title: Metabolomics reveals novel biomarkers of illegal 5-nitromimidazole treatment in pigs. Further evidence of drug toxicity uncovered.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of a metabolomics platform to distinguish between pigs treated with ronidazole, dimetridazole and metronidazole and non-medicated animals (controls), at two withdrawal periods (day 0 and 5). Livers from each animal were biochemically profiled using UHPLC-QTof-MS in ESI+ mode of acquisition. Several Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis models were generated from the acquired mass spectrometry data. The models classified the two groups control and treated animals. A total of 42 ions of interest explained the variation in ESI+. It was possible to find the identity of 3 of the ions and to positively classify 4 of the ionic features, which can be used as potential biomarkers of illicit 5-nitroimidazole abuse. Further evidence of the toxic mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole drugs has been revealed, which may be of substantial importance as metronidazole is widely used in human medicine.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Chevallier
authors.affiliation: William Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasull-Gimenez
authors.affiliation: Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fodey
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: S R H
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danaher
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK. Electronic address: Chris.Elliott@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; C052587:4-nitroimidazole
keywords: 5-Nitroimidazole; Bile acid homeostasis; Biomarker; Glutamyl cycle; Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; Metabolomics