title: Sickle cell disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sickle cell disease causes chronic haemolytic anaemia, dactylitis, and painful acute crises. It also increases the risk of stroke, organ damage, bacterial infections, and complications of blood transfusion. In sub-Saharan Africa, up to one third of adults are carriers of the defective sickle cell gene, and 1% to 2% of babies are born with the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic overview, aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of pharmaceutical interventions to prevent sickle cell crisis and other acute complications in people with sickle cell disease? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2015 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved 369 studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, 136 records were screened for inclusion in the overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 99 studies and the further review of 37 full publications. Of the 37 full articles evaluated, three already included systematic reviews were updated, two systematic reviews, two RCTs, and one subsequent RCT were added at this update. We performed a GRADE evaluation for 12 PICO combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for five interventions based on information about the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis in children aged under 5 years, antibiotic prophylaxis in children aged 5 years or older, hydroxyurea, malaria chemoprophylaxis, and pneumococcal vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meremikwu
authors.forename: Uduak
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Okomo
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000627:therapeutic use; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D006918:Hydroxyurea