title: Population genomic footprints of fine-scale differentiation between habitats in Mediterranean blue tits.
abstract: Linking population genetic variation to the spatial heterogeneity of the environment is of fundamental interest to evolutionary biology and ecology, in particular when phenotypic differences between populations are observed at biologically small spatial scales. Here, we applied restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) to test whether phenotypically differentiated populations of wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) breeding in a highly heterogeneous environment exhibit genetic structure related to habitat type. Using 12 106 SNPs in 197 individuals from deciduous and evergreen oak woodlands, we applied complementary population genomic analyses, which revealed that genetic variation is influenced by both geographical distance and habitat type. A fine-scale genetic differentiation supported by genome- and transcriptome-wide analyses was found within Corsica, between two adjacent habitats where blue tits exhibit marked differences in breeding time while nesting < 6 km apart. Using redundancy analysis (RDA), we show that genomic variation remains associated with habitat type when controlling for spatial and temporal effects. Finally, our results suggest that the observed patterns of genomic differentiation were not driven by a small proportion of highly differentiated loci, but rather emerged through a process such as habitat choice, which reduces gene flow between habitats across the entire genome. The pattern of genomic isolation-by-environment closely matches differentiation observed at the phenotypic level, thereby offering significant potential for future inference of phenotype-genotype associations in a heterogeneous environment.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szulkin
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|ISEM - CNRS, UMR 5554, SMEL, 2 rue des Chantiers, 34200, Sète, France.
authors.forename: P-A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gagnaire
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|ISEM - CNRS, UMR 5554, SMEL, 2 rue des Chantiers, 34200, Sète, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1856-3197
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bierne
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charmantier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005602:France; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D059467:Transcriptome
keywords: RAD sequencing; blue tit; genetic differentiation; landscape genetics; local adaptation; population genomics