title: Glucose control can be similarly improved after aquatic or dry-land aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of two aerobic training methods in water and on dry-land on glycemic, lipid, inflammatory, hormonal, cardiorespiratory, and functional outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to aquatic aerobic training group (n=17) or dry-land aerobic training group (n=18). Exercise training interventions had duration of 12 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (45min/session), with intensity progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were 56.7±7.9 years old. Decreases in glycated hemoglobin were observed in both groups (AT: -0.42±0.28%, DLT: -0.35±1.8%). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein levels, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and timed up and go test performed at the usual speed also decreased in both groups in response to both interventions (p<0.05), without between-group differences. Both groups increased the ratio between oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold and oxygen uptake of peak (p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerobic training in an aquatic environment provides effects similar to aerobic training in a dry-land environment in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: rsdrodrigo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Delevatti
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kanitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alberton
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa Corrêa
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Salime Chedid
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lisboa
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Dertzbocher Feil
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lovatel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arthiese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korb
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bertoldi
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo C O
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ionara R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schaan
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kruel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Aerobic exercise; Glycosylated hemoglobin A; Training programs; Type 2 diabetes mellitus