title: Biodegradation and toxicity of vegetable oils in contaminated aquatic environments: Effect of antioxidants and oil composition.
abstract: Antioxidants may affect the oxidative rate of vegetable oils determining their fate and impact in contaminated aquatic media. In previous studies, we demonstrated the effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one of the most used antioxidants in edible oils, in enhancing the biodegradation of glyceryl trilinoleate, a pure triacylglycerol of cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2 delta), through retarding its oxidative polymerization relatively to the oil with no added antioxidant. In this study, the effect of BHT on the biodegradation and toxicity of purified canola oil, a mixed-acid triacylglycerol with high C18:1 content, was investigated in respirometric microcosms and by use of the Microtox® assay. Investigations were carried out in the absence and presence (200 mg kg(-1)) of the antioxidant, and at an oil loading of 0.31 L m(-2) (333 gal acre(-1)). Substantial oil mineralization was achieved after 16 weeks of incubation (>77%) and was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the two BHT treatments, demonstrating an important role of the oil fatty acid composition in determining the potency of antioxidants and, consequently, the fate of spilled vegetable oils. Furthermore, for both treatments, toxicity was measured at early stages of the experiments and disappeared at a later stage of incubation. The observed transient toxicity was associated with the combined effect of toxic biodegradation intermediates and autoxidation products. These results were supported by the gradual disappearance of BHT in the microcosms initially supplemented with the antioxidant, reaching negligible amounts after only 2 weeks of incubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ds40@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Darine A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Makram T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Suidan
authors.affiliation: USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Albert D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Venosa
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010938:Plant Oils; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic pollution; Autoxidation products; Bioremediation; Oil polymerization; Toxic biodegradation intermediates; Vegetable oil spills