title: Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1999-2012: a statistical adjustment analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug poisoning mortality in the US has risen rapidly but the drugs involved are frequently unspecified on death certificates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported and adjusted proportions of specific drug types involved in fatal drug poisonings were calculated using vital statistics mortality data from 1999 to 2012. The adjusted proportions were those predicted to occur if at least one specific type of drug had been identified on the death certificates of all poisoning fatalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted involvement rates of opioid analgesic mentions in 2012 were 54.3 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 53.6 %-55 %), 40.8 % higher than the reported 38.6 % rate. Adjusted rates for all narcotics, other narcotics, sedatives, or psychotropics, and multiple drug use were 81.5 % (95 % CI: 80.9 %-82.2 %), 38.4 % (95 % CI: 37.8 %-39 %), 30 % (95 % CI: 29.4 %-30.7 %), 26 % (95 % CI: 25.4 %-26.6 %) and 42.8 % (95 % CI: 42.1 %-43.5 %) in 2012, compared to reported proportions of 60.7, 27.9, 18.7, 18 and 26.9 %. The adjustments typically had similar or slightly smaller effects on the estimates in 1999, and larger impacts on subcategories of drug types such benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications. Based on the adjusted proportions, 22,534, 15,933, 12,457, 10,798, and 17,670 drug deaths in 2012 were estimated to involve opioid analgesics, other narcotics, sedatives, psychotropic medications, and drug combinations, compared to death certificate reports of 16,007, 11,567, 7,754, 7,467, and 11,176.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Death certificates substantially understate the involvement of opioid analgesics, sedatives, psychotropics, and drug combinations in fatal drug poisonings. Adjustment procedures that account for cases where only unspecified drugs are reported on death certificates provide more accurate information.
authors.affiliation: Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Garrett Hall 204, 235 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400893, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4893 USA ; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ruhm
keywords: Death certificates; Drug involvement; Drug poisoning mortality; Fatal drug poisonings; Poisoning deaths