title: The diagnostic value of saccades in movement disorder patients: a practical guide and review.
abstract: Saccades are rapid eye movements designed to shift the fovea to objects of visual interest. Abnormalities of saccades offer important clues in the diagnosis of a number of movement disorders. In this review, we explore the anatomy of horizontal and vertical saccades, discuss practical aspects of their examination, and review how saccadic abnormalities in hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders aid in diagnosis, with video demonstration of classic examples. Documentation of the ease of saccade initiation, range of motion and conjugacy of saccades, speed and accuracy of saccades, dynamic saccadic trajectory, and the presence or absence of saccadic intrusions and oscillations are important components of this exam. We also provide a practical algorithm to demonstrate the value of saccades in the differential diagnosis of the movement disorders patient.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th St, New York, 10029 USA.
authors.forename: Pichet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Termsarasab
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA.
authors.forename: Thananan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thammongkolchai
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuro-ophthalmology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Janet C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rucker
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th St, New York, 10029 USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frucht
keywords: Eye movement; Movement disorders; Ocular motility; Saccade