title: Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Approximately one-half of all patients affected by bipolar disorder present with psychotic features on at least one occasion. Several studies have found that alterations in the activity of mesolimbic and prefrontal regions are related to aberrant salience in psychotic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural correlates of a history of hallucinations in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 21 euthymic patients with BD-I and no comorbid axis I DSM-IV-TR disorders. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare patients with and without a lifetime history of hallucinations. Preprocessing was performed using the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) algorithm for VBM in SPM8. Images were processed using optimized VBM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding of the present study was a reduction in gray matter volume in the right posterior insular cortex of patients with BD-I and a lifetime history of hallucinations, as compared to subjects with the same diagnosis but no history of hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding supports the presence of abnormalities in the salience network in BD patients with a lifetime history of hallucinations. These alterations may be associated with an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one's own experience, which could result in psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sa�de Mental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maila de C
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sa�de Mental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dante G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maicon R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sa�de Mental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nicolato
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sa�de Mental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio L de
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Souza-Duran
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Busatto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sa�de Mental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Corrêa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D055815:Young Adult