title: Diverse autonomic regulation of pupillary function and the cardiovascular system during alcohol withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research indicated the complexity of autonomic dysfunction during acute alcohol withdrawal. This study aimed to investigate the pupillary light reflex as an indicator of midbrain and brainstem regulatory systems in relation to cardiovascular autonomic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male patients were included in the study. They were investigated during acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome and 24h later during clomethiazole treatment and compared to healthy controls. Parameters of pupillary light reflex of both eyes as well as heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significantly reduced sympathetic (small diameter, e.g., left eye: 5.00 in patients vs. 5.91 mm in controls) and vagal modulation (e.g., prolonged latencies, left eye: 0.28 vs. 0.26 ms) regarding both pupils during acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Cardiovascular parameters showed reduced vagal modulation (e.g., b-slope of BRS: 7. 57 vs. 13.59 ms/mm Hg) and mixed results for sympathetic influence. After 24h, autonomic dysfunction improved significantly, both for the pupils (e.g., left diameter: 5.38 mm) and the heart (e.g., b-slope of BRS: 9.34 ms/mm Hg). While parameters obtained from the pupil correlated with cardiac autonomic function (e.g, BRS and left diameter: r=0.564) in healthy controls, no such pattern was observed in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results obtained from the pupil during acute alcohol withdrawal do not simply mirror autonomic dysfunction regarding the heart. Pupillary and cardiovascular changes after 24h indicate state dependencies of the results. The findings are discussed with respect to autonomic mechanisms and potentially involved brain regions.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jochum
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyme
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weißenfels
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. Electronic address: Karl-Juergen.Baer@med.uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Karl-Jürgen
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bär
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002719:Chlormethiazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002719:Chlormethiazole
keywords: Alcohol dependence; Cardiac mortality; Heart rate variability; Locus coeruleus; Pupil; Vagal function; Withdrawal