title: Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.
abstract: Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the disorder, which is often treatment refractory. Short-term studies have indicated a greater differential efficacy, evident through effect sizes, favoring clozapine over other agents in alleviating negative symptoms in COS patients compared with adult-onset patients (AOS). There have been no data for COS patients on long-term compliance with clozapine treatment. Therefore, we wanted to know, over a span of up to 24 years, how many of our COS cohort had remained on clozapine for at least 2 years. We review short-term treatment data and present updated long-term data on compliance and functioning for our patients.
  
  
  
  We present the results for long-term medication maintenance over a 24 year observation period for our cohort of 131 patients. Of this cohort, 91.6% (120) were available for follow-up information from either in-person or telephone contact with the patient and/or family members. We defined clozapine compliance as ≥2 years receiving this medication and doing well.
  
  
  
  We were able to contact 120 of the 131 patients. In spite of the additional cost and inconvenience of regular blood monitoring, 87 patients (72.5%, 87/120) adhered to long-term clozapine maintenance therapy with dosages ranging from 50 to 900 mg, and a median dosage of 500 mg. This rate exceeds the long-term clozapine maintenance rates reported for AOS patients.
  
  
  
  Short-term data on differential efficacy and long-term maintenance data suggest a possibly greater efficacy of clozapine, relative to other antipsychotics, in COS than in AOS. Our overall findings indicate that very early-onset schizophrenic patients may be more responsive to clozapine. This extends other support for clozapine as an option in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lauren I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Kasoff
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kwangmi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gochman
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Diane D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Broadnax
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012561:Schizophrenia, Childhood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine