title: Microbiome and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis.
abstract: Qualitative and quantitative changes in gut microbiota play a very important role in cirrhosis. Humans harbour around 100 quintillion gut bacteria, thus representing around 10 times more microbial cells than eukaryotic ones. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest surface area in the body and it is subject to constant exposure to these living microorganisms. The existing symbiosis, proven by the lack of proinflammatory response against commensal bacteria, implies the presence of clearly defined communication lines that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the host. Therefore, alterations of gut flora seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and progress of multiple liver and gastrointestinal diseases. This has made its selective modification into an area of high therapeutic interest. Bacterial translocation is defined as the migration of bacteria or bacterial products from the intestines to the mesenteric lymph nodes. It follows that alteration in gut microbiota have shown importance, at least to some extent, in the pathogenesis of several complications arising from terminal liver disease, such as hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This review sums up, firstly, how liver disease can alter the common composition of gut microbiota, and secondly, how this alteration contributes to the development of complications in cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gómez-Hurtado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dabi, Emiratos Árabes Unidos.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Such
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, España. Electronic address: frances_rub@gva.es.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francés
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000382:microbiology; D008643:Mesentery; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D051381:Rats
keywords: Bacterial translocation; Cirrhosis; Cirrosis; Encefalopatía; Encephalopathy; Hipertensión portal; Microbiota; Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea; Portal hypertension; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; Traslocación bacteriana