title: Metabolic alteration in obese diabetes rats upon treatment with Centella asiatica extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Pegaga' is a traditional Malay remedy for a wide range of complaints. Among the 'pegaga', Centella asiatica has been used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus. Thus, we decided to validate this claim by evaluating the in vivo antidiabetic property of C. asiatica (CA) on T2DM rat model using the holistic (1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, an obese diabetic (mimic of T2DM condition) animal model was developed using Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat diet and induced into diabetic condition by the treatment of a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ). The effect of C. asiatica extract on the experimental animals was followed based on the changes observed in the urinary and serum metabolites, measured by (1)H NMR of urine and blood samples collected over the test period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A long-term treatment of obese diabetic rats with CA extract could reverse the glucose and lipid levels, as well as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolic disorders, back towards normal states. Biochemical analysis also showed an increase of insulin production in diabetic rats upon treatment of CA extract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has provided evidence that clearly supported the traditional use of CA as a remedy for diabetes. NMR-based metabolomics was successfully applied to show that CA produced both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects on a rat model. In addition to increasing the insulin secretion, the CA extract also ameliorates the metabolic pathways affected in the induced diabetic rats. This study further revealed the potential usage of CA extract in managing diabetes mellitus and the results of this work may contribute towards the further understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of this herbal remedy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.lastname: Maulidiani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khatib
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perumal
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suppaiah
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: khozirah@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaari
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Al-Moalim BinLaden Chair for Scientific Miracles of Prophetic Medicine, Scientific Chairs Unit, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30001, Madinah al Munawarah 41311, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: nordinlajis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lajis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D028041:Centella; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C526146:Centella asiatica extract; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes
keywords: Centella asiatica; NMR-based metabolomics; Obese-diabetic rats; Serum metabolites; Urine metabolites