title: N-Acetyl Cysteine Depletes Reactive Oxygen Species and Prevents Dental Monomer-Induced Intrinsic Mitochondrial Apoptosis In Vitro in Human Dental Pulp Cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the involvement of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis in dental monomer-induced cytotoxicity and the influences of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were exposed to several dental monomers in the absence or presence of NAC, and cell viability, intracellular redox balance, morphology and function of mitochondria and key indicators of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis were evaluated using various commercial kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dental monomers exerted dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on hDPCs. Concomitant to the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of glutathione (GSH), differential changes in activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were detected. Apoptosis, as indicated by positive Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and activation of caspase-3, was observed after dental monomer treatment. Dental monomers impaired the morphology and function of mitochondria, and induced intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis in hDPCs via up-regulation of p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. NAC restored cell viability, relieved oxidative stress and blocked the apoptotic effects of dental monomers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental monomers induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis in hDPCs. NAC could reduce the oxidative stress and thus protect hDPCs against dental monomer-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Yirong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Lequn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Haohan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General and Emergency, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.|Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000111:Acetylcysteine