title: Antioxidative Activity of Colostrum and Human Milk: Effects of Pasteurization and Storage.
abstract: Milk banks collect, pasteurize, and freeze/store human milk. The processing may alter redox properties of milk, but the effects have not been fully examined.
  
  
  
  We collected 10 mature milk and 10 colostrum samples and applied a battery of biochemical assays and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to inspect changes that milk undergoes with pasteurization and 30 days storage at -20°C.
  
  
  
  Pasteurization and storage of raw milk did not affect total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, but specific components and features were altered. Urate radical and ascorbyl radical emerge as products of exposure of milk to hydroxyl radical-generating system. Processing shifted the load of antioxidative activity from ascorbate to urate and lowered the capacity of milk to diminish hydroxyl radical. Pasteurization caused a significant drop in the activity of 2 major antioxidative enzymes-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, whereas freezing/storage of raw milk affected only superoxide dismutase. Colostrum showed drastically higher total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and glutathione reductase activity compared with mature milk.
  
  
  
  Pasteurization and storage affect nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidative agents in human milk. It appears that nonenzymatic antioxidative systems in colostrum and milk are different. The effects of processing may be partially compensated by fortification/spiking with ascorbate before use.
authors.affiliation: *Institute for Neonatology †Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy ‡Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia §Institute for Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro ||Faculty of Chemistry ¶Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marinković
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranković-Janevski
authors.forename: Snežana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spasić
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikolić-Kokić
authors.forename: Nikoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lugonja
authors.forename: Dijana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Djurović
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miletić
authors.forename: Miroslav M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vrvić
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spasojević
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants