title: Organism burden, toxin concentration, and lactoferrin concentration do not distinguish between clinically significant and nonsignificant diarrhea in patients with Clostridium difficile.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection is often overdiagnosed in patients with mild diarrhea. We evaluated 4 biomarkers as surrogates for clinically significant diarrhea (≥ 3 episodes in 24 hours) in 59 PCR-positive patients with and 59 PCR-positive patients without clinically significant diarrhea. Organism burden (median tcdB cycle threshold value, 26.9 versus 27.1, P=0.25) and toxin A and B concentrations (toxin A, median, 0 versus 0 ng/mL, P=0.42; toxin B, median, 0 versus 0 ng/mL, P=0.25) were not significantly different between patients with and without clinically significant diarrhea. Fecal lactoferrin concentrations were significantly increased in patients with clinically significant diarrhea (median, 99.0 versus 55.1 μg/mL, P=0.05); however, lactoferrin could not sufficiently classify patients into those with and without clinically significant diarrhea. Interventions that limit C. difficile testing to patients with clinically significant diarrhea are needed to improve the positive predictive value of C. difficile diagnostics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria Emma
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Anikst
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rajiv Lochan
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Lee Frederick
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, CA, USA. Electronic address: nbanaei@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Niaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banaei
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: Biomarker; Clostridium difficile; Diarrhea; Infection; Lactoferrin; Toxin