title: From molecules to neural morphology: understanding neuroinflammation in autism spectrum condition.
abstract: Growing evidence points toward a critical role for early (prenatal) atypical neurodevelopmental processes in the aetiology of autism spectrum condition (ASC). One such process that could impact early neural development is inflammation. We review the evidence for atypical expression of molecular markers in the amniotic fluid, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brain parenchyma that suggest a role for inflammation in the emergence of ASC. This is complemented with a number of neuroimaging and neuropathological studies describing microglial activation. Implications for treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Adam M H
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Bhismadev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meng-Chuan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron-Cohen
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000276:immunology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007249:Inflammation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001323:Autoantibodies; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D006680:HLA Antigens; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Autism; Brain; Inflammation; NF-κB