title: Nanostructured Ir-supported on Ti4O7 as a cost-effective anode for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers.
abstract: PEM water electrolysis has recently emerged as one of the most promising technologies for large H2 production from a temporal surplus of renewable electricity; yet it is expensive, partly due to the use of large amounts of Ir present in the anode. Here we report the development and characterization of a cost-effective catalyst, which consists of metallic Ir nanoparticles supported on commercial Ti4O7. The catalyst is synthesized by reducing IrCl3 with NaBH4 in a suspension containing Ti4O7, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anhydrous ethanol. No thermal treatment was applied afterwards in order to preserve the high conductivity of Ti4O7 and the metallic properties of Ir. Electron microscopy images show an uniform distribution of mostly single Ir particles covering the electro-ceramic support, although some agglomerates are still present. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals a cubic face centered structure of Ir nanoparticles with a crystallite size of ca. 1.8 nm. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the ratio of metallic Ir and Ir-oxide, identified as Ir(3+), is 3 : 1 after the removal of surface contamination. Other surface properties such as primary particle size distribution and surface potential were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cyclic and linear voltammetric measurements were conducted to study the electrochemical surface and kinetics of Ir-black and Ir/Ti4O7. The developed catalyst outperforms the commercial Ir-black in terms of mass activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid medium by a factor of four, measured at 0.25 V overpotential and room temperature. In general, the Ir/Ti4O7 catalyst exhibits improved kinetics and higher turnover frequency (TOF) compared to Ir-black. The developed Ir/Ti4O7 catalyst allows reducing the precious metal loading in the anode of a PEM electrolyzer by taking advantage of the use of an electro-ceramic support.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lettenmeier
authors.affiliation: Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Golla-Schindler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gazdzicki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cañas
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Dep. of Basic Science, Kanalstrasse 33, Esslingen, 73728, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morawietz
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Dep. of Basic Science, Kanalstrasse 33, Esslingen, 73728, Germany.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiesgen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: S Schwan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hosseiny
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de.
authors.forename: Aldo S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gago
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. aldo.gago@dlr.de and Institute of Energy Storage, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70550, Germany.
authors.forename: K Andreas
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Friedrich