title: Evaluation of risk factors and treatment options in patients with ureteral stricture disease at a single institution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ureteral strictures are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in potential kidney damage requiring several surgical procedures. Non-malignant causes include radiation, trauma from calculi impaction, pelvic surgery, or ureteroscopy (URS). We identified risk factors in our patients with ureteral strictures and the success of their treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of 25 patients with 29 ureteral strictures was performed to determine the success of their treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five (25) patients with 29 benign ureteral strictures were identified. Most cases (60%) were caused by impacted stones where the median stone size was 1.15 cm (0.37-1.8 cm). Intervention for stones prior to stricture development included shockwave lithotripsy, URS, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Five patients with strictures from impacted stones had ureteric complications during stone treatment including perforation +/- urinoma (n=3), fractured guidewire left in situ (n=1), and ureteric orifice resection (n=1). Other stricture etiologies included radiation (28%) and endometriosis (4%). Treatment modalities used included ureteroureterostomy (n=2), ureteral re-implant (n=3), urinary diversion (n=3), autotrasplant (n=1), laser endoureterotomy +/- balloon dilation (n=8), nephrectomy (n=2), balloon dilation +/- stent (n=3), ureterovesical junction (UVJ) resection + stent (n=1), chronic stent changes (n=4), or surveillance (n=3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our evaluation highlights important principles. Patients with complicated ureteroscopies or severely impacted calculi warrant close followup with imaging after stone treatment due to possibility of rapid renal deterioration from stricture formation. Radiation-induced strictures are difficult to manage, possibly requiring subsequent urinary diversion. Finally, endoscopic management of benign ureteral strictures via balloon dilation and laser endoureterotomy is an excellent choice in properly selected patients, with opportunity for subsequent salvage treatments if needed.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arsovska
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ben H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chew