title: Upper Limb Absence: Predictors of Work Participation and Work Productivity.
abstract: To analyze work participation, work productivity, contributing factors, and physical work demands of individuals with upper limb absence (ULA).
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study: postal survey (response rate, 45%).
  
  
  
  Twelve rehabilitation centers and orthopedic workshops.
  
  
  
  Individuals (n=207) with unilateral transverse upper limb reduction deficiency (RD) or acquired amputation (AA), at or proximal to the carpal level, between the ages of 18 and 65 years, and a convenience sample of control subjects (n=90) matched on age and sex.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Employment status, self-reported work productivity measured with the Quality-Quantity method, and self-reported upper extremity work demands measured with the Upper Extremity Work Demands scale.
  
  
  
  Seventy-four percent of the individuals with RD and 57% of the individuals with AA were employed (vs 82% of the control group and 66% of the general population). Male sex, younger age, a medium or higher level of education, prosthesis use, and good general health were predictors of work participation. Work productivity was similar to that of the control group. Higher work productivity was inversely related to musculoskeletal complaint-related pain. When having predominantly mentally demanding work, individuals with ULA perceived higher upper extremity work demands compared with controls.
  
  
  
  Work participation of individuals with RD was slightly higher compared with that of the general population, whereas employment rates of individuals with AA were slightly lower. Furthermore, work productivity did not differ between individuals with RD, AA, and controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: S.G.Postema@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Sietke G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.affiliation: Center of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raoul M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat Revalidatie, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.affiliation: University Rehabiltiation Institute and University of Ljubljama Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Liselotte M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Norling-Hermansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corry K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000674:Amputees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amputation; Efficiency; Employment; Rehabilitation; Upper extremity; Upper extremity deformities, congenital