title: MR Fingerprinting for Rapid Quantitative Abdominal Imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a magnetic resonance (MR) "fingerprinting" technique for quantitative abdominal imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  This HIPAA-compliant study had institutional review board approval, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. To achieve accurate quantification in the presence of marked B0 and B1 field inhomogeneities, the MR fingerprinting framework was extended by using a two-dimensional fast imaging with steady-state free precession, or FISP, acquisition and a Bloch-Siegert B1 mapping method. The accuracy of the proposed technique was validated by using agarose phantoms. Quantitative measurements were performed in eight asymptomatic subjects and in six patients with 20 focal liver lesions. A two-tailed Student t test was used to compare the T1 and T2 results in metastatic adenocarcinoma with those in surrounding liver parenchyma and healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom experiments showed good agreement with standard methods in T1 and T2 after B1 correction. In vivo studies demonstrated that quantitative T1, T2, and B1 maps can be acquired within a breath hold of approximately 19 seconds. T1 and T2 measurements were compatible with those in the literature. Representative values included the following: liver, 745 msec ± 65 (standard deviation) and 31 msec ± 6; renal medulla, 1702 msec ± 205 and 60 msec ± 21; renal cortex, 1314 msec ± 77 and 47 msec ± 10; spleen, 1232 msec ± 92 and 60 msec ± 19; skeletal muscle, 1100 msec ± 59 and 44 msec ± 9; and fat, 253 msec ± 42 and 77 msec ± 16, respectively. T1 and T2 in metastatic adenocarcinoma were 1673 msec ± 331 and 43 msec ± 13, respectively, significantly different from surrounding liver parenchyma relaxation times of 840 msec ± 113 and 28 msec ± 3 (P < .0001 and P < .01) and those in hepatic parenchyma in healthy volunteers (745 msec ± 65 and 31 msec ± 6, P < .0001 and P = .021, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid technique for quantitative abdominal imaging was developed that allows simultaneous quantification of multiple tissue properties within one 19-second breath hold, with measurements comparable to those in published literature.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pahwa
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Twieg
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seiberlich
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.C., S.P., D.M., L.L., K.L.W., M.A.G., V.G.), Biomedical Engineering (Y.J., N.S., M.A.G.), and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (M.D.T.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Bolwell Building, Room B120, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulani
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000473:pathology*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging