title: Thermal and chemical effects of turkey feathers pyrolysis.
abstract: This study examines the thermal and chemical effects of the pyrolysis of turkey feathers. Research of feathers pyrolysis is important because of their increasing production and difficulties of their utilization. The experiments were carried out by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and two pyrolytic reactors. The experimental investigation indicated that the feather material liquefies at temperatures between 210 and 240°C. This liquefaction together with the agglomeration of various dispersed and porous elements of the feathers into larger droplets leads to the volume reduction. Moreover, this work presents characteristics of the composition of the solid, liquid and gaseous products of turkey feathers pyrolysis at different temperatures. The higher heating value (HHV) of gaseous products in temperature 900°C equals 19.28 MJ/Nm(3) making the gases suitable for use as a fuel. The thermochemical conversion of turkey feathers leads to the formation of poisonous compounds such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the liquid (0.13%) and gaseous (88 mg/Nm(3)) products. The phenomenon of liquefaction of feathers is important because it can lead to rapid degradation of the walls of reactors, and the formation of deposits.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: jkluska@imp.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: dk@imp.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kardaś
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Heda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szumowski
authors.affiliation: University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: jerry@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szuszkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide / Q000032:analysis*; D017745:Incineration; D014422:Turkeys; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide
keywords: Gasification; Hydrogen cyanide; Liquefaction; Pyrolysis; Turkey feathers; Wastes