title: A possible early sign of hydroxychloroquine macular toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has a low risk of retinal toxicity which increases dramatically with a cumulative dose of >1000 g. Here we report a case of HCQ macular toxicity presentation in a young patient with a cumulative dose of 438 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 15-year-old female started attending annual consultations for retinal toxicity screening in our clinic after 3 years of HCQ treatment for juvenile idiopathic dermatomyositis. She had been diagnosed at age 12 and had been on hydroxychloroquine 200 mg/day, cyclosporin 150 mg/day and vitamin D3 since. Screening consultations included: complete ophthalmologic examination, automated perimetry (AP, M Standard, Octopus 101, Haag-Streit), multifocal electroretinogram (VERIS 6.06™, FMSIII), optical coherence tomography (OCT, fast macular protocol, Cirrus SD-OCT, Carl Zeiss), fundus autofluorescence imaging (Spectralis OCT, Heidelberg Engineering Inc.) and color testing (Farnsworth-Panel-D-15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 5 years of treatment, AP demonstrated reduced sensibility in only one extra-foveal point in each eye (p < 0.2). Even though other exams showed no alteration and the cumulative dose was only around 353 g, consultations were increased to every 6 months. After 2-year follow-up, that is, 7 years of HCQ, a bilateral paracentral macula thinning was evident on OCT, suggestive of bull's eye maculopathy. However, the retinal pigmented epithelium appeared intact and AP was completely normal in both eyes. Further evaluation with ganglion cell analysis (GCA = ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer, Cirrus SD-OCT, Carl Zeiss) showed a concentric thinning of this layer in the same area. Although daily and cumulative doses were still under the high toxicity risk parameters, HCQ was suspended. At a follow-up 1 year later, visual acuity was 20/16 without any further changes in OCT or on any other exam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This may be the first case report of insidious bull's eye maculopathy exclusively identified using OCT thickness analysis, in a patient in whom both cumulative and daily dosages were under the high-risk parameters for screening and the averages reported in studies. As ganglion cell analysis has only recently become available, further studies are needed to understand toxicity mechanisms and maybe review screening recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Eye Hospital, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. Livia.Brandao@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Livia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brandao
authors.affiliation: Eye Hospital, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anja M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Palmowski-Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003882:Dermatomyositis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine
keywords: Bull’s eye; Ganglion cell layer; Hydroxychloroquine; Maculopathy; Multifocal electroretinogram; Optical coherence tomography