title: Pedunculopontine arousal system physiology - Deep brain stimulation (DBS).
abstract: This review describes the wake/sleep symptoms present in Parkinson׳s disease, and the role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in these symptoms. The physiology of PPN cells is important not only because it is a major element of the reticular activating system, but also because it is a novel target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of gait and postural deficits in Parkinson׳s disease. A greater understanding of the physiology of the target nuclei within the brainstem and basal ganglia, amassed over the past decades, has enabled increasingly better patient outcomes from deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Rill
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Brennon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luster
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Stasia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahaffey
authors.affiliation: IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bisagno
authors.affiliation: IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Urbano
keywords: Basal forebrain; Calcium channels; DBS, deep brain stimulation; EEG, electroencephalogram; Gamma band activity; LC, locus coeruleus; Lateral hypothalamus; Orexin; PD, Parkinson׳s disease; PGO, ponto-geniculo-occipital; PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus; RAS, reticular activating system; REM, rapid eye movement; SN, substantia nigra; STN, subthalamic nucleus; SubCD, subcoeruleus nucleus dorsalis; Tuberomammillary