title: Using Picture and Text Schedules to Inform Children: Effects on Distress and Pain during Needle-Related Procedures in Nitrous Oxide Sedation.
abstract: During hospital visits, children often undergo examinations and treatments that may involve an experience of pain and distress that is also connected to the staff's treatment. The United Nation's Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability advocates the use of Universal Design. One way of implementing this idea within paediatric nursing is to increase the use of pictorial supports, and the few studies that have been published show promising results. The aim of this study was to do a comparison between two groups of children in regard to the pre- and postconditions of implementing an intervention including staff instruction and the use of pictorial support. The support consisted of a visual schedule with pictures and text, used both preparatory to and during the hospital visit. One hundred children aged 5-15 (50 children during the preinterventional data collection and 50 children postinterventionally) reported pain intensity and distress during needle-related procedures in nitrous oxide sedation. The results showed that the intervention had a positive effect in significantly lowering the level of preprocedural distress. The results showed that the pain intensity was also lowered however not reaching statistical significance. This confirms other positive research results on the use of visual supports within paediatric care, a topic that has to be further studied.
authors.affiliation: Södra Älvsborg Hospital, 504 55 Borås, Sweden.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vantaa Benjaminsson
authors.affiliation: DART-Center for AAC and AT, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 411 04 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thunberg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson