title: Mild Concussion, but Not Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury, Is Associated with Long-Term Depression-Like Phenotype in Mice.
abstract: Mild traumatic brain injuries can lead to long-lasting cognitive and motor deficits, increasing the risk of future behavioral, neurological, and affective disorders. Our study focused on long-term behavioral deficits after repeated injury in which mice received either a single mild CHI (mCHI), a repeated mild CHI (rmCHI) consisting of one impact to each hemisphere separated by 3 days, or a moderate controlled cortical impact injury (CCI). Shams received only anesthesia. Behavioral tests were administered at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 90 days post-injury (dpi). CCI animals showed significant motor and sensory deficits in the early (1-7 dpi) and long-term (90 dpi) stages of testing. Interestingly, sensory and subtle motor deficits in rmCHI animals were found at 90 dpi. Most importantly, depression-like behaviors and social passiveness were observed in rmCHI animals at 90 dpi. These data suggest that mild concussive injuries lead to motor and sensory deficits and affective disorders that are not observed after moderate TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nikita M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Bridgette D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Noble-Haeusslein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baghchechi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiroto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.|Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.|Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obenaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D065853:Spatial Learning / Q000502:physiology