title: Incorporation of zinc into the coccoliths of the microalga Emiliania huxleyi.
abstract: The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is covered with elaborated calcite plates, the so-called coccoliths, which are produced inside the cells. We investigated the incorporation of zinc into the coccoliths of E. huxleyi by applying different zinc and calcium amounts via the culture media and subsequently analyzing the zinc content in the cells and the Zn/Ca ratio of the coccoliths. To investigate the Zn/Ca ratio of coccoliths built in the manipulated media, the algae have first to be decalcified, i.e. coccolith free. We used a newly developed decalcification method to obtain 'naked' cells for cultivation. E. huxleyi proliferated and produced new coccoliths in all media with manipulated Zn/Ca ratios. The cells and the newly built coccoliths were investigated regarding their zinc content and their Zn/Ca ratio, respectively. High zinc amounts were taken up by the algae. The Zn/Ca ratio of the coccoliths was positively correlated to the Zn/Ca ratio of the applied media. The unique feature of the coccoliths was maintained also at high Zn/Ca ratios. We suggest the following pathway of the zinc ions into the coccoliths: first, the zinc ions are bound to the cell surface, followed by their transportation into the cytoplasm. Obviously, the zinc ions are removed afterwards into the coccolith vesicle, where the zinc is incorporated into the calcite coccoliths which are then extruded. The incorporation of toxic zinc ions into the coccoliths possibly due to a new function of the coccoliths as detoxification sites is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. giulia.santomauro@imw.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santomauro
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Wei-Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brümmer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bill
mesh_terms: D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D058087:Haptophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Coccolith; Detoxification; Emiliania huxleyi; Microalgae; Zinc