title: Co-delivery of peptide-modified cisplatin and doxorubicin via mucoadhesive nanocapsules for potential synergistic intravesical chemotherapy of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: Synergistic effect against UMUC3 bladder cancer cells was demonstrated via a "two-in-one" combination of doxorubicin (Dox) and peptide-modified cisplatin (Pt-ALy) loaded in positively charged mucoadhesive chitosan-polymethacrylic acid (CM) nanocapsules. The in vitro killing efficacy of the dual drug-loaded nanocapsules (CM-Dox-PtALy) against UMUC3 cells after 4h- and 72h-treatment is much higher (with 5-16 times lower IC50) than either Dox- or Pt-ALy-loaded nanocapsules, resulting in combination indexes of much less than 1 (i.e. obvious synergism) at fractions of affected cells ranging from 0.2 to 0.8. The dose reduction index of Pt-ALy for 72h-treatment is higher than for 4h-treatment, suggesting that Dox in CM-Dox-PtALy played a more significant role in the synergy in the former. The drug-loaded CM nanocapsules are readily taken in by the cells as shown by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microscopy observations indicate that CM nanocapsules attach strongly on the luminal surface of the bladder with no obvious damage of the urothelium, supporting our objective of prolonging the dwell time of the drug-loaded nanocapsules for intravesical applications. Our study indicates that the mucoadhesive CM-Dox-PtALy nanocapsules have a high drug loading and a sustained release profile, and thus, are promising for synergistic intravesical chemotherapy of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: En Tang
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ratha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahendran
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore. Electronic address: chenkg@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Koon Gee
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Neoh
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009077:Mucins; D053769:Nanocapsules; D010455:Peptides; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C002315:N(alpha)-acetyllysine; C030613:polymethacrylic acid; D004317:Doxorubicin; D048271:Chitosan; D008239:Lysine; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: Bladder cancer; Chitosan (PubChem CID: 21896651); Cisplatin; Cisplatin (PubChem CID: 2767); Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 443939); Intravesical co-delivery; Methacrylic acid (PubChem CID: 4093); Mucoadhesive nanocapsules; N(α)-acetyllysine (PubChem CID: 92907); Synergistic effect