title: Differential detection of impact site versus rotational site injury by magnetic resonance imaging and microglial morphology in an unrestrained mild closed head injury model.
abstract: Seventy-five percent of all traumatic brain injuries are mild and do not cause readily visible abnormalities on routine medical imaging making it difficult to predict which individuals will develop unwanted clinical sequelae. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages and early responders to brain insults. Their activation is associated with changes in morphology or expression of phenotypic markers including P2Y12 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Using a murine model of unrestrained mild closed head injury (mCHI), we used microglia as reporters of acute brain injury at sites of impact versus sites experiencing rotational stress 24 h post-mCHI. Consistent with mild injury, a modest 20% reduction in P2Y12 expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis but only in the impacted region of the cortex. Furthermore, neither an influx of blood-derived immune cells nor changes in microglial expression of CD45, TREM1, TREM2, major histocompatibility complex class II or CD40 were detected. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), small reductions in T2 weighted values were observed but only near the area of impact and without overt tissue damage (blood deposition, edema). Microglial morphology was quantified without cryosectioning artifacts using ScaleA(2) clarified brains from CX3CR1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) mice. The cortex rostral to the mCHI impact site receives greater rotational stress but neither MRI nor molecular markers of microglial activation showed significant changes from shams in this region. However, microglia in this rostral region did display signs of morphologic activation equivalent to that observed in severe CHI. Thus, mCHI-triggered rotational stress is sufficient to cause injuries undetectable by routine MRI that could result in altered microglial surveillance of brain homeostasis. Acute changes in microglial morphology reveal brain responses to unrestrained mild traumatic brain injury In areas subjected to rotational stress distant from impact site In the absence of detectable changes in standard molecular indicators of brain damage, inflammation or microglial activation. That might result in decreased surveillance of brain function and increased susceptibility to subsequent brain insults.
authors.affiliation: Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|MarcU Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.|Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.|Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda California, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Virgina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.affiliation: Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yelena Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.affiliation: Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.|Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda California, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obenaus
authors.affiliation: Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA.|Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Monica J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods
keywords: T2-weighted imaging; confocal microscopy; neuroinflammation; traumatic brain injury