title: A Detailed Exploration Into the Association of Prescribed Opioid Dosage and Overdose Deaths Among Patients With Chronic Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High opioid dosage has been associated with overdose, and clinical guidelines have cautioned against escalating dosages above 100 morphine-equivalent mg (MEM) based on the potential harm and the absence of evidence of benefit from high dosages. However, this 100 MEM threshold was chosen somewhat arbitrarily.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of prescribed opioid dosage as a continuous measure in relation to risk of unintentional opioid overdose to identify the range of dosages associated with risk of overdose at a detailed level.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this nested case-control study with risk-set sampling of controls, cases (opioid overdose decedents) and controls were identified from a population of patients of the Veterans Health Administration who were prescribed opioids and who have a chronic pain diagnosis. Unintentional fatal opioid analgesic overdose was measured from National Death Index records and prescribed opioid dosage from pharmacy records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average prescribed opioid dosage was higher (P<0.001) for cases (mean=98.1 MEM, SD=112.7; median=60, interquartile range, 30-120), than controls (mean=47.7 MEM, SD=65.2; median=25, interquartile range, 15-45). In a ROC analysis, dosage was a moderately good "predictor" of opioid overdose death, indicating that, on average, overdose cases had a prescribed opioid dosage higher than 71% of controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear cut-point in opioid dosage to distinguish between overdose cases and controls was not found. However, lowering the recommended dosage threshold below the 100 MEM used in many recent guidelines would affect proportionately few patients not at risk for overdose while potentially benefitting many of those at risk for overdose.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School †VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI ‡National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganoczy
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dowell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid