title: Alpha-Beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve  Feedback and Feedforward Influences among  Human Visual Cortical Areas.
abstract: Primate visual cortex is hierarchically organized. Bottom-up and top-down influences are exerted through distinct frequency channels, as was recently revealed in macaques by correlating inter-areal influences with laminar anatomical projection patterns. Because this anatomical data cannot be obtained in human subjects, we selected seven homologous macaque and human visual areas, and we correlated the macaque laminar projection patterns to human inter-areal directed influences as measured with magnetoencephalography. We show that influences along feedforward projections predominate in the gamma band, whereas influences along feedback projections predominate in the alpha-beta band. Rhythmic inter-areal influences constrain a functional hierarchy of the seven homologous human visual areas that is in close agreement with the respective macaque anatomical hierarchy. Rhythmic influences allow an extension of the hierarchy to 26 human visual areas including uniquely human brain areas. Hierarchical levels of ventral- and dorsal-stream visual areas are differentially affected by inter-areal influences in the alpha-beta band.
authors.affiliation: 1Ernst Strungmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michalareas
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vezoli
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Pelt
authors.forename: Jan-Mathijs
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schoffelen
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fries
mesh_terms: D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D065818:Gamma Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology