title: Actigraph measures discriminate pediatric bipolar disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing controls.
abstract: Distinguishing pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be challenging. Hyperactivity is a core feature of both disorders, but severely disturbed sleep and circadian dysregulation are more characteristic of BD, at least in adults. We tested the hypothesis that objective measures of activity, sleep, and circadian rhythms would help differentiate pediatric subjects with BD from ADHD and typically developing controls.
  
  
  
  Unmedicated youths (N = 155, 97 males, age 5-18) were diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria with Kiddie-SADS PL/E. BD youths (n = 48) were compared to typically developing controls (n = 42) and children with ADHD (n = 44) or ADHD plus comorbid depressive disorders (n = 21). Three-to-five days of minute-to-minute belt-worn actigraph data (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc.), collected during the school week, were processed to yield 28 metrics per subject, and assessed for group differences with analysis of covariance. Cross-validated machine learning algorithms were used to determine the predictive accuracy of a four-parameter model, with measures reflecting sleep, hyperactivity, and circadian dysregulation, plus Indic's bipolar vulnerability index (VI).
  
  
  
  There were prominent group differences in several activity measures, notably mean 5 lowest hours of activity, skewness of diurnal activity, relative circadian amplitude, and VI. A predictive support vector machine model discriminated bipolar from non-bipolar with mean accuracy of 83.1 ± 5.4%, ROC area of 0.781 ± 0.071, kappa of 0.587 ± 0.136, specificity of 91.7 ± 5.3%, and sensitivity of 64.4 ± 13.6%.
  
  
  
  Objective measures of sleep, circadian rhythmicity, and hyperactivity were abnormal in BD. Wearable sensor technology may provide bio-behavioral markers that can help differentiate children with BD from ADHD and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center 'Lucio Bini', New York, NY, USA.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gianni L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Faedda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center 'Lucio Bini', New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mariely
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McGreenery
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center 'Lucio Bini', New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Sleep Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Argelinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baroni
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA.|Bouve School of Nursing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polcari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Teicher
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: ADHD; Actigraphy; bipolar disorder; child; circadian rhythms; sleep