title: Treatment intensification in patients with inadequate glycemic control on basal insulin: rationale and clinical evidence for the use of short-acting and other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
abstract: A substantial proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus do not reach glycemic targets, despite treatment with oral anti-diabetic drugs and basal insulin therapy. Several options exist for treatment intensification beyond basal insulin, and the treatment paradigm is complex. In this review, the options for treatment intensification will be explored, focusing on drug classes that act via the incretin system and paying particular attention to the short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists exenatide and lixisenatide. Current treatment guidelines will be summarized and discussed. © 2016 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione di Medicina Interna, Endocrinologia, Andrologia e Malattie Metaboliche, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgino
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, and AOU di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bonadonna
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina - DIMED, Clinica Medica 3, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vettor
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D000067756:Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptors / Q000819:agonists*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000067756:Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonist; algorithms; exenatide; intensification; latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA); lixisenatide