title: Relationships between static foot alignment and dynamic plantar loads in runners with acute and chronic stages of plantar fasciitis: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk factors for the development of plantar fasciitis (PF) have been associated with the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), rearfoot alignment and calcaneal overload. However, the relationships between the biomechanical variables have yet to be determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between the MLA, rearfoot alignment, and dynamic plantar loads in runners with unilateral PF in acute and chronic phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study which thirty-five runners with unilateral PF were evaluated: 20 in the acute phase (with pain) and 15 with previous chronic PF (without pain). The MLA index and rearfoot alignment were calculated using digital images. The contact area, maximum force, peak pressure, and force-time integral over three plantar areas were acquired with Pedar X insoles while running at 12 km/h, and the loading rates were calculated from the vertical forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multiple regression analyses indicated that both the force-time integral (R²=0.15 for acute phase PF; R²=0.17 for chronic PF) and maximum force (R²=0.35 for chronic PF) over the forefoot were predicted by an elevated MLA index. The rearfoot valgus alignment predicted the maximum force over the rearfoot in both PF groups: acute (R²=0.18) and chronic (R²=0.45). The rearfoot valgus alignment also predicted higher loading rates in the PF groups: acute (R²=0.19) and chronic (R²=0.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MLA index and the rearfoot alignment were good predictors of plantar loads over the forefoot and rearfoot areas in runners with PF. However, rearfoot valgus was demonstrated to be an important clinical measure, since it was able to predict the maximum force and both loading rates over the rearfoot.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel C N
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dinato
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: João
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies / Q000592:standards; D036981:Fasciitis, Plantar / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011312:Pressure; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*