title: Determination of vitamins, minerals, and microbial loads of fortified nonalcoholic beverage (kunun zaki) produced from millet.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of fortifying kunun zaki with tigernut milk extract due to nutritional deficiency of the former. Kunun zaki and tigernut milk extract (TME) were produced using traditional methods, with little modification. They were mixed in respective percentages of 90:10 (KN10), 80:20 (KN20), and 70:30 (KN30) while whole kunun zaki without addition of tigernut milk extract (KN00) served as control. The resulting kunun zaki samples were analyzed for proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, microbial loads, and sensory evaluation. Results showed improvement in thiamine and riboflavin contents of the fortified samples over the unfortified counterparts, with the KN30 sample having highest values of 1.05 and 0.56 mg/kg thiamine and riboflavin, respectively. Minerals were higher in the samples containing TME than their KN00 counterparts; the KN30 sample had highest values of 23.5, 8.8, 148.9, 63.7, 6.7, and 18.6 mg/100 mL for respective Na, Ca, K, Mg, P, and Fe while lowest values were recorded for the KN00 sample. Microbial analysis indicated that total viable bacteria and yeast and molds were in the range 2.2-2.6 and 2.1-2.7 log CFU/g, respectively, while there was no detection of coliforms and Staphylococcus in the samples. The sensory evaluation of the kunun zaki samples indicated that higher mean scores were recorded for samples containing TME than those without it in most of the attributes tested. The KN30 sample was most preferred, having highest mean scores of 7.2, 7.8, 6.9, and 7.4 in the attributes of appearance, flavor, taste, and acceptability, respectively. The study concluded that inclusion of tigernut extract in kunun zaki resulted in improved nutritional and sensory qualities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olusegun A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olaoye
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Stella C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ubbor
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ebere A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Uduma
keywords: Kunun zaki; microbial loads; nutritional deficiency; sensory evaluation; tigernut milk extract