title: Variation in prostate cancer treatment associated with population density of the county of residence.
abstract: We sought to assess variation in the primary treatment of prostate cancer by examining the effect of population density of the county of residence on treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer and quantify variation in primary treatment attributable to the county and state level.
  
  
  
  A total 138 226 men with clinically localized prostate cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database in 2005 through 2008 were analyzed. The main association of interest was between prostate cancer treatment and population density using multilevel hierarchical logit models while accounting for the random effects of counties nested within SEER regions. To quantify the effect of county and SEER region on individual treatment, the percent of total variance in treatment attributable to county of residence and SEER site was estimated with residual intraclass correlation coefficients.
  
  
  
  Men with localized prostate cancer in metropolitan counties had 23% higher odds of being treated with surgery or radiation compared with men in rural counties, controlling for number of urologists per county as well as clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Three percent (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-6.2%) of the total variation in treatment was attributable to SEER site, while 6% (95% CI: 4.3-9.0%) of variation was attributable to county of residence, adjusting for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  
  Variation in treatment for localized prostate cancer exists for men living in different population-dense counties of the country. These findings highlight the importance of comparative effectiveness research to improve understanding of this variation and lead to a reduction in unwarranted variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Odisho
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011156:Population Density; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology