title: Estimation of the health and economic burden of neurocysticercosis in India.
abstract: Taenia solium is an endemic parasite in India which occurs in two forms in humans: cysticercosis (infection of soft tissues) and taeniosis (intestinal infection). Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most severe form of cysticercosis in which cysts develop in the central nervous system. This study was conducted to estimate health and economic impact due to human NCC-associated active epilepsy in India. Input data were sourced from published research literature, census data and other official records. Economic losses due to NCC-associated active epilepsy were estimated based on cost of treatment, hospitalisation and severe injury as well as loss of income. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to NCC were estimated by combining years of life lost due to early death and the number of years compromised due to disability taking the disease incidence into account. DALYs were estimated for five age groups, two genders and four regions, and then combined. To account for uncertainty, probability distributions were used for disease incidence data and other input parameters. In addition, sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the impact of certain input parameters on health and economic estimates. It was estimated that in 2011, human NCC-associated active epilepsy caused an annual median loss of Rupees 12.03 billion (uncertainty interval [95% UI] Rs. 9.16-15.57 billion; US $ 185.14 million) with losses of Rs. 9.78 billion (95% UI Rs. 7.24-13.0 billion; US $ 150.56 million) from the North and Rs. 2.22 billion (95% UI Rs. 1.58-3.06 billion; US $ 34.14 million) from the South. The disease resulted in a total of 2.10 million (95% UI 0.99-4.10 million) DALYs per annum without age weighting and time discounting with 1.81 million (95% UI 0.84-3.57 million) DALYs from the North and 0.28 million (95% UI 0.13-0.55 million) from the South. The health burden per thousand persons per year was 1.73 DALYs (95% UI 0.82-3.39). The results indicate that human NCC causes significant health and economic impact in India. Programs for controlling the disease should be initiated to reduce the socio-economic impact of the disease in India.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India. Electronic address: bbsdhaliwal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khatkar
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India.
authors.forename: J P S
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Dhand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020019:Neurocysticercosis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D015995:Prevalence; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000469:parasitology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D041201:Taenia solium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology
keywords: Burden; Cysticercosis; Developing countries; Health and economic impact; Human NCC; India; Neglected tropical diseases; Parasitic zoonoses