title: Exposure to the Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Producer Alexandrium catenella Increases the Susceptibility of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas to Pathogenic Vibrios.
abstract: The multifactorial etiology of massive Crassostrea gigas summer mortalities results from complex interactions between oysters, opportunistic pathogens and environmental factors. In a field survey conducted in 2014 in the Mediterranean Thau Lagoon (France), we evidenced that the development of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, which produces paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), was concomitant with the accumulation of PSTs in oyster flesh and the occurrence of C. gigas mortalities. In order to investigate the possible role of toxic algae in this complex disease, we experimentally infected C. gigas oyster juveniles with Vibrio tasmaniensis strain LGP32, a strain associated with oyster summer mortalities, after oysters were exposed to Alexandrium catenella. Exposure of oysters to A. catenella significantly increased the susceptibility of oysters to V. tasmaniensis LGP32. On the contrary, exposure to the non-toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense or to the haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea used as a foraging alga did not increase susceptibility to V. tasmaniensis LGP32. This study shows for the first time that A. catenella increases the susceptibility of Crassostrea gigas to pathogenic vibrios. Therefore, in addition to complex environmental factors explaining the mass mortalities of bivalve mollusks, feeding on neurotoxic dinoflagellates should now be considered as an environmental factor that potentially increases the severity of oyster mortality events.
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Interactions-Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE UMR 5244), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France. celina.abi-khalil@umontpellier.fr.
authors.forename: Celina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abi-Khalil
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Interactions-Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE UMR 5244), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France. cljoven@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Joven
authors.affiliation: Center for MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC, UMR 9190), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Montpellier F-34095, France. eric.abadie@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Phycotoxines Laboratory, l'Iled'Yeu street BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3 F-44311, France. veronique.savar@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savar
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Phycotoxines Laboratory, l'Iled'Yeu street BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3 F-44311, France. zouher.amzil@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Zouher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amzil
authors.affiliation: Center for MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC, UMR 9190), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Montpellier F-34095, France. mohamed.laabir@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laabir
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Interactions-Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE UMR 5244), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France. jean.luc.rolland@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rolland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000737:chemistry; D004141:Dinoflagellida; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012758:Shellfish; D014733:Vibrio / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins
keywords: defense; environment; harmful algae; interaction; paralytic shellfish toxin; pathogens