title: Effectiveness of problem-based learning in Chinese pharmacy education: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review provides a critical overview of problem-based learning (PBL) practices in Chinese pharmacy education. PBL has yet to be widely applied in pharmaceutical education in China. The results of those studies that have been conducted are published in Chinese and thus may not be easily accessible to international researchers. Therefore, this meta-analysis was carried out to review the effectiveness of PBL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases were searched for studies in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently performed the study identification and data extraction. A meta-analysis was conducted using Revman 5.3 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen randomized controlled trials were included. The meta-analysis revealed that PBL had a positive association with higher theoretical scores (SMD = 1.17, 95% CI [0.77, 11.57], P < 0.00001). The questionnaire results show that PBL methods are superior to conventional teaching methods in improving students' learning interest, independent analysis skills, scope of knowledge, self-study, team spirit, and oral expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis indicates that PBL pedagogy is superior to traditional lecture-based teaching in Chinese pharmacy education. PBL methods could be an optional, supplementary method of pharmaceutical teaching in China. However, Chinese pharmacy colleges and universities should revise PBL curricula according to their own needs, which would maximize the effectiveness of PBL.
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China. zhoujiyin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jiyin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shiwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chunji
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rufu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shengya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China. qianguisheng@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Guisheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015397:Program Evaluation