title: The Association of Social Inhibition and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Vicious Circle?: Results From the Population-Based KORA F4 Study With 1232 Participants With Trauma Exposure.
abstract: This cross-sectional analysis investigated the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social inhibition (SI). A total of 1232 individuals aged 32-71 years with a history of traumatic experience were identified from the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg F4 study conducted in 2006-2008. PTSD was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, and interview data. SI was measured by the SI subscale of the German version of the Type-D scale and dichotomized in a high (score of ≥10) and nonhigh group. Even in the fully adjusted multinomial logistic regression model (adjusted for age, sex, sociodemographic and metabolic risk factors, anxiety, depression), high levels of SI were significantly associated with PTSD (partial: odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.09; p = 0.002; full: odds ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-4.82; p = 0.009). Our findings suggest a dose-response relationship between PTSD and SI and should be integrated in individual therapy plans, especially of patients with interpersonal violence experience.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Gießen, Gießen; †Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; ‡German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg; §Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg; and ∥Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lukaschek
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumert
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ladwig
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012792:Shyness; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*