title: Rumen fermentation and performance of Hanwoo steers fed total mixed ration with Korean rice wine residue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding Korean rice wine residue (RWR) in total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing Hanwoo steers.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro fermentation, the experimental treatments were Control (Con: 0 % RWR + TMR), Treatment 1 (T1: 10 % RWR + TMR), and Treatment 2 (T2: 15 % RWR + TMR). The rumen fluid was collected from three Hanwoo steers and mixed with buffer solution, after which buffered rumen fluid was transferred into serum bottles containing 2 g dry matter (DM) of TMR added with or without RWR. The samples were then incubated for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h at 39 °C and 100 rpm. For the in vivo experiment, 27 Hanwoo steers (6 months old) with an average weight of 196 ± 8.66 kg were subjected to a 24-week feeding trial. The animals were randomly selected and equally distributed into three groups. After which the body weight, feed intake and blood characteristics of each group were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pH of the treatments decreased significantly relative to the control during the 12 h of incubation. Total gas production and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was not affected by RWR addition. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was lower after 24 h of incubation but at other incubation times, the concentration was not affected by treatments. Feed cost was 8 % and 15 % lower in T1 and T2 compared to control. Blood alcohol was not detected and a significant increase in total weight gain and average daily gain were observed in Hanwoo steers fed with RWR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results of this study suggest that TMR amended with 15 % RWR can be used as an alternative feed resource for ruminants to reduce feed cost.
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Dae
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Lovelia L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Mamuad
authors.affiliation: National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-824 South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Youl
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Adbiotech Co. Ltd., Chun-Cheon City, 200-880 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Guyn
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Animal Resources Research Center, School of Animal Life and Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 South Korea.
authors.forename: Keun Kyu
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanjugun, Jeollabukdo, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yoo Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: By-products; Hanwoo steers; In vitro; Korean rice wine residue