title: Chemical Structures of Plant Hydrolyzable Tannins Reveal Their in Vitro Activity against Egg Hatching and Motility of Haemonchus contortus Nematodes.
abstract: The use of synthetic drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants has led to a situation where resistance to anthelmintics is widespread, and there is an urgent need for alternative solutions for parasite control. One promising approach is to use polyphenol-rich bioactive plants in animal feeds as natural anthelmintics. In the present work, the in vitro activity of a series of 33 hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) and their hydrolysis product, gallic acid, against egg hatching and motility of L1 and L2 stage Haemonchus contortus larvae was studied. The effect of the selected compounds on egg and larval structure was further studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated clear relationships between HT structure and anthelmintic activity. While HT size, overall flexibility, the types and numbers of functional groups, together with the linkage types between monomeric HTs affected the activity differently, the optimal structure was found with pentagalloylglucose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Engström
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.affiliation: Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse Rangueil, Université de Toulouse , 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Payré
authors.affiliation: UMR 1225, INRA/DGER, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Toulouse , 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France.|ENVT, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse F-31076, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoste
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Salminen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Haemonchus contortus; SEM; bioactive plant; hydrolyzable tannin; natural anthelmintic; nematode; polyphenol; tannin