title: Altruism, egoism, or neither: A cognitive-efficiency-based evolutionary biological perspective on helping behavior.
abstract: I argue for differences in the cognitive efficiency of different psychologies underlying helping behavior, and present an account of the adaptive pressures that result from these differences. Specifically, I argue that organisms often face pressure to move away from only being egoistically motivated to help: non-egoistic organisms are often able to determine how to help other organisms more quickly and with less recourse to costly cognitive resources like concentration and attention. Furthermore, I also argue that, while these pressures away from pure egoism can lead to the evolution of altruists, they can also lead to the evolution of reciprocation-focused behaviorist helpers or even of reflex-driven helpers (who are neither altruists nor egoists). In this way, I seek to broaden the set of considerations typically taken into account when assessing the evolution of the psychology of helping behavior-which tend to be restricted to matters of reliability-and also try to make clearer the role of evolutionary biological considerations in the discussion of this apparently straightforwardly psychological phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University of Kansas, 3083 Wescoe Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Electronic address: awschulz@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Armin W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000533:Altruism; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003071:Cognition; D004532:Ego; D004989:Ethics; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans
keywords: Altruism; Efficiency; Egoism; Mental representation; Offspring care; Reciprocity