title: Influence of point-of-sale tobacco displays and plain black and white cigarette packaging and advertisements on adults: Evidence from a virtual store experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the potential impact of banning tobacco displays and mandating plain packaging and cigarette advertisements at the point of sale (POS) on adult outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A virtual convenience store was created with scenarios in which the tobacco product display was either fully visible (status quo) or enclosed behind a cabinet (display ban), and cigarette packs and advertisements were either in full color (status quo) or black and white, text only (plain). A national convenience sample of 1313 adult current smokers and recent quitters was randomized to 1 of 4 conditions and given a shopping task to complete in the virtual store. Main outcomes were participants' self-reported urge to smoke and tobacco purchase attempts in the virtual store.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with recent quitters in the status quo conditions, recent quitters in the display ban condition had lower urges to smoke (β=-4.82, 95% CI=-8.16--1.49, p<0.01). Compared with current smokers in the status quo conditions, smokers in the display ban conditions were less likely to attempt to purchase cigarettes in the virtual store (OR=0.05, 95% CI=0.03-0.08, P<0.01). Smokers exposed to plain packs and ads were significantly less likely to attempt to purchase cigarettes (OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.20-0.47, P<0.01) than those exposed to color packs and ads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies that ban the display of tobacco products or require plain packaging and advertising at the POS may help reduce adult smoking.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Electronic address: jnonnemaker@rti.org.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nonnemaker
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Annice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019064:Product Packaging; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Plain cigarette packaging; Point-of-sale tobacco product displays; Virtual convenience store