title: Wild Raspberry Subjected to Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion Improves the Protective Capacity against Ethyl Carbamate-Induced Oxidative Damage in Caco-2 Cells.
abstract: Ethyl carbamate (EC), a probable human carcinogen, occurs widely in many fermented foods. Previous studies indicated that EC-induced cytotoxicity was associated with oxidative stress. Wild raspberries are rich in polyphenolic compounds, which possess potent antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of wild raspberry extracts produced before (RE) and after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (RD) on EC-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells. Our primary data showed that ethyl carbamate could result in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Caco-2 cells and raspberry extract after digestion (RD) may be more effective than that before digestion (RE) in attenuating toxicity caused by ethyl carbamate. Further investigation by fluorescence microscope revealed that RD may significantly ameliorate EC-induced oxidative damage by scavenging the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), maintaining mitochondrial function and preventing glutathione (GSH) depletion. In addition, HPLC-ESI-MS results showed that the contents of identified polyphenolic compounds (esculin, kaempferol O-hexoside, and pelargonidin O-hexoside) were remarkably increased after digestion, which might be related to the better protective effect of RD. Overall, our results demonstrated that raspberry extract undergoing simulated gastrointestinal digestion may improve the protective effect against EC-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lingxia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004063:Digestion; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000502:physiology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014520:Urethane
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D014520:Urethane; D005978:Glutathione