title: The use of HeRo catheter in catheter-dependent dialysis patients with superior vena cava occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodialysis (HD) patients with superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion have limited access options. Femoral access is commonly employed but is associated with high complication rates. Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) catheters can be used in tunneled catheter-dependent (TCD) patients who have exhausted other access options. The HeRO graft bypasses occlusion and traverses stenosis with outflow directly into the central venous circulation. At our institution we have used the inside-out central venous access technique (IOCVA) to traverse an occluded vena cava for HeRO graft placement. We review our experience with this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with HeRO graft placement at our institution. All were dependent on a tunneled femoral dialysis catheter due to central venous occlusion (CVO). The IOCVA technique was used in each case. This technique was used as last resort for patients who had no other dialysis access option. Demographics, patency rates, complications, and mortality were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11 HeRO grafts were placed in 11 patients from January 2012 to June 2013, with 100% technical success rate. Three grafts were ligated due to steal syndrome. Two grafts were lost due to thrombosis. Five of 11 patients experienced a 30-day complication. Three patients died within the follow-up period; however, none were directly related to the graft placement. Follow up range was 65-573 days; 5 of 11 grafts were used for dialysis at the end of the follow-up period. The 12-month patency rate was 30%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HeRO grafts are one option for dialysis patients with CVO. There is, however, a high incidence of steal syndrome and other complications. These grafts should be offered as a final potential alternative to catheter dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky - USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky - USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gurley
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky - USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky - USA.
authors.forename: Eleftherios S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Xenos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D014654:Vascular Patency