title: Occurrence of immunosuppressive drugs and their metabolites in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata Rivers and in tap water from the Warsaw region (Poland).
abstract: Immunosuppresive therapy following organ transplant frequently includes treatment with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid derivatives. These pharmaceuticals may enter the environment through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and may have a potentially harmful effect on aquatic biota. Tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid and their metabolites were measured at specific points of a large Polish river (Vistula), a smaller river (Utrata) and in tap water samples from the Warsaw region. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, after solid phase extraction for water samples, or QuEChERS extraction for sediments. Residues of tacrolimus were below quantitation limits in both water and sediment samples. However, in water samples mycophenolic acid concentrations were measured at up to 180 ng L(-1) downstream of WWTP outfalls. No immunosuppressive drugs were detected in tap water. Concentrations of mycophenolic acid exceeded the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) value in some Polish surface water, and risk calculations predicted at least twice higher concentrations in some other countries of the European Union. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of these immunosuppressive drug concentrations in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland. Electronic address: joanna.giebultowicz@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giebułtowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland. Electronic address: gnalecz@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nałęcz-Jawecki
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011044:Poland; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Immunosuppressive drugs; Mycophenolic acid; Sediments; Surface water; Tacrolimus; WWTP