title: Intra-Amniotic Administration of HMGB1 Induces Spontaneous Preterm Labor and Birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation is associated with spontaneous preterm labor. Alarmins are proposed to mediate this inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to determine whether intra-amniotic administration of an alarmin, HMGB1, could induce preterm labor/birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant B6 mice were intra-amniotically or intraperitoneally injected with HMGB1 or PBS (control). Following injection, the gestational age and the rates of preterm birth and pup mortality were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-amniotic injection of HMGB1 led to preterm labor/birth [HMGB1 57% (4/7) versus PBS 0% (0/6); P = 0.049) and a high rate of pup mortality at week 1 [HMGB1 60.9 ± 11.7% (25/41) versus PBS 28.9 ± 12.6% (11/38); P = 0.001). Intraperitoneal injection of HMGB1 did not induce preterm labor/birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-amniotic administration of HMGB1 induces preterm labor/birth.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Nardhy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gomez-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.|Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Olesya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Plazyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panaitescu
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Furcron
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roumayah
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flom
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
keywords: Alarmins; DAMPs; danger signals; parturition; prematurity; sterile intra-amniotic inflammation