title: Association between rostral prefrontal cortical activity and functional outcome in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few biomarkers can be used easily and noninvasively to measure clinical condition and future outcome in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). To develop such biomarker using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), cortical function in the prefrontal cortex was longitudinally measured during a verbal fluency task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine fNIRS measurements and 77 clinical assessments were obtained from 31 patients with FEP at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Sixty measurements were obtained from 30 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and premorbid IQ. We initially tested signal changes for 12 months, and then investigated the relationship between fNIRS signals and clinical assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Signal changes from baseline to 12-month follow-up were not evident in any group. Patients with FEP had significant positive correlation coefficients between 6-month fNIRS signals and the 12-month Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score in the left middle frontal gyrus (FDR-corrected p=.0016-.0052, r=.65-.59). fNIRS signals at the 12-month follow-up were associated with 12-month GAF score in the bilateral superior and middle frontal gyri (FDR-corrected p=.00085-.018, r=.72-.55), and with the difference between baseline and 12-month GAF scores in the right superior frontal gyrus (FDR-corrected p=.000067-.00012, r=.80-.78). These associations were significant even after controlling for demographic variables. No association between baseline fNIRS signals and later GAF scores was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  fNIRS measurement can potentially be used as a biomarker to aid sequential assessment of neuro-clinical conditions through the early stage of psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: skoike-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Satomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Application Development Office, Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Norichika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsunobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Natsubori
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Ryu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; JST, National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC), 5-3 Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Biological markers; Clinical outcome; Early intervention; First-episode schizophrenia; Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS); Functional neuroimaging