title: The influence of organisational climate on care of patients with schizophrenia: a qualitative analysis of health care professionals' views.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organizational climate relates to how employees perceive and describe the characteristics of their employing organization. It has been found to have an impact on healthcare professionals' and patients' experiences of healthcare (e.g. job satisfaction, patient satisfaction), as well as organizational outcomes (e.g. employee productivity). This research used organizational theory to explore dynamics between health care professionals (pharmacists, doctors and nurses) in mental health outpatients' services for patients taking clozapine, and the perceived influence on patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven clozapine clinics (from one NHS mental health Trust in the UK) which provided care for people with treatment resistant schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used qualitative methods to identify organizational climate factors such as deep structures, micro-climates and climates of conflict that might inhibit change and affect patient care. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 healthcare professionals working in the clinics to explore their experiences of working in these clinics and the NHS mental health Trust the clinics were part of.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health Care Professionals' perceptions of the care of patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three superordinate themes emerged from the data: philosophy of care, need for change and role ambiguity. Participants found it difficult to articulate what a philosophy of care was and in spite of expressing the need for change in the way the clinics were run, could not see how 'changing things would work'. There was considerable role ambiguity with some 'blurring of the boundaries between roles'. Factors associated with organizational climate (role conflict; job satisfaction) were inhibiting team working and preventing staff from identifying the patients' health requirements and care delivery through innovation in skill mix. There were mixed attitudes towards the pharmacist's inclusion as a team member.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest deficiencies within the clinics that may be manifestations of the wider culture of the NHS. The implications for mental health outpatient clinics are that local initiatives are crucial to the implementation of recovery models; clear guidance should be provided on the skill mix required in clozapine clinics and interprofessional learning should be encouraged to reduce role conflict.
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, UK. j.sutton@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-854X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Family
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine
keywords: Clozapine; Medication management; NHS; Organizational change; Organizational climate; Pharmacist prescriber; Philosophy of care; Role ambiguity; Schizophrenia; United Kingdom