title: The association of resting heart rate with diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean adult population: The fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the association of resting heart rate (RHR) with diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in a data set that represents the whole Korean adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 18,640 adults, that represent the whole Korean adult population, was used to examine the association of resting heart rate (RHR) with blood related variables, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to participants with a RHR of <60 beats per minute (bpm), participants with a RHR of ≥90 bpm had higher odds of diabetes {3.85 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.14-6.90], 3.34 (95% CI 1.83-6.10)} and metabolic syndrome [3.55 (95% CI 2.19-5.74), 2.15 (95% CI 1.37-3.35)], for men and women, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the participants with normal BMI (<23 kg/m(2)) normal RHR (<80 bpm), participants with high BMI (≥23 kg/m(2)) high RHR (≥80 bpm) had higher odds of diabetes [2.51 (95% CI 1.83-3.46), 4.89 (95% CI 3.63-6.58)], hypertension [3.88 (95% CI 3.00-5.01), 2.61 (95% CI 2.07-3.28)], and metabolic syndrome [9.67 (95% CI 7.42-12.61), 13.09 (95% CI 10.25-16.73)], for men and women, respectively. RHR shows a positive dose response relationship with the prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The combined association of RHR with BMI increases the potency of RHR as a marker of diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that RHR has an important role to play as a potential clinical measurement and prognostic marker.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk In
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jjeon@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Justin Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056910:Republic of Korea
keywords: Body mass index; Diabetes; Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Resting heart rate