title: The urinary inflammatory profile in gluten free diet-adherent adolescents with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to characterize urinary cytokine/chemokine excretion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) adhering to gluten free diet (GFD) compared to matched T1D patients and healthy control (HC) group from an existing cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen T1D+CD+GFD patients aged 10-16years were identified and matched 2:1 for age, sex, diabetes duration and glycated hemoglobin to 36 T1D subjects and 36 HC. T1D+CD+GFD patients were adherent with a GFD. Urine and serum levels of cytokines/chemokines as well as baseline clinical and laboratory variables were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1D+CD+GFD patients exhibited lower levels of urinary IL-1B, IL-4, IL-5 (p<0.05) and IFN-γ, IL-8 and G-CSF levels (p<0.07) compared with T1D patients. Urinary biomarker levels between T1D+CD+GFD and HC were mostly similar. In contrast, urinary FGF-2, Flt-3, IL-1B, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-15, MIP-1β, and TNF-β (p<0.05) were higher in T1D patients compared to HC. Similar levels of inflammatory markers were seen in the serum for all 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1D+CD+GFD patients demonstrated decreased urinary inflammatory cytokine/chemokines compared to T1D and some similar to HC, which is suggestive of a potential modulatory role of treated CD on urinary markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Emilia N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: De Melo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deda
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Har
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Scholey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daneman
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moineddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Motran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Yesmino
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: David Z I
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Cherney
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Etienne B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sochett
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: farid.mahmud@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Farid H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mahmud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Adolescents; Celiac disease; Gluten free diet; Type 1 diabetes; Urine cytokines/chemokines