title: Progressive Induction of Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of a Reality-Like Fructose Enriched Diet in Young Wistar Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to characterize short and medium-lasting effects of fructose supplementation on young Wistar rats. The diet was similar to actual human consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three week old male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 16), fructose fed (FF; n = 16) with a fructose enriched drink for 6 or 12 weeks. Bodyweight, fasting glycemia and systolic blood pressure were monitored. Glucose tolerance was evaluated using an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulinemia was measured concomitantly and enable us to calculate insulin resistance markers (HOMA-IR, Insulin Sensitivity Index for glycemia: ISI-gly). Blood chemistry analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After six weeks of fructose supplementation, rats were not overweight but presented increased fasting glycemia, reduced glucose tolerance, and lower insulin sensitivity compared to control group. Systolic blood pressure and heart weight were also increased without any change in renal function (theoretical creatinine clearance). After twelve weeks of fructose supplementation, FF rats had increased bodyweight and presented insulin resistance (higher HOMA-IR, lower ISI-gly). Rats also presented higher heart volume and lower ASAT/ALAT ratio (presumed liver lesion). Surprisingly, the Total Cholesterol/Triglycerides ratio was increased only after six weeks of fructose supplementation, predicting a higher LDL presence and thus a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This risk was no longer present after twelve weeks of a fructose enriched diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On young Wistar rats, six weeks of fructose supplementation is sufficient to induce signs of metabolic syndrome. After twelve weeks of fructose enriched diet, rats are insulin resistant. This model enabled us to study longitudinally the early development of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupas
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.|UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goanvec
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.|UFR Sport et Education Physique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feray
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.|UFR Sport et Education Physique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guernec
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Charlène
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alain
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.|UFR Sport et Education Physique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Optimisation des Régulations Physiologiques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.|Département de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mansourati
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005632:Fructose