title: Missing Aircraft Crash Sites and Spatial Relationships to the Last Radar Fix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the spatial characteristics of missing aircraft in actual distress. No previous studies have looked at the distance from the last radar plot to the crash site. The purpose of this study was to characterize this distance and then identify environmental and flight characteristics that might be used to predict the spatial relationship and, therefore, aid search and rescue planners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed records were obtained from the U.S. Air Force Rescue Coordination Center for missing aircraft in distress from 2002 to 2008. The data was combined with information from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Accident Database. The spatial relationship between the last radar plot and crash site was then determined using GIS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 260 missing aircraft incidents involving 509 people were examined, of which 216 (83%) contained radar information. Among the missing aircraft the mortality rate was 89%; most occurred in mountainous terrain (57%); Part 91 flight accounted for 95% of the incidents; and 50% of the aircraft were found within 0.8 nmi from the last radar plot. Flight characteristics, descent rate, icing conditions, and instrument flight rule vs. visual flight rule flight could be used to predict spatial characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most circumstances, the last radar position is an excellent predictor of the crash site. However, 5% of aircraft are found further than 45.4 nmi. The flight and environmental conditions were identified and placed into an algorithm to aid search planners in determining how factors should be prioritized.
authors.affiliation: Kingston University London, Kingston upon Th ames, UK.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Koester
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Greatbatch
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000401:Aircraft; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D011825:Radar; D062206:Spatial Analysis