title: Pulmonary function and serum pneumoproteins in professional ski waxers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Professional ski waxers are exposed to particulate matter (PM) during work, but little is known about untoward pulmonary effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study lung function and pneumoproteins in professional ski waxers before and during exposure to PM generated during ski waxing and ski preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five male professional ski waxers examined on an exposure-free day in the morning and at least 6 h later were re-examined during ski waxing 2 d later in a cross-shift study. Pulmonary function and gas diffusion capacity were measured and Clara cell protein 16 (CC-16), surfactant protein A and D (SP-A and SP-D), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in serum. PM was collected by personal sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PM concentrations in the respirable and in the inhalable aerosol fraction in air samples collected during waxing were 3.1 mg/m(3) and 6.2 mg/m(3), respectively. The mid expiratory flow (MEF(75%)) was significantly lower during exposure. The concentrations of CRP increased significantly by more than 100% during ski waxing, and SP-D and CC-16 were significantly lower during the exposed day as compared with the non-exposed day. The results further suggest that SP-D and CC-16 in serum are affected by diurnal variations. No significant alterations were observed for the lung diffusion capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that exposure to PM generated during ski waxing may induce pulmonary inflammation with reduced flow in small airways. The increased CRP concentrations indicate the induction of systemic inflammation in ski waxers during exposure.
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .|b The Norwegian Biathlon Union , Oslo , Norway , and.
authors.forename: Baard Ingegerdsson
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freberg
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Syvert
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thorud
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Hanne Line
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Daae
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hersson
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Paal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molander
authors.affiliation: c Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregard
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway .
authors.forename: Dag G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ellingsen
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A / Q000097:blood; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D / Q000097:blood; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D012865:Skiing; D014598:Uteroglobin / Q000097:blood; D014885:Waxes
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D; C556389:SCGB1A1 protein, human; D014885:Waxes; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D014598:Uteroglobin
keywords: diurnal variation; inflammation; particulate matter