title: An Overview of Chromatin-Regulating Proteins in Cells.
abstract: In eukaryotic cells, gene expressions on chromosome DNA are orchestrated by a dynamic chromosome structure state that is largely controlled by chromatin-regulating proteins, which regulate chromatin structures, release DNA from the nucleosome, and activate or suppress gene expression by modifying nucleosome histones or mobilizing DNA-histone structure. The two classes of chromatinregulating proteins are 1) enzymes that modify histones through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation, glycosylation, sumoylation, or ubiquitylation and 2) enzymes that remodel DNA-histone structure with energy from ATP hydrolysis. Chromatin-regulating proteins, which modulate DNA-histone interaction, change chromatin conformation, and increase or decrease the binding of functional DNA-regulating protein complexes, have major functions in nuclear processes, including gene transcription and DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This review provides a general overview of chromatin-regulating proteins, including their classification, molecular functions, and interactions with the nucleosome in eukaryotic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. pingyu_zhang@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Pingyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Keila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chang-Gong
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D009707:Nucleosomes