title: Polymorphisms in genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs are crucial to the development of therapeutics in clinical medicine. Such data provide information that may improve our understanding of individual differences in sensitivity or resistance to certain drugs, thereby helping to avoid adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients and improve the quality of therapies. Here, we aimed to analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the ADME of multiple drugs in Kazakhs from Kazakhstan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 158 SNPs involved in the ADME of various drugs were studied. We analysed 320 Kazakh DNA samples using OpenArray genotyping. Of the 158 SNPs, 75 were not found in heterozygous or homozygous variants. Comparative analysis among Kazakhs and world populations showed a fairly high percentage of population differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide further information for pharmacogenetic databases and may contribute to the development of personalized approaches and safer therapies for the Kazakh population. Moreover, these data provide insights into the different racial groups that may have contributed to the Kazakh population.
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. aishaisk1@gmail.com.|Biology and Biotechnology Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. aishaisk1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aisha N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Iskakova
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. romanovaaliya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aliya A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romanova
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. akbotamaratovna3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akbota M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aitkulova
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. ksnurgul@gmail.com.|Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan. ksnurgul@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nurgul S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Sikhayeva
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. lenazhol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Zholdybayeva
authors.affiliation: National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. ramanculov@biocenter.kz.|School of Science and Technology Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. ramanculov@biocenter.kz.
authors.forename: Erlan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ramanculov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations