title: Relevance of LiPF6 as Etching Agent of LiMnPO4 Colloidal Nanocrystals for High Rate Performing Li-ion Battery Cathodes.
abstract: LiMnPO4 is an attractive cathode material for the next-generation high power Li-ion batteries, due to its high theoretical specific capacity (170 mA h g(-1)) and working voltage (4.1 V vs Li(+)/Li). However, two main drawbacks prevent the practical use of LiMnPO4: its low electronic conductivity and the limited lithium diffusion rate, which are responsible for the poor rate capability of the cathode. The electronic resistance is usually lowered by coating the particles with carbon, while the use of nanosize particles can alleviate the issues associated with poor ionic conductivity. It is therefore of primary importance to develop a synthetic route to LiMnPO4 nanocrystals (NCs) with controlled size and coated with a highly conductive carbon layer. We report here an effective surface etching process (using LiPF6) on colloidally synthesized LiMnPO4 NCs that makes the NCs dispersible in the aqueous glucose solution used as carbon source for the carbon coating step. Also, it is likely that the improved exposure of the NC surface to glucose facilitates the formation of a conductive carbon layer that is in intimate contact with the inorganic core, resulting in a high electronic conductivity of the electrode, as observed by us. The carbon coated etched LiMnPO4-based electrode exhibited a specific capacity of 118 mA h g(-1) at 1C, with a stable cycling performance and a capacity retention of 92% after 120 cycles at different C-rates. The delivered capacities were higher than those of electrodes based on not etched carbon coated NCs, which never exceeded 30 mA h g(-1). The rate capability here reported for the carbon coated etched LiMnPO4 nanocrystals represents an important result, taking into account that in the electrode formulation 80% wt is made of the active material and the adopted charge protocol is based on reasonable fast charge times.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dilena
authors.affiliation: IREQ - Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec , 1800 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolella
authors.affiliation: IMEM-CNR , Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansaldo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scrosati
authors.forename: Liberato
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manna
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monaco
keywords: Li ion batteries; LiMnPO4; high rate capability; nanocrystals; surface etching