title: Advanced oxidation of the antibiotic sulfapyridine by UV/H₂O₂: Characterization of its transformation products and ecotoxicological implications.
abstract: The aim of the present work is to investigate, under lab-scale conditions, the removal and transformation of the antibiotic sulfapyridine (SPY) upon advanced oxidation with UV/H2O2. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses by means of an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-linear ion trap high resolution Orbitrap instrument (LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) were carried out in order to elucidate the different transformation products (TPs) generated. The abatement (>99%) of the antibiotic was only achieved after 180 min, highlighting its resilience to elimination and its potential persistence in the environment A total of 10 TPs for SPY were detected and their molecular structures elucidated by means of MS(2) and MS(3) scans. Finally, the combined ecotoxicity at different treatment times was evaluated by means of bioluminescence inhibition assays with the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri.
authors.affiliation: LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain. Electronic address: chus3.garcia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ma Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: García-Galán
authors.affiliation: LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anfruns
authors.affiliation: LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain; IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Olmos
authors.affiliation: ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Mozaz
authors.affiliation: LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Comas
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D049449:Luminescence; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013427:Sulfapyridine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013427:Sulfapyridine
keywords: Ecotoxicity; Metabolite; Sulfapyridine; Transformation products; UV/H(2)O(2) oxidation