title: Duplication of OsHAP family genes and their association with heading date in rice.
abstract: Heterotrimeric Heme Activator Protein (HAP) family genes are involved in the regulation of flowering in plants. It is not clear how many HAP genes regulate heading date in rice. In this study, we identified 35 HAP genes, including seven newly identified genes, and performed gene duplication and candidate gene-based association analyses. Analyses showed that segmental duplication and tandem duplication are the main mechanisms of HAP gene duplication. Expression profiling and functional identification indicated that duplication probably diversifies the functions of HAP genes. A nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that 13 HAP genes underwent selection. A candidate gene-based association analysis detected four HAP genes related to heading date. An investigation of transgenic plants or mutants of 23 HAP genes confirmed that overexpression of at least four genes delayed heading date under long-day conditions, including the previously cloned Ghd8/OsHAP3H. Our results indicate that the large number of HAP genes in rice was mainly produced by gene duplication, and a few HAP genes function to regulate heading date. Selection of HAP genes is probably caused by their diverse functions rather than regulation of heading.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Qiuping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Wenhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Huaxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Guangwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Mengqi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry , China yzxing@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D017343:Genes, Plant; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005810:Multigene Family; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017440:Photoperiod; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Association analysis; OsHAP.; expression profiling; gene duplication; heading date; nucleotide diversity