title: Comparative evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of smoke condensate derived from Korean cigarettes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is associated with carcinogenesis owing to the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Korean cigarettes using in vitro assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 2 types of cigarettes (TL and TW) as benchmark Korean cigarettes for this study, because they represent the greatest level of nicotine and tar contents among Korean cigarettes. Mutagenic potency was expressed as the number of revertants per μg of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) total particulate matter whereas genotoxic potency was expressed as a concentration-dependent induction factor. The CSC was prepared by the International Organization for Standardization 3308 smoking method. CHO-K1 cells were used in vitro micronucleus (MNvit) and comet assays. Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica; TA98 and TA1537) were employed in Ames tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CSCs showed mutagenicity in the TA98 and TA1537 strains. In addition, DNA damage and micronuclei formation were observed in the comet and MNvit assays owing to CSC exposure. The CSC from the 3R4F Kentucky reference (3R4F) cigarette produced the most severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies, followed by the CSC from the TL cigarette, whereas the CSC from the TW cigarette produced the least severe mutagenic and genotoxic potencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that the mutagenic and genotoxic potencies of the TL and TW cigarettes were weaker than those of the 3R4F cigarette. Further study on standardized concepts of toxic equivalents for cigarettes needs to be conducted for more extensive use of in vitro tests.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Ryong
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3586-2279
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8204-1786
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4626-6317
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Korea.|Human and Environment Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3918-7381
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Korea.|Human and Environment Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyuhong
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4123-341X
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu Hyuck
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4283-0742
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: Ames test; Cigarette smoke condensate; Comet assay; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus assay; Mutagenicity