title: Evaluation of iodine intake and status using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in urban and rural areas in Benin, West Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iodine deficiency has severe pathological repercussions. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine intake and status in adults in Benin, West Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly selected 420 participants ages 25 to 64 y and free of visible goiter from urban and rural settings of South Benin. The participants had a diet based on carbohydrates and fish. Urine was collected over a 24-h period and samples were assayed for iodine analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 401 urinary iodine samples. The overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in 24-h urine was 62.9 μg/L (interquartile range: 40-96.2 μg/L). UIC was significantly lower in women than men (56.5 versus 78.6 μg/L; P < 0.001) and in rural versus urban areas (54.7 versus 77.8 μg/L; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, low UIC (<100 μg/L) was positively associated with women (odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-4.26; P = 0.001) and body mass index <25 kg/m(2) (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.54; P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iodine intake appeared to be fairly low in the Beninese population, according to World Health Organization criteria, and factors associated with low iodine intake were identified. Public health interventions to increase iodine intake, such as iodization of commercial salt and/or fortification of selected nutrients, should be strengthened at the national level.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France; Laboratory of Non-communicable and Neurologic Diseases Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; CHU Limoges, Unit of Nutrition, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Carmelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mizéhoun-Adissoda
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Unit of Nutrition, Limoges, France. Electronic address: nutrition@unilim.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Desport
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France; Laboratory of Non-communicable and Neurologic Diseases Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Dismand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Houinato
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bigot
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dalmay
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Preux
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovet
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moesch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D003906:Developing Countries; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000208:ethnology; D012423:Rural Health / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine
keywords: 24-h urine; Adults; Benin; ICP-MS; iodine