title: Speech nasality and nasometry in cleft lip and palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perceptual evaluation is considered the gold standard to evaluate speech nasality. Several procedures are used to collect and analyze perceptual data, which makes it susceptible to errors. Therefore, there has been an increasing desire to find methods that can improve the assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the results of speech nasality obtained by assessments of live speech, the Test of Hypernasality (THYPER), assessments of audio recorded speech, and nasometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study consisting of 331 patients with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate. Speech nasality was assessed by four methods of assessment: live perceptual judgement, THYPER, audio-recorded speech sample judgement by multiple judges, and nasometry. All data were collected from medical records of patients, with the exception of the speech sample recording assessment, which was carried out by multiple judges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the highest percentages of absence of hypernasality were obtained from judgements performed live and from the THYPER, with equal results between them (79%). Lower percentages were obtained from the recordings by judges (66%) and from nasometry (57%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best results among the four speech nasality evaluation methods were obtained for the ones performed live (live nasality judgement by a speech pathologist and THYPER).
authors.affiliation: Master's Degree Program in Sciences, Department of Speech/Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fa2f_rodrigues@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Fabiane Rodrigues
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Larangeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech/Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeniffer de Cássia Rillo
authors.initials: Jde C
authors.lastname: Dutka
authors.affiliation: Speech Aid Prosthesis Service, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melina Evangelista
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech/Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Olívia Mesquita Vieira
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech/Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Roberto Pereira
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lauris
authors.affiliation: Master's Degree Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Jales Felix
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech/Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Inês
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pegoraro-Krook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: Cleft palate; Diagnosis; Diagnóstico; Fala; Fissura palatina; Insuficiência velofaríngea; Medida da produção da fala; Speech; Speech production measurement; Velopharyngeal insufficiency