title: Biofabrication of bone tissue: approaches, challenges and translation for bone regeneration.
abstract: The rising incidence of bone disorders has resulted in the need for more effective therapies to meet this demand, exacerbated by an increasing ageing population. Bone tissue engineering is seen as a means of developing alternatives to conventional bone grafts for repairing or reconstructing bone defects by combining biomaterials, cells and signalling factors. However, skeletal tissue engineering has not yet achieved full translation into clinical practice as a consequence of several challenges. The use of additive manufacturing techniques for bone biofabrication is seen as a potential solution, with its inherent capability for reproducibility, accuracy and customisation of scaffolds as well as cell and signalling factor delivery. This review highlights the current research in bone biofabrication, the necessary factors for successful bone biofabrication, in addition to the current limitations affecting biofabrication, some of which are a consequence of the limitations of the additive manufacturing technology itself.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rahul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tare
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; Research Centre for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Liang-Yo
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; Research Centre for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: klou@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Keng-Liang
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: roco@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard O C
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Oreffo
mesh_terms: D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Angiogenesis; Biofabrication; Bone tissue engineering; Osteogenesis; Skeletal stem cell; Tissue regeneration