title: Mapping the spatial distribution and activity of (226)Ra at legacy sites through Machine Learning interpretation of gamma-ray spectrometry data.
abstract: Radium ((226)Ra) contamination derived from military, industrial, and pharmaceutical products can be found at a number of historical sites across the world posing a risk to human health. The analysis of spectral data derived using gamma-ray spectrometry can offer a powerful tool to rapidly estimate and map the activity, depth, and lateral distribution of (226)Ra contamination covering an extensive area. Subsequently, reliable risk assessments can be developed for individual sites in a fraction of the timeframe compared to traditional labour-intensive sampling techniques: for example soil coring. However, local heterogeneity of the natural background, statistical counting uncertainty, and non-linear source response are confounding problems associated with gamma-ray spectral analysis. This is particularly challenging, when attempting to deal with enhanced concentrations of a naturally occurring radionuclide such as (226)Ra. As a result, conventional surveys tend to attribute the highest activities to the largest total signal received by a detector (Gross counts): an assumption that tends to neglect higher activities at depth. To overcome these limitations, a methodology was developed making use of Monte Carlo simulations, Principal Component Analysis and Machine Learning based algorithms to derive depth and activity estimates for (226)Ra contamination. The approach was applied on spectra taken using two gamma-ray detectors (Lanthanum Bromide and Sodium Iodide), with the aim of identifying an optimised combination of detector and spectral processing routine. It was confirmed that, through a combination of Neural Networks and Lanthanum Bromide, the most accurate depth and activity estimates could be found. The advantage of the method was demonstrated by mapping depth and activity estimates at a case study site in Scotland. There the method identified significantly higher activity (<3 Bq g(-1)) occurring at depth (>0.4m), that conventional gross counting algorithms failed to identify. It was concluded that the method could easily be employed to identify areas of high activity potentially occurring at depth, prior to intrusive investigation using conventional sampling techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.l.varley@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.affiliation: Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Radioactive Substances, Strathallan House, Castle Business Park, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Nuvia Limited, The Library, Eight Street, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies
keywords: Contamination mapping; Gamma-ray spectrometry; Machine Learning; Radium contaminated land