title: Sonographic features of peripheral nerves at multiple sites in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Ultrasound has been frequently used for evaluation of peripheral nerves. However, there are few studies that have evaluated multiple peripheral nerves in DPN. In this study, ultrasonographic features of multiple peripheral nerves in upper and lower extremities of DPN patients were investigated and compared with those of healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a case-control study that enrolled 20 patients with confirmed diagnosis of DPN and 20 healthy controls. The ultrasonography was performed on the sural, tibial, fibular, sciatic, median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves. Nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured at multiple points for each peripheral nerve. The CSAs were compared between DPN and control groups, and analyzed in relation to the clinical characteristics and electrophysiologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CSAs were significantly larger in the DPN group for sural nerve, fibular nerve at the fibular head level, median nerve at the carpal tunnel and mid-humerus level, ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel outlet and mid-humerus level, and radial nerve at the spiral groove. The CSAs of sural nerve, tibial nerve and median nerve were significantly correlated with electrophysiologic findings. The sural nerve CSA revealed significant correlation with HbA1c.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the ultrasonography can provide useful information in diagnosis and evaluation of DPN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Nam
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: rehab46@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Joon Shik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Cross-sectional area; Diabetic polyneuropathy; Multiple sites; Peripheral nerve; Ultrasonography