title: A novel statistical analysis method to improve the detection of hepatic foci of (111)In-octreotide in SPECT/CT imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low uptake ratios, high noise, poor resolution, and low contrast all combine to make the detection of neuroendocrine liver tumours by (111)In-octreotide single photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging a challenge. The aim of this study was to develop a segmentation analysis method that could improve the accuracy of hepatic neuroendocrine tumour detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our novel segmentation was benchmarked by a retrospective analysis of patients categorized as either (111)In-octreotide positive ((111)In-octreotide(+)) or (111)In-octreotide negative ((111)In-octreotide(-)) for liver tumours. Following a 3-year follow-up period, involving multiple imaging modalities, we further segregated (111)In-octreotide-negative patients into two groups: one with no confirmed liver tumours ((111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-)) and the other, now diagnosed with liver tumours ((111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(+)). We retrospectively applied our segmentation analysis to see if it could have detected these previously missed tumours using (111)In-octreotide. Our methodology subdivided the liver and determined normalized numbers of uptake foci (nNUF), at various threshold values, using a connected-component labelling algorithm. Plots of nNUF against the threshold index (ThI) were generated. ThI was defined as follows: ThI = (c max - c thr)/c max, where c max is the maximal threshold value for obtaining at least one, two voxel sized, uptake focus; c thr is the voxel threshold value. The maximal divergence between the nNUF values for (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-), and (111)In-octreotide(+) livers, was used as the optimal nNUF value for tumour detection. We also corrected for any influence of the mean activity concentration on ThI. The nNUF versus ThI method (nNUFTI) was then used to reanalyze the (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-) and (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(+) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 53 (111)In-octreotide(-) patients, 40 were categorized as (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-) and 13 as (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(+) group. Optimal separation of the nNUF values for (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-) and (111)In-octreotide(+) groups was defined at the nNUF value of 0.25, to the right of the bell shaped nNUFTI curve. ThIs at this nNUF value were dependent on the mean activity concentration and therefore normalized to generate nThI; a significant difference in nThI values was found between the (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(-) and the (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(+) groups (P < 0.01). As a result, four of the 13 (111)In-octreotide(-)/radtech(+) livers were redesigned as (111)In-octreotide(+).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nNUFTI method has the potential to improve the diagnosis of liver tumours using (111)In-octreotide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. tobias.magnander@vgregion.se.|Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. tobias.magnander@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magnander
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wikberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gjertsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wängberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Båth
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. peter.bernhardt@gu.se.|Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. peter.bernhardt@gu.se.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
keywords: 111In-octreotide; Diagnosis; Liver tumours; Neuroendocrine; SPECT/CT