title: Unequal socioeconomic distribution of the primary care workforce: whole-population small area longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure changes in socioeconomic inequality in the distribution of family physicians (general practitioners (GPs)) relative to need in England from 2004/2005 to 2013/2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-population small area longitudinal data linkage study.
  
  
  METHODS
  England from 2004/2005 to 2013/2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  32,482 lower layer super output areas (neighbourhoods of 1500 people on average).
  
  
  METHODS
  Slope index of inequality (SII) between the most and least deprived small areas in annual full-time equivalent GPs (FTE GPs) per 100,000 need adjusted population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2004/2005, inequality in primary care supply as measured by the SII in FTE GPs was 4.2 (95% CI 3.1 to 5.3) GPs per 100,000. By 2013/2014, this SII had fallen to -0.7 (95% CI -2.5 to 1.1) GPs per 100,000. The number of FTE GPs per 100,000 serving the most deprived fifth of small areas increased over this period from 54.0 to 60.5, while increasing from 57.2 to 59.9 in the least deprived fifth, so that by the end of the study period there were more GPs per 100,000 need adjusted population in the most deprived areas than in the least deprived. The increase in GP supply in the most deprived fifth of neighbourhoods was larger in areas that received targeted investment for establishing new practices under the 'Equitable Access to Primary Medical Care'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a substantial reduction in socioeconomic inequality in family physician supply associated with national policy. This policy may not have completely eliminated socioeconomic inequality in family physician supply since existing need adjustment formulae do not fully capture the additional burden of multimorbidity in deprived neighbourhoods. The small area approach introduced in this study can be used routinely to monitor socioeconomic inequality of access to primary care and to indicate workforce shortages in particular neighbourhoods. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Miqdad
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3538-4417
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asaria
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fleetcroft
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Shehzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000639:trends; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Health Inequality; Health Workforce; PRIMARY CARE