title: Early life rhinovirus infection exacerbates house-dust-mite induced lung disease more severely in female mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have employed animal models to investigate links between rhinovirus infection and allergic airways disease, however, most do not involve early life infection, and none consider the effects of sex on responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we infected male and female mice with human rhinovirus 1B (or control) on day 7 of life. Mice were then subjected to 7 weeks of exposure to house-dust-mite prior to assessment of bronchoalveolar inflammation, serum antibodies, lung function, and responsiveness to methacholine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in responses between males and females in most outcomes. In males, chronic house-dust-mite exposure increased bronchoalveolar inflammation, house-dust-mite specific IgG1 and responsiveness of the lung parenchyma, however, there was no additional impact of rhinovirus infection. Conversely, in females, there were additive and synergistic effects of rhinovirus infection and house-dust-mite exposure on neutrophilia, airway resistance, and responsiveness of the lung parenchyma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that early life rhinovirus infection influences the development of house-dust-mite induced lung disease in female, but not male mice.
authors.affiliation: a Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.|b Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: a Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.|c School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.|d Department of Respiratory Medicine , Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.|e Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kicic
authors.affiliation: a Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.|c School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Luke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: f Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.affiliation: a Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Subiaco , Western Australia , Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Larcombe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: house-dust-mite; lung function; neonatal BALB/c mice; rhinovirus; sex differences