title: Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), a soil-borne agent of human sporotrichosis with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals.
abstract: A combination of phylogeny, evolution, morphologies and ecologies has enabled major advances in understanding the taxonomy of Sporothrix species, including members exhibiting distinct lifestyles such as saprobes, human/animal pathogens, and insect symbionts. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS1/2 + 5.8s sequences split Sporothrix genus in two well-defined groups with dissimilar ecologies. Species embedded in the Sporothrix schenckii complex are frequently agents of human and animal sporotrichosis, and some of these are responsible for large sapronoses and zoonoses around the warmer temperate regions of the world. At the other extreme, basal saprophytic species evolved in association with decaying wood and soil, and are rarely found to cause human disease. We propose to create a new taxa, Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov., to accommodate strains collected from a clinical case of onychomycosis as well as from environmental origins in Chile. Multigene analyses based on ITS1/2 + 5.8s region, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1α revealed that S. chilensis is a member of the Sporothrix pallida complex, and the nearest taxon is Sporothrix mexicana, a rare soil-borne species, non-pathogenic to humans. The ITS region serves as a primary barcode marker, while each one of the protein-coding loci easily recognized species boundaries providing sufficient information for species identification. A disseminated model of murine sporotrichosis revealed a mild-pathogenic potential, with lung invasion. Although S. chilensis is not a primary pathogen, accidental infection may have an impact in the immunosuppressed population. With the introduction of distinct species with similar routes of transmission but different virulence, identification of Sporothrix agents at the species level is mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil. Electronic address: amrodrigues.amr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anderson Messias
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Hospital Carlos van Buren, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cruz Choappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geisa Ferreira
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, 3508 AD, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G Sybren
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Hoog
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zoilo Pires
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: de Camargo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Barcoding; Cryptic species; Phylogeny; Taxonomy; Virulence