title: Neurophenomenology of an Altered State of Consciousness: An fMRI Case Study.
abstract: A research participant came to our lab with self-proclaimed, ecstatic, Kundalini meditative experiences. Using neurophenomenology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we were able to identify brain activation in the left prefrontal cortex [primarily in left Brodmann׳s areas (BAs) 46 and 10, but also extending into BAs 11, 47, and 45] associated with this experience. The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory provided evidence that this was a perceived altered state of consciousness. Additionally, the Physio-Kundalini Syndrome Index strongly suggested that what he was experiencing was indeed Kundalini. The feelings of joy, happiness and the left prefrontal brain region found in this study are consistent with many published neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of meditation. This case study suggests that using first-person subjective experience within a phenomenological reduction process can be combined with neuroimaging to divulge objective brain regions associated with such experiences. Furthermore, this provides evidence that at least in this participant, the Kundalini experience is associated with brain activation in the left prefrontal cortex. Future research is needed to confirm these results in a large group study, perhaps contrasting brain activation of those who experience spontaneously emerging Kundalini with trained Kundalini practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Electronic address: edward.modestino@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Modestino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Kundalini; Neurophenomenology; fMRI; meditation; physio-Kundalini syndrome