title: Correlates of Marijuana Drugged Driving and Openness to Driving While High: Evidence from Colorado and Washington.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A potential unintended consequence of legalizing recreational marijuana is increased marijuana-related driving impairment. Some states where recreational marijuana is legal have begun implementing interventions to mitigate driving under the influence (DUI) of marijuana, including media campaigns to increase knowledge about DUI laws. However, little is known about the associations between knowledge of DUI laws and marijuana DUI behavior. In this study, we provide new data from a survey of marijuana users in Colorado and Washington to examine associations between marijuana drugged driving and two potential behavioral precursors of marijuana DUI. We also explore other factors that may influence marijuana DUI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from an online survey of marijuana users in Colorado and Washington. Respondents who reported any marijuana use in the past 30 days (n = 865) served as the analytic sample. We examined prevalence of two behavioral outcomes: (1) any driving of a motor vehicle while high in the past year and (2) driving a motor vehicle within 1 hour of using marijuana 5 or more times in the past month. Additional outcomes measuring willingness to drive while high were also assessed. Logistic regressions were used to estimate each outcome as a function of two multi-item scales measuring knowledge of the legal consequences of driving high and perceptions that driving while high is not safe. Additional covariates for potential confounders were included in each model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of past-year driving while under the influence of marijuana was 43.6% among respondents. The prevalence of driving within 1 hour of using marijuana at least 5 times in the past month was 23.9%. Increased perception that driving high is unsafe was associated with lower odds of past-year marijuana DUI (OR = 0.31, P < 0.01) and lower past-month odds of driving 5 or more times within 1 hour of using marijuana (OR = 0.26, P < 0.01). Increased knowledge of marijuana DUI laws was also associated with lower odds of each of these outcomes (OR = 0.63, P < 0.01, OR = 0.69, P = 0.02, respectively). Post-estimation Wald tests confirmed the negative associations with marijuana DUI were greater in magnitude for safety perceptions than knowledge of DUI laws. Increased perceptions that driving while high is unsafe was associated with significantly lower willingness to drive after using marijuana while increased knowledge of marijuana DUI laws was not associated with these outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite recent interventions targeting public awareness of the legal consequences of marijuana DUI, our results suggest that knowledge of these laws is a weaker predictor of DUI behavior than perceptions that driving high is unsafe. In addition, safety perceptions predict decreased openness to driving high while knowledge of DUI laws was not associated with openness. These findings suggest that interventions for reducing the incidence of marijuana DUI are likely to be more successful by targeting safety perceptions related to marijuana DUI rather than knowledge of DUI laws. We caution that because these data are limited to an online convenience sample, results may not be generalizable beyond our sample.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nonnemaker
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bradfield
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Farrelly
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D064086:Medical Marijuana / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D064086:Medical Marijuana