title: Reciprocal relationship between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms from childhood to adolescence: 10-year follow-up of the Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-Term Evolution study.
abstract: To investigate the reciprocal relationship between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms from childhood to adolescence.
  
  
  
  Unhealthy eating behaviours were measured by the frequencies of eating foods with excess salt, sugar or fat in the past week. Depressive symptoms in the past two weeks were measured using a seven-item scale. Hierarchical linear growth models were used to analyse longitudinal associations between unhealthy eating behaviours and depressive symptoms. Time-fixed variables (sex, parents' education level and household monthly income) and time-varying variables (parents' marital status, family activities, body weight, vegetable or fruit consumption, exercising and smoking) were controlled for.
  
  
  
  The Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-Term Evolution study, which commenced in 2001 and has annual follow-up.
  
  
  
  Students (n 2630) followed from 2nd grade (8 years old in 2002) to 11th grade.
  
  
  
  The frequency of unhealthy eating behaviours in the previous year and the difference between the frequency in the previous and successive year were positively associated with the initiation and growth rate of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms in the previous year and the difference in depressive symptoms between the previous and successive year were positively associated with the initial state and growth rate of unhealthy eating behaviours.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest a reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and unhealthy eating behaviours. This relationship should be considered when developing programmes targeting depressive symptoms and unhealthy diet in children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Health Healing and Health Marketing,Kainan University,Luzhu Shiang,Taoyuan,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health,Chung Shang Medical University,Taichung,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Dih-Lin
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Luh
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Nutrition and Health Science,Kainan University,Luzhu Shiang,Taoyuan,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health,Chung Shang Medical University,Taichung,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Nursing,College of Wellbeing Science and Technology,HsinChu,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: 6Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology,National Yang-Ming University,Taipei,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 7Institute of Population Health Sciences,National Health Research Institutes,No. 35 Keyan Road,Zhunan,Miaoli County 350,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health,Chung Shang Medical University,Taichung,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Baai-Shyun
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hurng
authors.affiliation: 9Institute of Health Policy and Management,National Taiwan University, Taipei,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 7Institute of Population Health Sciences,National Health Research Institutes,No. 35 Keyan Road,Zhunan,Miaoli County 350,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lee-Lan
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: 7Institute of Population Health Sciences,National Health Research Institutes,No. 35 Keyan Road,Zhunan,Miaoli County 350,Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsing-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Childhood and adolescence; Depressive symptoms; Longitudinal analysis; Reciprocal relationship; Unhealthy eating behaviours