title: Estimation of drug abuse in 9 Polish cities by wastewater analysis.
abstract: The aim of this work was to measure illicit drug residues in raw sewage samples collected from nine Polish cities in order to determine trends in illicit drug use in these urban populations. This is the first study involving an analysis of samples from several sewage treatment plants in Poland and covering such a large population. Concentration of illicit drugs was determined using a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The samples were subjected to a multistep preparation procedure with a solid phase extraction as a main pre-treatment step. Among the selected drugs investigated in the study, amphetamine was found in the greatest amounts in all sewage samples and consequently was the most prevalent drug of abuse. Higher loads of illicit drug residues were found during weekends compared to the weekdays, especially for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and benzoylecgonine, main metabolite of cocaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klupczynska
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dereziński
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Marshall Office the Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poznan, 31 al. Niepodległosci, 61-714 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krysztofiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: zkokot@ump.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Zenon J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Kokot
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Illicit drugs; Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; Poland; Sewage-based epidemiology; Wastewater