title: Correlation of climbing perception and eye movements during daytime and nighttime takeoffs using a flight simulator.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the subjective climbing perception can be quantitatively evaluated using values calculated from induced eye movements, and the findings may aid in the detection of pilots who are susceptible to spatial disorientation in a screening test.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The climbing perception experienced by a pilot during takeoff at night is stronger than that experienced during the day. To investigate this illusion, this study assessed eye movements and analyzed their correlation with subjective climbing perception during daytime and nighttime takeoffs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight male volunteers participated in this study. A simulated aircraft takeoff environment was created using a flight simulator and the maximum slow-phase velocities and vestibulo-ocular reflex gain of vertical eye movements were calculated during takeoff simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the eight participants reported that their perception of climbing at night was stronger, while the other four reported that there was no difference between day and night. These perceptions were correlated with eye movements; participants with a small difference in the maximum slow-phase velocities of their downward eye movements between daytime and nighttime takeoffs indicated that their perception of climbing was the same under the two conditions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan ;
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physiology 1st , Nara Medical University , Kashihara , Nara , Japan ;
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: c Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Nara Medical University , Kashihara , Nara , Japan ;
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: d Air Staff Office, Japan Air Self-Defense Force , Ichigaya , Shinjuku-Ku , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Takuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan ;
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiotani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D003624:Darkness; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000066908:Simulation Training; D013028:Space Perception; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Eye movement; perception; spatial disorientation; spatial orientation; takeoff