title: Re-assessment of the Conservation Status of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) Using the IUCN Red List Criteria.
abstract: The IUCN Red List designation of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is re-assessed in light of its newly recognized taxonomic status (it has recently been separated into three species) and findings that humpback dolphins along the coast of Bangladesh, and possibly eastern India, are phylogenetically distinct from other members of the Sousa genus. Sousa chinensis is found in Southeast/South Asia (in both the Indian and Pacific oceans), from at least the southeastern Bay of Bengal east to central China, and then south to the Indo-Malay Archipelago. There are no global population estimates, and the sum of available abundance estimates add up to about 5700 individuals, although only a portion of the range has been covered by surveys. This species occurs in shallow (<30m deep), coastal waters of the tropics and subtropics, and feeds mainly on small fishes. It has a similar reproductive biology to other large dolphins, occurs mostly in small groups, and generally has individual movements of about 50-200km(2). Major threats throughout the range include entanglement in fishing nets (primarily gillnets) and habitat destruction/degradation, although in some more industrialized areas, vessel traffic, and environmental contamination from organochlorines are also serious issues. Conservation management is largely lacking in most parts of the species' range, although there has been significant (though still inadequate) attention in some parts of China (e.g. Hong Kong and adjacent areas, and Taiwan). Much greater efforts are needed toward conservation of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins to stop apparent declines, and to lower the species' extinction risk. Sousa chinensis meets the IUCN Red List requirements for Vulnerable (under criteria A4cd), with fisheries bycatch and habitat loss/degradation being the main pervasive threats.
authors.affiliation: Clymene Enterprises, Lakeside, California, USA. Electronic address: sclymene@aol.com.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004289:Dolphins / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D056727:Endangered Species; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Cetacea; Endangerment; Extinction risk; General biology; Management; Population biology; Threats; Vulnerable