title: A Molecular Imaging Approach to Mercury Sensing Based on Hyperpolarized (129)Xe Molecular Clamp Probe.
abstract: Mercury pollution, in the form of mercury ions (Hg(2+)), is a major health and environmental hazard. Commonly used sensors are invasive and limited to point measurements. Fluorescence-based sensors do not provide depth resolution needed to image spatial distributions. Herein we report a novel sensor capable of yielding spatial distributions by MRI using hyperpolarized (129)Xe. A molecular clamp probe was developed consisting of dipyrrolylquinoxaline (DPQ) derivatives and twocryptophane-A cages. The DPQ derivatives act as cation receptors whereas cryptophane-A acts as a suitable host molecule for xenon. When the DPQ moiety interacts with mercury ions, the molecular clamp closes on the ion. Due to overlap of the electron clouds of the two cryptophane-A cages, the shielding effect on the encapsulated Xe becomes important. This leads to an upfield change of the chemical shift of the encapsulated Xe. This sensor exhibits good selectivity and sensitivity toward the mercury ion. This mercury-activated hyperpolarized (129)Xe-based chemosensor is a new concept method for monitoring Hg(2+) ion distributions by MRI.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qianni
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qingbin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Califonia NanoSystem Institute, The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Louis-S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Maili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China. xinzhou@wipm.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-7907
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000737:chemistry; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D014978:Xenon / Q000737:chemistry; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D011758:Pyrroles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D014979:Xenon Isotopes; D014978:Xenon; D008628:Mercury
keywords: hyperporlarized 129Xe; mercury; molecular clamp probe; molecular imaging; sensors