title: Macrophage-mediated inflammation and glial response in the skeletal muscle of a rat model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor dysfunction and loss of large motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem. While much research has focused on mechanisms of motor neuron cell death in the spinal cord, degenerative processes in skeletal muscle and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are also observed early in disease development. Although recent studies support the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the skeletal muscle in ALS, relatively little is known about inflammation and glial responses in skeletal muscle and near NMJs, or how these responses contribute to motor neuron survival, neuromuscular innervation, or motor dysfunction in ALS. We recently showed that human mesenchymal stem cells modified to release glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hMSC-GDNF) extend survival and protect NMJs and motor neurons in SOD1(G93A) rats when delivered to limb muscles. In this study, we evaluate inflammatory and glial responses near NMJs in the limb muscle collected from a rat model of familial ALS (SOD1(G93A) transgenic rats) during disease progression and following hMSC-GDNF transplantation. Muscle samples were collected from pre-symptomatic, symptomatic, and end-stage animals. A significant increase in the expression of microglial inflammatory markers (CD11b and CD68) occurred in the skeletal muscle of symptomatic and end-stage SOD1(G93A) rats. Inflammation was confirmed by ELISA for inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in muscle homogenates of SOD1(G93A) rats. Next, we observed active glial responses in the muscle of SOD1(G93A) rats, specifically near intramuscular axons and NMJs. Interestingly, strong expression of activated glial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin, was observed in the areas adjacent to NMJs. Finally, we determined whether ex vivo trophic factor delivery influences inflammation and terminal Schwann cell (TSC) response during ALS. We found that intramuscular transplantation of hMSC-GDNF tended to exhibit less inflammation and significantly maintained TSC association with NMJs. Understanding cellular responses near NMJs is important to identify suitable cellular and molecular targets for novel treatment of ALS and other neuromuscular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ivy M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Smit-Oistad
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macrander
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krakora
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences and The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. Electronic address: masatoshi.suzuki@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D055647:Rats, Transgenic; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000378:metabolism; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C494989:Gfra1 protein, rat; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C109415:SOD1 G93A protein; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Glial activation; Inflammation; SOD1(G93A) rats; Skeletal muscle