title: A review of the influence of treatment strategies on antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes.
abstract: Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the aquatic environment have become an emerging contaminant issue, which has implications for human and ecological health. This review begins with an introduction to the occurrence of ARB and ARG in different environmental systems such as natural environments and drinking water resources. For example, ARG or ARB with resistance to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, quinolone, vancomycin, or tetracycline (e.g., tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(G), tet(O), tet(M), tet(W), sul I, and sul II) have been detected in the environment. The development of resistance may be intrinsic, may be acquired through spontaneous mutations (de novo), or may occur due to horizontal gene transfer from donor bacteria, phages, or free DNA to recipient bacteria. An overview is also provided of the current knowledge regarding inactivation of ARB and ARG, and the mechanism of the effects of different disinfection processes in water and wastewater (chlorination, UV irradiation, Fenton reaction, ozonation, and photocatalytic oxidation). The effects of constructed wetlands and nanotechnology on ARB and ARG are also summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Electronic address: vsharma@sph.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Virender K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cizmas
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy & Environmental System Engineering, The University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Antibiotic resistant bacteria; Disinfection; Mechanism; Nanoparticles; Wetlands