title: Graphene oxide assisted electromembrane extraction with gas chromatography for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in hair and urine samples.
abstract: In the present study, graphene oxide reinforced two-phase electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with gas chromatography was applied for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in biological samples. The presence of graphene oxide in the hollow fiber wall can increase the effective surface area, interactions with analyte and polarity of support liquid membrane that leads to an enhancement in the analyte migration. To investigate the influence of the presence of graphene oxide in the support liquid membrane on the extraction efficiency, a comparative study was performed between graphene oxide and graphene oxide/EME methods. The extraction parameters such as type of organic solvent, pH of the donor phase, stirring speed, time, voltage, salt addition and the concentration of graphene oxide were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed microextraction technique provided low limit of detection (2.4 ng/mL), high preconcentration factor (195-198) and high relative recovery (95-98.5%). Finally, the method was successfully employed for the determination of methamphetamine in urine and hair samples.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I.R, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza Fakhari
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Zavareh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I.R, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Koruni
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D008694:Methamphetamine; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Biological samples; Electromembrane extraction; Gas chromatography; Graphene oxide; Methamphetamine