title: Developmental variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive problem impacting individuals around the globe. The consequences of IPV extend beyond the adults in the relationship, as children witness a significant proportion of such violence. Exposure to IPV during childhood has devastating effects across multiple domains of functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews empirical studies of the effects of exposure to IPV by developmental stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The psychological, social, physical, and cognitive consequences of witnessing IPV are examined across development; from the impact of prenatal exposure to effects in infancy and toddlerhood, the preschool years, school-aged children, and adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review concludes by providing suggestions for future research based on the identified developmental variations, recommendations for developmentally-sensitive interventions for children who have witnessed IPV, and directions for policy to address the issue of violence exposure early in the lives of children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, US. Email: k.howell@memphis.edu.
authors.forename: Kathryn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Graham-Bermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology*