title: Reliability and measurement precision of concentric-to-isometric and eccentric-to-isometric knee active joint position sense tests in uninjured physically active adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proprioception is important because it is used by the central nervous system to mediate muscle control of joint stability, posture, and movement. Knee active joint position sense (AJPS) is one representation of knee proprioception. The purpose of this study was to establish the intra-tester, inter-session, test-retest reliability of concentric-to-isometric (seated knee extension; prone knee flexion) and eccentric-to-isometric (seated knee flexion; prone knee extension) knee AJPS tests in uninjured adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six males, six females (age 26.2 ± 5.7 years; height 171.1 ± 9.6 cm; mass 71.1 ± 16.6 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean absolute error (AE; °); intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1); standard error of measurement (SEM; °).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean AE ranged from 3.18° to 5.97° across tests. The ICCs and SEMs were: seated knee extension 0.13, 1.3°; prone knee flexion 0.51, 1.2°; seated knee flexion 0.31, 1.7°; prone knee extension 0.87, 1.4°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prone knee flexion and prone knee extension tests demonstrated moderate to good reliability. Prone knee flexion and prone knee extension AJPS tests may be useful in cross-sectional studies estimating how proprioception contributes to knee functional joint stability or prospective studies estimating the role of proprioception in the onset of knee injury.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States; School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, United Kingdom. Electronic address: nicholas.clark@stmarys.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 5044, Forbes Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Akins
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Heebner
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Abt
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
authors.forename: Mita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lovalekar
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lephart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Active joint position sense; Knee; Proprioception; Reliability