title: Expectancy and conditioned hearing levels in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
abstract: The hearing sensitivity of a bottlenose dolphin for a warning sound, when the exact time of the arrival of a loud sound could or could not be predicted, was measured. Sensitivity was measured when the time of onset of the loud sound was randomly varied (random-variation sessions) and when the time of onset of the loud sound and the pattern of stimulus levels was constant (fixed-stimulus sessions). The loud sound was kept the same in both of the series. The mean duration and mean range of the levels of the test/warning signal were also kept equal across experimental sessions. Hearing sensitivity was measured using the auditory evoked potential method with rhythmic trains of short pips as test stimuli. With randomly varied warning sounds, thresholds before the loud sound were on average 10.6 dB higher than the baseline thresholds. With fixed warning signals, thresholds were on average 4.4 dB higher than the baseline thresholds. Considering that the loud sounds were identical, the difference between the random-variation and the fixed-stimulus sessions cannot be explained by a direct (unconditioned) influence of sound exposure. Therefore, the data provide reliable evidence for the conditioning nature of the hearing-dampening effect and also demonstrate that hearing sensitivity change also depends on when the animal can expect the loud sound to occur.
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA nachtiga@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander Ya
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Supin
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA.
authors.forename: Aude F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pacini
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Auditory evoked potential; Conditioning; Echolocation; Hearing; Odontocete; Sensitivity control