title: Open Access Could Transform Drug Discovery: A Case Study of JQ1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cost to develop a new drug from target discovery to market is a staggering $1.8 billion, largely due to the very high attrition rate of drug candidates and the lengthy transition times during development. Open access is an emerging model of open innovation that places no restriction on the use of information and has the potential to accelerate the development of new drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  To date, no quantitative assessment has yet taken place to determine the effects and viability of open access on the process of drug translation. This need is addressed within this study. The literature and intellectual property landscapes of the drug candidate JQ1, which was made available on an open access basis when discovered, and conventionally developed equivalents that were not are compared using the Web of Science and Thomson Innovation software, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate that openly sharing the JQ1 molecule led to a greater uptake by a wider and more multi-disciplinary research community. A comparative analysis of the patent landscapes for each candidate also found that the broader scientific diaspora of the publically released JQ1 data enhanced innovation, evidenced by a greater number of downstream patents filed in relation to JQ1. The authors' findings counter the notion that open access drug discovery would leak commercial intellectual property. On the contrary, JQ1 serves as a test case to evidence that open access drug discovery can be an economic model that potentially improves efficiency and cost of drug discovery and its subsequent commercialization.
authors.affiliation: a Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|b School of Medicine , University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews , UK.
authors.forename: Zeeshaan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: c Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|d The Oxford - UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI) , The University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: d The Oxford - UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI) , The University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Mackenna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: a Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Wen Hwa
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: c Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|d The Oxford - UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI) , The University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: e Sartorius Stedim , Göttingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bure
authors.affiliation: f Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel, and Basel University Children's Hospital , Basel , Switzerland.|g Department of Pediatrics , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Georg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: h Said Business School , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dopson
authors.affiliation: a Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.
authors.forename: Chas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bountra
authors.affiliation: c Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|d The Oxford - UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI) , The University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|h Said Business School , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.|i Centre for Behavioral Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , London , UK.|j Harvard Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , MA , USA.|k USCF-Stanford Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) , San Fransisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brindley
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D001381:Azepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D018973:Intellectual Property; D018803:Models, Economic; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010330:Patents as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C561695:(+)-JQ1 compound; D001381:Azepines; D014230:Triazoles
keywords: Bromodomain; Drug Discovery; Epigenetics; Healthcare Translation; JQ1; Open Access; Open Innovation; SGC (Structural Genomics Consortium)