title: Underuse of self-controlled designs in pharmacoepidemiology in electronic healthcare databases: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The self-controlled (SC) designs offer the advantage of inherently controlling for time-invariant confounders, which may not be collected in electronic healthcare databases. To be valid, the design requires that some characteristics must be present. Recommendations for their use have been published in 2012, which encourage their implementation when these key characteristics are valid. We aimed at describing the potentially missed opportunities for the use of SC in pharmacoepidemiological studies on electronic healthcare databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline for the articles published in two different 6-month periods before and after the 2012 recommendations. The potentially opportunity for the use of SC design is based on major required characteristics (abrupt onset event, rare or recurrent event, and acute or intermittent exposure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 94 papers in 2011 were analysed and 106 in 2014. SC designs were rarely used (2% in 2011 and 1% in 2014). A potentially missed opportunity for SC use was found in 16% of papers in 2011 and 15% in 2014.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that SC designs were underused and identified situations in which they could have been applied, but were not. Their use should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: APHP, Département d'Epidémiologie et Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Bichat, 75018, Paris, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France.|INSERM UMR 1123 ECEVE, 75010, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.affiliation: APHP, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie, 75018, Paris, France.|INSERM UMR 1123 ECEVE, 75010, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Sanabria
authors.affiliation: APHP, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie, 75018, Paris, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France.|INSERM UMR 1123 ECEVE, 75010, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillo
authors.affiliation: APHP, Département d'Epidémiologie et Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Bichat, 75018, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foulon
authors.affiliation: APHP, Département d'Epidémiologie et Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Bichat, 75018, Paris, France.|APHP, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie, 75018, Paris, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France.|INSERM UMR 1123 ECEVE, 75010, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tubach
mesh_terms: D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D006801:Humans; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology / Q000379:methods*
keywords: databases; pharmacoepidemiology; self-controlled designs; systematic review