title: The association between self-monitoring of blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C and testing patterns in community pharmacies: Results of a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if pharmacists providing advice on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to new meter users, based on the Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs), resulted in improvements in A1C. SMBG testing patterns and pharmacist interactions were also observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized, pilot study was performed, with pharmacies randomized to an intervention or control group. The intervention group provided SMBG education according to the CDA CPGs at baseline, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months; the control group provided usual care. The primary endpoint was the mean change in A1C measured at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included a description of SMBG patterns and lifestyle changes and were determined via a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six participants (26 intervention, 10 control) were recruited from 9 pharmacies across Saskatchewan, Canada. Mean A1C decreased by -1.69 and -0.70 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p = 0.376). A total of 12 of 26 (46.2%) participants in the intervention group indicated they performed SMBG ≥7 times per week; 75% (9/12) of these were controlled by lifestyle or metformin alone. When applicable, most participants in the intervention group indicated they perform SMBG with exercise (62.5%), during illness (62.5%) and with hypoglycemic symptoms (81.3%) compared with 33.3%, 42.9% and 42.9% in the control group, respectively. Most participants in the intervention group (20/26; 76.9%) reported making lifestyle changes as a result of speaking with the pharmacist, with all indicating that they maintained these changes at 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study indicate that a larger study examining pharmacist interventions related to SMBG is feasible. Future studies are required to determine patient motivations and further evaluate the role of pharmacists in ensuring best practices to positively influence guideline-based blood glucose monitoring.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Mansell, Evans, Tran), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Mansell, Evans, Tran), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Charity
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Mansell, Evans, Tran), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Mansell, Evans, Tran), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Shellina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sevany