title: Toxicity of Alangium salvifolium Wang chemical constituents against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fab.
abstract: Widespread use of synthetic pesticides has resulted in the development of insecticide-resistant populations of pests and harmful effects on human health and the environment. There is a need to identify alternative pest management strategies to reduce our reliance on conventional chemical pesticides. In recent years the use of botanical pesticides for protecting crops from insect pests has assumed greater importance. Methanol extract of Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang has potential insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura Fab. The active fractions were identified through chromatographic techniques as F-IV (Rf value=0.45) and F-VI (Rf value=0.63) and were subjected to GC-MS (GCMATE II). Fifty, 100 and 200ppm of active fractions were applied to fourth instar larvae and the mortality increased with higher concentrations. Relative consumption rate, relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and efficiency of conversion of digested food values all decreased in treated larvae, but approximate digestibility rate increased after treatment. The hydrolytic enzymes, such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were inhibited in treated larvae compared with controls. The histopathology study revealed that the epithelial columnar cells were enlarged, completely atrophied; intercellular spaces were swollen, and also noted a cytoplasmic ooze of cell material that mixed with food column. The present study clearly showed the active fractions from A. salvifolium as potential botanicals to control the larvae of S. litura. This is the first report for nutritional indices, enzymatic activities and histological effects of A. salvifolium chemical constituents against S. litura. Thus probably, this will be used as an alternative for synthetic pesticides against the polyphagous pest like S. litura.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kannan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Revathi
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Rajamanickam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Edward Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D032604:Alangiaceae; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase
keywords: Alangium; Detoxification enzymes; Food utilization; GC–MS analysis; Histopathology; Mortality; Secondary metabolites; Tobacco cutworm