title: Effects of creatine supplementation on learning, memory retrieval, and apoptosis in an experimental animal model of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer disease is the main cause of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people. Considering the improving effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance, this study aimed to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on learning, memory, and apoptosis in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Wistar rats each weighing 250±50 grams were divided into four groups. The AdCr+ (Aβ injection, creatine supplementation) and AdCr- groups (Aβ injection, no creatine supplementation) were injected bilaterally with amyloid beta (Aβ) (0.2μg in each CA1 area), and the sham group was injected with normal saline in the same area. After the injection, the AdCr+ group received a diet of 2% creatine for six weeks. The control group underwent no surgical or dietary intervention. After six weeks the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was administered, to measure learning and memory retrieval. After sacrificing the animals, TUNEL staining for an anti-apoptosis assay was performed for the sham, AdCr+, and AdCr- groups. All groups were compared by independent ttest using SPSS software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESULTS of MWM show that rats in sham and control groups performed better than those in the AdCr- and AdCr+ groups. Compared to sham group, AdCr+ and AdCr- groups had more TUNEL positive neurons count. RESULTS indicated no differences between the AdCr+ and AdCrgroups in learning, memory retrieval, and percentage of TUNEL positive neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After Aβ injection, creatine supplementation had no effect on learning, memory retrieval, or neuron apoptosis in male Wistar rats.
authors.affiliation: MSc graduated, Department of Cellular- Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Malek_amk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: AliMohammadi
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. eshraghianmr@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarindast
authors.affiliation: PhD student, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A.Aghaei@sbmu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliaghaei
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Cellular, Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. pishvahm@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Hamideh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pishva
keywords: Alzheimer disease; Amyloid beta; Apoptosis; Creatine supplementation; Learning; Memory