title: Spinal-generated movement disorders: a clinical review.
abstract: Spinal-generated movement disorders (SGMDs) include spinal segmental myoclonus, propriospinal myoclonus, orthostatic tremor, secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias, stiff person syndrome and its variants, movements in brain death, and painful legs-moving toes syndrome. In this paper, we review the relevant anatomy and physiology of SGMDs, characterize and demonstrate their clinical features, and present a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of these unusual disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ; Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pichet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Termsarasab
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA.
authors.forename: Thananan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thammongkolchai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frucht
keywords: Brain death; Orthostatic tremor; Painful legs-moving toes syndrome; Paroxysmal dyskinesia; Spinal cord; Spinal myoclonus; Stiff person syndrome