title: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at the age of 6 years and clinical and functional outcomes 3 years later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the predictive validity of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). This longitudinal, community-based study examined associations of DMDD at the age of 6 years with psychiatric disorders, functional impairment, peer functioning and service use at the age of 9 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 473 children were assessed at the ages of 6 and 9 years. Child psychopathology and functional impairment were assessed at the age of 6 years with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment with parents and at the age of 9 years with the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) with parents and children. At the age of 9 years, mothers, fathers and youth completed the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, and teachers and K-SADS interviewers completed measures of peer functioning. Significant demographic covariates were included in all models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted a current diagnosis of DMDD at the age of 9 years. DMDD at the age of 6 years also predicted current and lifetime depressive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all age 6 years psychiatric disorders. In addition, DMDD predicted depressive, ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder symptoms on the K-SADS, and maternal and paternal reports of depressive symptoms on the CDI, after controlling for the corresponding symptom scale at the age of 6 years. Last, DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted greater functional impairment, peer problems and educational support service use at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with DMDD are at high risk for impaired functioning across childhood, and this risk is not accounted for by co-morbid conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,University of Maryland College Park,College Park State,MD,USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,University of Maryland College Park,College Park State,MD,USA.
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,California State University San Marcos,San Marcos,CA,USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bufferd
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,NY,USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook School of Medicine,Stony Brook,NY,USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,NY,USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014481:United States
keywords: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; irritability; longitudinal studies