title: Therapeutic Effect of Chrysin on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the therapeutic effect of chrysin, a flavonoid with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, on adenine-induced chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chrysin, in three graded oral doses (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg), was given for 10 consecutive days to rats after the induction of CKD by feeding them adenine (0.25%(w/w) for 35 days). Several plasma and urine biomarkers and tissues morphology were used the investigate chrysin effect on kidney structure and function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenine lowered creatinine clearance and elevated the concentrations of urea, creatinine, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and urinary N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, and increased the concentrations of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate, in addition to some inflammatory cytokines. Renal histopathological markers of inflammation and fibrosis were significantly increased. Renal catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione were all adversely affected. Most of these adenine - induced actions were moderately mitigated by chrysin, especially at the highest dose. Compared to control, chrysin did not cause any overt adverse effects on the treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different doses of chrysin produce variable therapeutic salutary effects in rats with CKD, and that, pending further studies, its usability as a possible therapeutic agent in human CKD should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Badreldin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Za'abi
authors.forename: Sirin A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adham
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.forename: Abderrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemmar
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schupp
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000225:Adenine / Q000633:toxicity; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C043561:chrysin; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D000225:Adenine