title: Rapid treatment of vessels fouled with an invasive polychaete, Sabella spallanzanii, using a floating dock and chlorine as a biocide.
abstract: Chlorine solution was added to the water encapsulated within a proprietary 'floating dock' to treat a vessel infested with the invasive polychaete Sabella spallanzanii. The chlorine was added as sodium dichloroisocyanurate ('dichlor') at an initial concentration of 200 mg l(-1) of free available chlorine (FAC). This concentration killed 99% of S. spallanzanii in their tubes during a 4-h exposure in laboratory tests (EC99 160 mg FAC l(-1)). The concentration of FAC in the floating dock declined to ~50 mg l(-1) after 4 h and < 10 mg l(-1) after 16 h. Residual FAC was neutralised with thiosulphate at completion of exposure. A sample of 30 S. spallanzanii individuals collected from the hull after treatment all showed morphological damage and 28 showed no response to touch. Re-examination of the hull after 6 d found no live worms or other fouling organisms. This method provides a cost-effective, rapid means of treating hull fouling.
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Group , Nelson , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morrisey
authors.affiliation: b National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, (NIWA), Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Group , Hamilton , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Craig V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Depree
authors.affiliation: b National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, (NIWA), Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Group , Hamilton , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.affiliation: c Northland Regional Council, Whangarei Centre , Whangarei , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Don S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: c Northland Regional Council, Whangarei Centre , Whangarei , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.affiliation: d National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Fisheries and Marine Ecology Group , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matt D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: b National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, (NIWA), Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Group , Hamilton , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: b National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, (NIWA), Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Group , Hamilton , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D057219:Biofouling; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012767:Ships
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants
keywords: Hull fouling; Sabella spallanzanii; biocide; encapsulation