title: Atrazine and its main metabolites alter the locomotor activity of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: Atrazine (ATZ) and its main chlorometabolites, i.e., diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), deisopropylatrazine (DIP), and deethylatrazine (DE), have been widely detected in aquatic systems near agricultural fields. However, their possible effects on aquatic animals are still not fully understood. In this study, it was observed that several developmental endpoints such as the heart beat, hatchability, and morphological abnormalities were influenced by ATZ and its metabolites in different developmental stages. In addition, after 5 days of exposure to 30, 100, 300 μg L(-1) ATZ and its main chlorometabolites, the swimming behaviors of larval zebrafish were significantly disturbed, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were consistently inhibited. Our results also demonstrate that ATZ and its main chlorometabolites are neuroendocrine disruptors that impact the expression of neurotoxicity-related genes such as Ache, Gap43, Gfap, Syn2a, Shha, Mbp, Elavl3, Nestin and Ngn1 in early developmental stages of zebrafish. According to our results, it is possible that not only ATZ but also its metabolites (DACT, DIP and DE) have the same or even more toxic effects on different endpoints of the early developmental stages of zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Yueyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Enlu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Xiayan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Zhengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China. Electronic address: jinyx@zjut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuanxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C445502:6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3-5-triazine-2,4-diamine; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C526766:diaminochlorotriazine; C446541:deethylatrazine; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Atrazine; Behavior; Deethylatrazine; Deisopropylatrazine; Diaminochlorotriazine; Zebrafish