title: Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many metabolic changes develop in patients with chronic kidney disease which often necessitate frequent biochemical analysis of blood. Saliva analysis as an alternative to blood has many advantages. The aims of this study were to evaluate levels of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease in comparison to healthy individuals; to determine correlation between salivary creatinine/urea and blood creatinine/urea and to evaluate the diagnostic potential of saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study, involving 50 patients with late stage chronic kidney disease and 49 healthy individuals as control. Blood and saliva samples were analyzed for urea and creatinine levels. Data are presented as median with interquartile range and compared using Independent Samples Mann Whitney U test. Correlation between plasma and salivary creatinine as well as urea was determined using Spearman's correlation test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was done to determine the diagnostic ability of salivary creatinine and urea and cut-off values were established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median salivary creatinine levels were 2.60 mg/dl and 0.20 mg/dl while median salivary urea levels were 92.00 mg/dl and 20.50 mg/dl in patients with chronic kidney disease and controls respectively. Salivary levels of creatinine and urea were significantly elevated in chronic kidney disease patients (p < 0.001). In addition, there was positive correlation between blood and salivary creatinine as well as urea levels. Total areas under the curve for salivary creatinine and urea were 0.97 and 0.89 respectively. Cut-off values for salivary creatinine and urea were 0.55 mg/dl and 27.50 mg/dl respectively which gave sensitivity and specificity of 94 % and 85 % for creatinine; as well as 86 % and 93 % for urea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study suggest that analysis of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease reflects their levels in blood. Hence, salivary creatinine and urea could be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. jameelahlasisi@yahoo.com.|2Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. jameelahlasisi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Taye Jemilat
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lasisi
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Yemi Raheem
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Raji
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Babatunde Lawal
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Salako
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine