title: Individual variation and repeatability of corticosterone responses of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) sampled in two successive years at Oamaru, New Zealand.
abstract: Plasma corticosterone concentrations increase when birds experience a stressor, and plasma corticosterone responses to a capture and handling stressor have been measured in many species of birds. Whilst it is assumed that the reported corticosterone responses reflect the inherent sensitivity of each bird to the stressor, responses of the same birds have rarely been measured at intervals of one or more years. The current study was conducted to measure the repeatability in two successive years of corticosterone responses of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Oamaru, New Zealand. There was a wide range of individual corticosterone responses to capture and restraint in 96 little penguins in 2012 and 50 penguins sampled at the same time of year in 2013. There were significant repeatabilities for the ranks of corticosterone at 15, 30 and 60min (r=0.416±0.160, r=0.636±0.115 and r=0.380±0.166 respectively) and for the ranks of integrated corticosterone responses (r=0.594±0.126) for 23 birds sampled in both years. There were no significant relationships between the size of corticosterone responses and age, body weight or condition index. Mean corticosterone concentrations at 60min were 114.22±6.65ng/ml in 2012 and 116.94±6.42ng/ml in 2013. Mean corticosterone responses did not differ between two successive years and were greater than responses of other penguin species. Penguins are well suited to long term studies in which corticosterone responses are measured annually as potential measures of changing marine environmental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. Electronic address: J.F.Cockrem@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cockrem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Candy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: D Paul
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Oamaru Blue Penguin Colony, Waterfront Road, Oamaru, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agnew
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D009520:New Zealand; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Corticosterone; Penguin; Repeatability; Seabirds; Stress; Variation