title: Autobiographical memory specificity in response to verbal and pictorial cues in clinical depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressed individuals have been consistently shown to exhibit problems in accessing specific memories of events from their past and instead tend to retrieve categorical summaries of events. The majority of studies examining autobiographical memory changes associated with psychopathology have tended to use word cues, but only one study to date has used images (with PTSD patients).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine if using images to cue autobiographical memories would reduce the memory specificity deficit exhibited by patients with depression in comparison to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five clinically depressed patients and twenty-five healthy controls were assessed on two versions of the autobiographical memory test; cued with emotional words and images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed patients retrieved significantly fewer specific memories, and a greater number of categorical, than did the controls. Controls retrieved a greater proportion of specific memories to images compared to words, whereas depressed patients retrieved a similar proportion of specific memories to both images and words.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  no information about the presence and severity of past trauma was collected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  results suggest that the overgeneral memory style in depression generalises from verbal to pictorial cues. This is important because retrieval to images may provide a more ecologically valid test of everyday memory experiences than word-cued retrieval..
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. Electronic address: n.ridout@aston.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ridout
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9BU, UK. Electronic address: bd9@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dritschel
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK. Electronic address: k.matthews@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK. Electronic address: reo1@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Carroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Autobiographical memory test; Depression; Imagery; Overgeneral memory; Specificity