title: Clinical relevance of cyclooxygenase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is a malignancy associated with the pilosebaceous unit, and occurs at ocular or non-ocular sites. Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are enzymes that are crucial for lipid metabolism. COX-2 is overexpressed in various cancers, and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is known to reduce the risk of many cancers. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis. PPAR-γ is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of malignant tumours, including colon carcinoma. The aim of this study was to explore the status of COX-2 and PPAR-γ as prognostic markers in human eyelid SGC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and PPAR-γ was evaluated in 31 SGC cases. Cytoplasmic expression of COX-2 was detected in 80% of the SGC cases, and nuclear expression of PPAR-γ in 87%. There were significant correlations of PPAR-γ expression with well-differentiated SGC [19/21 (90%)] and of COX-2 overexpression with reduced disease-free survival (P = 0.0441, log rank analysis). COX-2 expression [odds ratio (OR) 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-14.33, P = 0.046] and lymph node metastasis (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.65, P = 0.009) emerged as significant risk factors in the univariate analysis. However, COX-2 expression did not emerge as a significant independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-2 is a potential marker for identifying high-risk SGC patients. Expression of PPAR-γ in eyelid SGC cases reflects terminal sebaceous differentiation. Inhibitors of COX-2 signalling and PPAR-γ agonists are both prospective novel therapeutic targets in the management of eyelid SGC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Perumal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Tanaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Juhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sameeksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chhoker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Pakitapillil S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dhanaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Kameshwar S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yadavilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mansi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012626:Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012627:Sebaceous Glands / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047495:PPAR gamma; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human
keywords: cyclooxygenase 2; eyelid; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; sebaceous gland carcinoma