title: Iron Homeostasis in Health and Disease.
abstract: Iron is required for the survival of most organisms, including bacteria, plants, and humans. Its homeostasis in mammals must be fine-tuned to avoid iron deficiency with a reduced oxygen transport and diminished activity of Fe-dependent enzymes, and also iron excess that may catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The advance in understanding the main players and mechanisms involved in iron regulation significantly improved since the discovery of genes responsible for hemochromatosis, the IRE/IRPs machinery, and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. This review provides an update on the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular and systemic Fe homeostasis and their roles in pathophysiologic conditions that involve alterations of iron metabolism, and provides novel therapeutic strategies to prevent the deleterious effect of its deficiency/overload.
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School (NMS)/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1150-082, Portugal. raffaella.gozzelino@nms.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gozzelino
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT), University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy. paolo.arosio@unibs.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arosio
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D064451:Hepcidins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D035941:Iron Regulatory Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D035942:Iron Regulatory Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000098742:Ferroportin
chemical_list: D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D064451:Hepcidins; D000098742:Ferroportin; D006418:Heme; D007501:Iron; C546175:ACO1 protein, human; C546174:IREB2 protein, human; D035941:Iron Regulatory Protein 1; D035942:Iron Regulatory Protein 2
keywords: iron; iron metabolism; iron toxicity