title: Correlations between U.S. county annual cancer incidence and population density.
abstract: Population density implicitly involves specific distances between living individuals who exhibit biophysical forces and energies. Objective was to investigate major data bases of cancer incidence and population data to help understand the emergent properties of diseases that become apparent only when large populations and areas are considered. Correlation analyses of the annual incidence (years 2007 to 2011) of cancer in counties (2,885) of the U.S. and population densities were convergent with these quantitative predictions and suggested an inflection threshold around 50 people per square mile. The potential role of subtle or even "non-local" factors coupled to averaged population density in the viability and mortality of the human species may serve as alternative explanations to the attribution of malignancy to "chance" factors. Calculations indicated average distances between the electric force dipole of the brains or bodies of human beings generate forces known to affect DNA extension and when distributed over the Compton wavelength of the electron could produce energies sufficient to affect the binding of base nucleotides. An inclusive science of human ecology might benefit from considering subtle forces and energies associated with the individual members within the habitat that could determine the probability of cellular anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada; Human Studies Program, Laurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David Ae
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Vares
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: St-Pierre
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada; Human Studies Program, Laurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada; Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Persinger
keywords: Cancer incidence; coulomb forces; dna extension energy; population density; public health