title: A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing use of zebrafish model has not been accompanied by the evolution of proper anaesthesia for this species in research. The most used anaesthetic in fishes, MS222, may induce aversion, reduction of heart rate, and consequently high mortality, especially during long exposures. Therefore, we aim to explore new anaesthetic protocols to be used in zebrafish by studying the quality of anaesthesia and recovery induced by different concentrations of propofol alone and in combination with different concentrations of lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment A, eighty-three AB zebrafish were randomly assigned to 7 different groups: control, 2.5 (2.5P), 5 (5P) or 7.5 μg/ml (7.5P) of propofol; and 2.5 μg/ml of propofol combined with 50, (P/50L), 100 (P/100L) or 150 μg/ml (P/150L) of lidocaine. Zebrafish were placed in an anaesthetic water bath and time to lose the equilibrium, reflex to touch, reflex to a tail pinch, and respiratory rate were measured. Time to gain equilibrium was also assessed in a clean tank. Five and 24 hours after anaesthesia recovery, zebrafish were evaluated concerning activity and reactivity. Afterwards, in a second phase of experiments (experiment B), the best protocol of the experiment A was compared with a new group of 8 fishes treated with 100 mg/L of MS222 (100M).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment A, only different concentrations of propofol/lidocaine combination induced full anaesthesia in all animals. Thus only these groups were compared with a standard dose of MS222 in experiment B. Propofol/lidocaine induced a quicker loss of equilibrium, and loss of response to light and painful stimuli compared with MS222. However zebrafish treated with MS222 recovered quickly than the ones treated with propofol/lidocaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, propofol/lidocaine combination and MS222 have advantages in different situations. MS222 is ideal for minor procedures when a quick recovery is important, while propofol/lidocaine is best to induce a quick and complete anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Valentim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Félix
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.|Departamento de Sanidade Animal (DSA), Faculdade e Medicina Veterinária (FMV), Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos (UJES), Huambo, Angola.
authors.forename: Enoque
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023421:Models, Animal; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol