title: Medical Student Core Clinical Ultrasound Milestones: A Consensus Among Directors in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many medical schools are implementing point-of-care ultrasound in their curricula to help augment teaching of the physical examination, anatomy, and ultimately clinical management. However, point-of-care ultrasound milestones for medical students remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to formulate a consensus on core medical student clinical point-of-care ultrasound milestones across allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in the United States. Directors who are leading the integration of ultrasound in medical education (USMED) at their respective institutions were surveyed.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial list of 205 potential clinical ultrasound milestones was developed through a literature review. An expert panel consisting of 34 USMED directors across the United States was used to produce consensus on clinical ultrasound milestones through 2 rounds of a modified Delphi technique, an established anonymous process to obtain consensus through multiple rounds of quantitative questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 100% response rate from the 34 USMED directors in both rounds 1 and 2 of the modified Delphi protocol. After the first round, 2 milestones were revised to improve clarity, and 9 were added on the basis of comments from the USMED directors, resulting in 214 milestones forwarded to round 2. After the second round, only 90 milestones were found to have a high level of agreement and were included in the final medical student core clinical ultrasound milestones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study established 90 core clinical milestones that all graduating medical students should obtain before graduation, based on consensus from 34 USMED directors. These core milestones can serve as a guide for curriculum deans who are initiating ultrasound curricula at their institutions. The exact method of implementation and competency assessment needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.). vadinh@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Vi Am
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lakoff
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bahner
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoppmann
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaivas
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pellerito
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abuhamad
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California USA (V.A.D.); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York USA (D.L.); University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin USA (J.H.); The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio USA (D.P.B., S.K.); University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina USA (R.H., M.B.); Hofstra University North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York USA (J.S.P.); and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia USA (A.A.).
authors.forename: Sorabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khandelwal
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States
keywords: medical education; milestones; ultrasound; ultrasound education