title: Comparing sutures versus staples for skin closure after orthopaedic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there still remains a significant advantage in the use of sutures to staples for orthopaedic skin closure in adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic Review/ Meta-Analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE-OVID, EMBASE-OVID, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. Grey and unpublished literature was also explored by searching: International Clinical Trial Registry, Grey Matters BIOSIS Previews, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, ClinicalTrials.gov, UK Clinical Trials Gateway, UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio, Open Grey, Grey Literature Report, and Web of Science.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were from any country, written in English and published after 1950. We included all randomised control trials and observational studies comparing adults (≥ 18 years) undergoing orthopaedic surgery who either received staples or sutures for skin closure. The primary outcome was the incidence of surgical site infection. Secondary outcomes included closure time, inflammation, length of stay, pain, abscess formation, necrosis, discharge, wound dehiscence, allergic reaction and health-related quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13 studies were included in our cumulative meta-analysis conducted using Review Manager V.5.0. The risk ratio was computed as a measure of the treatment effect taking into account heterogeneity. Random-effect models were applied. There was no significant difference in infection comparing sutures to staples. The cumulative relative risk was 1.06 (0.46 to 2.44). In addition, there was no difference in infection comparing sutures to staples in hip and knee surgery, respectively. Lastly, except for closure time, there was no significant difference in secondary outcomes comparing sutures to staples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for closure time, there was no significant difference in superficial infection and secondary outcomes comparing sutures to staples was found. Given that there may in fact be no difference in effect between the two skin closure and the methodological limitations of included studies, authors should begin to consider the economic and logistic implications of using staples or sutures for skin closure.
  CRD42015017481.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rohin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S Danielle
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: MacNeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Monali S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Malvankar-Mehta
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D017792:Surgical Stapling / Q000009:adverse effects; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D013537:Sutures / Q000009:adverse effects