title: Insecticidal sugar baits for adult biting midges.
abstract: The mixing of an insecticide with sugar solution creates an oral toxin or insecticidal sugar bait (ISB) useful for reducing adult insect populations. The ability of ISBs to kill the biting midge Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease and vesicular stomatitis viruses, was tested. The commercial insecticide formulations (percentage active ingredient) tested included bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and spinosad. Mortality rates were determined for various concentrations of commercial formulations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1, 2 and 3%) and observed at 1, 4, 10 and 24 h post-exposure to the ISB. In the first set of assays, laboratory-reared midges were fed sugar ad libitum and then exposed to insecticide-treated sugar solutions to measure mortality. The second assay assessed competitive feeding: midges were provided with a control sugar solution (10% sucrose) in one vial, and a sugar and insecticide solution in another. Pyrethroid treatments resulted in the greatest mortality in the first hour at the lowest concentrations and spinosad consumption resulted in the least mortality. Biting midges were not deterred from feeding on the 1% ISB solutions despite the presence of an insecticide-free alternative source of sugar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cernicchiaro
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service (USDA/ARS), Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA/ARS, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Cohnstaedt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Culicoides; bait station oral toxicity; insecticide; midge control; toxic sugar bait