title: Retrospective Assessment of Cost Savings From Prevention: Folic Acid Fortification and Spina Bifida in the U.S.
abstract: Although fortification of food with folic acid has been calculated to be cost saving in the U.S., updated estimates are needed. This analysis calculates new estimates from the societal perspective of net cost savings per year associated with mandatory folic acid fortification of enriched cereal grain products in the U.S. that was implemented during 1997-1998.
  
  
  
  Estimates of annual numbers of live-born spina bifida cases in 1995-1996 relative to 1999-2011 based on birth defects surveillance data were combined during 2015 with published estimates of the present value of lifetime direct costs updated in 2014 U.S. dollars for a live-born infant with spina bifida to estimate avoided direct costs and net cost savings.
  
  
  
  The fortification mandate is estimated to have reduced the annual number of U.S. live-born spina bifida cases by 767, with a lower-bound estimate of 614. The present value of mean direct lifetime cost per infant with spina bifida is estimated to be $791,900, or $577,000 excluding caregiving costs. Using a best estimate of numbers of avoided live-born spina bifida cases, fortification is estimated to reduce the present value of total direct costs for each year's birth cohort by $603 million more than the cost of fortification. A lower-bound estimate of cost savings using conservative assumptions, including the upper-bound estimate of fortification cost, is $299 million.
  
  
  
  The estimates of cost savings are larger than previously reported, even using conservative assumptions. The analysis can also inform assessments of folic acid fortification in other countries.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: sgrosse@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mick Tilford
authors.affiliation: Office of the Associate Director for Policy, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kucik
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Waitzman
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid