title: Randomized controlled trial on impacts of dairy meal feeding interventions on early lactation milk production in smallholder dairy farms of Central Kenya.
abstract: There is limited field-based research and recommendations on the effect of cattle feeding management practices on smallholder dairy farms (SDF) for the growing dairy industry in Kenya. This controlled trial aimed to determine the effect of feeding locally produced dairy meal (DM) on early lactation daily milk production (DMP) on Kenyan SDF, controlling for other factors associated with DMP. Privately owned, recently calved cows (n=111) were randomly assigned to one of three groups of feeding recommendations for DM (meeting predicted DM requirements by: (1) 100%; (2) 50%; or (3) feeding by the farmer's discretion). DM was provided for free to groups 1 and 2 to ensure they had sufficient DM to feed to the recommendations. Data collection on cow and farm characteristics occurred biweekly for a 60-day period post-calving starting in June 2013. A repeated measures multivariable linear regression model was used on the DMP outcome variable. With variability in DM consumption within feeding groups due to variability in DMP, actual DM fed was assessed as an independent variable rather than assigned feeding groups. DMP was positively associated with each kg/day of DM fed (0.53kg/day), cow weight (0.13kg/day), feeding DM in the month prior to calving (1.42kg/day), and feeding high protein forage (0.41kg/day), and was negatively associated with having mastitis (-0.30kg/day). In interaction terms, taller cows had higher DMP than shorter cows, whereas heifers (first parity cows) had similar DMP regardless of height. Also, thin cows (2+ parity with body condition score<2.5 out of 5) produced less milk (1.0kg/day less) than cows with a better body condition score at calving,whereas thin heifers produced more milk (2.0kg/day more) than heifers in better body condition-this association is possibly due to a small unrepresentative sample size of heifers. In conclusion, feeding DM in the month prior to calving, improving body condition in cows prior to calving, and enhancing dietary DM and high protein forage were positively associated with DMP in early lactation on Kenyan SDF. In addition there was an association between, taller cows and increased DMP, evidence supporting the importance of educating farmers on good genetic selection and heifer management. These findings will help with future management recommendations for higher DMP on SDF.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Electronic address: srichards@upei.ca.
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Electronic address: jvanleeuwen@upei.ca.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: VanLeeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: gertsheps@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Getrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shepelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: gkgitau@uonbi.ac.ke.
authors.forename: George Karuoya
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gitau
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Electronic address: jwichtel@upei.ca.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wichtel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Electronic address: ckamunde@upei.ca.
authors.forename: Collins
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamunde
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4, Canada. Electronic address: f.uehlinger@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uehlinger
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007630:Kenya; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Dairy cattle; Dairy meal; Early lactation milk production; Nutritional management; Smallholder dairy farms