title: Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to establish a reference value of tear production and intraocular pressure in clinically normal ducks and geese.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of forty-eight ducks (24 males and 24 females) and fifty-two geese (26 males and 26 females).
  
  
  METHODS
  Birds were gently physically restrained in dorsoventral position without any pressure to the head and neck. Tear secretion and intraocular pressure were measured using 5-mm-wide Schirmer tear test strips and TonoVet®rebound tonometer, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mean ± 2SD STT and IOP values of all eyes were 6.2 ± 2.2 mm/min and 10.2 ± 2.2 mmHg, respectively, for the ducks; 5.5 ± 2.6 mm/min and 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively, for the geese. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP between left eye and right eye or between males and females in ducks (P = 0.56, P = 0.63) and geese (P = 0.23, P = 0.22). Analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in the STT and IOP between the breeds in ducks (P = 0.49, P = 0.68) and geese (P = 0.14, P = 0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of ducks and geese affected with Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maneli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ansari Mood
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Moazen Blvd, 31485-313, Alborz, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mehdi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-8025
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rajaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Iranian pet hospital, Pasdaran St., Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari Hashemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadjadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005777:Geese / Q000502:physiology*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: birds ophthalmology; ducks; geese; tear production; tonometry; waterfowl