title: A prospective randomized trial examining health care utilization in individuals using multiple smartphone-enabled biosensors.
abstract: Background. Mobile health and digital medicine technologies are becoming increasingly used by individuals with common, chronic diseases to monitor their health. Numerous devices, sensors, and apps are available to patients and consumers-some of which have been shown to lead to improved health management and health outcomes. However, no randomized controlled trials have been conducted which examine health care costs, and most have failed to provide study participants with a truly comprehensive monitoring system. Methods. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial of adults who had submitted a 2012 health insurance claim associated with hypertension, diabetes, and/or cardiac arrhythmia. The intervention involved receipt of one or more mobile devices that corresponded to their condition(s) (hypertension: Withings Blood Pressure Monitor; diabetes: Sanofi iBGStar Blood Glucose Meter; arrhythmia: AliveCor Mobile ECG) and an iPhone with linked tracking applications for a period of 6 months; the control group received a standard disease management program. Moreover, intervention study participants received access to an online health management system which provided participants detailed device tracking information over the course of the study. This was a monitoring system designed by leveraging collaborations with device manufacturers, a connected health leader, health care provider, and employee wellness program-making it both unique and inclusive. We hypothesized that health resource utilization with respect to health insurance claims may be influenced by the monitoring intervention. We also examined health-self management. Results & Conclusions. There was little evidence of differences in health care costs or utilization as a result of the intervention. Furthermore, we found evidence that the control and intervention groups were equivalent with respect to most health care utilization outcomes. This result suggests there are not large short-term increases or decreases in health care costs or utilization associated with monitoring chronic health conditions using mobile health or digital medicine technologies. Among secondary outcomes there was some evidence of improvement in health self-management which was characterized by a decrease in the propensity to view health status as due to chance factors in the intervention group.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Cinnamon S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bloss
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Wineinger
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Boeldt
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ariniello
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheard
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komatireddy
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Paddy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States.|Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.|Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Health, San Diego.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
keywords: Arrhythmia; Diabetes; Digital medicine; Health insurance claims; Health monitoring; Hypertension; Mobile health