title: The effects of early grade retention: Effect modification by prior achievement and age.
abstract: This study examines the effects of early grade retention and different effects according to prior achievement and age. Within a population of children at risk of early retention, we compared the development throughout primary school in mathematics achievement after kindergarten retention, first-grade retention, and continuous promotion. Analyzing data from a large-scale longitudinal study using covariate balancing propensity score weighting, the findings revealed that early grade repeaters would score higher in mathematics if they were promoted each year instead. However, the effects diminished or even disappeared in the long term. Compared to kindergarten retention, first-grade retention was found to be more harmful for the mathematics development of younger children specifically.
authors.affiliation: The Education and Training Research Group, Centre for Educational Effectiveness and Evaluation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Machteld.Vandecandelaere@ppw.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Machteld
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandecandelaere
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vansteelandt
authors.affiliation: The Education and Training Research Group, Centre for Educational Effectiveness and Evaluation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bieke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Fraine
authors.affiliation: The Education and Training Research Group, Centre for Educational Effectiveness and Evaluation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Damme
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools
keywords: CBPS; Effect modification; Grade retention; Longitudinal study; Time-varying propensity score weighting