title: Pain Psychology: A Global Needs Assessment and National Call to Action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Institute of Medicine and the draft National Pain Strategy recently called for better training for health care clinicians. This was the first high-level needs assessment for pain psychology services and resources in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brief surveys were administered online to six stakeholder groups (psychologists/therapists, individuals with chronic pain, pain physicians, primary care physicians/physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and the directors of graduate and postgraduate psychology training programs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,991 responses were received. Results revealed low confidence and low perceived competency to address physical pain among psychologists/therapists, and high levels of interest and need for pain education. We found broad support for pain psychology across stakeholder groups, and global support for a national initiative to increase pain training and competency in U.S. therapists. Among directors of graduate and postgraduate psychology training programs, we found unanimous interest for a no-cost pain psychology curriculum that could be integrated into existing programs. Primary barriers to pain psychology include lack of a system to identify qualified therapists, paucity of therapists with pain training, limited awareness of the psychological treatment modality, and poor insurance coverage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report calls for transformation within psychology predoctoral and postdoctoral education and training and psychology continuing education to include and emphasize pain and pain management. A system for certification is needed to facilitate quality control and appropriate reimbursement. There is a need for systems to facilitate identification and access to practicing psychologists and therapists skilled in the treatment of pain.
authors.affiliation: *Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Stanford Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory, Palo Alto, California bdarnall@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Beth D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Darnall
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheman
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davin
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Program, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Institute on Development & Disability, IDD Division of Psychology, Oregon Health & Science University.
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-Morbidities and Education (PRIME) Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Psychology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kerns
authors.affiliation: *Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Stanford Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Sean C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mackey
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Chronic Pain; Education; Pain Management; Pain Training Programs; Psychology