title: Low-Cost Fluorescein Detection System for High-Grade Glioma Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative fluorescein detection has been used in the fields of vascular and oncologic neurosurgery since 1948. Modifications of the optics in order to enhance the fluorescence contrast under microscopic view have been developed by many authors. The industries, during the past 10 years, provided commercial high-cost optimized apparatuses. Reviewing the literature, we found that the prototypical techniques were definitely inexpensive but lacked reliability, reproducibility, and standard legal norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the developing of a fluorescein detection system that could be economic, simple, effective, and law abiding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We employed a commercial violet-blue filter designed for fluorescein excitation in endoscopic procedures and used commercial photographic yellow optical filters for fluorescence detection. All the instrumentation is cleared for clinical use, and its cost is up to 200 times lower than commercial apparatuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a good distinction of fluorescein-stained structures, with overall acceptable operating light conditions.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: danielebongetta@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bongetta
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoia
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaelino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adinolfi
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Silvani
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaetani
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D019793:Fluorescein; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: Endoscopy; Filter; Fluorescein; Glioma; Low-cost