of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principles taken on their own, coupled with their failure to transfer successfully to the medical world. Medical ethics, on the other hand, is essentially global, is acceptable in most cultures, is intuitively understood in hospitals, and its expectations are monitored, even by managements. This article presents an approach to ethics in diagnostic imaging rooted in the medical tradition, and alert to contemporary social expectations. ICRP and the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), both alert to growing ethical concerns, organized a series of consultations on ethics for general radiation protection in the last few years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on medical ethics and implicit ICRP ethical values were reviewed qualitatively, with a view to identifying a system that will help guide contemporary behaviour in radiation protection of patients. Application of the system is illustrated in six clinical scenarios. The proposed system is designed, as far as is possible, so as not to be in conflict with the conclusions emerging from the ICRP/IRPA consultations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A widely recognized and well-respected system of medical ethics was identified that has global reach and claims acceptance in all cultures. Three values based on this system are grouped with two additional values to provide an ethical framework for application in diagnostic imaging. This system has the potential to be robust and to reach conclusions that are in accord with contemporary medical, social and ethical thinking. The system is not intended to replace the ICRP principles. Rather, it is intended as a well-informed interim approach that will help judge and analyse situations that arouse ethical concerns in radiology. Six scenarios illustrate the practicality of the value system in alerting one to possible deficits in practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five widely recognized values and the basis for them are identified to support the contemporary practice of diagnostic radiology. These are essential to complement the widely used ICRP principles pending further development in the area.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Friedo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zölzer
mesh_terms: D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection