title: Effect of gender and Frankfort mandibular plane angle on orthodontic space closure: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of gender and Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMPA) on extraction space closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single district general hospital. The sample population were 11- to 18-year-olds undergoing upper and lower fixed appliance therapy following the loss of a premolar in each quadrant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 patients undergoing upper and lower fixed appliance therapy following the loss of four premolars were randomized with stratification on two age ranges (11-14 years and 15-18 years) and three FMPAs (high, medium and low). Allocation was to one of three treatment groups: conventional, active or passive self-ligating brackets, with an allocation ratio of 1:2:2. All subjects were treated using the same archwire sequence and space closing mechanics. Space closure was measured on models taken every 12 weeks throughout treatment. All measurements were taken by one operator, blinded to bracket type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 98 patients were followed to completion. Data were analysed using linear mixed models and demonstrated no statistically significant difference between bracket types with respect to space closure. Therefore, the data were pooled to determine the effect of gender and FMPA on space closure. At all stages of space closure, there was a significant effect of gender (results are presented as effect size, lower and upper 95% confidence intervals and probability), that is passive [1.064, 0.521, 1.607, 0.001], active [0.825, 0.312, 1.339, 0.002] and total space closure [1.029, 0.527, 1.531, 0.001]. There was no statistically significant effect of FMPA on space closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Space closure during fixed appliance therapy is affected by gender but is unaffected by FMPA.
authors.affiliation: School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.affiliation: School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Songra
authors.affiliation: Salisbury Orthodontic Practice, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clover
authors.affiliation: School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Atack
authors.affiliation: School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherriff
authors.affiliation: School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sandy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure; D009969:Orthodontic Wires
keywords: FMPA; gender; orthodontics; space closure