title: Validation of the Greek Version of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (GR-DMSES).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-efficacy has been found to have a direct relation with self-care in diabetes. Several tools have been developed and used for evaluating self-efficacy of diabetic patients, the most widely used being the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES). The aim of the present study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Greek DMSES (GR-DMSES) in order for it to be used in the ATTICA pilot study of the SmartCare EU-funded project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using standard procedures, the original version of DMSES was translated and culturally adapted into Greek. Content validity was assessed by an expert panel with the calculation of a content validity index of the overall scale. Α convenient sample was recruited to complete the questionnaire. Psychometric testing of the produced instrument included internal consistency test (Cronbach's alpha), construct validity (factor analysis), and stability (intraclass correlation coefficient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixteen patients, aged 36-86 years, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) participated in the study. There were no items excluded from the original scale after the content validity procedure. The coefficient Cronbach's alpha for the internal consistency was 0.93 and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the stability with a 5-week time interval was 0.87 (P < 0.001). Factor analysis yielded four factors related to diet, medical therapy, medication and feet check, and physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings supported that the GR-DMSES was reliable and valid in measuring self-efficacy related to diabetes self-management, thus providing a quick and easy-to-use tool for health professionals dealing with Greek adults with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evaggelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fappa
authors.affiliation: Center for Adolescent Medicine, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Efthymiou
authors.affiliation: Center for Adolescent Medicine, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.affiliation: Health Services Researcher, Vidavo Health Telematics, Thessaloníki, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rentoumis
authors.affiliation: Iatriko Paleou Falirou Medical Center Division of Diabetes, Athens, Greece. John.Doupis@joslin.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doupis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054521:Cultural Competency; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating
keywords: Diabetes; Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale; Greece; Self-efficacy; Validation