title: Relationship between maxillary central incisor proportions and facial proportions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No universally accepted parameter exists for selecting maxillary central incisors (MCIs) relative to facial proportions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to determine the relationship between MCIs and facial height and width in adults, intersex differences, and measurement differences between right and left MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was undertaken of 149 dental students (F:76; M:73) aged between 18 and 30 years. Anthropometric MCI and horizontal and vertical facial measurements were recorded with digital calipers by 1 operator. Correlation was investigated with Pearson correlation coefficients (α=.05). Two-sample t tests were used for intersex comparisons and paired t tests to compare right and left MCIs. Intraexaminer reliability was tested by remeasuring 25 participants and applying the Bland-Altman and Lin analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean MCI height was 10.28 mm (right and left) and the mean widths were 8.65 mm (right) and 8.66 mm (left). Intersex incisor differences existed for height measurements (M:F 0.54 mm [right], 0.46 mm [left]) and width measurements (M:F 0.26 mm) but not for width-to-height ratios (F=0.85; M=0.84). A mean ratio of 15.56 was found between bizygomatic width:tooth width (M=15.75, F=15.37) and of 17.93 between total face height:MCI height (M=17.97, F=17.89). Correlation coefficients were low for all tooth:face measurements. Intraexaminer reliability was clinically acceptable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men had larger teeth and faces but similar width:height ratios. There was no significant size difference between right and left MCI, little individual relationship between tooth:face proportions, and insignificant sex influence. The "biometric ratio"' of 1:16 for MCI:bizygomatic width was not reconfirmed exactly. A ratio of 1:18 is proposed for MCI height to total face height (Tr-Me') and 1:12 for face height (N'-Me').
authors.affiliation: Senior Specialty Registrar, Orthodontics, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radia
authors.affiliation: Professor, Biostatistics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherriff
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, King's College University, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Consultant Orthodontist, Kingston and St George's Hospitals and Medical School, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: farhad.naini@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Farhad B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Naini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult