title: Depression and Survival in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of depression in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) is estimated to be as high as 40%. Previous studies have demonstrated an effect of depression on rehabilitation and survival in the posttreatment period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the relationship between depression and survival in patients with HNC undergoing curative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of electronic databases as well as gray literature was undertaken from January 1, 1974, to August 20, 2014, including MEDLINE (via Ovid), EMBASE (via Ovid), CINAHL, EBSCO, PsycINFO (via Ovid), Elsevier Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science Core Collection, using controlled vocabulary and medical subject headings representing HNC, depression, and survival. Articles in these databases were reviewed for inclusion by 2 independent reviewers according to predetermined eligibility criteria and were adjudicated by a third reviewer. The articles were then quantitatively scored using the GRACE (Good Research for Comparative Effectiveness) tool, a validated instrument for assessing the quality of observational studies. Qualitative assessment of each article was then undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 654 references were retrieved across all databases. A review of the abstracts and full texts identified 3 articles, each describing a distinct, single study, including a total of 431 patients, that were eligible for analysis. Scores for the articles as assessed with the GRACE tool ranged from 9 to 11. In each of the 3 studies used in the analysis, the comparison groups were depressed and nondepressed patients as established by a standardized psychiatric assessment tool. Two of the 3 studies demonstrated a statistically significant difference in survival for patients with HNC and depression; however, a sensitivity analysis was not possible due to the incompatible statistical analyses performed in each study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association between depression and survival in patients with HNC is apparent; however, the strength and etiology of this association is not yet clear. Further directed and multi-institutional study is required to investigate this association and determine appropriate screening and management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Jace
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dergousoff
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta Libraries, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Hamdy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Hakim
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Vincent L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Biron
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seikaly
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014943:Global Health; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends