title: Ameliorative Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Cadmium-Induced Meiosis Inhibition During Oogenesis in Chicken Embryos.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that has toxic effects on the female reproductive system. Here the ameliorative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on Cd-induced meiosis inhibition during oogenesis was explored. As compared with controls, chicken embryos exposed to Cd (3 µg/egg) displayed a changed oocyte morphology, decreased number of meiotic germ cells, and decreased expression of the meiotic marker protein γH2AX. Real time RT-PCR also revealed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expressions of various meiosis-specific markers (Stra8, Spo11, Scp3, and Dmc1) together with those of Raldh2, a retinoic acid (RA) synthetase, and of the receptors (RARα and RARβ). In addition, exposure to Cd increased the production of H2 O2 and malondialdehyde in the ovaries and caused a corresponding reduction in glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Simultaneous supplementation of GSPE (150 µg/egg) markedly alleviated the aforementioned Cd-induced embryotoxic effects by upregulating meiosis-related proteins and gene expressions and restoring the antioxidative level. Collectively, the findings provided novel insights into the underlying mechanism of Cd-induced meiosis inhibition and indicated that GSPE might potentially ameliorate related reproductive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Agricultural Sciences Institute of Coastal Region of Jiangsu, Yancheng, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fuyin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Dale Bumpers College of Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Devin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Caiqiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D005260:Female; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008540:Meiosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: antioxidant; cadmium; chicken embryos; meiosis; retinoic acid