title: Task Failure during Exercise to Exhaustion in Normoxia and Hypoxia Is Due to Reduced Muscle Activation Caused by Central Mechanisms While Muscle Metaboreflex Does Not Limit Performance.
abstract: To determine whether task failure during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE) is principally due to reduced neural drive and increased metaboreflex activation eleven men (22 ± 2 years) performed a 10 s control isokinetic sprint (IS; 80 rpm) after a short warm-up. This was immediately followed by an IE in normoxia (Nx, PIO2:143 mmHg) and hypoxia (Hyp, PIO2:73 mmHg) in random order, separated by a 120 min resting period. At exhaustion, the circulation of both legs was occluded instantaneously (300 mmHg) during 10 or 60 s to impede recovery and increase metaboreflex activation. This was immediately followed by an IS with open circulation. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the vastus medialis and lateralis. Muscle biopsies and blood gases were obtained in separate experiments. During the last 10 s of the IE, pulmonary ventilation, VO2, power output and muscle activation were lower in hypoxia than in normoxia, while pedaling rate was similar. Compared to the control sprint, performance (IS-Wpeak) was reduced to a greater extent after the IE-Nx (11% lower P < 0.05) than IE-Hyp. The root mean square (EMGRMS) was reduced by 38 and 27% during IS performed after IE-Nx and IE-Hyp, respectively (Nx vs. Hyp: P < 0.05). Post-ischemia IS-EMGRMS values were higher than during the last 10 s of IE. Sprint exercise mean (IS-MPF) and median (IS-MdPF) power frequencies, and burst duration, were more reduced after IE-Nx than IE-Hyp (P < 0.05). Despite increased muscle lactate accumulation, acidification, and metaboreflex activation from 10 to 60 s of ischemia, IS-Wmean (+23%) and burst duration (+10%) increased, while IS-EMGRMS decreased (-24%, P < 0.05), with IS-MPF and IS-MdPF remaining unchanged. In conclusion, close to task failure, muscle activation is lower in hypoxia than in normoxia. Task failure is predominantly caused by central mechanisms, which recover to great extent within 1 min even when the legs remain ischemic. There is dissociation between the recovery of EMGRMS and performance. The reduction of surface electromyogram MPF, MdPF and burst duration due to fatigue is associated but not caused by muscle acidification and lactate accumulation. Despite metaboreflex stimulation, muscle activation and power output recovers partly in ischemia indicating that metaboreflex activation has a minor impact on sprint performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Peralta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morales-Alamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra Tudela, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Izal
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Losa-Reyna
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra Tudela, Spain.
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: José A L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calbet
keywords: EMG; electromyography; exhaustion; fatigue; high-intensity; hypoxia; lactate; performance