title: Morphological Changes of Amygdala in Turner Syndrome Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Turner's syndrome (TS) losts one of the X chromosomes and exhibits social cognition deficits. Previous studies have reported that women with TS demonstrated structural and functional abnormalities in brain, including increased volume in amygdala. However, most studies regarded the amygdala as a whole, and the abnormalities in the specific subregions of amygdala in TS have not been studied. Here, we aimed to investigate the local morphological changes of amygdala in TS using the surface morphology analysis method.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 19 adolescents with 45XO TS and 20 matched adolescents with typical development were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. The amygdalae of all participants were manually delineated. 3D surface remodeling and parameterization were performed based on the outlined boundaries of amygdalae. We extracted two surface metrics, namely direct Euclidean displacement and normal projection that were used to represent the morphology of amygdala.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed significant outward deformation in the laterobasal subregion of left amygdala in patients with TS, compared with the controls using either direct Euclidean displacement or normal displacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide novel insight into the pathological changes in the amygdala of patients with TS.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Xin
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gao-Lang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Amygdala; MRI; Shape analysis; Turner syndrome