title: Use of Google Street View to Assess Environmental Contributions to Pedestrian Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate an information technology-based approach to assess characteristics of streets and intersections associated with injuries that is less costly and time-consuming than location-based studies of pedestrian injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used imagery captured by Google Street View from 2007 to 2011 to assess 9 characteristics of 532 intersections within New York City. We controlled for estimated pedestrian count and estimated the relation between intersections' characteristics and frequency of injurious collisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The count of pedestrian injuries at intersections was associated with the presence of marked crosswalks (80% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2%, 218%), pedestrian signals (156% increase; 95% CI = 69%, 259%), nearby billboards (42% increase; 95% CI = 7%, 90%), and bus stops (120% increase; 95% CI = 51%, 220%). Injury incidence per pedestrian was lower at intersections with higher estimated pedestrian volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with in-person study observations, the information-technology approach found traffic islands, visual advertising, bus stops, and crosswalk infrastructures to be associated with elevated counts of pedestrian injury in New York City. Virtual site visits for pedestrian injury control studies are a viable and informative methodology.
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: DiMaggio
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Gina S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Lovasi
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Neckerman
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Michael D M
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Julien O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Teitler
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Darby W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: Stephen J. Mooney, Charles J. DiMaggio, Gina S. Lovasi, Daniel M. Sheehan, and Andrew G. Rundle are with Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Kathryn M. Neckerman is with Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University. Michael D. M. Bader is with Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, DC. Julien O. Teitler is with School of Social Work, Columbia University. Darby W. Jack is with Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rundle
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020407:Internet; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D000069636:Pedestrians; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014505:Urban Population; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*