title: A four-phase approach for systematically collecting data and measuring medication discrepancies when patients transition between health care settings.
abstract: No methodological standards are available for researchers and clinicians to examine medication discrepancies between health care settings. Systematic methods of examining medication discrepancies will allow researchers and clinicians to better understand factors driving medication discrepancies, to better measure effects of medication reconciliation interventions, and to compare findings across studies.
  
  
  
  This article proposes a four-phase approach for systematically collecting medication data and measuring medication discrepancies between a hospital and community pharmacies. Methodologic considerations related to studying medication discrepancies in health services research are also discussed.
  
  
  
  A multi-disciplinary study team developed a four-phase systematic approach to improve quality of data and study rigor: 1) operationalization of a medication discrepancy, 2) acquiring medication data, 3) abstraction of medication data and creation of dataset, and 4) measuring and reporting medication discrepancies.
  
  
  
  Using this phase-based approach, the study team successfully identified and reported medication discrepancies between a hospital and community pharmacies at the patient, medication, and community pharmacy units of analyses.
  
  
  
  Systematically measuring medication discrepancies that occur in the care transitions process is a critical step as researchers, clinicians, and other stakeholders work to improve health care quality and patient outcomes. This article detailed how a phase-based approach can be used in research to examine medication discrepancies as well as address the complexity of collecting medication data and analyzing medication discrepancies. Such methods should be considered when developing, conducting, and reporting research on medication discrepancies.
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 2500 Overlook Terrace, 11G, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Social and Administrative Sciences Division, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Madison, WI 53075, USA. Electronic address: kennelty@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Korey A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kennelty
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Witry
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 2500 Overlook Terrace, 11G, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Madison, WI 53075, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 2500 Overlook Terrace, 11G, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Madison, WI 53075, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dattalo
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 2500 Overlook Terrace, 11G, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Madison, WI 53075, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogus-Pulia
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059065:Medication Reconciliation / Q000379:methods*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D011787:Quality of Health Care
keywords: Adverse drug events; Community pharmacy; Medication discrepancies; Transitions of care