title: Innovative sponge-based moving bed-osmotic membrane bioreactor hybrid system using a new class of draw solution for municipal wastewater treatment.
abstract: For the first time, an innovative concept of combining sponge-based moving bed (SMB) and an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OsMBR), known as the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system, were investigated using Triton X-114 surfactant coupled with MgCl2 salt as the draw solution. Compared to traditional activated sludge OsMBR, the SMB-OsMBR system was able to remove more nutrients due to the thick-biofilm layer on sponge carriers. Subsequently less membrane fouling was observed during the wastewater treatment process. A water flux of 11.38 L/(m(2) h) and a negligible reverse salt flux were documented when deionized water served as the feed solution and a mixture of 1.5 M MgCl2 and 1.5 mM Triton X-114 was used as the draw solution. The SMB-OsMBR hybrid system indicated that a stable water flux of 10.5 L/(m(2) h) and low salt accumulation were achieved in a 90-day operation. Moreover, the nutrient removal efficiency of the proposed system was close to 100%, confirming the effectiveness of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the biofilm layer on sponge carriers. The overall performance of the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system using MgCl2 coupled with Triton X-114 as the draw solution demonstrates its potential application in wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Chung -Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Nguyen Cong
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Chung -Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: f10919@ntut.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shiao-Shing
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Chung -Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hau Thi
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Chung -Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Saikat Sinha
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW2007, Australia. Electronic address: h.ngo@uts.edu.au.
authors.forename: Huu Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Wenshan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Po-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D017830:Octoxynol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015636:Magnesium Chloride; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D017830:Octoxynol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C010615:Nonidet P-40
keywords: Carrier; Draw solution; Forward osmosis; Moving bed; Osmotic membrane bioreactor; Sponge