title: High Prevalence of Cerebral Microbleeds in Inner City Young Stroke Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in younger populations are lacking, particularly in young stroke patients. We sought to characterize CMBs in an inner city cohort of young adults with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  CMB presence, count, and topography were assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 104 young stroke patients (≤49 years) presenting to Boston Medical Center between January 2006 and February 2010. Subsequent MRIs were assessed for the occurrence of new microbleeds in 29 patients. We performed cross-sectional analysis comparing baseline characteristics between patients with and without microbleeds, and between predefined microbleed burden and topography categories. We performed additional analysis to assess the determinants of new microbleeds on repeat MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microbleeds were present in 17% of the sample. Male sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-32.6, P = .049), hypertension (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.2-32, P = .03), moderate-severe white matter hyperintensities on MRI (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.6-29.0, P = .01), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH; OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2-20, P = .03) were over-represented in patients with microbleeds. Patients who developed new microbleeds on repeat MRI (14%) had higher microbleed counts on baseline MRI (50% versus 0% ≥ 3 CMBs, P = .02), history of illicit drug use (75% versus 24%, P = .08), positive serum toxicology for cocaine (67% versus 13%, P = .11), ICH as their presenting stroke subtype (50% versus 8%, P = .08), and over-representation of moderate-severe white matter hyperintensities (75% versus 20%, P = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this inner city cohort suggest that microbleeds are prevalent in young stroke patients and are largely associated with modifiable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), McMaster University / Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ashkan.shoamanesh@phri.ca.
authors.forename: Ashkan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shoamanesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Catanese
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Viken L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Babikian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Oscar R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Benavente
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pikula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Young; cerebral microbleeds; small-vessel disease; stroke