title: Magnetic induction heating of superparamagnetic nanoparticles during rewarming augments the recovery of hUCM-MSCs cryopreserved by vitrification.
abstract: Cryopreservation by vitrification has been recognized as a promising strategy for long-term banking of living cells. However, the difficulty to generate a fast enough heating rate to minimize devitrification and recrystallization-induced intracellular ice formation during rewarming is one of the major obstacles to successful vitrification. We propose to overcome this hurdle by utilizing magnetic induction heating (MIH) of magnetic nanoparticles to enhance rewarming. In this study, superparamagnetic (SPM) Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation method. We successfully applied the MIH of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for rewarming human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (hUCM-MSCs) cryopreserved by vitrification. Our results show that extracellular Fe3O4 nanoparticles with MIH may efficiently suppress devitrification and/or recrystallization during rewarming and significantly improve the survival of vitrified cells. We further optimized the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the current of an alternating current (AC) magnetic field for generating the MIH to maximize cell viability. Our results indicate that MIH in an AC magnetic field with 0.05% (w/v) Fe3O4 nanoparticles significantly facilitates rewarming and improves the cryopreservation outcome of hUCM-MSCs by vitrification. The application of MIH of SPM nanoparticles to achieve rapid and spatially homogeneous heating is a promising strategy for enhanced cryopreservation of stem cells by vitrification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we report the successful synthesis and application of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic induction heating (MIH) to enhance rewarming of vitrification-cryopreserved human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (hUCM-MSCs). We found that MIH-enhanced rewarming greatly improves the survival of vitrification-cryopreserved hUCM-MSCs. Moreover, the hUCM-MSCs retain their intact stemness and multilineage potential of differentiation post cryopreservation by vitrification with the MIH-enhanced rewarming. Therefore, the novel MIH-enhanced cell vitrification is valuable to facilitate the long-term storage of hUCM-MSCs and possibly many other important cells to meet their ever-increasing demand by the burgeoning cell-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
authors.forename: Jianye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei 230027, China. Electronic address: ZhaoG@ustc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Anhui Huien Biotechnology Corporation, LTD., Hefei 230088, China.
authors.forename: Zhengliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: he.429@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017694:Rewarming; D013696:Temperature; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000166:cytology*; D058989:Vitrification / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide
keywords: Cryopreservation; Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles; Magnetic induction heating; Vitrification; hUCM-MSCs