title: Toxicity of AMPA to the earthworm Eisenia andrei Bouché, 1972 in tropical artificial soil.
abstract: Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) - one of glyphosate's main metabolites - has been classified as persistent in soils, raising concern regarding the widespread use of glyphosate in agriculture and forestry. Glyphosate may have negative or neutral effects on soil biota, but no information is available on the toxicity of AMPA to soil invertebrates. Therefore our aim was to study the effect of AMPA on mortality and reproduction of the earthworm species Eisenia andrei using standard soil ecotoxicological methods (ISO). Field-relevant concentrations of AMPA had no significant effects on mortality in acute or chronic assays. Except at the highest concentration tested, a significant biomass loss was observed compared to controls in the chronic assay. The number of juveniles and cocoons increased with higher concentrations of AMPA applied, but their mean weights decreased. This mass loss indicates higher sensitivity of juveniles than adults to AMPA. Our results suggest that earthworms coming from parents grown in contaminated soils may have reduced growth, limiting their beneficial roles in key soil ecosystem functions. Nevertheless, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the sublethal effects observed here.
authors.affiliation: CONICET - Geology Department, National University of Rio Cuarto, 5804 Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
authors.forename: Anahí
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Florestas, 83411-000 Colombo-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: George Gardner
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Universidade Positivo, 81280-330 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Klaus Dieter
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Sautter
authors.affiliation: Universidade Positivo, 81280-330 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cintia Mara Ribas
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Positivo, 81280-330 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliane Carvalho
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: de Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Cerrados, 73310-970, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cintia Carla
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Niva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Positivo, 81280-330 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marie Luise Carolina
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bartz
authors.affiliation: CONICET - Geology Department, National University of Rio Cuarto, 5804 Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
authors.forename: José Camilo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bedano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013777:Tetrazoles; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013777:Tetrazoles; C418233:2-amino-3-(3-hydrox-5(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid