title: Factors affecting post-pubertal penile size in patients with hypospadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate actual post-pubertal penile size and factors affecting it in hypospadias patients, we retrospectively reviewed medical charts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypospadias patients whose external genitalia were categorized into Tanner stage 5, and whose stretched penile length was evaluated at 15 years old or older from April 2008 to April 2015, were enrolled in the present study. Stretched penile length was measured by a single examiner. Actual post-pubertal stretched penile length and factors affecting the post-pubertal stretched penile length were estimated. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and univariate and multivariate linear regression models for the determination of independent factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age at evaluation was 17.2 years. Thirteen and 17 had mild and severe hypospadias, respectively. Endocrinological abnormality was identified in 5. Multivariate analysis showed that the severity of hypospadias and endocrinological abnormality were significant factors affecting stretched penile length. Stretched penile length in 25 patients without endocrinological abnormality was significantly longer than that in those with endocrinological abnormality (p = 0.036). Among patients without endocrinological abnormality, stretched penile length in 13 with severe hypospadias was significantly shorter than that in 12 with mild hypospadias (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the severity of hypospadias and endocrinological abnormality at post-pubertal evaluation were factors affecting post-pubertal penile size, stretched penile length in patients with severe hypospadias was shorter even in cases without endocrinological abnormality. These results suggest that severe hypospadias is not only a disorder of urethral development, but also a disorder of penile development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan. k-moriya@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitta
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010413:Penis / Q000473:pathology*; D011627:Puberty; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Hypospadias; Long term; Post-pubertal penile size