title: The role of pharmacogenetics and advances in gene therapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its complications such as diabetic macular edema continue to remain a major cause for legal blindness in the developed world. While the introduction of anti-tVEGF agents has significantly improved visual outcomes of patients with DR, unpredictable response, largely due to genetic polymorphisms, appears to be a challenge with this therapy. With advances in identification of various genetic biomarkers, novel therapeutic strategies consisting of gene transfer are being developed and tested for patients with DR. Application of pharmacogenetic principles appears to be a promising futuristic strategy to attenuate diabetes-mediated retinal vasculopathy. In this comprehensive review, data from recent studies in the field of pharmacogenomics for the treatment of DR have been provided.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Imaging Research & Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.affiliation: Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Keegan A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.affiliation: Ocular Imaging Research & Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.|Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Diana V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Ocular Imaging Research & Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.|Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Quan Dong
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
keywords: HLA; VEGF mutation; diabetic retinopathy; gene therapy; genomic markers; linkage; mutation; pharmacogenomics; polymorphism; viral vectors