title: Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors?
abstract: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of terms of public health relevance, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The continuous and indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides for the control of mosquito vectors has resulted in the development of resistance and negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment. Therefore, there is a need for development of effective mosquito control tools. In this study, the larvicidal and repellent activity of Zingiber nimmonii rhizome essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the dengue vector Aedes aegypti, and the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the Z. nimmonii EO contained at least 33 compounds. Major constituents were myrcene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and α-cadinol. In acute toxicity assays, the EO showed significant toxicity against early third-stage larvae of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, with LC50 values of 41.19, 44.46, and 48.26 μg/ml, respectively. Repellency bioassays at 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/cm(2) of Z. nimmonii EO gave 100 % protection up to 120, 150, and 180 min. against An. stephensi, followed by Ae. aegypti (90, 120, and 150 min) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (60, 90, and 120 min). Furthermore, the EO was safer towards two non-target aquatic organisms, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC50 values of 3241.53 and 9250.12 μg/ml, respectively. Overall, this research adds basic knowledge to develop newer and safer natural larvicides and repellent from Zingiberaceae plants against malaria, dengue, and filariasis mosquito vectors.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India. drgovind1979@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marimuthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajeswary
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arivoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Chennai, 600059, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tennyson
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy. g.benelli@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects; D003715:Dengue / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000081222:Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D000081222:Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; C445364:cadinol; C509595:myrcene; C042686:humulene; C024714:caryophyllene
keywords: Arbovirus; Biosafety; GC-MS; Malaria; Mosquito vectors; Zingiberaceae