title: In vitro bioaccessibility of the marine biotoxin okadaic acid in shellfish.
abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) and their derivatives are marine toxins responsible for the human diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). To date the amount of toxins ingested in food has been considered equal to the amount of toxins available for uptake by the human body. In this study, the OA fraction released from the food matrix into the digestive fluids (bioaccessibility) was assessed using a static in vitro digestion model. Naturally contaminated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and donax clams (Donax sp.), collected from the Portuguese coast, containing OA and dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX3) were used in this study. Bioaccessibility of OA total content was 88% and 75% in mussels and donax clams, respectively. Conversion of DTX3 into its parent compound was verified during the simulated digestive process and no degradation of these toxins was found during the process. This is the first study assessing the bioaccessibility of OA-group toxins in naturally contaminated seafood. This study provides relevant new data that can improve and lead to more accurate food safety risk assessment studies concerning these toxins.
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Maulvault
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal. Electronic address: prcosta@ipma.pt.
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid
keywords: Clams; Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning; Dinophysistoxins; Mussels; Okadaic acid; Toxicity