title: Effect of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles on the growth and development of Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomato plants).
abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthetized and studied to be incorporated in many industrial and medical applications in recent decades. Due to their different physical and chemical properties compared with bulk materials, researchers are focused to understand their interactions with the surroundings. Living organisms such as plants are exposed to these materials and they are able to tolerate different concentrations and types of NPs. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) NPs are being studied for their application in medical sciences because of their high coercivity, anisotropy, and large magnetostriction. These properties are desirable in magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery, and cell labeling. This study is aimed to explore the tolerance of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants to CoFe2O4 NPs. Tomato plants were grown in hydroponic media amended with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in a range from 0 to 1000mgL(-1). Exposure to CoFe2O4 NPs did not affect germination and growth of plants. Uptake of Fe and Co inside plant tissues increased as CoFe2O4 nanoparticle concentration was increased in the media. Mg uptake in plant leaves reached its maximum level of 4.9mgg(-1) DW (dry weight) at 125mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs exposure and decreased at high CoFe2O4 NPs concentrations. Similar pattern was observed for Ca uptake in leaves where the maximum concentration found was 10mgg(-1) DW at 125mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs exposure. Mn uptake in plant leaves was higher at 62.5mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs compared with 125 and 250mgL(-1) treatments. Catalase activity in tomato roots and leaves decreased in plants exposed to CoFe2O4 NPs. Tomato plants were able to tolerate CoFe2O4 NPs concentrations up to 1000mgL(-1) without visible toxicity symptoms. Macronutrient uptake in plants was affected when plants were exposed to 250, 500 and 1000mgL(-1) of CoFe2O4 NPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA. Electronic address: martha.lopez@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: López-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Leany Lugo
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Avilés
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Nitza Guzmán
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Bianca Álamo
authors.initials: BÁ
authors.lastname: Irizarry
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at San Germán, San Germán, Puerto Rico 00683, USA; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Puerto Rico at Ponce, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00716, USA.
authors.forename: Yarilyn
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cedeno-Mattei
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Román
mesh_terms: D003035:Cobalt / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D018527:Hydroponics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C569492:cobalt ferrite; D003035:Cobalt
keywords: Cobalt ferrite; Nanoparticles; Oxidative stress; Solanum lycopersicum L.; Toxicity