title: [Management of alcohol use disorders in ambulatory care: Which follow-up and for how long?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol consumption with its addictive potential may lead to physical and psychological dependence as well as systemic toxicity all of which have serious detrimental health outcomes in terms of morbimortality. Despite the harmful potential of alcohol use disorders, the disease is often not properly managed, especially in ambulatory care. Psychiatric and general practitioners in ambulatory care are first in line to detect and manage patients with excessive alcohol consumption. However, this is still often regarded as an acute medical condition and its management is generally considered only over the short-term. On the contrary, alcohol dependence has been defined as a primary chronic disease of the brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry, involving the signalling pathway of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, opioid peptides, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Thus, it should be regarded in terms of long-term management as are other chronic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose a standard pathway for the management of alcohol dependence in ambulatory care in terms of duration of treatment and follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given the lack of official recommendations from health authorities which may help ambulatory care physicians in long-term management of patients with alcohol dependence, we performed a review and analysis of the most recent literature regarding the long-term management of other chronic diseases (diabetes, bipolar disorders, and depression) drawing a parallel with alcohol dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol dependence shares many characteristics with other chronic diseases, including a prolonged duration, intermittent acute and chronic exacerbations, and need for prolonged and often-lifelong care. In all cases, this requires sustained psychosocial changes from the patient. Patient motivation is also a major issue and should always be taken into consideration by psychiatric and general practitioners in ambulatory care. In chronic diseases, such as diabetes, bipolar disorders, or depression, psychosocial and motivational interventions have been effective to improve the patient's emotional functioning and to prevent or delay relapses. Such interventions help patients to accept their disease and to promote long-term therapeutic plans based on treatment adherence, behavioural changes, self-management and self-efficacy. The management of alcohol-dependence in ambulatory care should be addressed similarly. Therapeutic monitoring may be initiated to manage alcohol use disorders, including alcohol dependence, especially when the patient is unwilling or unready for alcohol withdrawal (i.e. using the strategy of reduction of alcohol consumption, which is considered a possible intermediate step toward abstinence).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol dependence needs long-term medical supervision, and the therapeutic success depends on the initiation of sustained monitoring at the time of diagnosis (initiating phase with several consultations over 2-4 weeks) with psychosocial and motivational interventions in order to address all the patient uncertainties, to involve him/her in a proactive disease management plan, and to insure adherence to treatment, behavioural changes and new lifestyle. A close monitoring (once a month during the first 6 months) during a consolidation phase is necessary. Finally, a regular monitoring should be maintained overtime after 6-12 months in order to insure that the patient maintains a minimal consumption during the first year, to consolidate the patient's motivation, to abstain in at risk situations, and to maintain a controlled consumption or abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'enseignement, de recherche et de traitements des addictions, hôpital Paul-Brousse, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, 12-14, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France. Electronic address: amine.benyamina@pbr.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benyamina
authors.affiliation: Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynaud
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058005:General Practitioners; D006801:Humans; D011570:Psychiatry
keywords: Alcohol-induced disorders; Alcool; Ambulatory care; Chronic disease; Dépendance; Maladie chronique; Motivational interviewing; Médecine générale; Soin ambulatoire