title: Targeting hedgehog signaling pathway in pediatric tumors: in vitro evaluation of SMO and GLI inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The successful use of SMO inhibitors in tumors with activating mutations in hedgehog signaling raised interests in their exploitation against other malignancies. The role of hedgehog signaling in pediatric malignancies remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the hedgehog signaling and its inhibition in a panel of 18 tumor cell lines derived from six of the most common and highly aggressive pediatric tumor types. None of the cell lines was known to stem from tumors with activating hedgehog mutations. Tetrazolium-based assays (MTT and MTS) and BrdU assays were used to analyze cell viability and proliferation after exposure to SANT1 and GANT61. Expression analysis of hedgehog signaling members and cyclins was performed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key members of hedgehog signaling (SHH, PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, GLI2 and SUFU) were expressed in all cell lines. In 50% of the cell lines viability was significantly increased by SHH exposure. Stimulation was not restricted to distinct tumor types, but related to cell lines with higher mRNA levels of PTCH1, SMO, GLI1 and GLI2. SMO inhibition by SANT1 moderately decreased cell viability with GI50s between 28 and 93 µmol/l. Sensitivity to SANT1 was not related to distinct tumor types. The GLI inhibitor GANT61 inhibited cell viability and proliferation more effectively than SANT1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preclinical data provide evidence that hedgehog signaling is active and can be stimulated by PTCH1 ligands in various pediatric tumors. We suggest further evaluation of GLI inhibitors as inhibitors of hedgehog signaling for the treatment of the investigated tumor types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany. viktor.arnhold@charite.de.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arnhold
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanvers-Kaminsky
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002648:Child; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C551027:GANT 61; C400551:GLI1 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D010879:Piperazines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C468919:SANT-1 compound; C491023:SMO protein, human; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
keywords: GANT61; GLI; Hedgehog signaling; Pediatric malignancies; SANT1