title: Establishment of a rat and guinea pig aortic interposition graft model reveals model-specific patterns of intimal hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the aortic interposition bypass model has been widely used to evaluate biomaterials for bypass grafting, there is no comprehensive description of the procedure or of the distribution of intimal hyperplasia that results. The objectives of this study were to (1) review and summarize approaches of aortic interposition grafting in animal models, (2) determine the pertinent anatomy for this procedure, (3) validate this model in the rat and guinea pig, and (4) compare the distribution of intimal hyperplasia that develops in each species.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in PubMed from 1980 to the present to analyze the use of anesthesia, anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, graft material, suture, and anastomotic techniques. Using 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and Hartley guinea pigs, we established pertinent aortic anatomy, developed comparable models, and assessed complications for each model. At 30 days, the graft and associated aorta were explanted, intimal formation was assessed morphometrically, and cellularity was assessed via nuclear counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed 30 articles and summarized the pertinent procedural findings. Upon establishing both animal models, key anatomic differences between the species that affect this model were noted. Guinea pigs have a much larger cecum, increased retroperitoneal fat, and lack the iliolumbar vessels compared with the rat. Surgical outcomes for the rat model included a 53% technical success rate and a 32% technical error rate. Surgical outcomes for the guinea pig model included a 69% technical success rate and a 31% technical error rate. These two species demonstrated unique distribution of intimal hyperplasia at 30 days. Intimal hyperplasia in the rat model was greatest at two areas, the proximal graft (5400 μm2; P < .001) and distal graft (2800 μm2; P < .04), whereas the guinea pig model developed similar intimal hyperplasia throughout the graft (4500-5100 μm2; P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this report, we summarize the literature on the aortic interposition graft model, present a detailed description of the anatomy and aortic interposition graft procedure in the rat and guinea pig, and describe a unique distribution of intimal formation that results in both species. This information will be helpful when designing studies to evaluate novel graft materials in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Elaine K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vercammen
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Section of Vascular Surgery, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. Electronic address: mkibbe@nmh.org.
authors.forename: Melina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kibbe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008422:Materials Testing; D023421:Models, Animal; D058426:Neointima; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors