title: Better Nurse Staffing and Nurse Work Environments Associated With Increased Survival of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although nurses are the most likely first responders to witness an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and provide treatment, little research has been undertaken to determine what features of nursing are related to cardiac arrest outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between nurse staffing, nurse work environments, and IHCA survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of data from: (1) the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation database; (2) the University of Pennsylvania Multi-State Nursing Care and and Patient Safety; and (3) the American Hospital Association annual survey. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of the features of nursing and IHCA survival to discharge after adjusting for hospital and patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 11,160 adult patients aged 18 and older between 2005 and 2007 in 75 hospitals in 4 states (Pennsylvania, Florida, California, and New Jersey).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each additional patient per nurse on medical-surgical units was associated with a 5% lower likelihood of surviving IHCA to discharge (odds ratio=0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.99). Further, patients cared for in hospitals with poor work environments had a 16% lower likelihood of IHCA survival (odds ratio=0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.99) than patients cared for in hospitals with better work environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better work environments and decreased patient-to-nurse ratios on medical-surgical units are associated with higher odds of patient survival after an IHCA. These results add to a large body of literature suggesting that outcomes are better when nurses have a more reasonable workload and work in good hospital work environments. Improving nurse working conditions holds promise for improving survival following IHCA.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Nursing, Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing†Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA‡College of Nursing, University Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX§Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania∥Department of Sociology, Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Monica F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rochman
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Raina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Aiken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064648:Critical Care Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality* / Q000451:nursing*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce