title: Profiling the psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in chronic ketamine users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although concern about chronic ketamine abuse has grown, the characteristic symptomatology of chronic ketamine users has yet to be examined. This study aims to measure the psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in chronic ketamine users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of chronic ketamine users in Guangzhou, China were evaluated. The socio-demographic and drug use characteristics of subjects were documented. Symptoms of psychosis, depression, anxiety were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The severity of the symptoms was identified by standard severity cutoffs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PANSS total score, positive symptom, negative symptom, general psychopathology subscale score were 45.3±8.4, 8.0±1.7, 13.2± 3.9 and 24.2± 4.9 respectively. BDI and BAI score was 13.1±6.5 and 15.7±9.6 respectively. 77.5% and 46.0% of the subjects showed moderate to severe depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms respectively. The BDI score was positively correlated with ketamine use frequency. The BAI score was positively correlated with ketamine use frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms were commonly presented in chronic ketamine users. The higher ketamine use frequency and dosage were associated with more severe depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Ni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenheck
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Daping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Baiyun Mental Hospital, 586 North of Baiyun Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Waikwong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China. Electronic address: hongbo_he@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Depression; Ketamine; Psychosis; Symptoms