title: Mid1/Mid2 expression in craniofacial development and a literature review of X-linked opitz syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opitz syndrome (OS) is a genetic disorder that affects mainly the development of midline structures, including the craniofacial region, embryonic heart, and urogenital system. The manifestations of X-linked OS are believed to be results of a malfunctioned gene, MID1, whose product has been shown to have ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and regulate the turnover of microtubular protein phosphatase 2Ac. MID2, a homolog of MID1, shares high structural and functional similarities with MID1. Identification of a missense mutation in MID2 in an Indian family causing overlapping phenotypes with OS provided the first evidence that MID2 might be involved in similar pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinic features and the genetic findings of all reported X-linked OS were collectively summarized in this research. Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were used in the expression studies of Mid1/Mid2 in mouse embryos.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up-to-date, 88 different mutations have been identified in MID1 and most mutations occurred on the conserved amino acids of MID1 and MID2. Expression studies using real-time RT-PCR implicated a tendency of a mutually repressive expression pattern between Mid1 and Mid2 in mouse embryos. Further investigations using in situ hybridization revealed strong expressions of Mid1 and Mid2 in the epithelium of approaching facial prominences and downregulated expressions after fusion in mouse embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis of functional redundancy of Mid1/Mid2 and their potential roles in regulating tissue remodelling in early development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China.
authors.forename: Bijun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2784-5279
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China.
authors.forename: Tianhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
keywords: Craniofacial development; MID1; MID2; X‐linked Opitz syndrome; functional redundancy; midline defects