title: Response inhibition and addiction medicine: from use to abstinence.
abstract: Historically, neuroscientific research into addiction has emphasized affective and reinforcement mechanisms as the essential elements underlying the pursuit of drugs, their abuse, and difficulties associated with abstinence. However, research over the last decade or so has shown that cognitive control systems, associated largely but not exclusively with the frontal lobes, are also important contributors to drug use behaviors. Here, we focus on inhibitory control and its contribution to both current use and abstinence. A body of evidence points to impaired inhibitory abilities across a range of drugs of abuse. Typically, studies suggest that substance-abusing individuals are characterized by relative hypoactivity in brain systems underlying inhibitory control. In contrast, abstinent users tend to show either normal or supernormal levels of activity in the same systems attesting to the importance of inhibitory control in suppressing the drug use urges that plague attempts at abstinence. In this chapter, the brain and behavioral basis of response inhibition will be reviewed, with a focus on neuroimaging studies of response inhibition in current and abstinent drug abusers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. Electronic address: philip.spechler@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Spechler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Bader
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Foxe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garavan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Abstinence; Addiction; Neuroimaging; Response inhibition