title: Untargeted Lipidomics Reveals Differences in the Lipid Pattern among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Resistant and Sensitive to Antibiotics.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics is a significant clinical problem worldwide. In this study, an untargeted lipidomics approach was used to compare the lipid fingerprints of S. aureus clinical isolates that are resistant and sensitive to antibiotics. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to rapidly and comprehensively analyze bacterial lipids. Chemometric and statistical analyses of the obtained lipid fingerprints revealed variations in several lipid groups between S. aureus strains resistant and sensitive to tested antibiotics including methicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid. The levels of identified monoglycosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diglycosyldiacylglycerol lipid groups were found to be upregulated in antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains, whereas the levels of diacylglycerol lipid groups were downregulated. Differences in the lipid patterns between sensitive and resistant S. aureus strains suggest that antibiotic susceptibility may be associated with the lipid composition of bacterial cells. The lipids that were found to significantly differ between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive clinical isolates are involved in the biosynthesis of major S. aureus membrane lipids and lipoteichoic acid. This study indicates that S. aureus lipid biosynthesis pathways should be explored further to better understand the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Weronika
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hewelt-Belka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk , Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakonieczna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk , Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk , Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bączek
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Namieśnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kot-Wasik
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004075:Diglycerides
keywords: HPLC−MS; Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic resistance; lipidomics