title: The effects of preconditioning with ischemic exercise on quadriceps femoris muscle atrophy following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a quasi-randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The degree of quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) atrophy is recognized as one of the key factors of poor knee function and patient's outcome, despite successful reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study assessed whether muscle preconditioning with ischemic exercise can attenuate loss of QF volume, strength, and function after ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, single-centre, quasi-randomized, controlled trial with sham intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Medical Centre and Laboratory of Physiotherapy Research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with total ACL rupture elected for reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects undergoing ACL reconstruction performed 5 exercise sessions during the last 10 days before surgery. They were assigned into two groups performing either low-load ischemic knee-extension exercise (ISHEMIC group), or standard knee-extension exercise (SHAM group). QF volume, maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and single-leg anterior reach distance were assessed prior to preconditioning and at 4 and 12 weeks postsurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the variables prior to, or after surgery. The deficit in QF vastii volume increased (P<0.001) to 20±5 % in ISCHEMIC and 23±10 % in SHAM group at 4 weeks and persisted (P<0.001) at 16±4 % in ISCHEMIC and 20±11 % in SHAM group at 12 weeks postsurgery. Deficit in QF maximal isometric torque persisted (P<0.05) at 15±15 % in ISCHEMIC and 22±16 % in SHAM group at 12 weeks postsurgery. There were no significant differences in single-leg anterior reach distance between the groups at any time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term preconditioning with low-load ischemic exercise exhibited no different effect on QF muscle mass, isometric strength, or knee functional loss than comparable standard exercise in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconditioning with ischemic exercise of five training sessions or shorter does not have any clinically important effect on preservation of quadriceps femoris muscle mass and function in patients after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia - alan.kacin@zf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grapar Zargi
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drobnic
authors.forename: Jadran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jkoder
authors.forename: Klemen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strazar
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kacin
mesh_terms: D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001284:Atrophy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology