title: Increased ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate in depressed adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly examined as a potential pathogenic event in psychiatric disorders, although its role early in the course of major depressive disorder (MDD) is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in medication-free adolescents with MDD through in vivo measurements of neurometabolites using high-spatial resolution multislice/multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three adolescents with MDD and 29 healthy controls, ages 12-20, were scanned at 3T and concentrations of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate, as well as N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), total creatine (tCr), and total choline (tCho) in the bilateral caudate, putamen, and thalamus were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with MDD exhibited increased ventricular lactate compared to healthy controls [F(1,41)=6.98, P=0.01]. However, there were no group differences in the other neurometabolites. Dimensional analyses in the depressed group showed no relation between any of the neurometabolites and symptomatology, including anhedonia and fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased ventricular lactate in depressed adolescents suggests mitochondrial dysfunction may be present early in the course of MDD; however it is still not known whether the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction is a trait vulnerability of individuals predisposed to psychopathology or a state feature of the disorder. Therefore, there is a need for larger multimodal studies to clarify these chemical findings in the context of network function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 10029-6574 New York, USA.
authors.forename: K A L
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 10029-6574 New York, USA.
authors.forename: J A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Case
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shungu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 10029-6574 New York, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA. Electronic address: vilma.gabbay@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gabbay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline
keywords: Adolescent depression; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy