title: Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands.
abstract: Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located over the upper renal poles. Adrenal pathologies have various clinical presentations. They can coexist with the hyperfunction of individual cortical zones or the medulla, insufficiency of the adrenal cortex or retained normal hormonal function. The most common adrenal masses are tumors incidentally detected in imaging examinations (ultrasound, tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), referred to as incidentalomas. They include a range of histopathological entities but cortical adenomas without hormonal hyperfunction are the most common. Each abdominal ultrasound scan of a child or adult should include the assessment of the suprarenal areas. If a previously non-reported, incidental solid focal lesion exceeding 1 cm (incidentaloma) is detected in the suprarenal area, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be conducted to confirm its presence and for differentiation and the tumor functional status should be determined. Ultrasound imaging is also used to monitor adrenal incidentaloma that is not eligible for a surgery. The paper presents recommendations concerning the performance and assessment of ultrasound examinations of the adrenal glands and their pathological lesions. The article includes new ultrasound techniques, such as tissue harmonic imaging, spatial compound imaging, three-dimensional ultrasound, elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and parametric imaging. The guidelines presented above are consistent with the recommendations of the Polish Ultrasound Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Słapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wiesław S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.affiliation: Ultrasound Department, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobruch-Sobczak
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Endocrinology, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Department of Endocrine Diagnostics, Bielański Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kasperlik-Załuska
keywords: adrenal glands; adrenal masses; standards; ultrasound