title: An automatic method for skeletal patterns classification using craniomaxillary variables on a Colombian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mandibular bone is an important part of the forensic facial reconstruction and it has the possibility of getting lost in skeletonized remains; for this reason, it is necessary to facilitate the identification process simulating the mandibular position only through craniomaxillary measures, for this task, different modeling techniques have been performed, but they only contemplate a straight facial profile that belong to skeletal pattern Class I, but the 24.5% corresponding to the Colombian skeletal patterns Class II and III are not taking into account, besides, craniofacial measures do not follow a parametric trend or a normal distribution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to employ an automatic non-parametric method as the Support Vector Machines to classify skeletal patterns through craniomaxillary variables, in order to simulate the natural mandibular position on a contemporary Colombian sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalograms (229) of Colombian young adults of both sexes were collected. Landmark coordinates protocols were used to create craniomaxillary variables. A Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel classifier model was trained on a subset of the available data and evaluated over the remaining samples. The weights of the model were used to select the 10 best variables for classification accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An accuracy of 74.51% was obtained, defined by Pr-A-N, N-Pr-A, A-N-Pr, A-Te-Pr, A-Pr-Rhi, Rhi-A-Pr, Pr-A-Te, Te-Pr-A, Zm-A-Pr and PNS-A-Pr angles. The Class Precision and the Class Recall showed a correct distinction of the Class II from the Class III and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Support Vector Machines created an important model of classification of skeletal patterns using craniomaxillary variables that are not commonly used in the literature and could be applicable to the 24.5% of the contemporary Colombian sample.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogotá. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Department. Master of Dentistry. Craniofacial Growth and Development Research Group. Genetics Institute, Cll 53 - Cra. 37 Ed. 426 Of. 213. Bogotá Colombia. Electronic address: kotc2578@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tania Camila
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Niño-Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Department-Orthodontics. Craniofacial Growth and Development Research Group. 11001 Bogotá Colombia. Electronic address: svguevarap@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: Sonia V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Guevara Perez
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogotá, Faculty of Engineering, Computing Systems and Industrial Engineering Department, MindLab Research Group, Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá Colombia. Electronic address: fagonzalezo@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogotá, Faculty of Engineering, Computing Systems and Industrial Engineering Department, MindLab Research Group, Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá Colombia. Electronic address: rajaquep@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: Robinson Andrés
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jaque
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogotá. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Department. Master of Dentistry. Craniofacial Growth and Development Research Group. Genetics Institute, Cll 53 - Cra. 37 Ed. 426 Of. 213. Bogotá Colombia. Electronic address: ccontrerasi@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: Clementina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Infante-Contreras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003105:Colombia; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Class I, II, III skeletal pattern; Colombian population; Craniomaxillary variables; Forensic anthropology population data; Support Vector Machines