title: Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Treatments of Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: An Update.
abstract: To update a systematic review of published research on pharmacotherapy for pain post-spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  
  PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles from 2009 to September 2015 examining treatment of pain post-SCI.
  
  
  
  Studies were included for analysis if they met the following 4 a priori criteria: (1) written in the English language; (2) ≥50% of subjects had an SCI, unless results were stratified by population type; (3) participants included ≥3 subjects with an SCI; and (4) any intervention involving pharmacologic treatment for the improvement of pain.
  
  
  
  Randomized controlled trials were assessed for methodologic quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scoring system. All research designs were given a level of evidence according to a modified Sackett Scale.
  
  
  
  Seven new studies met our inclusion criteria. The new studies fell into the following categories: analgesics (n=1), anticonvulsants (n=2), antidepressants (n=2), antispastics (n=1), and cannabinoids (n=1). There was evidence for 5 new pharmacotherapies among the SCI population; these included the following: oxycodone, duloxetine, venlafaxine, phenol block, and dronabinol. Levels of evidence for all therapy modalities were updated based on the new evidence.
  
  
  
  Anticonvulsants remain the most studied and supported pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain post-SCI. Antidepressants showed reduction in pain only among those with comorbid depression. Botulinum toxin and phenol blocks were supported for the reduction of mixed pain post-SCI.
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada; Western University, London, ON, Canada. Electronic address: swati.mehta@sjhc.london.on.ca.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada; Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Eldon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada; Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teasell
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids
keywords: Pain; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries