title: Therapeutic Strategies for Treatment of Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive lung disease affecting almost exclusively women. Neoplastic growth of atypical smooth muscle-like cells in the lung induces destruction of lung parenchyma leading to the formation of lung cysts, rupture of which results in spontaneous pneumothorax. LAM occurs sporadically or in association with inherited hamartoma syndrome tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Progression of LAM often results in loss of pulmonary function and death. Increasing understanding of neoplastic LAM cell growth is driving the development of therapeutic approaches targeting the disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides background to understand the rationale for current treatments used in patients with LAM, to critically appraise the evidence for these treatments, and to discuss future treatment approaches. The literature review includes publications from PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov/.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting mTOR activation with rapamycin analogs sirolimus and everolimus are awaiting approval by the FDA for treatment of LAM. A number of other treatment options have been investigated and are currently tested in clinical trials to target LAM cell survival and metastasis. Key remaining and poorly understood areas for development and validation of therapeutic targeting in LAM are destruction of lungs, pathological lymphangiogenesis, and hormonal regulation. Future will reveal whether they could be targeted therapeutically.
authors.affiliation: Airway Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Vera P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Krymskaya
keywords: LAM; TSC; autophagy; clinical trials; doxycycline; interstitial lung disease; rare disease; simvastatin; sirolimus