title: A failure of suppression within the default mode network in depressed adolescents with compulsive internet game play.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals who are chronic, compulsive video game players experience an elevated incidence of major depression. Excessive or problematic game play can interact with depression clinically, and may magnify impulsive behavior associated with video gaming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional brain imaging was performed during a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) task in 42 healthy control and 95 volunteers seeking treatment for compulsive video game playing, including 60 participants without major depression (pure internet gaming disorder, pure IGD) and 35 participants comorbid with major depression (IGD+MDD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In response to the WCST in contrast to fixation, activation was observed in canonical brain attentional networks including bilateral intraparietal sulcus, frontal eye fields, and middle temporal cortical regions as well as dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior parietal and anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex in all participants. For WCST>Fixation contrasts, the IGD+MDD group exhibited greater relative activation within the left hippocampus, compared to healthy control participants. For WCST>Fixation contrasts, the IGD+MDD group exhibited greater relative activation within the left hippocampus and the right parahippocampal gyrus immediately posterior to the hippocampus, compared to the pure IGD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cohorts of individuals with a history of compulsive internet game play, individuals with depression showed failure to suppress default mode network activity during an attentionally demanding task, compared to individuals without depression, including comparison groups with and without a history of compulsive video gaming. This reduced suppression of the brain regions within the default mode network may be a consequence of depressive neurophysiology or represent a predisposition for depression within compulsive game players.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul 156-755, South Korea. Electronic address: hduk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Doug Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul 156-755, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul 156-755, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Default mode network; Major depressive disorder; Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging