title: A heads up on concussions: are there sex-related differences?
abstract: Head injuries are a major concern for physicians in athletes of all ages. Specifically, sports-related concussions are becoming an all-too-common injury among female athletes. The incidence of concussions among female athletes has likely increased over the past few decades because of an increase in sports participation afforded by Title IX. It would be useful for physicians to have general knowledge of concussions and their potential sex-related differences. This review article summarizes the current body of research concerning sex-related differences in concussion epidemiology and outcomes. A literature search was performed using PubMed and included all articles published from 1993 to present, with a predominant focus on research conducted over the past fifteen years. Additional articles were found using the bibliography from articles found through the PubMed search. Several articles have compared incidence, severity of neurological deficit, constellation of symptoms, and length of recovery post-concussion in males and females. However, the literature does not unanimously support a significant sex-related difference in concussions. Lack of consensus in the literature can be attributed to differences between patient populations, different tools used to study concussions, including subjective or objective measures, and differences in mechanisms of injury. We conclude that concussions are a serious injury in both male and female athletes, and physicians should have a very high index of suspicion regardless of sex, because there currently is not sufficient consensus in the literature to institute sex-related changes to concussion management. Current research may suggest a sex-related difference pertaining to sports-related concussions, but further evaluation is needed on this topic.
authors.affiliation: a Brigham and Women's Hospital - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.affiliation: a Brigham and Women's Hospital - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Boston , MA , USA.|b Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: a Brigham and Women's Hospital - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.affiliation: a Brigham and Women's Hospital - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Boston , MA , USA.|c Harvard Medical School - Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Matzkin
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports
keywords: Athletics; Concussion; Female; Sex differences; Sports