title: Preservation of anthocyanins in solid lipid nanoparticles: Optimization of a microemulsion dilution method using the Placket-Burman and Box-Behnken designs.
abstract: Anthocyanins are the main polyphenol components from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Capitata f. Rubra) extracts that have inherent antioxidant activities. Anthocyanins are effectively stable in acidic gastric digestion conditions, with nearly 100% phenol content recovery. However, the total phenol content recovery after simulated pancreatic digestion was approximately 25%. To protect anthocyanins against harsh environmental conditions (e.g., pH and temperature), solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by the dilution of water in oil (w/o) microemulsions containing anthocyanins in aqueous media. The formulations were characterized for particle size and encapsulation efficiency. The formulation parameters (e.g., volume of the internal aqueous phase, homogenization time and the percentages of total lipid, total surfactant or stabilizer) were optimized using the Placket-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental designs. Entrapment efficiency (89.2 ± 0.3%) was calculated when the mean particle size was 455 ± 2 nm. A scanning electron microscopy study revealed the spherical morphology of the particles.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Technology Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Raheleh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravanfar
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: amtamadon@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ali Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tamaddon
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Technology Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niakousari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moein
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis*; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D004063:Digestion; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010636:Phenols; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols; D014867:Water
keywords: Anthocyanins; Microemulsion dilution; Red cabbage; Solid lipid nanoparticles