title: Effects of Silicon vs. Hydroxytyrosol-Enriched Restructured Pork on Liver Oxidation Status of Aged Rats Fed High-Saturated/High-Cholesterol Diets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pork is an essential component of the diet that has been linked with major degenerative diseases and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Previous studies have. Previous studies have demonstrated the in vitro antioxidant activity of silicon (Si). Furthermore, when Si is added to restructured pork (RP) strongly counterbalances the negative effect of high-cholesterol-ingestion, acting as an active hypocholesterolemic and hypolipemic dietary ingredient in aged rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Si vs hydroxytyrosol (HxT) RP on liver antioxidant defense in aged rats fed cholesterol-enriched high saturated/high cholesterol diets as a NASH model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four diets were prepared: Control RP diet (C) with non-added cholesterol; Cholesterol-enriched high-saturated/high-cholesterol control RP diet (CHOL-C) with added cholesterol and cholic acid; Si- or HxT-RP cholesterol-enriched high-saturated/high-cholesterol diets (CHOL-Si and CHOL-HxT). Groups of six male Wistar rats (1-yr old) were fed these modified diets for eight weeks. Total cholesterol, hepatosomatic index, liver Nrf2 and antioxidant (CAT, SOD, GSH, GSSG, GR, GPx) markers were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CHOL-Si and CHOL-HxT diets enhanced the liver antioxidant status, reduced hepatosomatic index and increased SOD actvity. Hydrogen peroxide removal seemed to be involved, explaining that the value of redox index was even lower than C without changing the CAT activity. CHOL-Si results were quite better than CHOL-HxT in most measured parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that Si incorporated into RP matrix was able to counterbalance, more efficiently than HxT, the deleterious effect of consuming a high-saturated/high-cholesterol diet, by improving the liver antioxidant defenses in the context of NASH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santos-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcimartín
authors.affiliation: Departament of Biomedical Sciences, Teaching Unit of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Departament of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M Elvira
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: López-Oliva
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastida
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedí
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D019826:Cholic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D003102:Colloids; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D003102:Colloids; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019826:Cholic Acid; D005978:Glutathione; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; C029310:lard