title: Leaf-morphology-assisted selection for resistance to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of a cultivar resistant to the two-spotted spider mite has provided both ecological and economic benefits to the production of cut flowers. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of resistance to mites using an inbred population of carnations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the resistant and susceptible plants selected from an inbred population, a difference was recognised in the thickness of the abaxial palisade tissue by microscopic examination of the damaged leaf. Therefore, it was assumed that mites displayed feeding preferences within the internal leaf structure of the carnation leaf. The suitability of the host plant for mites was investigated using several cultivars selected using an index of the thickness from the abaxial leaf surface to the spongy tissue. The results suggested that the cultivar associated with a thicker abaxial tissue lowered the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the mites. The cultivars with a thicker abaxial tissue of over 120 µm showed slight damage in the field test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of mites to feed on the spongy tissue during an early life stage from hatching to adult emergence was critical. It was possible to select a cultivar that is resistant to mites under a real cultivation environment by observing the internal structure of the leaf. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experiment Station, Tokoo, Souga, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Kousuke
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5420-838X
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029749:Dianthus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: carnation; cultivar; internal leaf structure; intrinsic rate of natural increase; resistance; spider mite