title: Behind Closed Doors: Involuntary Treatment in Care of Persons with Cognitive Impairment at Home in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the prevalence and associated factors of involuntary treatment (physical restraints, psychotropic medication, nonconsensual care) in persons with cognitive impairment receiving home care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey using association analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Professional home care in the southern part of the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 837 persons with cognitive impairment (mean age 81.6; 60% female).
  
  
  METHODS
  Involuntary treatment was measured using a tool to identify physical restraints, psychotropic medication, and nonconsensual care. Activities of daily living (ADLs) were measured using the ADL Hierarchy subscale of the Resident Assistant Instrument-Minimum Data Set and cognitive status using the Cognitive Performance Scale. Informal caregiver burden was assessed using the Self-Perceived Pressure from Informal Care Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Involuntary treatment was used in 39% of the total sample. Most common were nonconsensual care (79%; e.g., concealing medication in food, forcing hygiene) and psychotropic medication (41%). In 7% of the sample, physical restraints (e.g., deep or overturned chair, bilateral full-enclosure bedrails) were used. Caregiver burden, ADL dependency, cognitive status, living alone, and a diagnosis of dementia were strongly associated with involuntary treatment. The family of the person with cognitive impairment most often requested the use of involuntary treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involuntary treatment is often used in persons with cognitive impairment receiving home care in the Netherlands. Future research should focus on understanding and preventing inappropriate involuntary treatment in home care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan P H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel H C
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bleijlevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Math J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gulpers
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verbeek
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000379:methods*; D003068:Coercion; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000451:nursing*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: cognitive impairment; dementia; home care; involuntary treatment; nonconsensual care; physical restraints; psychotropic medication