title: Past physical activity and age-related macular degeneration: the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between past physical activity and early, intermediate and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a community-based cohort study in Melbourne, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet and lifestyle information was recorded at baseline (1990-1994) and total recreational activity was derived from walking, vigorous and non-vigorous exercise. At follow-up (2003-2007), digital macular photographs were graded for early, intermediate and late AMD. Data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression controlling for age, sex, smoking, region of descent, diet and alcohol. Effect modification by sex was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 20 816 participants, early, intermediate and late AMD were detected at follow-up in 4244 (21%), 2661 (13%) and 122 (0.6%) participants, respectively. No association was detected between past total recreational physical activity and early, intermediate or late AMD. Frequent (≥3 times/week) and less frequent (1-2 times/week) vigorous exercise were associated with lower odds of intermediate and late AMD in univariable models. After controlling for confounders, there was evidence of effect modification by sex and frequent vigorous exercise was associated with a 22% decrease in the odds of intermediate AMD (95% CI 4% to 36%) in women, but no association was found for men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Past frequent vigorous exercise may be inversely related to the presence of intermediate AMD in women. Further studies are needed to confirm whether physical activity and exercise have a protective effect for AMD.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Myra B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-1681
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karahalios
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-2013
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Robyn H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guymer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Luba D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Robman
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Finger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Epidemiology; Macula; Neovascularisation; Retina