title: Unrelated secondary reproductives in the neotropical termite Silvestritermes euamignathus (Isoptera: Termitidae).
abstract: A termite colony is usually founded by a pair of alates, the primary reproductives, which produce all the nestmates. In some species, secondary reproductives appear to either replace the primaries or supplement colony reproduction. In termites, secondary reproductives are generally ergatoids derived from workers or nymphoids derived from nymphs. Silvestritermes euamignathus is a termite species that forms multiple nymphoid reproductives, and to date it was hypothesized that these secondary reproductives were the progeny of the primary founding reproductives. We developed markers for 12 microsatellite loci and used COI mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to genotype 59 nymphoid neotenics found in a colony of S. euamignathus to test this hypothesis. Our results showed that nymphoids of S. euamignathus are not all siblings. The microsatellite analysis suggests that the secondary reproductives derived from a minimum of four different pairs of reproductives belonging to at least two different matrilines. This is the first record of non-sibling secondary reproductives occupying the same nest in a higher termite. These unrelated reproductives might be the result of either pleometrotic colony foundation or colony fusion.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil. haifig@ufu.br.|Current address: Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFU, Campus Monte Carmelo, Avenida Goiás, 2000, Vila Nova, Monte Carmelo, MG, 38500-000, Brazil. haifig@ufu.br.|Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University-NCSU, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA. haifig@ufu.br.
authors.forename: Ives
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haifig
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University-NCSU, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.|Current address: Department of Entomology, 2143 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Vargo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University-NCSU, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labadie
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costa-Leonardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D020049:Isoptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009758:Nymph; D012098:Reproduction; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: COI; Genotyping; Microsatellites; Neotenics; mtDNA