title: Removal rates of antibiotics in four sewage treatment plants in South India.
abstract: The occurrence and removal of seven selected pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in sewage treatment plants (STPs) in South India were investigated. The PCs selected for this study were sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), chloramphenicol (CAP), erythromycin (ERY), naproxen (NPX), bezafibrate (BZF), and ampicillin (AMP). Wastewater samples were collected from inlet and outlet of the STPs during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons to investigate the seasonal influences in occurrence and removal rates. The analytical method was based on simultaneous extraction of all target compounds by solid phase extraction (SPE), using a hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) sorbent followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The STP that catered exclusively to domestic wastewater had lesser concentrations of PCs compared to the STPs serving the combined hospital and domestic effluents. SMX was the dominant compound in all effluents with the highest concentration at 3.2 μg/L in the outlet of an STP. TMP and ERY were the other PCs present at higher concentrations in STP outlets (1 μg/L and 0-0.13 μg/L, respectively). Removal rates varied from 100 % for BZF to 60-100 % for SMX, CTX, and AMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.|Department of Civil Engineering, Universal Engineering College, Vallivattom, Kerala, 680123, India.
authors.forename: Valiparambil Prabhakaranunni
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Prabhasankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
authors.forename: Derrick Ian
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Joshua
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India. k.balakrishna@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: Keshava
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishna
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
authors.forename: Iyanee Faroza
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-859, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taniyasu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-859, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
authors.forename: Yerabham
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Praveenkumarreddy
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
authors.forename: Keerthi S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Guruge
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000032:analysis; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000032:analysis; D007194:India; D009288:Naproxen / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000032:analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D004917:Erythromycin; D009288:Naproxen; D012722:Sewage; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D014295:Trimethoprim; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Hospital effluents; India; Pharmaceutical compounds; STP; Seasonal variations; Solid phase extraction