title: Procalcitonin as a Marker of Bacteremia in Patients With Fever and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often present to the emergency department (ED) with a fever. They are at high risk of bacteremia secondary to being immunocompromised. Recent reports indicate that procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful marker of bacteremia in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate the clinical utility of PCT as a rapid marker of bacteremia in children with ALL presenting to the ED with a fever. In addition, we compared the results of PCT with white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart reviews were conducted of 492 patients with a total of 735 visits presenting to the ED from January 2009 to June 2012 with fever and a history of ALL where a PCT and a blood culture (BC) were obtained,. Positive BCs determined to be contaminants were excluded. The predictive powers of PCT, WBC, ESR, and CRP for bacteremia were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In addition, each of the 4 markers were also examined in a logistic regression model as a potential predictor of the BC result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 735 PCT values were correlated with BC results. There were 76 (10.3%) true-positive BCs. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.729 (95% CI, 0.661-0.792) for PCT, 0.685 (95% CI, 0.531-0.823) for ESR, 0.622 (95% CI, 0.460-0.796) for CRP, and 0.567 (95% CI, 0.483-0.649) for WBC. When logistic regression was used, the transformation log PCT was significantly associated with BC result whereas each of the other 3 markers, after appropriate transformation to remove heavy skewness, was not significant (all P > 0.1). A doubling of PCT was associated with an odds ratio of 1.32 for positive BCs (95% CI, 1.15-1.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procalcitonin value was significantly associated with positive BC (P < 0.0001). The diagnostic performance of PCT was better than the other markers of inflammation. Its use in the ED in a select population of patients may be of significant value in identifying bacteremia. This has the potential to lead to a decrease in unwarranted use of antibiotics, hospital length of stay, and health care expenditures.
authors.affiliation: From the Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vyles
authors.forename: Forrest
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gnagi
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bulloch
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muenzer
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005334:Fever / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016015:Logistic Models; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein