title: Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past years many inflammatory markers have been studied in association with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease (CVD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in HIV-infected patients, to obtain insights in the increased cardiovascular risk observed in HIV infection. This systematic review provides an oversight of the current knowledge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was performed in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane in July 2014, identifying all articles from 1996 onwards addressing the relation between inflammatory markers and CVD or CIMT in HIV-positive adults. Two authors, using predefined criteria, independently conducted the selection of articles, critical appraisal and extraction of the data. Analysis was focused on the immune markers that were most frequently assessed. The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database at 11 July 2014 (registration number CRD42014010516). This review was performed according to the PRISMA guideline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty articles were selected; eight addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and thirty-two addressing CIMT. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and d-dimer were assessed most frequently in relation to the occurrence of CVD; in four out of eight studies. All three markers were positively related to CVD in three out of four studies. Studies addressing CIMT were too heterogeneous with respect to patient populations, inflammatory markers, CIMT measurement protocols and statistical methods to allow for a formal meta-analysis to obtain summary statistics. CRP, IL-6 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) were the most studied markers in relation to CIMT. None of the inflammatory markers showed an association with CIMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review showed a relation between some inflammatory markers and CVD, however, no consistent relation is observed for CIMT. Statistical approaches that yields effect estimates and standardized CIMT protocols should be chosen. Further research should focus on prospective studies and a selected set of inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alinda G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikmah S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roos E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klipstein-Grobusch
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers