title: The association of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if intimate partner violence (IPV) was associated with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss among married women in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted using nationally representative cross-sectional secondary data from women of reproductive age who were currently married and had participated in the domestic violence module of the 2012-13 Pakistan Demographic and Heath Survey. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss were defined as any mistimed or unwanted pregnancy, and any pregnancy that resulted in spontaneous abortion, induced abortion, or stillbirth, respectively. Associations with IPV were assessed by calculating adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 3518 individuals were included. Pregnancy loss had been experienced by 1282 (36.4%) participants and unintended pregnancy was reported by 391 (19.5%) of 2005 individuals this information was available for. In total, 1335 (37.9%) participants reported having ever experienced any form of IPV, including 919 (26.1%), 1112 (31.6%), and 697 (19.8%) participants who had experienced physical, emotional, and both emotional and physical IPV. Significant associations were observed between participants experiencing either physical or emotional IPV, emotional IPV, and both emotional and physical IPV, and unintended pregnancy (P=0.017, P<0.001, and P=0.011, respectively) and pregnancy loss (P=0.002, P=0.005, and P<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an urgent need to develop preventive strategies to reduce intramarital IPV and its associated poor health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Electronic address: rubeena499@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rubeena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Muazzam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasrullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Zakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hussain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Demographic and health survey; Intimate partner violence; Pakistan; Pregnancy loss; Unintended pregnancy