title: Versatile Miniature Tunable Liquid Lenses Using Transparent Graphene Electrodes.
abstract: This paper presents, for the first time, versatile and low-cost miniature liquid lenses with graphene as electrodes. Tunable focal length is achieved by changing the droplet curvature using electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). Ionic liquid and KCl solution are utilized as lens liquid on the top of a flexible Teflon-coated PDMS/parylene membrane. Transparent and flexible, graphene allows transmission of visible light as well as large deformation of the polymer membrane to achieve requirements for different lens designs and to increase the field of view without damaging of electrodes. The tunable range for the focal length is between 3 and 7 mm for a droplet with a volume of 3 μL. The visualization of bone marrow dendritic cells is demonstrated by the liquid lens system with a high resolution (456 lp/mm).
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahini
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.
authors.forename: Jinjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.
authors.forename: Zhixian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.
authors.forename: Mark Ming-Cheng
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow; D001881:Borates / Q000737:chemistry; D003713:Dendritic Cells; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004566:Electrodes; D058874:Electrowetting; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007909:Lenses; D044085:Microfluidics; D011108:Polymers; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D001881:Borates; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D052578:Ionic Liquids; C540042:N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-2-methoxyethylammonium tetrafluoroborate; D011108:Polymers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014992:Xylenes; C011055:parylene; C013830:baysilon; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D006108:Graphite