title: Three-dimensional printing of orbital and peri-orbital masses in three dogs and its potential applications in veterinary ophthalmology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the technique and utility of three-dimensional (3D) printing for orbital and peri-orbital masses and discuss other potential applications for 3D printing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three dogs with a chronic history of nonpainful exophthalmos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography (CT) and subsequent 3D printing of the head was performed on each case. CT confirmed a confined mass, and an ultrasound-guided biopsy was obtained in each circumstance. An orbitotomy was tentatively planned for each case, and a 3D print of each head with the associated globe and mass was created to assist in surgical planning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In case 1, the mass was located in the cranioventral aspect of the right orbit, and the histopathologic diagnosis was adenoma. In case 2, the mass was located within the lateral masseter muscle, ventral to the right orbit between the zygomatic arch and the ramus of the mandible. The histopathologic diagnosis in case 2 was consistent with a lipoma. In case 3, the mass was located in the ventral orbit, and the histopathologic diagnosis was histiocytic cellular infiltrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional printing in cases with orbital and peri-orbital masses has exceptional potential for improved surgical planning and provides another modality for visualization to help veterinarians, students, and owners understand distribution of disease. Additionally, as the techniques of 3D printing continue to evolve, the potential exists to revolutionize ocular surgery and drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W. Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dorbandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W. Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Joslyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W. Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hamor
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D015620:Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008067:Lipoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: 3D printing; orbital mass; orbital neoplasia; retrobulbar mass; surgical planning; three-dimensional printing