title: Temperature stable mid-infrared GaInAsSb/GaSb Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs).
abstract: GaInAsSb/GaSb based quantum well vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating in mid-infrared spectral range between 2 and 3 micrometres are of great importance for low cost gas monitoring applications. This paper discusses the efficiency and temperature sensitivity of the VCSELs emitting at 2.6 μm and the processes that must be controlled to provide temperature stable operation. We show that non-radiative Auger recombination dominates the threshold current and limits the device performance at room temperature. Critically, we demonstrate that the combined influence of non-radiative recombination and gain peak-cavity mode de-tuning determines the overall temperature sensitivity of the VCSELs. The results show that improved temperature stable operation around room temperature can only be achieved with a larger gain peak-cavity mode de-tuning, offsetting the significant effect of increasing non-radiative recombination with increasing temperature, a physical effect which must be accounted for in mid-infrared VCSEL design.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ikyo
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Marko
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hild
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arafin
authors.affiliation: Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sweeney