title: Cytologic diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis: Spectrum of findings in Southern Arizona patients over a 10 year period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The largest series examining the cytological diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was reported more than 20 years ago and only considered fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from pulmonary nodules. Since then, there has been a substantial increase in the incidence of the disease in endemic regions. The aims of this study were to examine the spectrum of Coccidioides in all cytologic specimens and detail their diagnostic and clinical features. The prevalence of infection is also examined against temperature and precipitation data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Pathology database was retrospectively searched for cases diagnosed as coccidioidomycosis. Climate report was obtained from National Weather Service Forecast Office. Statistical analysis was carried out using JMP version 11.2.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of Coccidiodes was microscopically diverse with immature spherules, variably sized spherules, endosporulating spherules, empty spherules, and ruptured spherules being observed. Bronchoalveolar lavages demonstrated the greatest number of different forms of Coccidioides and were associated with acute inflammatory response. Granulomas were rare and mostly seen in lymph nodes and extra pulmonary sites. A necrotic background with paucity of inflammation was frequently seen in lung FNA. Immune competent patients outnumbered immunocompromised patients, illustrating the importance of considering the diagnosis in all patients. The reported association between rainfall and peak prevalence was not observed in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coccidioides has diverse cytological appearance and varied host response depending on the site and type of preparation examined. In endemic areas, the disease should be considered in all patients, independent of immune status, and throughout the year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: F Zahra
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.affiliation: Pathology Resident, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Millius
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sobonya
authors.affiliation: Pathology Resident, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aboul-Nasr
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001130:Arizona; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002648:Child; D003045:Coccidioides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Coccidioides; bronchoalveolar lavage; coccidioidomycosis; cytology; fine needle aspiration; pulmonary