title: [Respiratory Muscle Training: State of the Art].
abstract: Specific respiratory muscle training (IMT) improves the function of the inspiratory muscles. According to literature and clinical experience, there are 3 established methods: 1.) resistive load 2.) threshold load and 3.) normocapnic hyperpnea. Each training method and the associated devices have specific characteristics. Setting up an IMT should start with specific diagnostics of respiratory muscle function and be followed by detailed individual introduction to training. The aim of this review is to take a closer look at the different training methods for the most relevant indications and to discuss these results in the context of current literature. The group of neuromuscular diseases includes muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, paralysis of the phrenic nerve, and injuries to the spinal cord. Furthermore, interstitial lung diseases, sarcoidosis, left ventricular heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), kyphoscoliosis and obesity are also discussed in this context. COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF-bronchiectasis are among the group of obstructive lung diseases. Last but not least, we summarize current knowledge on weaning from respirator in the context of physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Rehaklinik Heidelberg-Königstuhl, Heidelberg.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Göhl
authors.affiliation: II. Medizinische Klinik, Pneumologie, Kardiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Konstanz.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: II. Medizinische Klinik, Pneumologie, Kardiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Konstanz.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walterspacher
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgien.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Lab, Institut für Bewegungswissenschaften und Sport, ETH Zürich, und Zentrum für Integrative Humanphysiologie, Universität Zürich, Schweiz.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.affiliation: Krankenhaus Hietzing mit Neurologischem Zentrum Rosenhügel und Karl Landsteiner Institut, Abteilung für Atmungs- und Lungenerkrankungen, Wien, Österreich.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.affiliation: Krankenhaus Hietzing mit Neurologischem Zentrum Rosenhügel und Karl Landsteiner Institut, Abteilung für Atmungs- und Lungenerkrankungen, Wien, Österreich.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin, Univ. Klinikum Tulln, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität, Ambulante Pneumologische Rehabilitation, Therme Wien Med, Wien, Österreich.
authors.forename: R-H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Zwick
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik I - Pneumologie und Kardiologie, Petrus Krankenhaus Wuppertal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stieglitz
authors.affiliation: Schön Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Fachzentrum Pneumologie, Schönau am Königssee.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glöckl
authors.affiliation: Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Marburg, Schmallenberg.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dellweg
authors.affiliation: II. Medizinische Klinik, Pneumologie, Kardiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Konstanz.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kabitz
mesh_terms: D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles; D016896:Treatment Outcome