title: Local post-harvest practices associated with aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize in three agro ecological zones of Tanzania.
abstract: A survey was undertaken of a total of 120 farmers, 40 from each of the three studied agro-ecological zones of Tanzania, to determine local post-harvest management practices associated with aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FB) contamination of maize. Data on practices (collected using a structured questionnaire) and maize samples were obtained from each of the 120 farmers. FB and AF contamination in the samples were analysed by HPLC. A total of 45% and 85% of maize samples were positive for AF and FB respectively, with levels ranging from 0.1 to 269 μg kg(-1) for AF and from 49 to 18 273 μg kg(-1) for FBs. Significant differences in contamination level were observed among the three agro-ecological zones. Farmers in the three agro-ecological zones practised similar practices in varying degrees. Drying, sorting and protecting maize against insect infestation are practices that showed significant association with AF or FB contamination of maize. Drying maize on mat/raised platform, sorting (damaged, discoloured and moulded grains) and application of synthetic insecticides during storage are practices that were associated with less contamination of maize with AF and FB. The results can be used to advise on effective post-harvest strategies for prevention of AF and FB contamination of maize in rural Tanzania.
authors.affiliation: a nutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.|b Directorate of Food Safety , Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania.
authors.forename: Analice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamala
authors.affiliation: c School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering , The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) , Arusha , Tanzania.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimanya
authors.affiliation: d Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haesaert
authors.affiliation: e Faculty of Agriculture , Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro , Tanzania.
authors.forename: Bendantuguka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tiisekwa
authors.affiliation: a nutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.|e Faculty of Agriculture , Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro , Tanzania.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madege
authors.affiliation: d Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Szanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Degraeve
authors.affiliation: c School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering , The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) , Arusha , Tanzania.
authors.forename: Cypriana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cyprian
authors.affiliation: a nutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, partner in Food2Know, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Meulenaer
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000032:analysis*; D013636:Tanzania; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D037341:Fumonisins
keywords: Local post-harvest practices; aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination; maize