title: Anti-arthritogenic effect of Saponin-1 by alteration of Th1/Th2 cytokine paradigm in arthritic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigation was carried out on Saponin 1 (SAP-1), a novel molecule isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus, on proinflammatory (Th1) & anti-inflammatory (Th2) cytokines in blood of arthritic balb/c mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adjuvant induced developing inflammatory arthritis was induced in mice which were treated with SAP-1 in graded oral doses. The molecular markers were determined using Flow Cytometry which uses sensitivity of amplified fluorescence detection to measure soluble analytes in particle based immune assay. The T-helper (Th1) deviated cells produce detectable level of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2) & interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while the Th2 deviated cells produce significant amount of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAP-1 at graded oral doses inhibited expression of IFN-gamma & TNF-alpha in serum & correspondingly increased expression of IL-4 significantly. SAP-1 also inhibited IL-17 and CD4(+)CD25(+) cell population showing to have suppressive effect on Th-17 pathway as well as T-regulatory cells. It also suppressed the increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1β and NO. Inhibitors of Cox-2 and MCP-1 provide effective improvements in signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis. SAP-1 decreased the elevated concentration of both COX-2 and MCP-1 in arthritic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAP-1 diminishes Th1 immunity activation, a primary cause of arthritis, in favour of Th2 dominance, which reduces arthritic condition in mice displaying immune-modulatory potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Microbes, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Bhahwal Ali
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Electronic address: sarangbani@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010312:Parthenogenesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012503:Saponins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance / Q000187:drug effects*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000097762:Parthenium hysterophorus
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C587672:IL1B protein, mouse; C098680:Il17a protein, mouse; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015848:Interleukin-5; C519376:Parthenium hysterophorus extract; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Cytometric bead array; Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; Saponin; Th2 dominance