title: Retrospective Ratings of Emotions: the Effects of Age, Daily Tiredness, and Personality.
abstract: Remembering the emotions we have experienced in the past is the core of one's unique life-experience. However, there are many factors, both at the state and trait level that can affect the way past feelings are seen. The main aim of the current study was to examine the impact of individual differences on systematic biases in retrospective ratings compared to the momentary experience of basic emotions such as sadness, fear, happiness, and anger. To this end, an experience sampling study across 2 weeks was conducted using a younger and an older age-group; the experience of momentary emotions was assessed on 7 randomly determined occasions per day, the retrospective ratings being collected at the end of each day about that day, as well as at the end of the study about the previous 2 weeks. The results indicated that age and daily tiredness have significant effects on retrospective emotion ratings over a 1-day period (state level), enhancing the retrospective ratings of negative emotions and decreasing the ratings of felt happiness. Whereas personality traits influence the more long-term emotion experience (trait level), with all Big Five personality traits having selective impact on retrospective emotion ratings of fear, sadness, happiness, and anger. Findings provide further evidence about the systematic biases in retrospective emotion ratings, suggesting that, although retrospective ratings are based on momentary experience, daily tiredness and personality traits systematically influence the way in which past feelings are seen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Aire
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mill
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Realo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia; Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jüri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allik
keywords: age; daily tiredness; emotional memory; personality; retrospective ratings