title: Optimal Blood Suppression Inversion Time Based on Breathing Rates and Heart Rates to Improve Renal Artery Visibility in Spatial Labeling with Multiple Inversion Pulses: A Preliminary Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an optimal blood suppression inversion time (BSP TI) can boost arterial visibility and whether the optimal BSP TI is related to breathing rate (BR) and heart rate (HR) for hypertension subjects in spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses (SLEEK).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included 10 volunteers and 93 consecutive hypertension patients who had undergone SLEEK at 1.5T MRI system. Firstly, suitable BSP TIs for displaying clearly renal artery were determined in 10 volunteers. Secondly, non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography with the suitable BSP TIs were performed on those hypertension patients. Then, renal artery was evaluated and an optimal BSP TI to increase arterial visibility was determined for each patient. Patients' BRs and HRs were recorded and their relationships with the optimal BSP TI were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal BSP TI was negatively correlated with BR (r1 = -0.536, P1 < 0.001; and r2 = -0.535, P2 < 0.001) and HR (r1 = -0.432, P1 = 0.001; and r2 = -0.419, P2 = 0.001) for 2 readers (κ = 0.93). For improving renal arterial visibility, BSP TI = 800 ms could be applied as the optimal BSP TI when the 95% confidence interval were 17-19/min (BR1) and 74-82 bpm (HR1) for reader#1 and 17-19/min (BR2) and 74-83 bpm (HR2) for reader#2; BSP TI = 1100 ms while 14-15/min (BR1, 2) and 71-76 bpm (HR1, 2) for both readers; and BSP TI = 1400 ms when 13-16/min (BR1) and 63-68 bpm (HR1) for reader#1 and 14-15/min (BR2) and 64-70 bpm (HR2) for reader#2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In SLEEK, BSP TI is affected by patients' BRs and HRs. Adopting the optimal BSP TI based on BR and HR can improve the renal arterial visibility and consequently the working efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Yigang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI 53188, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Jinkang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
authors.forename: Wenzheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D056152:Respiratory Rate
keywords: Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography; Optimal blood suppression inversion time; Renal artery; SLEEK; Spatial labeling with multiple inversion pulses