title: Mutually beneficial pollinator diversity and crop yield outcomes in small and large farms.
abstract: Ecological intensification, or the improvement of crop yield through enhancement of biodiversity, may be a sustainable pathway toward greater food supplies. Such sustainable increases may be especially important for the 2 billion people reliant on small farms, many of which are undernourished, yet we know little about the efficacy of this approach. Using a coordinated protocol across regions and crops, we quantify to what degree enhancing pollinator density and richness can improve yields on 344 fields from 33 pollinator-dependent crop systems in small and large farms from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. For fields less than 2 hectares, we found that yield gaps could be closed by a median of 24% through higher flower-visitor density. For larger fields, such benefits only occurred at high flower-visitor richness. Worldwide, our study demonstrates that ecological intensification can create synchronous biodiversity and yield outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mitre 630, CP 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. lgaribaldi@unrn.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Garibaldi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília - DF, 70910-900, Brazil; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, postbus 9517, 2300, RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luísa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Carvalheiro
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS40509, F84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Bernard E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Vaissière
authors.affiliation: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gemmill-Herren
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Geremoabo, S/N, Campus de Ondina, CEP 40170110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hipólito
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zootecnia-Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, CEP 60021970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Breno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: IPBES Secretariat, Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), UN Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hien T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azzu
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Quintral 1250, CP 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Jens
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authors.lastname: Åström
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP 90619900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Betina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blochtein
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Jln. Kamper, Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, West Java, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Damayanti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchori
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio investigaciones en Abejas (LABUN), Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, CP11001, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Fermín J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chamorro García
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Educação em Ciências Agrárias e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus do Sertão, Rodovia Engenheiro Jorge Neto. Silos KM 0, CEP 49680000, Nossa Senhora da Gloria, SE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oliveira da Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Kedar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devkota
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, C.P. 23, zona rural, CEP 56302970, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia de Fátima
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP 22460030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro
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authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 28013620, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gaglianone
authors.affiliation: University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Agriculture, Crop Science Department, Post Office Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.affiliation: Conservation and Management of Pollinators for Sustainable Agriculture through Ecosystem Approach project, Honey Bee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Post Office Box 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irshad
authors.affiliation: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation-Sericulture, Post Office Box 7816 code 01000 Thika, Kenya.
authors.forename: Muo
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authors.lastname: Kasina
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zootecnia-Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, CEP 60021970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alípio J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pacheco Filho
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, C.P. 23, zona rural, CEP 56302970, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucia H Piedade
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kiill
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kwapong
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio investigaciones en Abejas (LABUN), Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, CP11001, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Guiomar Nates
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte (final), CEP 70770917, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (INEMA)-UR Extremo Sul, Rua Viena, no. 425, Bairro Dinnah Borges, CEP 45820970, Eunápolis, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263 643, Uttarakhand. India.
authors.forename: Ranbeer S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pest Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Akhmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizali
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto Travessa 3, n.158, CEP 05508010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.affiliation: South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont, 7735, South Africa. Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ruan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veldtman
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Geremoabo, S/N, Campus de Ondina, CEP 40170110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Blandina F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa Emílio Schenk, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Fepagro Vale do Taquari), 1° Distrito, Fonte Grande, Caixa Postal 12, CEP 95860000, Taquari, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Witter
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
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authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001516:Bees; D044822:Biodiversity; D000069599:Crop Production; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development*; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development; D054817:Pollination