title: The Chiropteran Brain Database: Volumetric Survey of the Hypophysis in 165 Species.
abstract: For nearly two decades, a database of brain structures from a large sample (272 species) of chiropterans has been widely accessible and used for socioecological analyses of mammals. However, this database remains incomplete since the hypophysis has not been measured. Since this glandular/neural structure has reproductive significance to chiropterans as for other mammals, this investigation was carried out using serial coronal sections of bat brains comprising the Heinz Stephan collection, Düsseldorf, Germany. Complete serially sectioned brains were examined in 313 individuals (165 species, 15 families). Using a well-documented method, hypophyseal volumes were determined from every fourth or sixth section in each individual. The strongest correlation was between body weight and the hypophysis (R(2) = 0.887) and its various components as well as between body weight and adenohypophysis (R(2) = 0.830) and neurohypophysis (R(2) = 0.925). Correlations were also strong for brain weight-adenohypophysis (R(2) = 0.817) and brain weight- neurohypophysis (R(2) = 0.911). Results indicated that: (1) in regression analyses, hipposiderids stand apart as having relatively large adenohypophysis; (2) analysis of residuals generated using least-squares regression of hypophyseal components suggests a trend among microchiropterans where females have a relatively larger adenohypophysis than males. However, this difference is only statistically significant in the largest samples: Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae. Pteropodids do not appear to follow this trend. Our findings suggest both phylogenetic and sexual differences in the adenohypophysis in particular, and indicate the need for investigation of larger samples by species, especially those best understood in reproductive and social biology.
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Kunwar P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, John G Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Shesh N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Frahm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: adenohypophysis; bats; neurohypophysis; pars intermedia; pars tuberalis; pituitary; relative size; residuals