title: Objective Evaluation of the Quality of Movement in Daily Life after Stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke survivors are commonly left with disabilities that impair activities of daily living. The main objective of their rehabilitation program is to maximize the functional performance at home. However, the actual performance of patients in their home environment is unknown. Therefore, objective evaluation of daily life activities of stroke survivors in their physical interaction with the environment is essential for optimal guidance of rehabilitation therapy. Monitoring daily life movements could be very challenging, as it may result in large amounts of data, without any context. Therefore, suitable metrics are necessary to quantify relevant aspects of movement performance during daily life. The objective of this study is to develop data processing methods, which can be used to process movement data into relevant metrics for the evaluation of intra-patient differences in quality of movements in a daily life setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on an iterative requirement process, functional and technical requirements were formulated. These were prioritized resulting in a coherent set of metrics. An activity monitor was developed to give context to captured movement data at home. Finally, the metrics will be demonstrated in two stroke participants during and after their rehabilitation phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using the final set of metrics, quality of movement can be evaluated in a daily life setting. As example to demonstrate potential of presented methods, data of two stroke patients were successfully analyzed. Differences between in-clinic measurements and measurements during daily life are observed by applying the presented metrics and visualization methods. Heel height profiles show intra-patient differences in height, distance, stride profile, and variability between strides during a 10-m walk test in the clinic and walking at home. Differences in distance and stride profile between both feet were larger at home, than in clinic. For the upper extremities, the participant was able to reach further away from the pelvis and cover a larger area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented methods can be used for the objective evaluation of intra-patient differences in movement quality between in-clinic and daily life measurements. Any observed progression or deterioration of movement quality could be used to decide on continuing, stopping, or adjusting rehabilitation programs.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fokke B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: van Meulen
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Centre for Telematics and Information Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jeremia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Held
authors.affiliation: Roessingh Research and Development, Roessingh Rehabilitation Hospital, Enschede, Netherlands; Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jasper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reenalda
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Roessingh Research and Development, Roessingh Rehabilitation Hospital, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Buurke
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Centre for Telematics and Information Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert-Jan F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van Beijnum
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luft
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Veltink
keywords: daily life; data processing; inertial sensing; rehabilitation; stroke; technology assessment