title: Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the Pediatric Patient: A Review of the Literature.
abstract: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is extremely rare in children, with fewer than 30 cases reported in patients under 10 years old. It is thought that pediatric TCC is fundamentally different than TCC in adults; however, there are no specific guidelines for management or surveillance. Furthermore, the addition of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential as a diagnosis has changed the management of lesions previously considered malignant. This review aims to investigate the difference between TCC in adults and children, to report current strategies for management of pediatric TCC, and to analyze the effects of the new grading system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: sdchu@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading