title: CT Appearance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Locoregional Treatments: A Comprehensive Review.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide, affecting more than 600,000 new patients per year. Curative treatments are available in a small percentage of patients, while most of them present in stages requiring locoregional treatments such as thermoablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and/or radioembolization. These therapies result in specific imaging features that the general radiologist has to be aware of in order to assess the response to treatment and to correctly manage the follow-up of treated patients. Multiphasic helical computed tomography has become a popular imaging modality for detecting hypervascular tumors and characterizing liver lesions. On this basis, many staging and diagnostic systems have been proposed for evaluating response to all different existing strategies. Radiofrequencies and microwaves generate thermoablation of tumors, and transarterial chemoembolization exploits the double effect of the locoregional administration of drugs and embolizing particles. Eventually radioembolization uses a beta-emitting isotope to induce necrosis. Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive review is to analyze and compare CT imaging appearance of HCC after various locoregional treatments, with regard to specific indications for all possible procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cappabianca
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4819-3193
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lassandro
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, National Cancer Institute, "Fond. Pascale", 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UOC San Severo Hospital, 71016 San Severo, Italy.
authors.forename: Michelearcangelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Porta
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, National Cancer Institute, "Fond. Pascale", 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Somma