title: Bio-oil production via catalytic pyrolysis of Anchusa azurea: Effects of operating conditions on product yields and chromatographic characterization.
abstract: Pyrolysis of Anchusa azurea, a lignocellulosic gramineous plant, was carried out in a tubular, fixed-bed reactor in the presence of four catalysts (Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, ZnCl2, Al2O3). The influences of pyrolysis parameters such as catalyst and temperature on the yields of products were studied. It was found that higher temperature resulted in lower liquid (bio-oil) and solid (bio-char) yields and higher gas yields. Catalysts effected the yields of products differently and the composition of bio-oils. Liquid yields were increased in the presence of Na2CO3, ZnCl2 and Al2O3 and decreased with Ca(OH)2. The highest bio-oil yield (34.05%) by weight including aqueous phase was produced with Na2CO3 catalyst at 450°C. The yields of products (bio-char, bio-oil and gas) and the compositions of the resulting bio-oils were determined by GC-MS, FT-IR and elemental analysis. GC-MS identified 124 and 164 different compounds in the bio-oils obtained at 350 and 550°C respectively.
authors.affiliation: Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education, Department of Chemistry, Van, Turkey. Electronic address: tevfikaysu@yyu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Tevfik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aysu
authors.affiliation: Yüzüncü Yıl University, Vocational School of Health Services, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Durak
authors.affiliation: Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Güner
authors.affiliation: Bingol University, Central Research Laboratory, Bingöl, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydın Şükrü
authors.initials: AŞ
authors.lastname: Bengü
authors.affiliation: Bingol University, Vocational High School of Technical Sciences, Bingöl, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nevzat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Esim
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D028082:Boraginaceae; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002254:Carbonates; D002384:Catalysis; D002712:Chlorides; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water; D017967:Zinc Compounds
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D002254:Carbonates; D002712:Chlorides; D009821:Oils; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D014867:Water; C005686:sodium carbonate; C016837:zinc chloride; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Anchusa azurea; Biofuel; Biomass; Energy; Pyrolysis