title: Development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of Anisakis simplex proteins in fish.
abstract: The parasite Anisakis simplex is present in many marine fish species that are directly used as food or in processed products. The anisakid larvae infect mostly the gut and inner organs of fish but have also been shown to penetrate into the fillet. Thus, human health can be at risk, either by contracting anisakiasis through the consumption of raw or under-cooked fish, or by sensitisation to anisakid proteins in processed food. A number of different methods for the detection of A. simplex in fish and products thereof have been developed, including visual techniques and PCR for larvae tracing, and immunological assays for the determination of proteins. The recent identification of a number of anisakid proteins by mass spectrometry-based proteomics has laid the groundwork for the development of two quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the detection of A. simplex in fish that are described in the present study. Both, the label-free semi-quantitative nLC-nESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS (MS1) and the heavy peptide-applying absolute-quantitative (AQUA) LC-TripleQ-MS/MS (MS2) use unique reporter peptides derived from anisakid hemoglobin and SXP/RAL-2 protein as analytes. Standard curves in buffer and in salmon matrix showed limits of detection at 1μg/mL and 10μg/mL for MS1 and 0.1μg/mL and 2μg/mL for MS2. Preliminary method validation included the assessment of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and applicability to incurred and naturally-contaminated samples for both assays. By further optimization and full validation in accordance with current recommendations the LC-MS/MS methods could be standardized and used generally as confirmative techniques for the detection of A. simplex protein in fish.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: christiane.faste@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Christiane Kruse
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fæste
authors.affiliation: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schniedewind
authors.affiliation: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haug Anonsen
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klawitter
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Christians
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017163:Anisakis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005399:Fishes / Q000469:parasitology*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry; D040901:Proteomics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins
keywords: Absolute quantitation (AQUA); Anisakis simplex; Isotope-labeled; LC–MS/MS; Unique reporter peptides (URP)