title: A Compact Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Model   in Mice.
abstract: Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a common injury on the battlefield and often results in permanent cognitive and neurological abnormalities. We report a novel compact device that creates graded bTBI in mice. The injury severity can be controlled by precise pressures that mimic Friedlander shockwave curves. The mouse head was stabilized with a head fixator, and the body was protected with a metal shield; shockwave durations were 3 to 4 milliseconds. Reflective shockwave peak readings at the position of the mouse head were 12 6 2.6 psi, 50 6 20.3 psi, and 100 6 33.1 psi at 100, 200, and 250 psi predetermined driver chamber pressures, respectively. The bTBIs of 250 psi caused 80% mortality, which decreased to 27% with the metal shield. Brain and lung damage depended on the shockwave duration and amplitude. Cognitive deficits were assessed using the Morris water maze, Y-maze, and open-field tests. Pathological changes in the brain included disruption of the blood-brain barrier, multifocal neuronal and axonal degeneration, and reactive gliosis assessed by Evans Blue dye extravasation, silver and Fluoro-Jade B staining, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, respectively. Behavioral and pathological changes were injury severity-dependent. This mouse bTBI model may be useful for investigating injury mechanisms and therapeutic strategies associated with bTBI.
authors.forename: Hongxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Lisa B E
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tuchek
authors.forename: Riyi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jianan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein