title: Prebiotics effect on immune and hepatic oxidative status and gut morphology of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus).
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on immune and hepatic oxidative status, and gut morphology of white sea bream juveniles. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with fish meal (FM) and plant feedstuffs (PF) (30FM:70PF) and three test diets similar to the control but supplemented with 1% of scFOS, XOS or GOS. Dietary prebiotic incorporation did not affect total blood cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood indices or differential white blood cell counts. Fish fed GOS had lower ACH50 and nitric oxide than fish fed control diet. XOS enhanced immune status through the increase in alternative complement pathway (ACH50), lysozyme and total immunoglobulin. The higher activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in fish fed FOS compared to the other dietary groups was the only related antioxidant enzyme affected by prebiotics in the liver. GOS ameliorated the precocious adverse effects of PF based diet on gut histomorphology, as denoted by the lower incidence of histological alterations in fish fed GOS for 15 days. In conclusion, XOS and GOS at 1% might have potential to be used as prebiotics in white sea bream juveniles.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: acouto@fc.up.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro s/n, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pousão-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Aires
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliva-Teles
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enes
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007422:Intestines / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005965:Glucuronates; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; C116580:fructooligosaccharide; C570991:xylooligosaccharide
keywords: Antioxidant defenses; Fish health; Galactooligosaccharides; Gut histology; Immune response; Short-chain fructooligosaccharides; Xylooligosaccharides