title: Effect of Mg(2+) doping on beta-alpha phase transition in tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics.
abstract: The beta to alpha transition in tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics containing different amount of magnesium was studied in the present work. Mg-doped TCP powder was obtained by solid-state reaction starting from pure calcium carbonate, ammonium phosphate dibasic and magnesium oxide powders. The β to α transformation temperature was identified by dilatometric and thermo-differential analyses. Small pellets produced by uniaxial pressing samples were employed to study the influence of Mg(2+) on the transition kinetic, after sintering at 1550°C and subsequent slow or fast cooling down to room temperature. The evolution of β- and α-TCP crystalline phases during each thermal treatment was determined by X-ray powder diffraction analysis combined with Rietveld method-based software An annealing treatment, suitable to reconvert metastable α phase to the more clinically suitable β phase, was also investigated. It is shown that the presence of magnesium within the TCP lattice strongly influences the kinetic of the β⇆α phase transition, promoting the spontaneous α→β reconversion even upon fast cooling, or slowing down the β→α transition during heating. Similarly, it allows the α→β transformation in TCP sintered components by optimized annealing treatment at 850°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work concerns the effect of Mg(2+) doping on the β→α phase reconstructive transition in tricalcium phosphate (TCP), one of the most important bio-resorbable materials for bone tissue regeneration. The transition occurs upon the sintering process and is has been shown to be strongly irreversible upon cooling, leading to technological issues such as poor mechanical properties and excessive solubility due to the presence of metastable α-phase. This paper points out the kinetic contribution of Mg(2+) on the spontaneous α→β reconversion also upon fast cooling (i.e. quenching). Moreover, an annealing treatment has been shown to be beneficial to remove the retained α-phase in sintered TCP components, the presence of Mg promoting the reconversion process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy. Electronic address: matteo.frasnelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frasnelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; INSTM - National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Trento Research Unit, Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Sglavo
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D011208:Powders; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011208:Powders; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Annealing; Mg(2+) doping; α-TCP; β-TCP