title: The pattern of Campylobacter contamination on broiler farms; external and internal sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to apply the most sensitive molecular techniques in combination with culture-based methods to characterize broiler farms in terms of the timeline ('appearance' and 'pattern') of Campylobacter contamination prior to and post detection in the birds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Faecal and environmental samples were collected from three broiler farms (two flocks per farm). Real-time PCR was used to test for the presence of Campylobacter. Culture-based methods (enrichment and direct plating) were also applied and isolates were subject to a range of confirmatory tests before speciation (multiplex PCR). All flocks were colonized by Campylobacter before first thin and a similar pattern of Campylobacter contamination was observed; (day -1) a range of external and internal samples real-time PCR positive but culture negative; (day 0) chicks negative; (6-9 days pre-detection in the birds) internal samples (feeders, drinkers, barrier and/or bird weigh) culture positive and (post broiler infection) increasing concentrations of Campylobacter in internal samples but also on the tarmac apron and anteroom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that; (i) vertical transmission did not occur; (ii) the environment was a potential source of Campylobacter; (iii) testing areas frequented by all birds (e.g. feeders and drinkers), may offer an opportunity for early Campylobacter detection and (iv) once the broilers are infected with Campylobacter, these bacteria are spread from the birds, through the anteroom to the areas surrounding the broiler house, highlighting the need for improved biosecurity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has established the pattern of Campylobacter contamination on broiler farms, identified an early detection opportunity, highlighted the need to better understand the role of viable but nonculturable Campylobacter in the ecology of Campylobacter on broiler farms and demonstrated the need for improved biosecurity to prevent the spread of Campylobacter from within the house to the surrounding environment.
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Ashtown Food Research, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.|UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Battersby
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Ashtown Food Research, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary; D000072480:Farms; D006799:Housing, Animal; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Campylobacter; broiler farms; broilers; dissemination routes; sources