title: Feasibility to apply eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation in young elite athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is more common in athletes compared to the general population. The eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test is used to detect EIB in adult athletes. It is however unclear whether this technique is also applicable to young athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young athletes (basketball (n = 13), football (n = 19), swimming (n = 12)) were recruited at the start of their elite sports career (12-14 years). Eight age-matched controls were also recruited. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test was performed according to ATS guidelines in all subjects. A second (after 1 year, n = 32) and third (after 2 years, n = 39) measurement was performed in a subgroup of athletes and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At time of first evaluation, 3/13 basketball players, 4/19 football players, 5/11 swimmers and 1/8 controls met criteria for EIB (fall in FEV1≥10% after EVH). A ventilation rate of >85% of the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is recommended by current guidelines (for adults) but was only achieved by a low number of individuals (first occasion: 27%, third occasion: 45%) However, MVV in young athletes corresponds to 30 times FEV1, which is equivalent to 85% of MVV in adults. A threshold of 70% of MVV (21 times FEV1) is feasible in the majority of young athletes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EIB is present in a substantial number of individuals at the age of 12-14 years, especially in swimmers. This underscores the importance of screening for EIB at this age. EVH is feasible in young elite athletes, however target ventilation needs to be adjusted accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Eycken
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schelpe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marijsse
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dilissen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pneumology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Troosters
authors.affiliation: Flemish Swimming Federation, Belgium.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanbelle
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for General Practitioners, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aertgeerts
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pneumology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Sport Medical Advice Centre, UZ Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peers
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bullens
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: sven.seys@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Seys
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001250:Asthma, Exercise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D056352:Athletes; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005080:Exercise Test; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation; D008297:Male; D008451:Maximal Voluntary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Adolescent; Asthma; Elite athlete; Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation; Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction; Maximum voluntary ventilation