title: Wound healing treatment by high frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and combined therapy modifies the immune response in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic high-frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and a combination of the two have been used as potential interventions in the soft tissue healing process, but little is known about their effect on the immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of therapeutic high frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and the combined therapy of the two on the size of the wound area, peritoneal macrophage function, CD4+ and CD8+, T lymphocyte populations, and plasma concentration of interleukins (ILs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups, as follows: uninjured control (C, group 1), lesion and no treatment (L, group 2), lesion treated with ultrasound (LU, group 3), lesion treated with microcurrent (LM, group 4), and lesion treated with combined therapy (LUM, group 5). For groups 3, 4 and 5, treatment was initiated 24 hours after surgery under anesthesia and each group was allocated into three different subgroups (n=5) to allow for the use of the different therapy resources at on days 3, 7 and 14 Photoplanimetry was performed daily. After euthanasia, blood was collected for immune analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound increased the phagocytic capacity and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages and induced the reduction of CD4+ cells, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the plasma concentration of IL-1β. Microcurrent and combined therapy decreased the production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, CD4+-positive cells, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and IL-1β concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic high-frequency ultrasound, microcurrent, and combined therapy changed the activity of the innate and adaptive immune system during healing process but did not accelerate the closure of the wound.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Coordenação do Curso de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Raciele I G
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Korelo
authors.affiliation: Faculdade Dom Bosco, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Faculdade Dom Bosco, Faculdade Dom Bosco, Curitiba PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kryczyk
authors.affiliation: Faculdade Dom Bosco, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Faculdade Dom Bosco, Faculdade Dom Bosco, Curitiba PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Departamento de Biologia, Curitiba PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naliwaiko
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Departamento de Fisiologia, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Departamento de Fisiologia, Curitiba PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D014945:Wound Healing