title: Intralimb Coordination Patterns in Absent, Mild, and Severe Stages of Diabetic Neuropathy: Looking Beyond Kinematic Analysis of Gait Cycle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes Mellitus progressively leads to impairments in stability and joint motion and might affect coordination patterns, mainly due to neuropathy. This study aims to describe changes in intralimb joint coordination in healthy individuals and patients with absent, mild and, severe stages of neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven diabetic patients were classified into three groups of neuropathic severity by a fuzzy model: 18 without neuropathy (DIAB), 7 with mild neuropathy (MILD), and 22 with moderate to severe neuropathy (SVRE). Thirteen healthy subjects were included as controls (CTRL). Continuous relative phase (CRP) was calculated at each instant of the gait cycle for each pair of lower limb joints. Analysis of Variance compared each frame of the CRP time series and its standard deviation among groups (α = 5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the ankle-hip CRP, the SVRE group presented increased variability at the propulsion phase and a distinct pattern at the propulsion and initial swing phases compared to the DIAB and CTRL groups. For the ankle-knee CRP, the 3 diabetic groups presented more anti-phase ratios than the CTRL group at the midstance, propulsion, and terminal swing phases, with decreased variability at the early stance phase. For the knee-hip CRP, the MILD group showed more in-phase ratio at the early stance and terminal swing phases and lower variability compared to all other groups. All diabetic groups were more in-phase at early the midstance phase (with lower variability) than the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low variability and coordination differences of the MILD group showed that gait coordination might be altered not only when frank evidence of neuropathy is present, but also when neuropathy is still incipient. The ankle-knee CRP at the initial swing phase showed distinct patterns for groups from all degrees of neuropathic severity and CTRLs. The ankle-hip CRP pattern distinguished the SVRE patients from other diabetic groups, particularly in the transitional phase from stance to swing.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liu Chiao
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.|Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, University of Sᾶo Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francis Trombini
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, University of Sᾶo Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel C N
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sacco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010808:Physical Examination; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking