title: Invitro acaricidal activity of ethnoveterinary plants and green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.
abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the invitro acaricidal effects of seven ethnoveterinary plants, zinc acetate and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against the Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The selected ethnoveterinary plants were extracted using ethanol and aqueous (water) solvents at 0.02mg/ml and 0.04mg/ml concentrations. Of these seven plants, Lobelia leschenaultiana showed the highest percentage of tick mortality. The ethanol extracts of L. leschenaultiana showed 93.33% mortality at 0.04mg/ml and its LC50 was 0.05mg/ml. However, zinc acetate exhibited 70% mortality at 0.04mg/ml (LC50: 0.0192mg/ml). Further, we synthesized ZnO nanoparticle using the leaf extracts of L. leschenaultiana and zinc acetate as the precursor material to control R. (B.) microplus. The structural characterization of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (Ll-ZnO NPs) was performed by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microsopy (TEM). UV-vis spectra showed the absorption band at 383nm. XRD analysis clearly showed the crystalline nature of Ll-ZnO NPs with various Bragg's reflection peaks at 100, 002, 101, 102, 110, 103, 200, 201 and 202 planes. FTIR analysis showed the possible functional groups of Ll-ZnO NPs with strong band at 3420.63 and 2922.48cm(-1). SEM and TEM analysis revealed that the Ll-ZnO NPs were spherical and hexagonal in shape with particle size ranging between 20 and 65nm. The mortality of R. (B.) microplus after treatment with Ll-ZnO NPs was 35, 57.5 and 82.5% at 0.001, 0.002 and 0.004mg/ml. On the otherhand, 100% mortality of R. (B.) microplus was observed at 0.008mg/ml (LC50: 0.0017mg/ml). The results indicated that the Ll-ZnO NPs have good acaricidal properties compared to L. leschenaultiana leaf extract and zinc acetate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Balan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banumathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malaikozhundan
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: bvaseeharan@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Baskaralingam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaseeharan
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D029746:Lobelia / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D019345:Zinc Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019345:Zinc Acetate; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Cattle; L. leschenaultiana; R. (B.) microplus; Zinc oxide nanoparticles