title: Functional diversity of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in maize fields: testing the possible effect of genetically modified, insect resistant maize.
abstract: Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps. Lesteva longoelytrata (31%), Oxypoda acuminata (12%), Aloconota sulcifrons (8%) and Anotylus rugosus (7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svobodová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Skoková Habuštová
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture,University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice,Studentská 13,370 05 České Budějovice,Czech Republic.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boháč
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sehnal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020387:Food Chain; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords:     Bt maize; Cry3Bb1; GM crops; activity abundance; dipteran larvae; functional traits; non-target; staphylinid beetles