title: Digital antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the MilliDrop technology.
abstract: We present the MilliDrop Analyzer (MDA), a droplet-based millifluidic system for digital antimicrobial susceptibility testing (D-AST), which enables us to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) precisely and accurately. The MilliDrop technology was validated by using resazurin for fluorescence readout, for comparison with standard methodology, and for conducting reproducibility studies. In this first assessment, the susceptibility of a reference Gram-negative strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and nalidixic acid were tested by the MDA, VITEK®2, and broth microdilution as a reference standard. We measured the susceptibility of clinically relevant Gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin, including vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), and vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains. The MDA provided results which were much more accurate than those of VITEK®2 and standard broth microdilution. The enhanced accuracy enabled us to reliably discriminate between VSSA and hVISA strains.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS UMR 8231/PSL Research University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: MilliDrop Instruments SAS, Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-5120
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boitard
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Broyer
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chareire
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourne-Branchu
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahé
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tournoud
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zambardi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS UMR 8231/PSL Research University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baudry
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS UMR 8231/PSL Research University, Paris, France. Jerome.bibette@espci.fr.|Laboratoire de Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France. Jerome.bibette@espci.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bibette
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents