title: Occurrence and health risk assessment of selected metals in drinking water from two typical remote areas in China.
abstract: The potential contaminations of 16 trace elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Co, Be, V, Ti, Tl, Al) in drinking water collected in two remote areas in China were analyzed. The average levels of the trace elements were lower than the allowable concentrations set by national agencies, except for several elements (As, Sb, Mn, and Be) in individual samples. A health risk assessment model was conducted and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were evaluated separately. The results indicated that the total carcinogenic risks were higher than the maximum allowed risk level set by most organizations (1 × 10(-6)). Residents in both study areas were at risk of carcinogenic effects from exposure to Cr, which accounted for 80-90 % of the total carcinogenic risks. The non-carcinogenic risks (Cu, Zn, Ni) were lower than the maximum allowance levels. Among the four population groups, infants incurred the highest health risks and required special attention. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among most trace elements, indicating the likelihood of a common source. The results of probabilistic health risk assessment of Cr based on Monte-Carlo simulation revealed that the uncertainty of system parameters does not affect the decision making of pollution prevention and control. Sensitivity analysis revealed that ingestion rate of water and concentration of Cr showed relatively high sensitivity to the health risks.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
authors.forename: Menghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
authors.forename: Hongjuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China. liuxue2020@live.cn.
authors.forename: Xuelin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China. gaosky34@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
authors.forename: Rubao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: China; Health risk assessment; Metals; Monte-Carlo simulation; Remote areas; Sensitivity analysis