title: Meso and micro-scale response of post carbon removal nitrifying MBBR biofilm across carrier type and loading.
abstract: This study investigates the effects of three specific moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) carrier types and two surface area loading rates on biofilm thickness, morphology and bacterial community structure of post carbon removal nitrifying MBBR systems along with the effects of carrier type and loading on ammonia removal rates and effluent solids settleability. The meso and micro analyses show that the AOB kinetics vary based on loading condition, but irrespective of carrier type. The meso-scale response to increases in loading was shown to be an increase in biofilm thickness with higher surface area carriers being more inclined to develop and maintain thicker biofilms. The pore spaces of these higher surface area to volume carriers also demonstrated the potential to become clogged at higher loading conditions. Although the biofilm thickness increased during higher loading conditions, the relative percentages of both the embedded viable and non-viable cells at high and conventional loading conditions remained stable; indicating that the reduced ammonia removal kinetics observed during carrier clogging events is likely due to the observed reduction in the surface area of the attached biofilm. Microbial community analyses demonstrated that the dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria for all carriers is Nitrosomonas while the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria is Nitrospira. The research showed that filamentous species were abundant under high loading conditions, which likely resulted in the observed reduction in effluent solids settleability at high loading conditions as opposed to conventional loading conditions. Although the settleability of the effluent solids was correlated to increases in abundances of filamentous organisms in the biofilm, analyzed using next generation sequencing, the ammonia removal rate was not shown to be directly correlated to specific meso or micro-scale characteristics. Instead post carbon removal MBBR ammonia removal kinetics were shown to be related to the viable AOB cell coverage of the carriers; which was calculated by normalizing the surface area removal rate by the biofilm thickness, the bacterial percent abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the percentage of viable cells.
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banihashemi
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Daina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stintzi
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Electronic address: robert.delatolla@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delatolla
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D058465:Nitrification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Bacterial community structure; Biofilm morphology; Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR); Next generation sequencing; Nitrification