title: Human, Nature, Dynamism: The Effects of Content and Movement Perception on Brain Activations during the Aesthetic Judgment of Representational Paintings.
abstract: Movement perception and its role in aesthetic experience have been often studied, within empirical aesthetics, in relation to the human body. No such specificity has been defined in neuroimaging studies with respect to contents lacking a human form. The aim of this work was to explore, through functional magnetic imaging (f MRI), how perceived movement is processed during the aesthetic judgment of paintings using two types of content: human subjects and scenes of nature. Participants, untutored in the arts, were shown the stimuli and asked to make aesthetic judgments. Additionally, they were instructed to observe the paintings and to rate their perceived movement in separate blocks. Observation highlighted spontaneous processes associated with aesthetic experience, whereas movement judgment outlined activations specifically related to movement processing. The ratings recorded during aesthetic judgment revealed that nature scenes received higher scored than human content paintings. The imaging data showed similar activation, relative to baseline, for all stimuli in the three tasks, including activation of occipito-temporal areas, posterior parietal, and premotor cortices. Contrast analyses within aesthetic judgment task showed that human content activated, relative to nature, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and posterior temporal areas, whose activation was prominent for dynamic human paintings. In contrast, nature scenes activated, relative to human stimuli, occipital and posterior parietal cortex/precuneus, involved in visuospatial exploration and pragmatic coding of movement, as well as central insula. Static nature paintings further activated, relative to dynamic nature stimuli, central and posterior insula. Besides insular activation, which was specific for aesthetic judgment, we found a large overlap in the activation pattern characterizing each stimulus dimension (content and dynamism) across observation, aesthetic judgment, and movement judgment tasks. These findings support the idea that the aesthetic evaluation of artworks depicting both human subjects and nature scenes involves a motor component, and that the associated neural processes occur quite spontaneously in the viewer. Furthermore, considering the functional roles of posterior and central insula, we suggest that nature paintings may evoke aesthetic processes requiring an additional proprioceptive and sensori-motor component implemented by "motor accessibility" to the represented scenario, which is needed to judge the aesthetic value of the observed painting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Dio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardizzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Cesare
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of ParmaParma, Italy; Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallese
keywords: embodiment; experimental aesthetics; human figure; insula; nature scenes; representational paintings