title: State Anxiety and Nonlinear Dynamics of Heart Rate Variability in Students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical and experimental research studies have demonstrated that the emotional experience of anxiety impairs heart rate variability (HRV) in humans. The present study investigated whether changes in state anxiety (SA) can also modulate nonlinear dynamics of heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 96 students volunteered to participate in the study. For each student, two 5-minute recordings of beat intervals (RR) were performed: one during a rest period and one just before a university examination, which was assumed to be a real-life stressor. Nonlinear analysis of HRV was performed. The Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess the level of SA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before adjusting for heart rate, a Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed significant decreases in Poincaré plot measures, entropy, largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), and pointwise correlation dimension (PD2), and an increase in the short-term fractal-like scaling exponent of detrended fluctuation analysis (α1) during the exam session, compared with the rest period. A Pearson analysis indicated significant negative correlations between the dynamics of SA and Poincaré plot axes ratio (SD1/SD2), and between changes in SA and changes in entropy measures. A strong negative correlation was found between the dynamics of SA and LLE. A significant positive correlation was found between the dynamics of SA and α1. The decreases in Poincaré plot measures (SD1, complex correlation measure), entropy measures, and LLE were still significant after adjusting for heart rate. Corrected α1 was increased during the exam session. As before, the dynamics of adjusted LLE was significantly correlated with the dynamics of SA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The qualitative increase in SA during academic examination was related to the decrease in the complexity and size of the Poincaré plot through a reduction of both the interbeat interval and its variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chuvash State Pedagogical University, Chuvash Republic, Russia.
authors.forename: Dimitriy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dimitriev
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chuvash State Pedagogical University, Chuvash Republic, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Saperova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chuvash State Pedagogical University, Chuvash Republic, Russia.
authors.forename: Aleksey D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Dimitriev
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013334:Students; D013732:Test Anxiety Scale; D055815:Young Adult