title: Epidemiology and treatment of 23 musicians with task specific tremor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Task specific tremors in musicians have been mainly described as primary bowing tremor in string instrumentalists in relatively small sample sizes. Our aim was to describe epidemiology, risk factors, phenomenology and treatment options of this disorder in 23 musicians of different instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 23 professional musicians (4 female, 19 male; mean age 51.5 ± 11.4 years) with a TSTM. During anamnesis, clinical examination, by mail or via telephone patients were asked for epidemiological, phenomenological information, risk factors and treatments. We then compared our findings to primary writing tremor, the most common task specific tremor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at onset of the TST was 44.6 ± 13.6 years and tremor appeared 35.1 ± 13.5 years after beginning to play the instrument. The majority of patients were string instrumentalists, followed by woodwind instrumentalists. Other instrumentalists were a guitarist, pianist and percussionist respectively. In contrast to primary writing tremor, we also found proximal muscles of the upper extremity involved in tremor. A positive family history was found in Prior trauma was more common than in primary writing tremor. Treatment with a positive effect on tremor were in order of efficacy: Botulinumtoxin, Primidone, Propranolol, Trihexyphenidyl. No patient had undergone deep brain stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Task specific tremor in musicians is a heterogeneous disorder with a male gender predominance that shares many commonalities with PWT. The onset age as well as the time between starting to play the instrument and tremor onset has a wide range. Because previous trauma and overuse appear to be risk factors, preventive measures against playing related injuries are necessary. There appears to be a genetic predisposition for TST. No single beneficial medication exists and treatment of patients remains highly individual. It should be discussed, whether deep brain stimulation should be offered not only to patients that do not respond to any other medication but early in the course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Inistitute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Inistitute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.affiliation: Inistitute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
keywords: Botulinum toxin; Deep brain stimulation; Dystonia; Essential tremor; Movement disorders