title: Comparative Study of the Effect of Sample Pretreatment and Extraction on the Determination of Flavonoids from Lemon (Citrus limon).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flavonoids have shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on human health, being also appreciated by both food and pharmaceutical industries. Citrus fruits are a key source of flavonoids, thus promoting studies to obtain them. Characteristics of these studies are the discrepancies among sample pretreatments and among extraction methods, and also the scant number of comparative studies developed so far.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the effect of both the sample pretreatment and the extraction method on the profile of flavonoids isolated from lemon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts from fresh, lyophilized and air-dried samples obtained by shaking extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and superheated liquid extraction (SHLE) were analyzed by LC-QTOF MS/MS, and 32 flavonoids were tentatively identified using MS/MS information. ANOVA applied to the data from fresh and dehydrated samples and from extraction by the different methods revealed that 26 and 32 flavonoids, respectively, were significant (p≤0.01). The pairwise comparison (Tukey HSD; p≤0.01) showed that lyophilized samples are more different from fresh samples than from air-dried samples; also, principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear discrimination among sample pretreatment strategies and suggested that such differences are mainly created by the abundance of major flavonoids. On the other hand, pairwise comparison of extraction methods revealed that USAE and MAE provided quite similar extracts, being SHLE extracts different from the other two. In this case, PCA showed a clear discrimination among extraction methods, and their position in the scores plot suggests a lower abundance of flavonoids in the extracts from SHLE. In the two PCA the loadings plots revealed a trend to forming groups according to flavonoid aglycones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows clear discrimination caused by both sample pretreatments and extraction methods. Under the studied conditions, liophilization provides extracts with higher amounts of flavonoids, and USAE is the best method for isolation of these compounds, followed by MAE and SE. On the contrary, the SHLE method was the less favorable to extract flavonoids from citrus owing to degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.|University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ledesma-Escobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.|University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.|Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Feliciano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Priego-Capote
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.|University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.|Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: María D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Luque de Castro
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts