title: Water First Aid Is Beneficial In Humans Post-Burn: Evidence from a Bi-National Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reported first aid application, frequency and practices around the world vary greatly. Based primarily on animal and observational studies, first aid after a burn injury is considered to be integral in reducing scar and infection, and the need for surgery. The current recommendation for optimum first aid after burn is water cooling for 20 minutes within three hours. However, compliance with this guideline is reported as poor to moderate at best and evidence exists to suggest that overcooling can be detrimental. This prospective cohort study of a bi-national burn patient registry examined data collected between 2009 and 2012. The aim of the study was to quantify the magnitude of effects of water cooling first aid after burn on indicators of burn severity in a large human cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data for the analysis was provided by the Burn Registry of Australia and New Zealand (BRANZ). The application of first aid cooling prior to admission to a dedicated burn service, was analysed for its influence on four outcomes related to injury severity. The patient related outcomes were whether graft surgery occurred, and death while the health system (cost) outcomes included total hospital length of stay and admission to ICU. Robust regression analysis using bootstrapped estimation adjusted using a propensity score was used to control for confounding and to estimate the strength of association with first aid. Dose-response relationships were examined to determine associations with duration of first aid. The influence of covariates on the impact of first aid was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cooling was provided before Burn Centre admission for 68% of patients, with at least twenty minutes duration for 46%. The results indicated a reduction in burn injury severity associated with first aid. Patients probability for graft surgery fell by 0.070 from 0.537 (13% reduction) (p = 0.014). The probability for ICU admission fell by 0.084 from 0.175 (48% reduction) (p<0.001) and hospital length of stay (LOS) fell by 2.27 days from 12.9 days (18% reduction) (p = 0.001). All outcomes except death showed a dose-response relationship with the duration of first aid. The size of burn and age interacted with many of the relationships between first aid and outcome and these are described and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that there are significant patient and health system benefits from cooling water first aid, particularly if applied for up to 20 minutes. The results of this study estimate the effect size of post-burn first aid and confirm that efforts to promote first aid knowledge are not only warranted, but provide potential cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Burn Service of Western Australia, State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.|Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.|Fiona Wood Foundation, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth and University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.|Burn Service of Western Australia, Burn Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jovic
authors.affiliation: Burn Service of Western Australia, Burn Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.|James Connolly Memorial Hospital, Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Burn Service of Western Australia, State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.|Fiona Wood Foundation, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.|Burn Injury Research Node, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Dale W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Edgar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002056:Burns / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid / Q000592:standards*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water