title: Metabolomic biomarkers identify differences in milk produced by Holstein cows and other minor dairy animals.
abstract: Several milk metabolites are associated with breeds or species of dairy animals. A better understanding of milk metabolites from different dairy animals would advance their use in evaluating milk traits and detecting milk adulteration. The objective of this study was to characterize the milk metabolite profiles of Chinese Holstein, Jersey, yak, buffalo, goat, camel, and horse and identify any differences using non-targeted metabolomic approaches. Milk samples were tested using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance and differences in milk metabolites between Holstein and the other dairy animals were assessed using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Differential metabolites were identified and some metabolites, such as choline and succinic acid, were used to distinguish Holstein milk from that of the other studied animals. Metabolic pathway analysis of different metabolites revealed that glycerophospholipid metabolism as well as valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis were shared in the other ruminant animals (Jersey, buffalo, yak, and goat), and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was shared in the non-ruminant animals (camel and horse). These results can be useful for gaining a better understanding of the differences in milk synthesis between Holstein and the other dairy animals.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
authors.forename: Yongxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yangdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Rongwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Shengguo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Songli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Tongjun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Changjiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: wang-jia-qi@263.net.
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020404:Glycerophospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006041:Goats; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D020404:Glycerophospholipids
keywords: Dairy animal; Mass spectrometry; Metabolomics; Milk; NMR spectroscopy