title: Effects of exogenous calcium and spermidine on cadmium stress moderation and metal accumulation in Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a detrimental metal in the environment and it is easily taken up by plants, thus entering the food chain and posing a severe threat to human health. Phytoremediation being low cost, highly stable, and environmentally friendly has been considered as a promising green technology for Cd remediation. The addition of exogenous substances to the culture media has been recognized as an efficient strategy to improve plant phytoremediation capability. Pot trials were conducted to investigate the combined effects of exogenous calcium (Ca) and spermidine (Spd) on Cd-induced toxicity in Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. (ramie). Results showed that the application of 5-mM exogenous Ca significantly alleviated Cd toxicity in ramie by reducing Cd accumulation, depressing H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents, increasing plants dry weights and chlorophyll concentrations, as well as altering the activities of total superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. Furthermore, as a non-Cd hyperaccumulator plant, ramie hyperaccumulated Cd and suffered more severe toxic effects of Cd by the treatment of 1 mM Ca/Cd. The aggravated Cd toxicity could be compensated by the addition of exogenous Spd via the promotion of plant growth and the reduction of the oxidative stress. Overall, the combination effects of 1 mM Ca and Spd appeared to be more superior compared to other treatments in the plants under Cd stress with a higher Cd accumulation ability and the evaluated Cd stress tolerance.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. liuyunguo2012@yeah.net.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. liuyunguo2012@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Yunguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Danlian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: College of Metallurgy and Environmental Research, Central South University, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yaoyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D032402:Boehmeria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013095:Spermidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002734:Chlorophyll; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C121048:guaiacol peroxidase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002118:Calcium; D013095:Spermidine
keywords: Antioxidant; Cadmium; Calcium; Metal accumulation; Phytoremediation; Spermidine