title: Use of Dried Plasma Spots for HIV-1 Viral Load Determination and Drug Resistance Genotyping in Mexican Patients.
abstract: Monitoring antiretroviral therapy using measurements of viral load (VL) and the genotyping of resistance mutations is not routinely performed in low- to middle-income countries because of the high costs of the commercial assays that are used. The analysis of dried plasma spot (DPS) samples on filter paper may represent an alternative for resource-limited settings. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of analyzing DPS samples to determine VL and identify drug resistance mutations (DRM) in a group of HIV-1 patients. The VL was measured from 22 paired plasma and DPS samples. In these samples, the average VL was 4.7 log10 copies/mL in liquid plasma and 4.1 log10 copies/mL in DPS, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.83. A 1.1 kb fragment of HIV pol could be amplified in 14/22 (63.6%) of the DPS samples and the same value was amplified in plasma samples. A collection of ten paired DPS and liquid plasma samples was evaluated for the presence of DRM; an excellent correlation was found in the identification of DRM between the paired samples. All HIV-1 pol sequences that were obtained corresponded to HIV subtype B. The analysis of DPS samples offers an attractive alternative for monitoring ARV therapy in resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Marquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Auad
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Othon
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rojas-Montes
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Marquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ma Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Marquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Onofre
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Infectología, UMAE Centro Medico Nacional "La Raza", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Jacarandas Esquina Vallejo S/N, Colonia La Raza, 02990 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Rosales
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6812-9471
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing / Q000379:methods*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D019562:Viral Load; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease