title: Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells ameliorate hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the protective mechanisms of wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6 mice received either normal-fat diet or HFD for 10 weeks along with wild ginseng CMCs (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose) by oral administration once a day. Triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were measured in liver and serum samples. Parameters for hepatic lipid metabolism and mitochondria biogenesis were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with wild ginseng CMCs markedly attenuated body weight, serum and hepatic lipid contents, and serum aminotransferase activity. While wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increases in sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression, it enhanced the increases in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) expression. HFD decreased glutamate dehydrogenase activity and glutathione content, and increased lipid peroxidation, which were all attenuated by wild ginseng CMCs. Furthermore, wild ginseng CMCs enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co activator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wild ginseng CMCs protect against HFD-induced liver injury, which prevents lipid accumulation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Ik
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyong
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeung Youb
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Mee
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000637:Transaminases / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C506001:Mlxipl protein, mouse; C495634:Nrf1 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; D047493:PPAR alpha; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; C081930:Tfam protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D000637:Transaminases; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: de-novo lipogenesis; mitochondrial biogenesis; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells; β-oxidation