title: An Overview of Direct Somatic Reprogramming: The Ins and Outs of iPSCs.
abstract: Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. An evolving alternative to conventional stem cell therapies is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have a multi-lineage potential comparable to conventionally acquired embryonic stem cells with the additional benefits of being less immunoreactive and avoiding many of the ethical concerns raised with the use of embryonic material. The ability to generate iPSCs from somatic cells provides tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. The breakthrough of iPSCs has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. iPSCs are also relevant tools for modeling human diseases and drugs screening. However, there are still several hurdles to overcome before iPSCs can be used for translational purposes. Here, we review the recent advances in somatic reprogramming and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. smenon8@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. sinys@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Siny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shailendra
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy. renda@unina.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renda
authors.affiliation: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. longaker@stanford.edu.|Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. longaker@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longaker
authors.affiliation: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. quarto@unina.it.|Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy. quarto@unina.it.
authors.forename: Natalina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quarto
mesh_terms: D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C489427:MYC protein, human; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors
keywords: adult stem; embryonic stem cells; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); somatic reprogramming