title: Biomarkers and prediction of myocardial triglyceride content in non-diabetic men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipid oversupply to cardiomyocytes or decreased utilization of lipids leads to cardiac steatosis. We aimed to examine the role of different circulating metabolic biomarkers as predictors of myocardial triglyceride (TG) content in non-diabetic men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial and hepatic TG contents were measured with 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, and LV function, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous tissue (SAT), epicardial and pericardial fat by MR imaging in 76 non-diabetic men. Serum concentration of circulating metabolic biomarkers [adiponectin, leptin, adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein 4 (A-FABP 4), resistin, and lipocalin-2] including β-hydroxybuturate (β-OHB) were measured. Subjects were stratified by tertiles of myocardial TG into low, moderate, and high myocardial TG content groups. Concentrations of β-OHB were lower (p = 0.003) and serum levels of A-FABP 4 were higher (p < 0.001) in the group with high myocardial TG content compared with the group with low myocardial TG content. β-OHB was negatively correlated with myocardial TG content (r = -0.316, p = 0.006), whereas A-FABP 4 was not correlated with myocardial TG content (r = 0.192, p = 0.103). In multivariable analyses β-OHB and plasma glucose levels were the best predictors of myocardial TG content independently of VAT and hepatic TG content. The model explained 58.8% of the variance in myocardial TG content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that β-OHB and fasting glucose were the best predictors of myocardial TG content in non-diabetic men. These data suggest that hyperglycemia and alterations in lipid oxidation may be associated with cardiac steatosis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: marit.graner@hus.fi.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granér
authors.affiliation: Health Metric, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.affiliation: HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Health Center of City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siren
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Pentikäinen
authors.affiliation: HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundbom
authors.affiliation: HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakkarainen
authors.affiliation: HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lauerma
authors.affiliation: HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundbom
authors.affiliation: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borén
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M-R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Biomarkers; Myocardial triglyceride content; β-hydroxybuturate