title: Difficulties experienced by young people with Tourette syndrome in secondary school: a mixed methods description of self, parent and staff perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by motor and vocal tics. These involuntary movements and vocalizations can have a negative impact in the school environment. The paper presents a mixed methods description of the difficulties experienced by UK students with TS in secondary school, drawing on multiple perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five young people with TS (11 to 18 years), their parents (n = 35) and key members of school staff (n = 54) took part in semi-structured interviews about TS-related difficulties in secondary school. Theme analysis was used to identify school difficulties reported by the young people, before moving on to analysis of the parents' and staff members' transcripts. The most frequently occurring themes from the young people's accounts were then quantified in order to examine the level of agreement between informants and the association with clinical symptom severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A range of TS-related difficulties with academic work, and social and emotional well-being in school were reported by young people, parents and staff. Three superordinate themes are described: 1) TS makes school work more difficult, 2) Negative response to TS from staff and fellow students and 3) TS makes it more difficult to manage emotions in school. The three difficulties most frequently reported by the young people were problems concentrating in class, unhelpful responses by school staff to tics and difficulties with other students such as name-calling and mimicking tics. Additional difficulties reported by more than a quarter of young people related to homework, examinations, writing, anxiety and managing anger in school. Having more severe motor tics was associated with reporting difficulties with homework and handwriting, whereas having more severe phonic tics was associated with reporting unhelpful responses from staff. Young people and parents agreed more strongly with each other than they did with staff regarding school difficulties faced by individuals, and staff generally reported fewer TS-related difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TS can present a barrier to learning in several ways and can also affect interactions with others and emotional experiences in secondary school. Implications for supporting secondary school-aged students with TS are considered.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ruth.wadman@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wadman
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK. cris.glazebrook@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Cris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glazebrook
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK. charlotte.beer@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK. georgina.jackson@notttingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Georgina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012574:Schools; D057566:Self Report; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*