title: Promoter architectures and developmental gene regulation.
abstract: Core promoters are minimal regions sufficient to direct accurate initiation of transcription and are crucial for regulation of gene expression. They are highly diverse in terms of associated core promoter motifs, underlying sequence composition and patterns of transcription initiation. Distinctive features of promoters are also seen at the chromatin level, including nucleosome positioning patterns and presence of specific histone modifications. Recent advances in identifying and characterizing promoters using next-generation sequencing-based technologies have provided the basis for their classification into functional groups and have shed light on their modes of regulation, with important implications for transcriptional regulation in development. This review discusses the methodology and the results of genome-wide studies that provided insight into the diversity of RNA polymerase II promoter architectures in vertebrates and other Metazoa, and the association of these architectures with distinct modes of regulation in embryonic development and differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Vanja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haberle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. Electronic address: b.lenhard@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lenhard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin
keywords: CAGE; Core promoter; Overlapping codes; Promoter types; Transcription start sites; Transcriptional regulation