title: The functional value of preventive and restorative safety behaviors: A systematic review of the literature.
abstract: Safety behaviors are unnecessary actions used to prevent, escape from, or reduce the severity of a perceived threat. Most cognitive-behavioral theorists posit that the use of safety behaviors during exposure is maladaptive because they interfere with fear reduction. However, there is growing evidence suggesting that the use of safety behaviors can facilitate exposure. In general, the findings are mixed as to whether safety behaviors should be made available during exposure-based interventions. The aim of the current review was to evaluate whether safety behaviors should be made accessible during exposure, and whether under certain circumstances, they facilitate or hinder important exposure outcomes. We examined two functional types of safety behaviors: preventive and restorative. A thorough review of the safety behavior literature from the last three decades was conducted. The evidence suggests (restorative) safety behaviors that allow for full confrontation with a core threat do not interfere with meaningful indicators of successful exposure, whereas (preventive) safety behaviors that hinder engagement with the stimulus or experience may weaken exposure outcomes. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed and future directions in the investigation of safety behaviors are suggested.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States.
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States.
authors.forename: Taylor P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Davine
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States.
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Siwiec
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States. Electronic address: leehj@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Han-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Exposure therapy; Preventive safety behaviors; Restorative safety behaviors; Safety behaviors