title: Comparison of methods of extracting information for meta-analysis of observational studies in nutritional epidemiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A common method for conducting a quantitative systematic review (QSR) for observational studies related to nutritional epidemiology is the "highest versus lowest intake" method (HLM), in which only the information concerning the effect size (ES) of the highest category of a food item is collected on the basis of its lowest category. However, in the interval collapsing method (ICM), a method suggested to enable a maximum utilization of all available information, the ES information is collected by collapsing all categories into a single category. This study aimed to compare the ES and summary effect size (SES) between the HLM and ICM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A QSR for evaluating the citrus fruit intake and risk of pancreatic cancer and calculating the SES by using the HLM was selected. The ES and SES were estimated by performing a meta-analysis using the fixed-effect model. The directionality and statistical significance of the ES and SES were used as criteria for determining the concordance between the HLM and ICM outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were observed in the directionality of SES extracted by using the HLM or ICM. The application of the ICM, which uses a broader information base, yielded more-consistent ES and SES, and narrower confidence intervals than the HLM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICM is advantageous over the HLM owing to its higher statistical accuracy in extracting information for QSR on nutritional epidemiology. The application of the ICM should hence be recommended for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Myon
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D002957:Citrus; D004032:Diet; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009752:Nutritional Status; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012107:Research Design
keywords: Heterogeneity; Meta-analysis; Nutrition assessment; Quality evaluation