title: Implications of the inflammatory response for the identification of biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by both local and systemic inflammation. Because inflammation plays a critical role in the development, course and severity of COPD, inflammatory markers have the potential to improve the current diagnostic and prognostic approaches. Local inflammation in COPD is characterized by an infiltration of inflammatory cells, with an increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, growth factors and adhesion molecules. Systemic low-grade inflammation is another common but nonspecific finding in COPD. Exacerbations of COPD are acute clinical events accompanied by an exaggerated inflammatory response. Future investigations in the field of COPD biomarkers should take into account different study designs and biochemical assays, disease course and duration, variations in symptom severity and timing of measurement.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lopez-Campos
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calero-Acuña
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abad-Arranz
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Márquez-Martín
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ortega-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arellano
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: biomarkers; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; exacerbations; inflammation