title: Mechanical Probing of the Intermediate Filament-Rich Caenorhabditis Elegans Intestine.
abstract: It is commonly accepted that intermediate filaments have an important mechanical function. This function relies not only on intrinsic material properties but is also determined by dynamic interactions with other cytoskeletal filament systems, distinct cell adhesion sites, and cellular organelles which are fine-tuned by multiple signaling pathways. While aspects of these properties and processes can be studied in vitro, their full complexity can only be understood in a viable tissue context. Yet, suitable and easily accessible model systems for monitoring tissue mechanics at high precision are rare. We show that the dissected intestine of the genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans fulfills this requirement. The 20 intestinal cells, which are arranged in an invariant fashion, are characterized by a dense subapical mesh of intermediate filaments that are attached to the C. elegans apical junction. We present procedures to visualize details of the characteristic intermediate filament-junctional complex arrangement in living animals. We then report on methods to prepare intestines with a fully intact intermediate filament cytoskeleton and detail procedures to assess their viability. A dual micropipette assay is described to measure mechanical properties of the dissected intestine while monitoring the spatial arrangement of the intermediate filament system. Advantages of this approach are (i) the high reproducibility of measurements because of the uniform architecture of the intestine and (ii) the high degree of accessibility allowing not only mechanical manipulation of an intact tissue but also control of culture medium composition and addition of drugs as well as visualization of cell structures. With this method, examination of worms carrying mutations in the intermediate filament system, its interacting partners and its regulators will become feasible.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jahnel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bossinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: rleube@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Rudolf E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Leube
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000378:metabolism*; D007382:Intermediate Filaments / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Cytoskeleton; Elastic deformation; Endotube; Epithelium; Fluorescent wave; Intestinal granules; Mechanobiology; Plastic deformation; Viscoelasticity