title: New Labor Pain Treatment Options.
abstract: Presently, the gold standard for pain control in laboring patients is neuraxial blockade, which includes a spinal, epidural, or a combined spinal-epidural technique. In conjunction with neuraxial blockade or by itself, some of the other agents employed related to labor pain include opioids, non-opioids, nitrous oxide, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), and distraction therapy. Alternative treatments include acupuncture, hypnotism, yoga, exercise during pregnancy, hydrotherapy, transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation, massage, and relaxation techniques. This review will focus on current updates and recent trends in labor pain management. Neuraxial management, pharmacotherapy, and newer alternative methods to mitigate labor pain are reviewed. Newer techniques in epidural analgesia include the dural puncture epidural technique, which needs further evaluation. There are limited published data on the use of acupuncture, hypnotism, yoga, exercise during pregnancy, hydrotherapy, transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation, massage, and relaxation techniques in the alleviation of labor pain. These alternative therapies maybe considered as an adjuvant as the analgesic efficiency is inferior to that provided by typical standard pharmacotherapy. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of immersion virtual reality in alleviating labor pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Veerandra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koyyalamudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Gurleen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Elyse M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cornett
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Viet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Labrie-Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. alankaye44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Alternative therapy; Epidural; Labor pain; Opiates; Patient controlled analgesia; Patient controlled epidural analgesia; Spinal