title: Identification and Antioxidant Activity of the Extracts of Eugenia uniflora Leaves. Characterization of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Aqueous Extract on Diabetes Expression in an Experimental Model of Spontaneous Type 1 Diabetes (NOD Mice).
abstract: Medical and folklore reports suggest that Eugenia uniflora (E. uniflora) is a functional food that contains numerous compounds in its composition, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects. In the present study, we investigated the best solvents (water, ethanol and methanol/acetone) for extracting bioactive compounds of E. uniflora leaves, assessing total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2'-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assays, identifying hydrolysable tannins and three phenolic compounds (ellagic acid, gallic acid and rutin) present in the leaves. In addition, we evaluated the incidence of diabetes, degree of insulitis, serum insulin, hepatic glutathione and tolerance test glucose in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Our results suggest that the aqueous extract presents antioxidant activity and high total phenols, which were used as a type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) treatment in NOD mice. We verified that the chronic consumption of aqueous extract reduces the inflammatory infiltrate index in pancreatic islets, maintaining serum insulin levels and hepatic glutathione, and reducing serum lipid peroxidation as well as the risk for diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Vital Brazil, 300, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-888 Campinas-SP, Brazil. nayaraschumacher@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Nayara Simon Gonzalez
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Vital Brazil, 300, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-888 Campinas-SP, Brazil. talitacolomeu@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Talita Cristina
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Colomeu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Vital Brazil, 300, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-888 Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Vital Brazil, 300, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-888 Campinas-SP, Brazil. vi.carvalho28@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Virginia de Campos
authors.initials: Vde C
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (FEA-Unicamp), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas-SP, Brazil. cinthiabetim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cinthia Baú Betim
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cazarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (FEA-Unicamp), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas-SP, Brazil. marcelo.prado@reitoria.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Marcelo Alexandre
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Theodureto de Almeida Camargo, 1500, Vila Nova, 13012-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil. lmmm@iac.sp.gov.br.
authors.forename: Laura Maria Molina
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Meletti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Vital Brazil, 300, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-888 Campinas-SP, Brazil. zollner@unicamp.br.|Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas-SP, Brazil. zollner@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Ricardo de Lima
authors.initials: Rde L
authors.lastname: Zollner
keywords: Eugenia uniflora; NOD mice; antioxidant; type 1 diabetes mellitus