title: Evidence for Replacement of an Infected Synthetic by a Biological Mesh in Abdominal Wall Hernia Repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of deep infection using a synthetic mesh in inguinal hernia repair is low and reported to be well below 1%. This is in contrast to incisional hernia surgery where the reported incidence is 3% respective 13% comparing laparoscopic to open mesh repair reported in a Cochrane review. Main risk factors were long operation time, surgical site contamination, and early wound complications. An infected mesh can be preserved using conservative treatment were negative pressure wound therapy (VAC(®)) could play an important role. If strategy fails, the mesh needs to be removed. This review aims to look at evidence for situations were a biological mesh would work as a replacement of a removed infected synthetic mesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of the Medline database was performed using the PubMed search engine. Twenty publications were found relevant for this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For studies reviewed three options are presented: removal of the infected synthetic mesh alone, replacement with either a new synthetic or a new biological mesh. Operations were all performed at specialist centers. Removal of the mesh alone was an option limited to inguinal hernias. In ventral/incisional hernias, the use of a biological mesh for replacement resulted in a very high recurrence rate, if bridging was required. Either a synthetic or a biological mesh seems to work as a replacement when fascial closure can be achieved. Evidence is though very low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When required, either a synthetic or a biological mesh seems to work as a replacement for an infected synthetic mesh if the defect can be closed. It is, however, not recommended to use a biological mesh for bridging. Mesh replacement surgery is demanding and is recommended to be performed in a specialist center.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Skane University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Harburg , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kallinowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Vivantes Hospital Berlin, Academic Teaching Hospital of Charité Medical School , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Köckerling
keywords: biological mesh; hernia; mesh complication; mesh infection; mesh replacement