title: In Vivo Confocal Microscopy and Anterior Segment Optic Coherence Tomography Findings in Ocular Ochronosis.
abstract: Purpose. To report clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of two patients with ocular ochronosis secondary due to alkaptonuria. Materials and Methods. Complete ophthalmologic examinations, including IVCM (HRT II/Rostock Cornea Module, Heidelberg, Germany), anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) (Topcon 3D spectral-domain OCT 2000, Topcon Medical Systems, Paramus, NJ, USA), corneal topography (Pentacam, OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and anterior segment photography, were performed. Results. Biomicroscopic examination showed bilateral darkly pigmented lesions of the nasal and temporal conjunctiva and episclera in both patients. In vivo confocal microscopy of the lesions revealed prominent degenerative changes, including vacuoles and fragmentation of collagen fibers in the affected conjunctival lamina propria and episclera. Hyperreflective pigment granules in different shapes were demonstrated in the substantia propria beneath the basement membrane. AS-OCT of Case 1 demonstrated hyporeflective areas. Fundus examination was within normal limits in both patients, except tilted optic discs with peripapillary atrophy in one of the patients. Corneal topography, thickness, and macular OCT were normal bilaterally in both cases. Conclusion. The degenerative and anatomic changes due to ochronotic pigment deposition in alkaptonuria can be demonstrated in detail with IVCM and AS-OCT. Confocal microscopic analysis in ocular ochronosis may serve as a useful adjunct in diagnosis and monitoring of the disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 35040 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demirkilinc Biler
authors.affiliation: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 35040 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suzan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guven Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 35040 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palamar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hamrah
authors.affiliation: Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Afsun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5083-5618
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin