title: Natural colorants from filamentous fungi.
abstract: In the last years, there is a trend towards the replacement of synthetic colorants by natural ones, mainly due to the increase of consumer demand for natural products. The natural colorants are used to enhance the appearance of pharmaceutical products, food, and different materials, making them preferable or attractive. This review intends to provide and describe a comprehensive overview of the history of colorants, from prehistory to modern time, of their market and their applications, as well as of the most important aspects of the fermentation process to obtain natural colorants. Focus is given to colorants produced by filamentous fungal species, aiming to demonstrate the importance of these microorganisms and biocompounds, highlighting the production performance to get high yields and the aspects of conclusion that should be taken into consideration in future studies about natural colorants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Aurélio Esteves
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Regina
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Zaccarim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Letícia Celia
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Lencastre Novaes
authors.affiliation: Department of Technological and Environmental Processes, Sorocaba University - UNISO, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela Faustino
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jozala
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotecnhology, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Alves
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Culture Collection DPUA/UFAM, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Francisca Simas
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil. valeriac@fcfar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Valéria Carvalho
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Santos-Ebinuma
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D010860:Pigments, Biological
keywords: Biomolecules; Bioprocess; Filamentous fungi; Microorganisms; Natural colorants