title: Landing on branches in the frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Anura: Hylidae).
abstract: Frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) are famous for their saltatory or hopping locomotion, which is related to numerous anatomical specialisations that are characteristic for the group. However, while the biomechanics of take-off in frogs have been studied in detail, much less is known on how frogs land after a jump. Besides terrestrial and aquatic species, several lineages of frogs adopted an arboreal lifestyle and especially the biomechanics of landing on challenging, small, and unpredictable substrates, such as leaves or branches, are virtually unknown. Here we studied the landing kinematics of the arboreal frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Hylidae) on a wooden stick that was used to mimic a small tree branch. We observed two different landing behaviours: (1) landing on the abdomen and (2) attachment with the toes of either the forelimb or the hindlimb. In the latter case, the frogs performed a cartwheel around the stick, while they were only attached by their adhesive toe pads. We estimated the forces that act on the toes during this behaviour to be up to fourteen times the body weight of the animals. This behaviour demonstrates the remarkable adhesive capabilities of the toe pads and the body control of the frogs.
authors.affiliation: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Nienke N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Bijma
authors.affiliation: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Stanislav N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gorb
authors.affiliation: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany. tkleinteich@zoologie.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleinteich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Adhesion; Arboreal locomotion; Biomechanics; Jumping; Kinematics