title: Physical Profile and Impact of a Calcium-Incorporated Implant Surface on Preosteoblastic Cell Morphologic and Differentiation Parameters: A Comparative Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare topographic features and preosteoblastic cell responses of a new hydrothermally treated, calcium-incorporated surface against other commercially available implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different surfaces were the subject of comparison in this study: machined (MC), resorbable blast media (RBM), sandblasted/large-grit/acid-etched (SLA), and calcium-incorporated SLA (Ca-SLA). Surface morphology and roughness were first characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and white light interferometer, respectively. Preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were then cultured on the titanium surfaces. Cell morphology was observed at 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 15 days by SEM; differentiation was assessed at 7, 11, and 15 days by assaying alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OCN) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface characterization revealed nanotopographic features on Ca-SLA. At topographic analysis, SLA and Ca-SLA showed similar roughness values. Significant differences in cell differentiation parameters were found only at 15 days between the SLA surfaces (both Ca-incorporated and nonincorporated) and MC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, this study demonstrated that hydrothermal treatment determines the formation of nanotopography without altering the SLA microtopography. Moreover, Ca-SLA and SLA induce MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation at comparable levels.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lollobrigida
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamazza
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capuano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Domenica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laurito
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Biase
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000502:physiology; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D007368:Interferometry / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium