title: Update on New Tools for Three-dimensional Navigation in Endovascular Procedures.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) guidance for endovascular procedures has developed over the last decade from 3D rotational angiography to the use of dynamic 3D roadmap techniques. The latest development is image merging. This technique combines real-time feedback of fluoroscopy with optimal soft-tissue contrast of previously performed computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance angiography. Merging of CT angiography and cone-beam CT/fluoroscopic images is feasible, and preliminary results look promising. Merging will allow us to further reduce radiation exposure, contrast dose, and procedural time, and its main use and benefit will be in complex endovascular interventions.
authors.affiliation: Service of Interventional Radiology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Sede Civico, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jos C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van den Berg
keywords: 3D navigation; Cone-beam computed tomography; Endovascular; Fusion imaging