title: HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors with Reduced Susceptibility to Drug Resistant Mutant Integrases.
abstract: HIV integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are among the newest anti-AIDS drugs; however, mutant forms of IN can confer resistance. We developed noncytotoxic naphthyridine-containing INSTIs that retain low nanomolar IC50 values against HIV-1 variants harboring all of the major INSTI-resistant mutations. We found by analyzing crystal structures of inhibitors bound to the IN from the prototype foamy virus (PFV) that the most successful inhibitors show striking mimicry of the bound viral DNA prior to 3'-processing and the bound host DNA prior to strand transfer. Using this concept of "bi-substrate mimicry," we developed a new broadly effective inhibitor that not only mimics aspects of both the bound target and viral DNA but also more completely fills the space they would normally occupy. Maximizing shape complementarity and recapitulating structural components encompassing both of the IN DNA substrates could serve as a guiding principle for the development of new INSTIs.
authors.forename: Xue Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute , Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Maskell
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metifiot
authors.affiliation: Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute , Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Valerie E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Pye
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fesen
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pommier
authors.affiliation: Clare Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute , Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom.|Imperial College London , St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cherepanov
authors.affiliation: Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Terrence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D019427:HIV Integrase; C514801:p31 integrase protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1