title: Frankliniella fusca resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides: an emerging challenge for cotton pest management in the eastern United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past two decades, neonicotinoid seed treatments have become the primary method to manage tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, on seedling cotton. Because this insect is highly polyphagous and the window of insecticide exposure is short, neonicotinoid resistance was expected to pose a minimal risk. However, reports of higher than expected F. fusca seedling damage in seed-treated cotton fields throughout the Mid-South and Southeast US production regions suggested neonicotinoid resistance had developed. To document this change, F. fusca populations from 86 different locations in the eastern United States were assayed in 2014 and 2015 for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam resistance to determine the extent of the issue in the region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 57 and 65% of the F. fusca populations surveyed had reduced imidacloprid and thiamethoxam sensitivity respectively. Survivorship in diagnostic bioassays was significantly different at both the state and regional scales. Multiple-dose bioassays conducted on 37 of the populations documented up to 55- and 39-fold resistance ratios for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of neonicotinoid resistance indicate an emerging issue for management of F. fusca in the eastern United States. Significant variation in survivorship within states and regions indicated that finer-scale surveys were needed to determine factors (genetic, insecticide use) driving resistance evolution. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Anders S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Huseth
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.affiliation: Sygenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Morsello
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, Ruston, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Suffolk, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Ames
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Alana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Francis Pf
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Reay-Jones
authors.affiliation: Auburn University, Tennessee Valley Regional Research and Extension Center, Belle Mina, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Reisig
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: 205 Extension Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003368:Gossypium / Q000469:parasitology; D007093:Imidazoles; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D012639:Seeds / Q000469:parasitology; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles; D061149:Thysanoptera / Q000235:genetics*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam
keywords: Gossypium hirsutum; imidacloprid; insect resistance management; seed treatment; thiamethoxam