title: Effect of dietary canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on the performance of duck breeders under two different vitamin regimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary canthaxanthin (CX), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D 3 ) and vitamins have been widely reported to be involved in productive and reproductive performance of broiler breeders. However, limited information is available for duck breeders. In this study, a total of 1,560 Cherry Valley SM3 duck breeder females and 312 males were used to assess if the addition of CX and 25-OH-D3 could increase the performance of duck breeders under two different dietary vitamin regimens. Four diets were used under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 kinds of vitamin premixes (REGULAR and HIGH; HIGH premix had higher levels of all vitamins except K3 than REGULAR premix), and with or without the supplementation of the mixture of CX (6 mg/kg) and 25-OH-D3 (0.069 mg/kg). The ducks were fed ad libitum with pelleted diets based on corn-soybean meal from 38 to 77 wk of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIGH vitamin premix decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.001) of egg yolk, increased hatchability of fertile eggs (P = 0.029), increased hatchability of total eggs (P = 0.029), and decreased serum protein carbonyl level (P = 0.037) of breeder males. The mixture of CX and 25-OH-D3 increased serum calcium of breeder females (P = 0.010), decreased the cracked egg rate (P = 0.001), increased the pigmentation of egg yolk (P < 0.001) and male bill (P < 0.001), and decreased MDA level of egg yolk (P < 0.001) and male serum (P = 0.034). Interactive effects were observed in cracked egg rate (P = 0.038), shell thickness (P = 0.011) and serum phosphorus (P = 0.026) of breeder females. HIGH vitamin premix together with the mixture of CX and 25-OH-D3 decreased cracked egg rate and increased shell thickness of duck breeders. Serum phosphorus was decreased in duck breeder females fed REGULAR vitamin premix without the addition of the CX and 25-OH-D3 mixture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary HIGH vitamin premix increased antioxidant status of eggs and breeder males, and increased hatchability. The mixture of CX and 25-OH-D3 enhanced egg shell quality, and promoted pigmentation and antioxidant status of eggs and breeder males.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Zhouzheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Shizhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Qiufeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Shiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Yuheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Zhuowei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.affiliation: DSM (China) Ltd., PuDong New Area 201203, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Animal Nutrition & Health, Wurmisweg 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cisneros
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China.
authors.forename: Keying
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; Canthaxanthin; Duck breeder; Performance; Vitamin