title: Impact of Long-Term Poor and Good Glycemic Control on Metabolomics Alterations in Type 1 Diabetic People.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with both micro- and macrovascular complications, but good glycemic control does not fully prevent the risk of these complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether T1D with good glycemic control have persistent abnormalities of metabolites and pathways that exist in T1D with poor glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared plasma metabolites in T1D with poor (glycated hemoglobin ≥ 8.5%, T1D[-] and good (glycated hemoglobin < 6.5%, T1D[+]) glycemic control with nondiabetic controls (ND).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the clinical research unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  T1D with poor (n = 14), T1D(-) and good, T1D(+) (n = 15) glycemic control and matched (for age, sex, and body mass index) ND participants were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of qualitative and quantitative profiling of metabolome was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In T1D(-), 347 known metabolites belonging to 38 metabolic pathways involved in cholesterol, vitamin D, tRNA, amino acids (AAs), bile acids, urea, tricarboxylic acid cycle, immune response, and eicosanoids were different from ND. In T1D(+),154 known metabolites belonging to 26 pathways including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, bile acids, tRNA biosynthesis, AAs, branch-chain AAs, retinol, and vitamin D metabolism remained altered from ND. Targeted measurements of AA metabolites, trichloroacetic acid, and free fatty acids showed directional changes similar to the untargeted metabolomics approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive metabolomic profiling identified extensive metabolomic abnormalities in T1D with poor glycemic control. Chronic good glycemic control failed to normalize many of these perturbations, suggesting a potential role for these persistent abnormalities in many complications in T1D.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Tumpa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Yogish C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kudva
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Xuan-Mai T
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schenck
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: G Charles
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Ravinder J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Rickey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Unit (Y.C.K., K.S.N.) and Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (L.A.S., R.C.), Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Resource Core (T.D., X.-M.T.P., G.C.F., K.S.N.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: K Sreekumaran
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014807:Vitamin D