title: Ethanol and 4-methylpyrazole increase DNA adduct formation of furfuryl alcohol in FVB/N wild-type mice and in mice expressing human sulfotransferases 1A1/1A2.
abstract: Furfuryl alcohol (FFA) is a carcinogenic food contaminant, which is formed by acid- and heat-catalyzed degradation of fructose and glucose. The activation by sulfotransferases (SULTs) yields a DNA reactive and mutagenic sulfate ester. The most prominent DNA adduct, N(2)-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-MF-dG), was detected in FFA-treated mice and also in human tissue samples. The dominant pathway of FFA detoxification is the oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). The activity of these enzymes may be greatly altered in the presence of inhibitors or competitive substrates. Here, we investigated the impact of ethanol and the ADH inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) on the DNA adduct formation by FFA in wild-type and in humanized mice that were transgenic for human SULT1A1/1A2 and deficient in the mouse (m) Sult1a1 and Sult1d1 genes (h1A1/1A2/1a1(-)/1d1(-)). The administration of FFA alone led to hepatic adduct levels of 4.5 N(2)-MF-dG/10(8) nucleosides and 33.6 N(2)-MF-dG/10(8) nucleosides in male and female wild-type mice, respectively, and of 19.6 N(2)-MF-dG/10(8) nucleosides and 95.4 N(2)-MF-dG/10(8) nucleosides in male and female h1A1/1A2/1a1(-)/1d1(-) mice. The coadministration of 1.6g ethanol/kg body weight increased N(2)-MF-dG levels by 2.3-fold in male and by 1.7-fold in female wild-type mice and by 2.5-fold in male and by 1.5-fold in female h1A1/1A2/1a1(-)/1d1(-) mice. The coadministration of 100mg 4MP/kg body weight had a similar effect on the adduct levels. These findings indicate that modulators of the oxidative metabolism, e.g. the drug 4MP or consumption of alcoholic beverages, may increase the genotoxic effects of FFA also in humans.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants.|Department of Molecular Toxicology and.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology and.|Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany and.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meinl
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany and.|Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Hansruedi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Glatt
authors.affiliation: Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants.|Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Monien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D000077604:Fomepizole; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D005663:Furans; D009153:Mutagens; D011720:Pyrazoles; D000431:Ethanol; D000077604:Fomepizole; C012986:furfuryl alcohol; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; C117544:SULT1A1 protein, human; C513290:SULT1A2 protein, human