title: Glycaemic Control and Associated Self-Management Behaviours in Diabetic Outpatients: A Hospital Based Observation Study in Lusaka, Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of diabetes mellitus depends on several factors that also include individual lifestyles. We assessed glycaemic control status and self-management behaviours that may influence glycaemic control among diabetic outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study among 198 consenting randomly selected patients was conducted at the University Teaching Hospital diabetic clinic between September and December 2013 in Lusaka, Zambia. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, self-management behaviours, and laboratory measurements. Binary logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS for Windows version 20.0 was carried out to predict behaviours that were associated with glycaemic control status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients that had good glycaemic control status (HbA1c≤ 48 mmol/mol) was 38.7% compared to 61.3% that had poor glycaemic control status (HbA1c≥ 49 mmol/mol). Adherence to antidiabetic treatment and fasting plasma glucose predicted glycaemic control status of the patients. However, self-blood glucose monitoring, self-blood glucose monitoring means and exercise did not predict glycaemic control status of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find evidence of poor glycaemic control status among most diabetic patients suggesting that health promotion messages need to take into account both individual and community factors to promote behaviours likely to reduce nonadherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Mwila
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2982-5175
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Musenge
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Boyd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mudenda
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manankov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human