title: Automatic image classification for the urinoculture screening.
abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infection and, actually, it is estimated that about 150 million UTIs occur world wide yearly, giving rise to roughly $6 billion in healthcare expenditures and resulting in 100,000 hospitalizations. Nevertheless, it is difficult to carefully assess the incidence of UTIs, since an accurate diagnosis depends both on the presence of symptoms and on a positive urinoculture, whereas in most outpatient settings this diagnosis is made without an ad hoc analysis protocol. On the other hand, in the traditional urinoculture test, a sample of midstream urine is put onto a Petri dish, where a growth medium favors the proliferation of germ colonies. Then, the infection severity is evaluated by a visual inspection of a human expert, an error prone and lengthy process. In this paper, we propose a fully automated system for the urinoculture screening that can provide quick and easily traceable results for UTIs. Based on advanced image processing and machine learning tools, the infection type recognition, together with the estimation of the bacterial load, can be automatically carried out, yielding accurate diagnoses. The proposed AID (Automatic Infection Detector) system provides support during the whole analysis process: first, digital color images of Petri dishes are automatically captured, then specific preprocessing and spatial clustering algorithms are applied to isolate the colonies from the culture ground and, finally, an accurate classification of the infections and their severity evaluation are performed. The AID system speeds up the analysis, contributes to the standardization of the process, allows result repeatability, and reduces the costs. Moreover, the continuous transition between sterile and external environments (typical of the standard analysis procedure) is completely avoided.
authors.affiliation: University of Siena(1) - Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, Via Roma 56, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andreini
authors.affiliation: University of Siena(1) - Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, Via Roma 56, I-53100 Siena, Italy. Electronic address: simo_bone@alice.it.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonechi
authors.affiliation: University of Siena(1) - Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, Via Roma 56, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.affiliation: University of Siena(1) - Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, Via Roma 56, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garzelli
authors.affiliation: University of Siena(1) - Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, Via Roma 56, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mecocci
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Artificial neural networks; Clustering techniques; Color image processing; Support vector machines; Urinoculture screening