title: Endorsement of universal health coverage financial principles in Burkina Faso.
abstract: In West Africa, health system funding rarely involves cross-subsidization among population segments. In some countries, a few community-based or professional health insurance programs are present, but coverage is very low. The financial principles underlying universal health coverage (UHC) sustainability and solidarity are threefold: 1) anticipation of potential health risks; 2) risk sharing and; 3) socio-economic status solidarity. In Burkina Faso, where decision-makers are favorable to national health insurance, we measured endorsement of these principles and discerned which management configurations would achieve the greatest adherence. We used a sequential exploratory design. In a qualitative step (9 interviews, 12 focus groups), we adapted an instrument proposed by Goudge et al. (2012) to the local context and addressed desirability bias. Then, in a quantitative step (1255 respondents from the general population), we measured endorsement. Thematic analysis (qualitative) and logistic regressions (quantitative) were used. High levels of endorsement were found for each principle. Actual practices showed that anticipation and risk sharing were not only intentions. Preferences were given to solidarity between socio-economic status (SES) levels and progressivity. Although respondents seemed to prefer the national level for implementation, their current solidarity practices were mainly focused on close family. Thus, contribution levels should be set so that the entire family benefits from healthcare. Some critical conditions must be met to make UHC financial principles a reality through health insurance in Burkina Faso: trust, fair and mandatory contributions, and education.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agier
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Antarou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Kadidiatou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadio
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Seni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kouanda
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada; University of Montreal School of Public Health (ESPUM), Montreal, Canada. Electronic address: valery.ridde@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Valéry
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ridde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002050:Burkina Faso; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005378:Financial Support; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Anticiaption; Burkina Faso; Health financing; Mixed methods; Progressivity; Risk sharing; Solitarity; Universal health coverage