title: Prompts to eat novel and familiar fruits and vegetables in families with 1-3 year-old children: Relationships with food acceptance and intake.
abstract: Toddlers often go through a picky eating phase, which can make it difficult to introduce new foods into the diet. A better understanding of how parents' prompts to eat fruits and vegetables are related to children's intake of these foods will help promote healthy eating habits. 60 families recorded all toddler meals over one day, plus a meal in which parents introduced a novel fruit/vegetable to the child. Videos were coded for parent and child behaviors. Parents completed a feeding style questionnaire and three 24-h dietary recalls about their children's intake. Parents made, on average, 48 prompts for their children to eat more during the main meals in a typical day, mostly of the neutral type. Authoritarian parents made the most prompts, and used pressure the most often. In the novel food situation, it took an average of 2.5 prompts before the child tasted the new food. The most immediately successful prompt for regular meals across food types was modeling. There was a trend for using another food as a reward to work less well than a neutral prompt for encouraging children to try a novel fruit or vegetable. More frequent prompts to eat fruits and vegetables during typical meals were associated with higher overall intake of these food groups. More prompts for children to try a novel vegetable was associated with higher overall vegetable intake, but this pattern was not seen for fruits, suggesting that vegetable variety may be more strongly associated with intake. Children who ate the most vegetables had parents who used more "reasoning" prompts, which may have become an internalized motivation to eat these foods, but this needs to be tested explicitly using longer-term longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Lisarobin.edelson@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Edelson
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Cassandra.mokdad@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mokdad
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Nathalie.martin@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D011939:Mental Recall; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Behavioral observation; Feeding practices; Fruit; Toddler; Vegetables