title: Mitochondrial dysfunction in inherited renal disease and acute kidney injury.
abstract: Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as key players in genetic and acquired renal diseases. Most mitochondrial cytopathies that cause renal symptoms are characterized by tubular defects, but glomerular, tubulointerstitial and cystic diseases have also been described. For example, defects in coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis and the mitochondrial DNA 3243 A>G mutation are important causes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and in adults, respectively. Although they sometimes present with isolated renal findings, mitochondrial diseases are frequently associated with symptoms related to central nervous system and neuromuscular involvement. They can result from mutations in nuclear genes that are inherited according to classic Mendelian rules or from mutations in mitochondrial DNA, which are transmitted according to more complex rules of mitochondrial genetics. Diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders involves clinical characterization of patients in combination with biochemical and genetic analyses. In particular, prompt diagnosis of CoQ10 biosynthesis defects is imperative because of their potentially reversible nature. In acute kidney injury (AKI), mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the physiopathology of tissue injury, whereas mitochondrial biogenesis has an important role in the recovery of renal function. Potential therapies that target mitochondrial dysfunction or promote mitochondrial regeneration are being developed to limit renal damage during AKI and promote repair of injured tissue.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù-IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emma
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 9, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montini
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Samir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.affiliation: Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salviati
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007625:Kearns-Sayre Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D017240:Mitochondrial Myopathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009154:Mutation; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014451:Ubiquinone; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C540142:prenyl diphosphate synthase, subunit 2, human; C024989:coenzyme Q10