title: Measuring forces and stresses in situ in living tissues.
abstract: Development, homeostasis and regeneration of tissues result from a complex combination of genetics and mechanics, and progresses in the former have been quicker than in the latter. Measurements of in situ forces and stresses appear to be increasingly important to delineate the role of mechanics in development. We review here several emerging techniques: contact manipulation, manipulation using light, visual sensors, and non-mechanical observation techniques. We compare their fields of applications, their advantages and limitations, and their validations. These techniques complement measurements of deformations and of mechanical properties. We argue that such approaches could have a significant impact on our understanding of the development of living tissues in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), iCeMS Complex 2, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan JST, PRESTO, 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan tissue.stress@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France tissue.stress@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lenne
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Matière et Systémes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France tissue.stress@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graner
mesh_terms: D001695:Biology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Mechanics; Morphogenesis; Quantitative biology