title: [Selected clinically established and scientific techniques of diffusion-weighted MRI. In the context of imaging in oncology].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that was established in the clinical routine primarily for the detection of brain ischemia. In the past 15 years its clinical use has been extended to oncological radiology, as tumor and metastases can be depicted in DWI due to their hypercellular nature.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The basis of DWI is the Stejskal-Tanner experiment. The diffusion properties of tissue can be visualized after acquisition of at least two diffusion-weighted series using echo planar imaging and a specific sequence of gradient pulses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The use of DWI in prostate MRI was reported to be one of the first established applications that found its way into internationally recognized clinical guidelines of the European Society of Urological Radiology (ESUR) and the prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) scale. Due to recently reported high specificity and negative predictive values of 94% and 92%, respectively, its regular use for breast MRI is expected in the near future. Furthermore, DWI can also reliably be used for whole-body imaging in patients with multiple myeloma or for measuring the extent of bone metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New techniques in DWI, such as intravoxel incoherent motion imaging, diffusion kurtosis imaging and histogram-based analyses represent promising approaches to achieve a more quantitative evaluation for tumor detection and therapy response.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland. m.freitag@dkfz.de.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bickelhaupt
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ziener
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für medizinische Informatik, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meier-Hein
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.|Abteilung für Urologie, Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mosebach
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T-A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuder
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schlemmer
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Laun
mesh_terms: D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Apparent diffusion coefficient; Diffusion weighted Imaging; Intravoxel incoherent motion; Kurtosis; Oncology