title: Comprehensive Profile of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Ambulatory Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study and application of exercise in multiple sclerosis (MS) often requires cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to provide a comprehensive assessment of exercise tolerance and responses, including an evaluation of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Research on CPET in persons with MS has considerable limitations, including small sample sizes, often without controls; not reporting outcomes across disability status; and different modalities of exercise testing across studies. Although some key outcome variables of CPET have been studied in persons with MS, additional calculated variables have not been directly studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive examination of outcome variables from CPET among persons with MS and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included data from 162 persons with MS and 80 healthy controls who underwent CPET on a leg ergometer and satisfied criteria for valid testing for measuring oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio, work rate, and heart rate (HR). Calculated variables [i.e. ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VO2/VCO2), VE/VCO2 slope, VO2/power slope, VO2/HR slope, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope] were processed using standard guidelines. We examined differences in the CPET variables between groups (e.g. MS vs. controls and categories of mild, moderate, and severe disability status) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and disease duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, persons with MS demonstrate alterations in outcomes from CPET compared with controls, and these are generally exacerbated with increasing disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide novel information for the evaluation of CPET in MS for developing exercise prescriptions and documenting adaptations with exercise training based on the comprehensive variables obtained during CPET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. klaren2@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Klaren
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sandroff
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 1919, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernhall
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen