title: Malaria case detection using rapid diagnostic test at the community level in Ghana: consumer perception and practitioners' experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ghana has scaled-up malaria control strategies over the past decade. Much as malaria morbidity and mortality seem to have declined with these efforts, there appears to be increased consumption of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This study explored the perception and experiences of community members and medicines outlet practitioners on malaria case detection using rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) to guide malaria therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches for data. In-depth interviews with structured questionnaires were conducted among 197 practitioners randomly selected from community pharmacies and over-the-counter medicine sellers shops within two metropolis (Kumasi and Obuasi) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Two focus group discussions were also held in the two communities among female adult caregivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medicine outlet practitioners and community members often used raised body temperature of individuals as an index for malaria case detection. The raised body temperature was presumptively determined by touching the forehead with hands. Seventy percent of the practitioners' perceived malaria RDTs are used in hospitals and clinics but not in retail medicines outlets. Many of the practitioners and community members agreed to the need for using RDT for malaria case detection at medicine outlets. However, about 30% of the practitioners (n = 59) and some community members (n = 6) held the view that RDT negative results does not mean no malaria illness and would use ACT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though malaria RDT use in medicines outlets was largely uncommon, both community members and medicine outlet practitioners welcomed its use. Public education is however needed to improve malaria case detection using RDTs at the community level, to inform appropriate use of ACT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. dandanquah45@gmail.com.|Education and Training Department, Pharmacy Council, Accra, Ghana. dandanquah45@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Danquah
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. koheneb@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Kwame O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Buabeng
authors.affiliation: Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, B/A, Ghana. Kwakupoku.asante@kintampo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: Kwaku P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Asante
authors.affiliation: Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, B/A, Ghana. wubontogh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahama
authors.affiliation: National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana. conmarfouk@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bart-Plange
authors.affiliation: Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. owusudabo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ellis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owusu-Dabo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials