title: Changes in Pain Processing in the Spinal Cord and Brainstem after Spinal Cord Injury Characterized by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has a number of devastating consequences, including high prevalence of chronic pain and altered pain sensitivity. The causes of altered pain states vary depending on the injury and are difficult to diagnose and treat. A better understanding of pain mechanisms after SCI is expected to lead to better diagnostic capabilities and improved treatments. We therefore applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brainstem and spinal cord in a group of participants with previous traumatic SCI to characterize changes in pain processing as a result of their injuries. The same thermal stimulus was applied to the medial palm (C8 dermatome) as a series of repeated brief noxious thermal pulses in a group of 16 participants with a cervical (n = 14) and upper thoracic (n = 2) injuries. Functional MRI of the brainstem and spinal cord was used to determine the neuronal activity evoked by the noxious stimulation, and connectivity between regions was characterized with structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that pain ratings, the location and magnitude of blood oxygenation-level dependent fMRI results, and connectivity assessed with SEM varied widely across participants. However, the results varied in relation to the perceived pain and the level/severity of injuries, particularly in terms of hypothalamus connectivity with other regions, and descending modulation via the periaqueductal gray matter-rostral ventromedial medulla-cord pathway. The results, therefore, appear to provide sensitive indicators of each individual's pain response, and information about the mechanisms of altered pain sensitivity. The ability to characterize changes in pain processing in individuals with SCI represents a significant technological advance.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stroman
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Hamza S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Andrea I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Cotoi
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cadotte
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: brainstem; fMRI; injury; pain; spinal cord