title: Interaction between left ventricular twist mechanics and arterial haemodynamics during localised, non-metabolic hyperaemia with and without blood flow restriction.
abstract: What is the central question of this study? Left ventricular (LV) twist is reduced when afterload is increased, but the meaning of this specific heart muscle response and its impact on cardiac output are not well understood. What is the main finding and its importance? This study shows that LV twist responds even when arterial haemodynamics are altered only locally, and without apparent change in metabolic (i.e. heat-induced) demand. The concurrent decline in cardiac output and LV twist during partial arterial occlusion despite the increased peripheral demand caused by heat stress suggests that LV twist may be involved in the protective sensing of heart muscle stress that can override the provision of the required cardiac output. Whether left ventricular (LV) twist and untwisting rate (LV twist mechanics) respond to localised, peripheral, non-metabolic changes in arterial haemodynamics within an individual's normal afterload range is presently unknown. Furthermore, previous studies indicate that LV twist mechanics may override the provision of cardiac output, but this hypothesis has not been examined purposefully. Therefore, we acutely altered local peripheral arterial haemodynamics in 11 healthy humans (women/men n = 3/8; age 26 ± 5 years) by bilateral arm heating (BAH). Ultrasonography was used to examine arterial haemodynamics, LV twist mechanics and the twist-to-shortening ratio (TSR). To determine the arterial function-dependent contribution of LV twist mechanics to cardiac output, partial blood flow restriction to the arms was applied during BAH (BAHBFR ). Bilateral arm heating increased arm skin temperatures [change (Δ) +6.4 ± 0.9°C, P < 0.0001] but not core temperature (Δ -0.0 ± 0.1°C, P > 0.05), concomitant to increases in brachial artery blood flow (Δ 212 ± 77 ml, P < 0.0001), cardiac output (Δ 495 ± 487 l min(-1) , P < 0.05), LV twist (Δ 3.0 ± 3.5 deg, P < 0.05) and TSR (Δ 3.3 ± 1.3, P < 0.05) but maintained carotid artery blood flow (Δ 18 ± 147 ml, P > 0.05). Subsequently, BAHBFR reduced all parameters to preheating levels, except for TSR and heart rate, which remained at BAH levels. In conclusion, LV twist mechanics responded to local peripheral arterial haemodynamics within the normal afterload range, in part independent of TSR and heart rate. The findings suggest that LV twist mechanics may be more closely associated with intrinsic sensing of excessive pressure stress rather than being associated with the delivery of adequate cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.|Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anke C C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Mil
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.|University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Aimee L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Drane
authors.affiliation: Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cockcroft
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8005-285X
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stöhr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology