title: Rehabilitation strategies for wrist sensorimotor control impairment: From theory to practice.
abstract: This clinical review discusses the organization, neuroanatomy, assessment, clinical relevance, and rehabilitation of sensorimotor (SM) control impairment after wrist trauma. The wrist SM control system encompasses complex SM pathways that control normal wrist active range of motion and mediate wrist joint neuromuscular stability for maintaining joint function. Among various known assessment methods of wrist SM control impairment, the active wrist joint position sense test is determined to be a clinically meaningful and responsive measure for wrist SM control impairment after wrist fracture. Wrist trauma may involve significant soft tissue injury (ie, skin, ligament, muscle), which could disrupt the generation and transmission of adequate proprioceptive input from wrist mechanoreceptors, thus leading to significant joint SM impairment. Various clinical examples of wrist trauma (eg, distal radius fracture, scapholunate joint injury) along with known prognostic factors (eg, pain) that may influence wrist SM control impairment recovery are discussed to illustrate this point. This article proposes promising rehabilitation strategies toward restoring wrist joint conscious and unconscious SM control impairments, integrating current research evidence with clinical practice. These strategies require more rigorous evaluation in clinical trials.
  
  
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authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, DeSales University, Center Valley, PA, USA. Electronic address: karagiannopoulosc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karagiannopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michlovitz
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000294:innervation*
keywords: Assessment; Impairment; Neuroanatomy; Rehabilitation; Sensorimotor; Wrist