title: Optimization of immunostaining on flat-mounted human corneas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the literature, immunohistochemistry on cross sections is the main technique used to study protein expression in corneal endothelial cells (ECs), even though this method allows visualization of few ECs, without clear subcellular localization, and is subject to the staining artifacts frequently encountered at tissue borders. We previously proposed several protocols, using fixation in 0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA) or in methanol, allowing immunostaining on flatmounted corneas for proteins of different cell compartments. In the present study, we further refined the technique by systematically assessing the effect of fixative temperature. Last, we used optimized protocols to further demonstrate the considerable advantages of immunostaining on flatmounted intact corneas: detection of rare cells in large fields of thousands of ECs and epithelial cells, and accurate subcellular localization of given proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The staining of four ubiquitous proteins, ZO-1, hnRNP L, actin, and histone H3, with clearly different subcellular localizations, was analyzed in ECs of organ-cultured corneas. Whole intact human corneas were fixed for 30 min in 0.5% paraformaldehyde or pure methanol at four temperatures (4 °C for PFA, -20 °C for methanol, and 23, 37, and 50 °C for both). Experiments were performed in duplicate and repeated on three corneas. Standardized pictures were analyzed independently by two experts. Second, optimized immunostaining protocols were applied to fresh corneas for three applications: identification of rare cells that express KI67 in the endothelium of specimens with Fuch's endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), the precise localization of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) in normal ECs and of the cytokeratin pair K3/12 and CD44 in normal epithelial cells, and the identification of cells that express S100b in the normal epithelium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature strongly influenced immunostaining quality. There was no ubiquitous protocol, but nevertheless, room temperature may be recommended as first-line temperature during fixation, instead of the conventional -20 °C for methanol and 4 °C for PFA. Further optimization may be required for certain target proteins. Optimized protocols allowed description of two previously unknown findings: the presence of a few proliferating ECs in FECD specimens, suggesting ineffective compensatory mechanisms against premature EC death, and the localization of NCAMs exclusively in the lateral membranes of ECs, showing hexagonal organization at the apical pole and an irregular shape with increasing complexity toward the basal pole. Optimized protocols were also effective for the epithelium, allowing clear localization of cytokeratin 3/12 and CD44 in superficial and basal epithelial cells, respectively. Finally, S100b allowed identification of clusters of epithelial Langerhans cells near the limbus and more centrally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixative temperature is a crucial parameter in optimizing immunostaining on flatmounted intact corneas. Whole-tissue overview and precise subcellular staining are significant advantages over conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) on cross sections. This technique, initially developed for the corneal endothelium, proved equally suitable for the corneal epithelium and could be used for other superficial mono- and multilayered epithelia.
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuret
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gain
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dumollard
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peoc'h
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perrache
authors.affiliation: "Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging" Laboratory, EA2521, SFR 143, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D034664:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D034664:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L; D006657:Histones; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; C569042:TJP1 protein, human; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein