title: Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain Computer Interfaces from Preclinical Trials to Use in Human Patients.
abstract: Current research in brain computer interface (BCI) technology is advancing beyond preclinical studies, with trials beginning in human patients. To date, these trials have been carried out with several different types of recording interfaces. The success of these devices has varied widely, but different factors such as the level of invasiveness, timescale of recorded information, and ability to maintain stable functionality of the device over a long period of time all must be considered in addition to accuracy in decoding intent when assessing the most practical type of device moving forward. Here, we discuss various approaches to BCIs, distinguishing between devices focusing on control of operations extrinsic to the subject (e.g., prosthetic limbs, computer cursors) and those focusing on control of operations intrinsic to the brain (e.g., using stimulation or external feedback), including closed-loop or adaptive devices. In this discussion, we consider the current challenges facing the translation of various types of BCI technology to eventual human application.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of KansasLawrence, KS, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Maxwell D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Guggenmos
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bundy
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA; Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Randolph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nudo
keywords: brain-computer interface (BCI); closed-loop neuroprosthetic devices; electrocorticography (ECoG); electroencephalography (EEG); microelectrodes; neural prostheses