title: Pharmacokinetics of Melphalan After Intravitreal Injection in a Rabbit Model.
abstract: Although widely used for vitreous seed control in retinoblastoma patients, currently there are no data on melphalan pharmacokinetics after intravitreal injections. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the ocular and systemic disposition of melphalan after intravitreal injection in the rabbit eye.
  
  
  
  New Zealand rabbits received a single intravitreal injection of 15 μg of melphalan. Vitreous, aqueous, retina, and blood samples were collected at different times up to 12 h after the injection. Melphalan was quantitated in the biological samples using a validated high-performance liquid-chromatography technique and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by means of compartmental models.
  
  
  
  Model-predicted melphalan maximum vitreous, aqueous, and retina concentrations were 7.8 μg/mL, 0.024 μg/mL, and 9.8 μg/g tissue, respectively, attained immediately and at 0.8 and 0.25 h after intravitreal injection. Melphalan vitreous concentrations were higher than 0.3 μg/mL for 5 h after dosing. The elimination half-life from the vitreous, aqueous humor, and retina was 1.0, 0.2, and 1.2 h, respectively. Aqueous exposure [area under the curve (AUC)] was only 0.7% of that of the vitreous AUC. Melphalan concentrations in the retina were still detectable 12 h after dosing, while plasma exposure was under the limit of quantitation.
  
  
  
  Intravitreal administration of 15 μg melphalan leads to pharmacological vitreous levels with low aqueous exposure. Melphalan concentrations in the retina were measurable up to 12 h after dosing, but we report nondetectable systemic exposure in the rabbit. The results correlate with the clinical features of retinoblastoma patients that show control of vitreous seeds without systemic toxicity using intravitreal melphalan.
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buitrago
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .|2 National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: 3 Animal Facility Laboratory, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: 3 Animal Facility Laboratory, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asprea
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Hematology-Oncology and Ophthalmology, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chantada
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan , Buenos Aires, Argentina .|2 National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET , Buenos Aires, Argentina .
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaiquevich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008558:Melphalan