title: Sex differences in cannabinoid-regulated biology: A focus on energy homeostasis.
abstract: Considerable strides have been made over the past 20 years in our understanding of the ligands, receptor subtypes, signal transduction mechanisms and biological actions comprising the endocannabinoid system. From the ever-expanding number of studies that have been conducted during this time, it has become increasingly clear that sex differences are the cornerstone of cannabinoid-regulated biology. Available evidence has demonstrated that these sex differences endure in the absence of gonadal steroids, and are modulated by the acute, activational effects of these hormones. This review focuses on select aspects of sexually differentiated, cannabinoid-regulated biology, with a particular emphasis on the control of energy balance. It is anticipated that it will lend impactful insight into the pervasive and diverse disparities in how males and females respond to cannabinoids--from the organismal level down to the molecular level. Additionally, it will furnish a newfound appreciation for the need to recalibrate our thinking in terms of how cannabinoids are used as therapeutic adjuvants for a broad range of clinical disorders and associated comorbidities, including body wasting and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States. Electronic address: ewagner@westernu.edu.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones
keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase; Cachexia; Cannabinoid; Energy balance; Estradiol; Glutamate; Obesity; Retrograde signaling; Sex difference; Testosterone