title: [Functional MRI 2.0. ²³Na and CEST imaging].
abstract: In recent years the purely morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly flanked by so-called functional imaging methods, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), to obtain additional information about tissue or pathological processes. This review article presents two MR techniques that can detect physiological processes in the human body. In contrast to all other functional MR imaging techniques, which are based on hydrogen protons, the first technique presented (X-nuclei imaging) uses the spin of other nuclei for imaging and consequently allows a completely different insight into the human body. In this article X-nuclei imaging is focused on sodium ((23)Na) MRI because it currently represents the main focus of research in this field due to the favorable MR properties of sodium. The second MR technique presented is the relatively novel chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging that can detect exchange processes between protons in metabolites and protons in free water. The first part of this article introduces the basic technical principles, problems, advantages and disadvantages of these two MR techniques, whereas the second part highlights the potential clinical applications. Examples illustrate several potential applications in neuroimaging (e. g. stroke and tumors), musculoskeletal imaging (e. g. osteoarthritis and degenerative processes) and abdominal imaging (e. g. kidneys and hypertension). Both techniques inherently contain an incredible potential for future imaging but are still on the threshold of clinical use and are currently under evaluation in many university centers.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haneder
authors.affiliation: MR-Bildgebung und -Spektroskopie, Fachbereich 1 (Physik/Elektrotechnik), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Deutschland. simon.konstandin@mevis.fraunhofer.de.|Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland. simon.konstandin@mevis.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstandin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012975:Sodium Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012975:Sodium Isotopes
keywords: 23Na-MRI; CEST imaging; Clinical applications; Functional MRI; Technical principles