title: Replacing carbohydrate with protein and fat in prediabetes or type-2 diabetes: greater effect on metabolites in PBMC than plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active metabolism of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could suggest their suitability for metabolomics studies. This study examined whether reductions in PBMCs and plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activities induced by dietary intervention affected the overall metabolic profiles of PBMC and plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty nonobese subjects aged 40-70 years (18.5 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m(2)) with prediabetes or newly-diagnosed type-2 diabetes were assigned to consume either the usual refined-rice diet (control group, n = 40) or to replace refined rice with whole grains and legumes as carbohydrates (whole-grain group, n = 40) for three meals per day during the 12-week intervention. Fasting PBMC and plasma metabolomes were profiled using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks, changes in fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, MDA, ox-LDL, LDL particle size, plasma Lp-PLA2 activity, and PBMC enzyme activity in the whole-grain group were significantly different from those in the control group before and after adjusting for baseline levels. The PBMC levels of L-leucine, oleamide, lysoPC (16:0), and lysoPC (18:0) in the whole-grain group showed greater reductions compared with those of the control group. Changes in plasma metabolites were not significantly different between the two groups. Changes in PBMC Lp-PLA2 activity positively correlated with changes in L-leucine, oleamide, lysoPC (16:0), lysoPC (18:0), glucose, and ox-LDL, and negatively correlated with changes in LDL particle size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that dietary intervention in prediabetic or type-2 diabetic patients had a greater effect on PBMC Lp-PLA2 activity and metabolites compared with those of plasma metabolites.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT02191644.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minjoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gayoung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Miso
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Sook
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, 10444 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ; National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Metabolites; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Prediabetes; Whole-grains and legumes