title: Characterization and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from several microenvironments of Beijing, China.
abstract: Ten target organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were measured from floor dust samples collected from homes (n = 21), offices (n = 23) and daycare centers (room n = 16) located in Beijing, China, and paired elevated surface dust and floor dust from the same daycare centers (room n = 9) were analyzed in this study. Most PFRs were detected in analyzed dust samples, and detection frequency up to 100% was observed on tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). Among studied microenvironments, office samples showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher PFRs contamination level (1687-200,489 ng/g), followed by homes (4571-67,450 ng/g), and daycare centers (1489-33,316 ng/g). TCEP was the predominant PFR in both home and daycare center samples, while TCIPP was dominant in floor dust from offices. TCEP, TCIPP and TBOEP showed positive correlations (p < 0.05) between their levels in elevated surface dust and corresponding floor dust, and the mean concentrations of TPHP (1116 ng/g) and tricresyl phosphate (TMPP) (336 ng/g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in floor dust than those in elevated surface dust (269 and 93 ng/g, respectively). Estimated exposures of toddlers, average adults and the elderly to PFRs via dust ingestion were 38, 6 and 5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively (assuming the average daily time spent are 62.5% home and 37.5% daycare center for toddlers, 62.5% home and 37.5% office for average adults, and 100% home for the elderly; assuming median concentrations and average dust ingestion rate).
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: yg-den@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Dongkui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Shubo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yujue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000068476:Beijing; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates
keywords: Human exposure; Indoor dust; Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs); Vulnerable population