title: Spatial and temporal trends in alcohol consumption in Belgian cities: A wastewater-based approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, scientific evidence has emerged that wastewater-based epidemiology can deliver complementary information concerning the use of different substances of abuse. In this study, the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology in monitoring spatial and temporal trends in alcohol consumption in different populations in Belgium has been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of ethyl sulphate, a minor Phase-II metabolite of ethanol, in 163 influent wastewater samples from eight wastewater treatment plants in Belgium in the period 2013-2015 were measured with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and used to estimate alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest levels of alcohol consumption were detected in the metropoles Antwerp and Brussels compared to smaller villages. Annual variations were detected, with a higher alcohol consumption measured in 2013 compared with 2014. The weekly pattern showed a clear week and weekend difference in alcohol use, with intermediate levels on Monday and Friday. The results were extrapolated and a use of 5.6L pure alcohol per year per inhabitant aged 15+ has been estimated in Belgium. The comparison with available information on drinking habits of the Belgian population further demonstrated the usefulness of the wastewater-based epidemiology approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest wastewater-based epidemiology study monitoring alcohol consumption to date, demonstrating that objective and quick information on spatio-temporal trends in alcohol consumption on a local and (inter)national scale can be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boogaerts
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinyua
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, 2060, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neels
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: alexander.vannuijs@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Alexander L N
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: van Nuijs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002947:Cities; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Ethyl sulphate; Influent wastewater; Sewage-based epidemiology; Spatio-temporal trends