title: Electroporation of Brain Endothelial Cells on Chip toward Permeabilizing the Blood-Brain Barrier.
abstract: The blood-brain barrier, mainly composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells, poses an obstacle to drug delivery to the brain. Controlled permeabilization of the constituent brain endothelial cells can result in overcoming this barrier and increasing transcellular transport across it. Electroporation is a biophysical phenomenon that has shown potential in permeabilizing and overcoming this barrier. In this study we developed a microengineered in vitro model to characterize the permeabilization of adhered brain endothelial cells to large molecules in response to applied pulsed electric fields. We found the distribution of affected cells by reversible and irreversible electroporation, and quantified the uptaken amount of naturally impermeable molecules into the cells as a result of applied pulse magnitude and number of pulses. We achieved 81 ± 1.7% (N = 6) electroporated cells with 17 ± 8% (N = 5) cell death using an electric-field magnitude of ∼580 V/cm and 10 pulses. Our results provide the proper range for applied electric-field intensity and number of pulses for safe permeabilization without significantly compromising cell viability. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to permeabilize the endothelial cells of the BBB in a controlled manner, therefore lending to the feasibility of using pulsed electric fields to increase drug transport across the BBB through the transcellular pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Electronic address: mohammad@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonakdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Elisa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wasson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Yong W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Rafael V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Davalos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002460:Cell Line; D018274:Electroporation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods