title: Autologous distal clavicle versus autologous coracoid bone grafts for restoration of anterior-inferior glenoid bone loss: a biomechanical comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treating anterior glenoid bone loss in patients with recurrent shoulder instability is challenging. Coracoid transfer techniques are associated with neurologic complications and neuroanatomic alterations. The purpose of our study was to compare the contact area and pressures of a distal clavicle autograft with a coracoid bone graft for the restoration of anterior glenoid bone loss. We hypothesized that a distal clavicle autograft would be as effective as a coracoid graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 13 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulder specimens, we harvested the distal 1.0 cm of each clavicle and the coracoid bone resection required for a Latarjet procedure. A compressive load of 440 N was applied across the glenohumeral joint at 30° and 60° of abduction, as well as 60° of abduction with 90° of external rotation. Pressure-sensitive film was used to determine normal glenohumeral contact area and pressures. In each specimen, we created a vertical, 25% anterior bone defect, reconstructed with distal clavicle (articular surface and undersurface) and coracoid bone grafts, and determined the glenohumeral contact area and pressures. We used analysis of variance for group comparisons and a Tukey post hoc test for individual comparisons (with P <.05 indicating a significant difference).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The articular distal clavicle bone graft provided the lowest mean pressure in all testing positions. The coracoid bone graft provided the greatest contact area in all humeral positions, but the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An articular distal clavicle bone graft is comparable in glenohumeral contact area and pressures to an optimally placed coracoid bone graft for restoring glenoid bone loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic Science Study; Biomechanics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: editorialservices@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Johnathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Evan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Langdale
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Belkoff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002102:Cadaver; D002968:Clavicle / Q000637:transplantation*; D000070597:Coracoid Process / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D061165:Glenoid Cavity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000503:physiopathology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
keywords: Coracoid transfer; Latarjet; distal clavicle autograft; glenoid bone loss; shoulder instability