title: β-glucans from Coriolus versicolor protect mice against S. typhimurium challenge by activation of macrophages.
abstract: The effects of β-glucans from Coriolus versicolor (CVP), which are extracted from a well-known immune stimulator C. versicolor, have been demonstrated extensively in vitro and in vivo. However, until now, the phagocytic activity has not been elucidated. Hence, the objective of the present study was to identify the antibacterial activity of CVP or CVP-treated macrophages by an analysis of cell cytotoxicity, phagocytic activity, intracellular bacterial survival, macrophage activation, production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in CVP-treated macrophages using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, a gentamicin protection assay, a Nitric oxide assay and an iNOS enzymatic activity assay. The results indicate that CVP-treated macrophages can phagocytize and kill bacteria, probably due to the production of NO and iNOS. More importantly, CVP-treated macrophages are effective at protecting mice against the challenge of Salmonella typhimurium. The results of this study suggest that the antibacterial effects of CVP are probably caused by the activation of innate immune cells, especially macrophages, because the activated macrophage produces NO, which kills bacteria. These phenomena indicate the possibility of CVP as a potential alternative for antibiotics against resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Tao
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
authors.forename: Ke-Yan
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Electronic address: yangguilian@jlau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gui-Lian
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Electronic address: wangchunfeng@jlau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chun-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Electronic address: yuli966@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011124:Polyporaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D047071:beta-Glucans; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
keywords: Antibacterial activities; Coriolus versicolor; Macrophages; NO; Salmonella typhimurium; β-glucans