title: Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review.
abstract: This paper presents a literature review of the occurrence of several mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products, because it is the main type of milk produced and marketed worldwide. Mycotoxins are produced by different genera of filamentous fungi and present serious health hazards such as carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Under favorable growth conditions, toxigenic fungi produce mycotoxins which contaminate the lactating cow's feedstuff. During metabolism, these mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and are secreted in milk. Data show that there is a seasonal trend in the levels of mycotoxins in milk, with these being higher in the cold months probably due to the prolonged storage required for the cattle feeds providing favorable conditions for fungal growth. Good agricultural and storage practices are therefore of fundamental importance in the control of toxigenic species and mycotoxins. Although aflatoxins (especially aflatoxin M1 ) are the mycotoxins of greater incidence in milk and dairy products, this review shows that other mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol, can also be found in these products. Given that milk is widely consumed and is a source of nutrients, especially in childhood, a thorough investigation of the occurrence of mycotoxins as well the adoption of measures to minimize their contamination of milk is essential.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Dept. of Food Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania Aparecida
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Becker-Algeri
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Program in Food Technology, Dept. of Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência, Medianeira, PR, CEP 85884-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Castagnaro
authors.affiliation: Graduation in Food Engineering, Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência, Medianeira, PR, CEP 85884-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kennidy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Bortoli
authors.affiliation: Graduation in Food Engineering, Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência, Medianeira, PR, CEP 85884-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Program in Food Technology, Dept. of Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological Univ. of Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Brasil, 4232, Bairro Independência, Medianeira, PR, CEP 85884-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deisy Alessandra
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Drunkler
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Dept. of Food Chemistry, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badiale-Furlong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: cow's milk; occurrence; toxicity