title: Gene Therapy in Cardiac Surgery: Clinical Trials, Challenges, and Perspectives.
abstract: The concept of gene therapy was introduced in the 1970s after the development of recombinant DNA technology. Despite the initial great expectations, this field experienced early setbacks. Recent years have seen a revival of clinical programs of gene therapy in different fields of medicine. There are many promising targets for genetic therapy as an adjunct to cardiac surgery. The first positive long-term results were published for adenoviral administration of vascular endothelial growth factor with coronary artery bypass grafting. In this review we analyze the past, present, and future of gene therapy in cardiac surgery. The articles discussed were collected through PubMed and from author experience. The clinical trials referenced were found through the Wiley clinical trial database (http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/genmed/clinical/) as well as the National Institutes of Health clinical trial database (Clinicaltrials.gov).
authors.affiliation: Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fargnoli
authors.affiliation: Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kendle
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hajjar
authors.affiliation: Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina. Electronic address: crbridges99@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bridges
mesh_terms: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000517:prevention & control; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009206:Myocardium; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D018579:Patient Selection; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D042501:Angiogenic Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors