title: Update on Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: Reemergence of Endomyocardial Biopsy.
abstract: Myocarditis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle and is an important cause of acute heart failure, sudden death, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Viruses account for most cases of myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy, which could induce an immune response causing inflammation even when the pathogen has been cleared. Other etiologic agents responsible for myocarditis include drugs, toxic substances, or autoimmune conditions. In the last few years, advances in noninvasive techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance have been very useful in supporting diagnosis of myocarditis, but toxic, infectious-inflammatory, infiltrative, or autoimmune processes occur at a cellular level and only endomyocardial biopsy can establish the nature of the etiological agent. Furthermore, after the generalization of immunohistochemical and viral genome detection techniques, endomyocardial biopsy provides a definitive etiological diagnosis that can lead to specific treatments such as antiviral or immunosuppressive therapy. Endomyocardial biopsy is not commonly performed for the diagnosis of myocarditis due to safety reasons, but both right- and left endomyocardial biopsies have very low complication rates when performed by experienced operators. This document provides a state-of-the-art review of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with special focus on the role of endomyocardial biopsy to establish specific treatments.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca y Cardiopatías Familiares, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Mahadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: fdominguezrodriguez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kühl
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Burkert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pieske
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca y Cardiopatías Familiares, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Mahadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garcia-Pavia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Berliner Zentrum für Regenerative Therapien (BCRT), Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Berlin/Charité, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tschöpe
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biopsia endomiocárdica; Endomyocardial biopsy; Inflammatory cardiomyopathy; Miocardiopatía inflamatoria; Miocarditis; Myocarditis