title: The influence of iron deficiency on the functioning of skeletal muscles: experimental evidence and clinical implications.
abstract: Skeletal and respiratory myopathy not only constitutes an important pathophysiological feature of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also contributes to debilitating symptomatology and predicts worse outcomes in these patients. Accumulated evidence from laboratory experiments, animal models, and interventional studies in sports medicine suggests that undisturbed systemic iron homeostasis significantly contributes to the effective functioning of skeletal muscles. In this review, we discuss the role of iron status for the functioning of skeletal muscle tissue, and highlight iron deficiency as an emerging therapeutic target in chronic diseases accompanied by a marked muscle dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Students' Scientific Association, Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stugiewicz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.|Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tkaczyszyn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasztura
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banasiak
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.|Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.|Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jankowska
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007501:Iron
keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Exercise intolerance; Heart failure; Iron deficiency; Skeletal muscles