title: Formation of a physiological reverse shoulder joint.
abstract: Congenital shoulder deformities are rarely seen in orthopaedic practice. Proximal humeral defects and glenoid hypoplasia have been reported separately in the literature. We present a case involving a 31-year-old woman having a cosmetic problem with her upper arm who was diagnosed with reverse shoulder joint deformity. This article presents the clinical, radiological and biomechanical findings of a physiological reverse shoulder joint. This is the first such reported case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beykoz State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turkmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D035583:Rare Diseases; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology