title: Oseltamivir-conjugated polymeric micelles prepared by RAFT living radical polymerization as a new active tumor targeting drug delivery platform.
abstract: Targeted drug delivery using polymeric nanostructures has been at the forefront of cancer research, engineered for safer, more efficient and effective use of chemotherapy. Here, we designed a new polymeric micelle delivery system for active tumor targeting followed by micelle-drug internalization via receptor-induced endocytosis. We recently reported that oseltamivir phosphate targets and inhibits Neu1 sialidase activity associated with receptor tyrosine kinases such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) which are overexpressed in cancer cells. By decorating micelles with oseltamivir, we investigated whether they actively targeted human pancreatic PANC1 cancer cells. Amphiphilic block copolymers with oseltamivir conjugated at the hydrophilic end, oseltamivir-pPEGMEMA-b-pMMA (oseltamivir-poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate), were synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) living radical polymerization. Oseltamivir-conjugated micelles have self-assembling properties to give worm-like micellar structures with molecular weight of 80 000 g mol(-1). Oseltamivir-conjugated water soluble pPEGMEMA, dose dependently, both inhibited sialidase activity associated with Neu1, and reduced viability of PANC1 cells. In addition, oseltamivir-conjugated micelles, labelled with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye within the micelle core, were subsequently internalized by PANC1 cells. Blocking cell surface Neu1 with anti-Neu1 antibody, reduced internalization of oseltamivir-conjugated micelles, demonstrating that Neu1 binding linked to sialidase inhibition were prerequisite steps for subsequent internalization of the micelles. The mechanism of internalization is likely that of receptor-induced endocytosis demonstrating potential as a new nanocarrier system for not only targeting a tumor cell, but also for directly reducing viability through Neu1 inhibition, followed by intracellular delivery of hydrophobic cytotoxic chemotherapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. neufeld@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Vitaliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapishon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. neufeld@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. michael.cunningham@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. neufeld@queensu.ca and Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. michael.cunningham@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. szewczuk@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Myron R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Szewczuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. neufeld@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Neufeld
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008823:Micelles; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: C000613815:(polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate); D004337:Drug Carriers; D008689:Methacrylates; D008823:Micelles; D011108:Polymers; C524499:polyethylene glycol methacrylate; D053139:Oseltamivir; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols