title: The Safety of Drug Therapy in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1.7% of children taking medication on an outpatient basis in Germany have at least one adverse drug reaction (ADR). The corresponding figure for hospitalized children is estimated at 10% .
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on pertinent literature retrieved by a selective search in PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to reports submitted to the Drug Commission of the German Medical Association (Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft, AkdÄ), serious ADRs can arise, for example, after the administration of dimenhydrinate, α-adrenergic nose drops, enemas containing phosphate, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-2-receptor antagonists (sartans), and methylphenidate. The causes of ADRs include overdoses, drug administration despite contraindications, and inadequate monitoring of long-term treatment. Errors can also be made in communication, labeling, and drug administration. The risk of ADRs is especially high in off-label use. Computerized physician order entry systems, individual packaging and labeling of single doses, and the use of bar codes for patient and drug identification can help prevent such errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process of drug administration should be optimized through suitable interventions and electronic support, with due consideration of local circumstances. Clinical trials on children should be encouraged as a means of improving drug safety, and additional financial incentives should be created for trials concerning drugs that are off-patent. Physicians and pharmacists should take care to report adverse reactions as they are required to do by professional code, particularly in the case of new drugs, off-label use, or medication errors. A recognized national standard for dosing that can be implemented in computerized physician order entry systems is needed so that evidence-based pediatric dosages can be calculated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neubert
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rascher
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D056687:Off-Label Use / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors