title: Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica).
abstract: The Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal's Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali river systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali rivers so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were the greatest threats.
authors.affiliation: Kathmandu Forestry College and The Himalaya , Kathmandu , Nepal.
authors.forename: Shambhu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.affiliation: Environmental Resources Management, Impact, Assessment, and Planning Division , Tampa, Florida , United States.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía , CO Vigo, Spain , Spain.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Planning & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pita
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal, The Himalaya , Kathmandu , Nepal.
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pal
keywords: Bycatch; Cetacean conservation; Endangered species; Fishery interactions; Ganges river dolphin