title: The distance from the extramedullary cutting guide rod to the skin surface as a reference guide for the tibial slope in total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although sagittal tibial alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important, no landmarks exist to achieve a reproducible slope. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the distance from the guide rod to the skin surface for the tibial slope in TKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer simulation studies were performed on 100 consecutive knees scheduled for TKA. The angle between the line connecting the most anterior point of the predicted tibial cut surface and the skin surface 20 cm distal to the predicted cut surface (Line S) and the mechanical axis (MA) of the tibia in the sagittal plane was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SD) absolute angle difference between the Line S and the MA was 0.9°±0.7°. The Line S was almost parallel to the MA in the sagittal plane (95% and 99% within two degrees and three degrees of deviation from MA, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guide rod orientation is a surrogate for the tibial cut slope because the targeted posterior slope is usually built into the cutting block and ensuring the rod is parallel to the MA in the sagittal plane is recommended. Therefore the distance between the skin surface and the rod can be a useful guide for the tibial slope.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Rehabilitation Center, Japan. Electronic address: mdddd940@ybb.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukeoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Rehabilitation Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuneizumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods*; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Extramedullary tibial cutting guide; Posterior slope; Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)