title: Depressive Symptoms Before, During, and After Delirium: A Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delirium and depression are often thought of as mutually exclusive conditions. However, several studies cite depression as a risk factor for delirium whereas others note that patients with delirium often manifest depressive symptoms. Whether these depressive symptoms persist after delirium resolves remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews published studies that have investigated the relationship between depression and delirium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches on PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycInfo were conducted using search criteria "delirium" AND "depress⁎" as keywords or MeSH terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 722 search results, 10 prospective cohort studies were identified for inclusion. These studies were categorized regarding the time of assessment for depressive symptoms. Included studies varied greatly (regarding their index population, their methods of assessment, and their timing of assessments). Of the studies, 3 involved patients undergoing hip fracture repair. They demonstrated more severe depressive symptoms both during delirium and after delirium ended. Conversely, the other studies did not find any statistically significant correlations between the 2 conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature suggests a correlation between depression and delirium in patients with hip fracture. Whether other specific populations have higher comorbidity is unclear. Unfortunately, studies varied widely in their methods, precluding a meta-analysis. Nonetheless, our review provides a foundation for future research.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. Electronic address: snelson5@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rustad
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; HSR&D Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (CINDRR), James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: F Andrew
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Kozel
mesh_terms: D003693:Delirium / Q000150:complications*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors