title: Chitosan/halloysite beads fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted extrusion-dripping and a case study application for copper ion removal.
abstract: Development of new materials for different applications especially as bio-composites has received great attention. This study concentrates on development of a biopolymer based on chitosan (CT) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and evaluates the copper removal intake as a potential application of this bio-composite. In this study, CT/HNT beads were prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extrusion-dripping method for the first time. Two sources of HNTs (i.e. Dragonite and Matauri Bay) were added into a chitosan solution (2wt.%) at various loading fractions (25, 50, 75wt.%). The effect of ultrasound as a mixing device was also studied by varying the amplitude at constant frequency of 25%, 50% and 75%. Characteristics and physical properties of the prepared CT/HNT beads were also analyzed by SEM, FTIR, TGA and BET the results show that introducing HNT to chitosan increases the adsorption capacity toward copper ions; however HNT loading fraction above 50wt.% resulted in a decrease in adsorption capacity attributed to limited accessibility of the amino groups. The adsorption capacity of the CT/HNT beads prepared from Dragonite source had a larger adsorption capacity of 14.2mg/g as compared to that of Matauri Bay, 10.55mg/g. It was observed that the adsorption capacity of the beads toward copper ions decreased when the loading fraction of HNT is increased at constant ultrasound amplitude. The result of this study helps to understand the links between the characteristics and adsorption abilities of CT/HNT beads.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Cheng Keong
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Xin Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tze Lim
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gek Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ngoh
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: bahman.amini@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Bahman Amini
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Horri
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: babak.salamatinia@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salamatinia
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077215:Clay; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D013010:Sonication; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D007477:Ions; D003300:Copper; D048271:Chitosan; D000077215:Clay
keywords: Chitosan; Extrusion dripping; Halloysite-nanotubes; Nano-composites; Ultrasound