title: Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia.
abstract: We evaluated the presence of DNA of Giardia, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium by PCR, and of Giardia and Cryptosporidium genera by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), in water samples, before, during, and after plant treatment for drinkable water. We applied this method in 38 samples of 10 l of water taken from each of the water treatment steps and in 8 samples taken at home (only for Toxoplasma PCR) in Quindio region in Colombia. There were 8 positive samples for Cryptosporidium parvum (21 %), 4 for Cryptosporidium hominis (10.5 %), 27 for Toxoplasma gondii (58.6 %), 2 for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A (5.2 %), and 5 for G. duodenalis assemblage B (13.1 %). By IFAT, 23 % were positive for Giardia and 21 % for Cryptosporidium. An almost perfect agreement was found between IFAT and combined results of PCR, by Kappa composite proportion analysis. PCR positive samples were significantly more frequent in untreated raw water for C. parvum (p = 0.02). High mean of fecal coliforms, high pH values, and low mean of chlorine residuals were strongly correlated with PCR positivity for G. duodenalis assemblage B. High pH value was correlated with PCR positivity for C. parvum. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences was possible, showing water and human clinical sequences for Toxoplasma within the same phylogenetic group for B1 repeated sequence. PCR assay is complementary to IFAT assay for monitoring of protozoa in raw and drinkable water, enabling species identification and to look for phylogenetic analysis in protozoa from human and environmental sources.
authors.affiliation: Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Triviño-Valencia
authors.affiliation: Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lora
authors.affiliation: Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zuluaga
authors.affiliation: Grupo GEPAMOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia. gepamol2@uniquindio.edu.co.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-3329
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gomez-Marin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003105:Colombia; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000469:parasitology; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct / Q000379:methods; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000469:parasitology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D060766:Drinking Water; D015800:Protozoan Proteins
keywords: Colombia; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; PCR; Protozoa; Toxoplasma; Waterborne diseases