title: An Automated Motion Detection and Reward System for Animal Training.
abstract: A variety of approaches has been used to minimize head movement during functional brain imaging studies in awake laboratory animals. Many laboratories expend substantial effort and time training animals to remain essentially motionless during such studies. We could not locate an "off-the-shelf" automated training system that suited our needs.  We developed a time- and labor-saving automated system to train animals to hold still for extended periods of time. The system uses a personal computer and modest external hardware to provide stimulus cues, monitor movement using commercial video surveillance components, and dispense rewards. A custom computer program automatically increases the motionless duration required for rewards based on performance during the training session but allows changes during sessions. This system was used to train cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for awake neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The automated system saved the trainer substantial time, presented stimuli and rewards in a highly consistent manner, and automatically documented training sessions. We have limited data to prove the training system's success, drawn from the automated records during training sessions, but we believe others may find it useful. The system can be adapted to a range of behavioral training/recording activities for research or commercial applications, and the software is freely available for non-commercial use.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Audrey N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Electronics shop, Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Arnold F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Heidbreder
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Black
keywords: computers; macaca fascicularis; magnetic resonance imaging; neuroimaging; neuroscience; nonhuman primate; operant conditioning; positron emission tomography (pet); reward; video recording