title: Skeletal manifestations of tuberculosis in modern human remains.
abstract: Paleopathologists study the presence of diseases in the past and as such have a vast knowledge of skeletal changes associated with different conditions. Tuberculosis is one of the most studied diseases and still remains a major health problem today. Its manifestations in past populations have been extensively described, but less is known about its bony involvement in the post-antibiotic era. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and manifestations of skeletal lesions in the post-antibiotic era in a South African sample and compare it to that found before the introduction of antibiotics. Skeletons of 205 individuals from modern skeletal collections and who are known to have died from TB were assessed. It was found that 39.2% of all individuals dying in the post-antibiotic era showed skeletal changes that could be associated with TB, while another 27.5% showed nonspecific changes. The highest incidences were found in individuals who died after 1985, when co-infection with HIV and drug resistance became common. While, as expected, vertebral and rib changes were the most common, the number of individuals who showed changes to the skull, and specifically intracranially, was surprising. These could most probably be associated with TB meningitis, although this specific cause of death was noted in only a few individuals. It seems that individuals may be living longer as a result of long-term antibiotic use, leaving more time for lesions to develop. Clin. Anat. 29:854-861, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa. maryna.steyn@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0215-9723
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.|Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buskes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010163:Paleontology; D012863:Skeleton / Q000473:pathology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: evolution of disease; paleopathology; post-antibiotic; tuberculosis