title: Indications for staging laparoscopy in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To identify indications for staging laparoscopy (SL) in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and suggest a pre-operative algorithm for staging these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles were reviewed from the published literature using the Medline database. The search was performed using the keywords 'pancreatic cancer', 'resectability', 'staging', 'laparoscopy', and 'Whipple's procedure'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four studies were identified which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of the published data, the most reliable surrogate markers for selecting patients for SL to predict unresectability in patients with CT defined resectable pancreatic cancer were CA 19.9 and tumour size. Although there are studies suggesting a role for tumour location, CEA levels, and clinical findings such as weight loss and jaundice, there is currently not enough evidence for these variables to predict resectability. Based on the current data, patients with a CT suggestive of resectable disease and (1) CA 19.9 ≥150 U/mL; or (2) tumour size >3 cm should be considered for SL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer patients remains controversial. Potential predictors of unresectability to select patients for SL include CA 19.9 levels and tumour size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Iain C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: dhanny.gomez@nuh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Dhanwant
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D019091:Critical Pathways; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen