title: Antifungal activity of secondary plant metabolites from potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.): Glycoalkaloids and phenolic acids show synergistic effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the antifungal effects of the potato secondary metabolites α-solanine, α-chaconine, solanidine and caffeic acid, alone or combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance to glycoalkaloids varied among the fungal species tested, as derived from minimum inhibitory concentrations assays. Synergistic antifungal activity between glycoalkaloids and phenolic compounds was found. Changes in the fluidity of fungal membranes caused by potato secondary plant metabolites were determined by calculation of the generalized polarization values. The results partially explained the synergistic effect between caffeic acid and α-chaconine and supported findings on membrane disruption mechanisms from previous studies on artificial membranes. LC/MS analysis was used to determine variability and relative amounts of sterols in the different fungal species. Results suggested that the sterol pattern of fungi is related to their resistance to potato glycoalkaloids and to their taxonomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fungal resistance to α-chaconine and possibly other glycoalkaloids is species dependent. α-Chaconine and caffeic acid show synergistic antifungal activity. The taxonomic classification and the sterol pattern play a role in fungal resistance to glycoalkaloids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results improve the understanding of the antifungal mode of action of potato secondary metabolites, which is essential for their potential utilization as antifungal agents in nonfood systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.|Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schieber
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: M G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0972-928X
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gänzle
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004144:Diosgenin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D012992:Solanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D010636:Phenols; C514919:alpha-solanine; D012992:Solanine; C011860:alpha-chaconine; D004144:Diosgenin; C040048:caffeic acid; C013255:solanidine
keywords: LC/MS; antifungal synergism; glycoalkaloids; membrane disruption; phenolic acids; potato secondary metabolites