title: The Current Landscape of Transitions of Care Practice Models: A Scoping Review.
abstract: Transitions of care (TOC) are a set of actions to ensure patient coordination and continuity of care as patients transfer between different locations or levels. During transitions associated with chronic or acute illness, vulnerable patients may be placed at risk with fragmented systems compromising their health and safety. In addition, poor care transitions also have an enormous impact on health care spending. The primary objective of this scoping review is to summarize the current landscape of practice models that deliver TOC services in the United States. The secondary objective is to use the information to characterize the current state of best practice models. A search of the PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and Cochrane Library databases (January 1, 2000-April 13, 2015) for articles pertaining to TOC models, limited to U.S. studies published in the English language with human subjects, gleaned 1362 articles. An additional 26 articles were added from the gray literature. Articles meeting inclusion criteria underwent a second review and were categorized into four groups: background information, original TOC research articles not evaluating practice model interventions, original TOC research articles describing practice models, and systematic or Cochrane reviews. The reviewers met weekly to discuss the challenges and resolve disagreements regarding literature reviews with consensus before progressing. A total of 188 articles describing TOC practice models met the inclusion criteria. Despite the strengths of several quality TOC models, none satisfied all the components recommended by leading experts. Multimodal interventions by multidisciplinary teams appear to represent a best practice model for TOC to improve patient outcomes and reduce readmissions, but one size does not fit all. Best model TOC services must include services along the TOC continuum: pretransition and posttransition, as well as at home and in outpatient health care settings. Studies clearly show that single-modal interventions are rarely successful in reducing readmissions and that successful TOC services must be multimodal and multidisciplinary, and continue throughout the care transition. Utilizing best practice TOC models described in this article as a starting point, practitioners interested in developing their own TOC program should test these tools in new practice environments and add to the body of literature by publishing their findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Charmaine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rochester-Eyeguokan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Roshni S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: OmedaRx, Cambia Health Solutions, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Shirley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Reitz
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014481:United States
keywords: TOC; care transitions; health outcomes; patient discharge; patient readmission; patient transfer; postdischarge follow-up; practice models; scoping review; transition of care