title: Assessment of exposure to mixture pollutants in Mexican indigenous children.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to complete an exposure assessment in three Mexican indigenous communities using the community-based health risk assessment, which is the first step in the CHILD framework. We used 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an exposure biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) as an exposure biomarker to benzene, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), lead, manganese, arsenic, and fluoride. Anthropometric measurements were also taken. In these communities, high percentages of children with chronic malnutrition were found (28 to 49 %) based on their weight and age. All communities showed a high percentage of children with detectable levels of four or more compounds (70 to 82 %). Additionally, our results showed that in indigenous communities, children are exposed to elevated levels of certain environmental pollutants, including manganese with 17.6, 16.8, and 7.3 μg/L from SMP, TOC, and CUA, respectively. Lead and HCB levels were similar in the indigenous communities (2.5, 3.1, and 4.2 μg/dL and 2.5, 3.1, and 3.7 ng/mL, respectively). 1-OHP and t,t-MA levels were higher in TOC (0.8 μmol/mol of creatinine, 476 μg/g of creatinine, respectively) when compared with SMP (0.1 μmol/mol of creatinine, 215.5 μg/g of creatinine, respectively) and CUA (0.1 μmol/mol of creatinine, 185.2 μg/g of creatinine, respectively). DDE levels were 30.7, 26.9, and 9.6 ng/mL in CUA, SMP, and TOC, respectively. The strength of this study is that it assesses exposure to pollutants with indications for the resultant risk before an intervention is made by the CHILD program to manage this risk in the indigenous communities. Considering the large number of people, especially children, exposed to multiple pollutants, it is important to design effective intervention programs that reduce exposure and the resultant risk in the numerous indigenous communities in Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Catedrático CONACYT-Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Cilia-López
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Zuki-Orozco
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrizales
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Batres-Esquivel
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palacios-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México. fdia@uaslp.mx.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Barriga
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C005939:muconic acid; D003404:Creatinine; D001554:Benzene; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene; D001151:Arsenic; D013011:Sorbic Acid
keywords: Children; Exposure; Indigenous; Pollutants