title: Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines NNN and NNK levels in cigarette brands between 2000 and 2014.
abstract: The evolution of the levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke is investigated based on smoke and tobacco chemistry data of cigarette brands sold by Philip Morris International (PMI) between 2000 and 2014. A total of 315 cigarette samples representing a wide range of product and design characteristics manufactured by PMI between 2008 and 2014 were analyzed and compared to a previously published dataset of PMI brands manufactured in 2000. The data indicate that there is a substantial reduction of NNN and NNK levels in tobacco fillers and MS cigarette smoke per mg of tar and per mg of nicotine using Health Canada Intense (HCI) machine-smoking regime. This observed reduction in NNN and NNK levels in MS cigarette smoke is also supported by the downward trend observed on NNN and NNK levels in USA flue-cured Virginia and Burley tobacco lots from 2000 to 2014 crops, reflecting effectiveness of measures taken on curing and agricultural practices designed to minimize TSNA formation in tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Electronic address: irfan.gunduz@pmi.com.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondylis
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International Management SA, Product and Process Quality, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jaccard
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International Management SA, Leaf Agricultural Programs, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruffieux
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gadani
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D003132:Commerce; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D006801:Humans; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009602:Nitrosamines; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; C008655:N'-nitrosonornicotine
keywords: Cigarette smoke; NNK; NNN; Smoke transfer; TSNA; Tobacco