title: GLP-1 based therapies: clinical implications for gastroenterologists.
abstract: The gut-derived incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin and inhibiting glucagon secretion. Two novel antihyperglycaemic drug classes augment these effects; GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of the GLP-1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4. These so called GLP-1 based or incretin based drugs are increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes, because of a low risk of hypoglycaemia and favourable effect on body weight, blood pressure and lipid profiles. Besides glucose control, GLP-1 functions as an enterogastrone, causing a wide range of GI responses. Studies have shown that endogenous GLP-1 and its derived therapies slow down digestion by affecting the stomach, intestines, exocrine pancreas, gallbladder and liver. Understanding the GI actions of GLP-1 based therapies is clinically relevant; because GI side effects are common and need to be recognised, and because these drugs may be used to treat GI disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-8842
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: van Raalte
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tonneijck
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Muskiet
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark H H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Djuna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cahen
mesh_terms: D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY; GLUCAGEN-LIKE PEPTIDES; GUT HORMONES