title: Nonambulatory cows: Duration of recumbency and quality of nursing care affect outcome of flotation therapy.
abstract: Cows that are unable or unwilling to stand and remain recumbent for ≥ 12 h are defined as nonambulatory. Care and management of nonambulatory cattle is considered a major animal welfare concern facing the livestock industry, particularly the dairy sector. Flotation therapy has gained interest as a means to promote recovery in nonambulatory cows and is based on the concept that by floating the cow in warm water, secondary pressure damage to muscles and nerves will be reduced. The objective of this study was to assess the physiological responses to stress related to the flotation therapy and to evaluate the effect of recumbency duration and nursing care on the outcome of the flotation therapy. The outcomes of 34 nonambulatory Holstein dairy cows were analyzed after they were subjected to flotation therapy. The duration of recumbency and quality of nursing care provided before initiation of the flotation treatment were assessed based on producer responses to survey questions, and from on-site observations by the researchers. A veterinarian examined all cows before flotation therapy began. The treatment was divided into 5 phases: baseline (before filling), manipulation (placing the cow into the tank), filling (the tank was filled with water), flotation (the cow was confined in the filled tank), and draining (water was removed from the tank). Stress responses to the procedure, excluding the manipulation portion, were assessed using heart rate variability. The high-frequency component (HF normalized units) decreased during the filling and draining phases (2.8 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.4, respectively) compared with the baseline and floating phase (5.1 ± 0.6 and 4.9 ± 0.3, [corrected] respectively). These results indicate that the stress related to the flotation therapy is greatest during the filling and draining phases of the treatment, when cows likely have to exert increased effort to transition to a standing position. The flotation therapy was less likely to be successful on cows that had been recumbent for longer periods (odds ratio=0.96; 95% CI=0.93-0.99, for every 1-h increase in time recumbent before the therapy began). Higher quality of nursing care provided to nonambulatory cows increased the chance of recovery. In conclusion, cows subjected to flotation therapy were more likely to recover if they were treated at early stage of recumbency and if good nursing care was provided while recumbent.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stojkov
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weary
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. Electronic address: nina@mail.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: M A G
authors.initials: MAG
authors.lastname: von Keyserlingk
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D011187:Posture; D013312:Stress, Physiological
keywords: flotation tank; hydrotherapy; nonambulatory cow management