title: Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field.
abstract: More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 μg g(-1) iron (Fe) and 16 μg g(-1) zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 μg g(-1) Fe and 28 μg g(-1) Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 μg g(-1) in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 μg g(-1) was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 μg g(-1) Fe and 45.7 μg g(-1) Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS2) and soybean ferritin (SferH-1) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.|Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Kurniawan R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Trijatmiko
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Conrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dueñas
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsakirpaloglou
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torrizo
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Felichi Mae
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Arines
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adeva
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balindong
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sapasap
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borrero
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Perigio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.affiliation: Social Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.|Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombi
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, New York.
authors.forename: Elad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tako
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, New York.
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Glahn
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stangoulis
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Prabhjit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chadha-Mohanty
authors.affiliation: School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander A T
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tohme
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.|Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Inez H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Slamet-Loedin
mesh_terms: D003105:Colombia; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D056625:Endosperm / Q000737:chemistry; D005527:Food, Fortified; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D007501:Iron; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry; D018977:Micronutrients; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D010679:Philippines; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012639:Seeds; D019076:Transgenes; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D018977:Micronutrients; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc