title: High-Salt Enhances the Inflammatory Response by Retina Pigment Epithelium Cells following Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation.
abstract: High-salt has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of high-salt on the production of inflammatory mediators by ARPE-19 cells and the possible mechanisms involved. ARPE-19 cells were cultured with LPS in DMEM to which extra NaCl had been added (20 mM and 40 mM). NaCl had no influence on the apoptosis and proliferation of ARPE-19. Addition of 40 mM NaCl significantly induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production but had no effect on IL-8 secretion. High mannitol, as an osmotic stress control, did not affect the secretion of inflammatory mediators by ARPE-19 cells indicating that the effect was not mediated by osmolarity. Coculture of ARPE-19 cells with NaCl resulted in significant increases in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB and an upregulation of the transcription factors NFAT5 and SGK1. High-salt significantly promotes IL-6 and MCP-1 production by ARPE-19 cells and is associated with activation of the p38 MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB pathway and NFAT-SGK1 pathways.
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Dike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Chaokui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Bolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aize
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kijlstra
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Peizeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001324:Autoantigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C487774:metaphase chromosome protein 1, human; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases