title: Cardiothoracic manifestations of neuroendocrine tumours.
abstract: Cardiothoracic neuroendocrine tumour (NET) manifestations encompass a vast disease spectrum. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours represent a range of tumour grade and differentiation characteristics from pre-malignant diffuse neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, well-differentiated, low-grade carcinoid tumours with excellent outcomes, through to high-grade small-cell lung carcinoma and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with poor prognoses. Rarer thymic NETs represent a similarly wide neoplastic spectrum. Cardiac carcinoid is a paraneoplastic manifestation of the carcinoid syndrome and often the cause of mortality in NETs with hepatic metastases. Cardiothoracic NET manifestations are reviewed herein from a radiologists' perspective, discussing the diverse clinical presentations, spectrum of neoplastic and paraneoplastic manifestations, imaging features and treatment options.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mandegaran
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Lewisham, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sarojini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Screaton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods