title: The Spread of Dengue in an Endemic Urban Milieu--The Case of Delhi, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue is a major international public health concern, one of the most important arthropod-borne diseases. More than 3.5 billion people are at risk of dengue infection and there are an estimated 390 million dengue infections annually. This prolific increase has been connected to societal changes such as population growth and increasing urbanization generating intense agglomeration leading to proliferation of synanthropic mosquito species. Quantifying the spatio-temporal epidemiology of dengue in large cities within the context of a Geographic Information System is a first step in the identification of socio-economic risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This Project has been approved by the ethical committee of Institut Pasteur. Data has been anonymized and de-identified prior to geolocalisation and analysis. A GIS was developed for Delhi, enabling typological characterization of the urban environment. Dengue cases identified in the Delhi surveillance system from 2008 to 2010 were collated, localised and embedded within this GIS. The spatio-temporal distribution of dengue cases and extent of clustering were analyzed. Increasing distance from the forest in Delhi reduced the risk of occurrence of a dengue case. Proximity to a hospital did not increase risk of a notified dengue case. Overall, there was high heterogeneity in incidence rate within areas with the same socio-economical profiles and substantial inter-annual variability. Dengue affected the poorest areas with high density of humans, but rich areas were also found to be infected, potentially because of their central location with respect to the daily mobility network of Delhi. Dengue cases were highly clustered in space and there was a strong relationship between the time of introduction of the virus and subsequent cluster size. At a larger scale, earlier introduction predicted the total number of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DENV epidemiology within Delhi has a forest fire signature. The stochastic nature of this invasion process likely smothers any detectable socio-economic risk factors. However, the significant finding that the size of the dengue case cluster depends on the timing of its emergence emphasizes the need for early case detection and implementation of effective mosquito control. A better understanding of the role of population mobility in contributing to dengue risk could also help focus control on areas at particular risk of dengue virus importation.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 8204 Géographie-cités, Paris, France.|Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Paris, France.|Centre de Sciences Humaines, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Telle
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de la de Recherche 6266, IDEES, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaguet
authors.affiliation: Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de la de Recherche 6266, IDEES, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de la de Recherche 6266, IDEES, Rouen, France.|Centre de Sciences Humaines, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cebeillac
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India.|Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de la de Recherche 6266, IDEES, Rouen, France.|Centre de Sciences Humaines, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daudé
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 8204 Géographie-cités, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003716:Dengue Virus; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014507:Urbanization