title: Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in spinal cord injured patients: time to occur, time until closure and risk factors.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe time to occur and time until closure of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialised SCI acute care and rehabilitation clinic in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily registration of the presence and severity of HAPUs in a consecutive sample of SCI patients during their entire in-patient stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 185 observed SCI patients, 55 patients (29.7%) developed at least one HAPU. Within the first 30 days after admission, 50% of all HAPUs occurred. Less severe HAPUs occurred earlier than severe HAPUs. The occurrence of HAPUs was significantly associated with reason of admission (P<0.01), and was highest in first rehabilitation (51.4%) and orthopaedic surgery patients (41.4%). The incidences of first HAPU in these groups were 1.04 and 2.31 per patient-year, respectively. Patients in first rehabilitation or readmitted because of pressure ulcer (PU) showed an initial lower risk for HAPUs in the Kaplan-Meier curve compared with patients readmitted for other reasons. Cox regression analysis revealed an association between longer time since SCI and time until occurrence (P=0.01). Closure of the HAPUs during hospitalisation was observed in 37 patients (67.3%) after 38.9 days on average. No significant associations were found between patient characteristics and time until closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamics of HAPUs varied according to admission reason and time since lesion. However, ongoing awareness to prevent HAPUs is needed in all patients with SCI.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.|Merem Behandelcentra, De Trappenberg, Huizen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Wielen
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.|University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence in Rehabilitation Medicine, De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gläsche
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.|Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheel-Sailer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013557:Switzerland; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult