title: Exercise before and after SCUBA diving and the role of cellular microparticles in decompression stress.
abstract: Risk in SCUBA diving is often associated with the presence of gas bubbles in the venous circulation formed during decompression. Although it has been demonstrated time-after-time that, while venous gas emboli (VGE) often accompany decompression sickness (DCS), they are also frequently observed in high quantities in asymptomatic divers following even mild recreational dive profiles. Despite this VGE are commonly utilized as a quantifiable marker of the potential for an individual to develop DCS. Certain interventions such as exercise, antioxidant supplements, vibration, and hydration appear to impact VGE production and the decompression process. However promising these procedures may seem, the data are not yet conclusive enough to warrant changes in decompression procedure, possibly suggesting a component of individual response. We hypothesize that the impact of exercise varies widely in individuals and once tested, recommendations can be made that will reduce individual decompression stress and possibly the incidence of DCS. The understanding of physiological adaptations to diving stress can be applied in different diseases that include endothelial dysfunction and microparticle (MP) production. Exercise before diving is viewed by some as a protective form of preconditioning because some studies have shown that it reduces VGE quantity. We propose that MP production and clearance might be a part of this mechanism. Exercise after diving appears to impact the risk of adverse events as well. Research suggests that the arterialization of VGE presents a greater risk for DCS than when emboli are eliminated by the pulmonary circuit before they have a chance to crossover. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that exercise increases the incidence of crossover likely through extra-cardiac mechanisms such as intrapulmonary arterial-venous anastomoses (IPAVAs). This effect of exercise has been repeated in the field with divers demonstrating a direct relationship between exercise and increased incidence of arterialization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia. Electronic address: zeljko.dujic@mefst.hr.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
mesh_terms: D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004242:Diving; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013312:Stress, Physiological