title: Diabetes mellitus: The linkage between oxidative stress, inflammation, hypercoagulability and vascular complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These vascular abnormalities result of a chronic hyperglycemic state, which leads to an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review addresses the relationships among endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability and inflammation and their biomarkers in the development of vascular complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability are correlated to each other, playing an important role in the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Moreover, it has been observed that several endothelial, inflammatory and pro-coagulant biomarkers, such as VWF, IL-6, TNF-α, D-dimer and PAI-1, are increased in diabetic patients who have microvascular and macrovascular complications, including nephropathy or cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is promising the clinical and laboratory use of endothelial, inflammatory and pro-coagulant biomarkers for predicting the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications in diabetic patients and for monitoring these patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: caroldomingueti@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Caroline Pereira
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Domingueti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luci Maria Sant'Ana
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dusse
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria das Graças
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lirlândia Pires
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina Braga
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; endothelial dysfunction; hypercoagulability; inflammation; vascular complications