title: Association of household income and education with eating behaviors in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic inequalities as social determinants of health are important issues in public health and health promotion. However, the association between socioeconomic status and eating behaviors has been investigated poorly in Japanese adults. To fill this gap, the present study examines the association of eating behaviors with household income and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 3,137 Japanese adults (1,580 men and 1,557 women) aged 30 to 59 years who responded to an Internet-based cross-sectional survey in 2014. Data on the following eating behaviors were collected via self-report: "taking care of one's diet for health," "eating vegetables," "frequency of eating breakfast," "frequency of family breakfasts," "frequency of family dinners," "using the information on nutrition labels," and "conversations with family or friends during meals." Self-reported data on socioeconomic status (household income and education) and demographic variables (gender, age, district of residence, marital status, residence status, and employment status) were also collected. The associations between eating behaviors and household income or education were tested using binomial logistic regression analysis with eating behaviors as dependent variables and household income and education as independent variables. A trend P -value was calculated for three categories of household income (less than 3,000,000 JPY, 3,000,000-7,000,000 JPY, and over 7,000,000 JPY) and education (junior high/high school, 2-year college, and 4-year college/graduate school).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher household income and education were significantly associated with higher rates of eating vegetables, using the information on nutrition labels, and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Higher household incomes were significantly associated with lower rates of frequency of family breakfasts in Japanese men and lower rates of frequency of family dinners in Japanese men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher socioeconomic status as indicated by household income or education was associated with eating more vegetables and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Socioeconomic status should be considered in health promotion and diet improvement.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Saki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan. tinayama@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takayo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inayama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kikuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: School of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Munehiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Section of Motor Function Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: School of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors