title: Heterogeneous Effects of Housing Vouchers on the Mental Health of US Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the mental health effects on adolescents of low-income families residing in high-poverty public housing who received housing vouchers to assist relocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined treatment effects to compare 2829 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in families offered housing vouchers versus those living in public housing in the Moving to Opportunity experiment (1994-1997; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY). We employed model-based recursive partitioning to identify subgroups with heterogeneous treatment effects on psychological distress and behavior problems measured in 2002. We tested 35 potential baseline treatment modifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For psychological distress, Chicago participants experienced null treatment effects. Outside Chicago, boys experienced detrimental effects, whereas girls experienced beneficial effects. Behavior problems effects were null for adolescents who were aged 10 years or younger at baseline. For adolescents who were older than 10 years at baseline, violent crime victimization, unmarried parents, and unsafe neighborhoods increased adverse treatment effects. Adolescents who were older than 10 years at baseline without learning problems or violent crime victimization, and whose parents moved for better schools, experienced beneficial effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health effects of housing vouchers varied across subgroups. Supplemental services may be necessary for vulnerable subgroups for whom housing vouchers alone may not be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Quynh C. Nguyen is with the Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. David H. Rehkopf is with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Theresa L. Osypuk and Nicole M. Schmidt are with the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Theresa L. Osypuk is also with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Quynh C
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Quynh C. Nguyen is with the Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. David H. Rehkopf is with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Theresa L. Osypuk and Nicole M. Schmidt are with the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Theresa L. Osypuk is also with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rehkopf
authors.affiliation: Quynh C. Nguyen is with the Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. David H. Rehkopf is with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Theresa L. Osypuk and Nicole M. Schmidt are with the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Theresa L. Osypuk is also with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Quynh C. Nguyen is with the Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. David H. Rehkopf is with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Theresa L. Osypuk and Nicole M. Schmidt are with the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Theresa L. Osypuk is also with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Osypuk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D011204:Poverty Areas; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011638:Public Housing; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult