title: Phylogenetic characterization of Clonorchis sinensis proteins homologous to the sigma-class glutathione transferase and their differential expression profiles.
abstract: Glutathione transferase (GST) is one of the major antioxidant proteins with diverse supplemental activities including peroxidase, isomerase, and thiol transferase. GSTs are classified into multiple classes on the basis of their primary structures and substrate/inhibitor specificity. However, the evolutionary routes and physiological environments specific to each of the closely related bioactive enzymes remain elusive. The sigma-like GSTs exhibit amino acid conservation patterns similar to the prostaglandin D synthases (PGDSs). In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of the GSTs of the biocarcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. We also observed induction profile of the GSTs in association with the parasite's maturation and in response to exogenous oxidative stresses, with special attention to sigma-class GSTs and PGDSs. The C. sinensis genome encoded 12 GST protein species, which were separately assigned to cytosolic (two omega-, one zeta-, two mu-, and five sigma-class), mitochondrial (one kappa-class), and microsomal (one membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism-like protein) GST families. Multiple sigma GST (or PGDS) orthologs were also detected in Opisthorchis viverrini. Other trematode species possessed only a single sigma-like GST gene. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that one of the sigma GST lineages duplicated in the common ancestor of trematodes were specifically expanded in the opisthorchiids, but deleted in other trematodes. The induction profiles of these sigma GST genes along with the development and aging of C. sinensis, and against various exogenous chemical stimuli strongly suggest that the paralogous sigma GST genes might be undergone specialized evolution to cope with the diverse hostile biochemical environments within the mammalian hepatobiliary ductal system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Geun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kongy@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003004:Clonorchis sinensis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018503:Genome, Protozoan; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010802:Phylogeny; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D015777:Eicosanoids; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D054834:Lipocalins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase; D005978:Glutathione; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide
keywords: Clonorchis sinensis; Evolutionary episodes; Glutathione transferases; Oxidative stress; Sigma GSTs; Trematodes