title: vSDC: a method to improve early recognition in virtual screening when limited experimental resources are available.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In drug design, one may be confronted to the problem of finding hits for targets for which no small inhibiting molecules are known and only low-throughput experiments are available (like ITC or NMR studies), two common difficulties encountered in a typical academic setting. Using a virtual screening strategy like docking can alleviate some of the problems and save a considerable amount of time by selecting only top-ranking molecules, but only if the method is very efficient, i.e. when a good proportion of actives are found in the 1-10 % best ranked molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of several programs (in our study, Gold, Surflex, FlexX and Glide were considered) shows a divergence of the results, which presents a difficulty in guiding the experiments. To overcome this divergence and increase the yield of the virtual screening, we created the standard deviation consensus (SDC) and variable SDC (vSDC) methods, consisting of the intersection of molecule sets from several virtual screening programs, based on the standard deviations of their ranking distributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDC allowed us to find hits for two new protein targets by testing only 9 and 11 small molecules from a chemical library of circa 15,000 compounds. Furthermore, vSDC, when applied to the 102 proteins of the DUD-E benchmarking database, succeeded in finding more hits than any of the four isolated programs for 13-60 % of the targets. In addition, when only 10 molecules of each of the 102 chemical libraries were considered, vSDC performed better in the number of hits found, with an improvement of 6-24 % over the 10 best-ranked molecules given by the individual docking programs.Graphical abstractIn drug design, for a given target and a given chemical library, the results obtained with different virtual screening programs are divergent. So how to rationally guide the experimental tests, especially when only a few number of experiments can be made? The variable Standard Deviation Consensus (vSDC) method was developed to answer this issue. Left panel the vSDC principle consists of intersecting molecule sets, chosen on the basis of the standard deviations of their ranking distributions, obtained from various virtual screening programs. In this study Glide, Gold, FlexX and Surflex were used and tested on the 102 targets of the DUD-E database. Right panel Comparison of the average percentage of hits found with vSDC and each of the four programs, when only 10 molecules from each of the 102 chemical libraries of the DUD-E database were considered. On average, vSDC was capable of finding 38 % of the findable hits, against 34 % for Glide, 32 % for Gold, 16 % for FlexX and 14 % for Surflex, showing that with vSDC, it was possible to overcome the unpredictability of the virtual screening results and to improve them.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chaput
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez-Sanz
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quiniou
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigolet
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France ; School of Pharmacy, University of Caen, Normandy, Boulevard Becquerel, Caen, 14032 France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saettel
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ; Paris-Sud University, Orsay, France ; Inserm, U1196, Orsay, France ; CNRS, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mouawad
keywords: Calcineurin; Cdk2; DUD-E; FlexX; Glide; Gold; Standard deviation consensus; Surflex; Virtual screening; vSDC