title: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: Perspectives from reproduction to cancer (Review).
abstract: Recently, an increasing amount of evidence indicates that human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (hGnRH) and its receptor (hGnRHR) are important regulatory components not only to the reproduction process but also in the regulation of some cancer cell functions such as cell proliferation, in both hormone-dependent and -independent types of tumors. The hGnRHR is a naturally misfolded protein that is retained mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, this mechanism can be overcome by treatment with several pharmacoperones, therefore, increasing the amount of receptors in the cell membrane. In addition, several reports indicate that the expression level of hGnRHR in tumor cells is even lower than in pituitary or gonadotrope cells. The signal transduction pathways activated by hGnRH in both gonadotrope and different cancer cell types are described in the present review. We also discuss how the rescue of misfolded receptors in tumor cells could be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Marco Allan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pérez-Solis
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maya-Núñez
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D000072417:Protein Domains; D017510:Protein Folding; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone