title: Short- and Long-Intracortical Inhibition in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short- (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) are involved in the control of movement and movement initiation. Alterations to the two circuits can result in direct alterations to the physiology of the muscles and can be used to explain the physiological changes to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To probe changes in GABAergic function by characterizing the recruitment curves of SICI and LICI interval intracortical inhibition in an upper limb muscle in chronic SCI participants with injury between C3 and C7.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recruitment curves were elicited with conditioning stimulus intensities determined as a percentage of active motor threshold (AMT) (SICI, 60% to 110% AMT; LICI, 90% to 130% AMT) and recorded from the flexor carpi radialis muscle during an isometric contraction equal to 15% to 20% of maximum voluntary contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMT was greater and motor-evoked potential sizes were lower in SCI compared with uninjured controls. SICI magnitude was not different between groups, although the range of conditioning stimulus intensities to evoke SICI was unique to each group. LICI was reduced in the control group during active contraction and remained present in SCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LICI was increased in the actively contracted flexor carpi radialis muscle in individuals with SCI compared with age-matched controls. These findings indicate that GABAB function mediating LICI is different in SCI versus controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased LICI in SCI may be attributed to the medication baclofen or to changes in the neural mechanisms controlling contraction-related modulation of the LICI circuit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology,McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada.
authors.forename: Yiqun P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology,McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada.
authors.forename: Aaron Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology,McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada.
authors.forename: Aimee J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001418:Baclofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists; D001418:Baclofen
keywords: LICI; SCI; SICI; TMS; contraction; flexor carpi radialis; muscle