title: Direct measurement of oscillatory RhoA activity in embryonic cortical neurons stimulated with the axon guidance cue netrin-1 using fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rho GTPases play an essential role during the development of the nervous system. They induce cytoskeletal rearrangements that are critical for the regulation of axon outgrowth and guidance. It is generally accepted that Rac1 and Cdc42 are positive regulators of axon outgrowth and guidance, whereas RhoA is a negative regulator. However, spatiotemporal control of their activity can modify the function of Rho GTPases during axonal morphogenesis. Signalling downstream of the axon guidance cue netrin-1 and its receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) triggers the activation of Rac1 and the inhibition of RhoA to promote axon outgrowth. However, our previous work also suggests that netrin-1/DCC signalling can activate RhoA in a time- and region-specific manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we visualised RhoA activation in response to netrin-1 in live embryonic cortical neurons using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. RhoA activity oscillated in unstimulated neurons and netrin-1 increased the amplitude of the oscillations in growth cones after 5 min of stimulation. Within this period of time, netrin-1 transiently increased RhoA activity and modulated the pattern of RhoA oscillations. We found that the timing of netrin-1-induced RhoA activation was different in whole neurons, cell bodies and growth cones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that netrin-1 modulates the spatiotemporal activation of RhoA in embryonic cortical neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time the short-term localised activation of RhoA in neuronal growth cones by the axon guidance cue netrin-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antoine-Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lamarche-Vane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075388:Netrin-1; D051381:Rats; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; C000617354:Ntn1 protein, rat; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000075388:Netrin-1; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
keywords: FRET; Netrin-1; Neuronal growth cone; Rho GTPases