title: Dental disorders in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) maintained in captivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate dental disorders of brown howler monkeys maintained in captivity. The hypothesis is that the identification and diagnosis of the lesions may contribute to control and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen intact brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), eight females and eight males, weighing from 3.9 to 6.8 kg, were studied. Under general anesthesia, the teeth were evaluated by visual inspection, probing, palpation, and intra-oral radiographic exam. The findings were registered on a dental chart specific for primates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 16 monkeys evaluated in the present study, 94% (n = 15) had some type of dental disorder. The lesions observed were dental calculus (88%), dental wear (81%), missing teeth (38%), gingivitis (19%), gingival recession (6%), dental fracture (19%), pulp exposure (19%), and dental staining (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alouatta guariba clamitans maintained in captivity have a high rate of dental problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ramiro das Neves
authors.initials: Rd
authors.lastname: Dias Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Silva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fecchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sheila Canevese
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Roberto
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antônio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gioso
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Trevisan
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Augusta Adami Pereira Dos
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milanelo
mesh_terms: D000508:Alouatta; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003789:Dental Pulp Exposure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003945:Diagnosis, Oral; D005260:Female; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009057:Stomatognathic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D057085:Tooth Wear / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: neotropical; oral; primate; teeth