title: Inflammatory biomarkers and academic performance in youth. The UP & DOWN Study.
abstract: Inflammation influences cognitive development in infants and older adults, however, how inflammation may affect academic development during childhood and adolescence remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to examine the association between inflammatory biomarkers and academic performance in children and adolescents. A total of 494 youth (238 girls) aged 10.6 ± 3.4 years participated in the study. Four inflammatory biomarkers were selected: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and white blood cell (WBC) count. An inflammatory index was created using the above mentioned biomarkers. Academic performance was assessed through schools records. Results showed that three of the four inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6 and WBC) and the inflammatory index were negatively associated with all academic indicators (β values ranging from -0.094 to -0.217, all P<0.05) independent of confounders including body fat percentage. Indeed, youth in the highest tertile of the inflammatory index had significantly lower scores in all academic indicators compared with youth in the middle tertile (scores ranging from -0.578 to -0.344) and in the lowest tertile (scores ranging from -0.678 to -0.381). In conclusion, inflammation may impair academic performance independently of body fat levels in youth. Our results are of importance because the consequences of childhood and adolescence inflammation tend to continue into adulthood. Lifestyle interventions in youth may be promising in reducing levels of inflammation beyond the reduction in body fat in order to achieve cognitive benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: irene.esteban@uam.es.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esteban-Cornejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gomez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Campo-Vecino
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Piñero
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ascensión
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Veiga
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Academic performance; Children and adolescents; Inflammatory biomarkers