title: Magnetite nanoparticle (NP) uptake by wheat plants and its effect on cadmium and chromium toxicological behavior.
abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the uptake of citrate-coated magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) by wheat plants and its effect on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of individual and joint Cd(2+) and Cr(6+) levels. Seven-day assays were conducted using quartz sand as the plant growth substrate. The endpoints measured were seed germination, root and shoot lengths, and heavy metal accumulation. Magnetite exhibited very low toxicity, regardless of the wheat seedling NP uptake and distribution into roots and shoots. The seed germination and shoot length were not sensitive enough, while the root length was a more sensitive toxicity endpoint. The root length of wheat seedlings exposed to individual metals decreased by 50% at 2.67mgCd(2)(+)kg(-1) and 5.53mgCr(6+)kg(-1). However, when magnetite NPs (1000mgkg(-1)) were added, the root length of the plants increased by 25 and 50%. Cd(2+) and Cr(6+) showed similar and noninteractive joint action, but strongly impaired the wheat seedlings. In contrast, an interactive infra-additive or antagonistic effect was observed upon adding magnetite NPs. Thus, cadmium and chromium accumulation in vegetable tissues was considerately diminished and the toxicity alleviated.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad de la Sierra Juárez, Ixtlán de Juárez 68725, Oaxaca, Mexico. Electronic address: jlol_24@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Luna
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad de la Sierra Juárez, Ixtlán de Juárez 68725, Oaxaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva-Silva
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Ciudad del Carmen 24115, Campeche, Mexico.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad de la Sierra Juárez, Ixtlán de Juárez 68725, Oaxaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Mijangos-Ricardez
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Carr. México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: González-Chávez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Baja California Norte, Mexico.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Solís-Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos 96535, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cuevas-Díaz
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D019343:Citric Acid
keywords: Cadmium; Chromium; Citrate-coated magnetite NPs; Toxicity; Uptake; Wheat seedlings