title: Factors associated with pharmacists' perceptions of their working conditions and safety and effectiveness of patient care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, the role of pharmacists has changed, as have various provincial legislations, which now allow pharmacists to provide additional health services to patients. With these changes comes growing concern about how well the current pharmacy working environment is adapting and whether it may also be creating work-related stress that may contribute to potentially unsafe practices of patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize the current working conditions of pharmacists in British Columbia, an online survey was developed and distributed to all College of Pharmacists of BC (CPBC) registrants by email. The survey consisted of questions on pharmacists' demographics, practice setting and perceptions of workplace conditions. Responses were collected from October 1 to November 10, 2013. All data were summarized using descriptive statistics, and regression models were constructed to assess the association between various factors and pharmacists' self-reported working conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three percent (1241/5300) of pharmacists registered with the CPBC responded, with 78% working in the community pharmacy setting (58% chain, 19% independent). Pharmacists mostly disagreed with the statements that they had enough time for breaks or lunches or to do their jobs, as well as enough staffing support. Pharmacists' perceptions of their workplace environment were negatively associated with workplace-imposed advanced service quotas (for medication reviews, immunizations and prescription adaptations); being employed at chain store pharmacies, compared to independent pharmacies or hospitals/long-term care settings; and higher prescription volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists working in chain community pharmacies who are required to meet monthly quotas for expanded services reported a substantial negative impact on their working conditions and perceived safety of patient care. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2016;149:xx-xx.
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Nicole W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lynd
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gastonguay
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Collaborations for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (Tsao, Lynd, Gastonguay, Li).
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra