title: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic extracts from Lactuca sativa (var. Maravilla de Verano) under different farming methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides their nutritional value, vegetables are a source of health-promoting compounds, such as polyphenols, and their content can be influenced by the particular farming method. In this study polyphenolic extracts from Lactuca sativa (var. Maravilla de verano) plants cultivated with different farming methods were chemically characterised and tested in vitro and ex vivo inflammation models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tested extacts (250-2.5 µg mL(-1) ) were able to reduce both the inflammatory and oxidative stress in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 murine monocyte macrophage cells, by lowering the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promoting nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this regard, quantitative profiles revealed different amounts of polyphenols, in particular quercetin levels were higher in plants under mineral fertilised treatment. Those extract showed an enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Maravilla de Verano polyphenolic extracts. The effect of farming methods on polyphenolic levels was highlighted. The higher reduction of inflammatory mediators release in extracts from plants cultivated under mineral fertilisation treatment was correlated to the higher amount of quercetin. These results can be useful for both nutraceutical or agronomic purposes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adesso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.|Department of Agriculture, University of Reggio Calabria, Via Melissari 1, I-89122, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.|Department of Agriculture, University of Reggio Calabria, Via Melissari 1, I-89122, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sommella
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100, Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manfra
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100, Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scopa
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100, Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sofo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicology Chemistry, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tenore
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, University of Reggio Calabria, Via Melissari 1, I-89122, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariateresa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Department DiBiMeF, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, I-90127, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Gaudio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Autore
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campiglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marzocco
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005308:Fertilizers; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D005308:Fertilizers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011794:Quercetin
keywords: anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; lettuce; mineral fertilisation; polyphenols