title: Neighborhood settings, types of social capital and depression among immigrants in Toronto.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies consider the associations between neighborhood social capital and immigrant's mental health. We examined associations between bonding, bridging and linking social capital and depression among immigrants in Toronto neighborhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data on immigrants from the neighborhood effects on health and well-being (NEHW) study, conducted in 47 randomly selected greater Toronto area neighborhoods (sample = 916), and a study of one low-income, immigrant receiving neighborhood (IRN) (sample = 600). We conducted logistic regression models for depression (Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) and social capital types: bonding (social cohesion and informal social control), bridging (group membership) and linking (engagement in political activities), while adjusting for different covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression was 22.9 % in IRN and 21.4 % in NEHW. The associations between social capital types and depression differed in each sample. Lower social cohesion (bonding) was associated with higher depression in NEHW only. Lower linking social capital (never participated in political activities) was associated with lower depression in IRN only. These associations were consistent after adjustment for different covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that social cohesion might have a protective effect from depression among immigrants in NEHW. In IRN, lower linking social capital associated with lower depression might reflect opposite direction association. Bridging social capital was not associated with depression in either sample, indicating that current community building might be insufficient to impact depression. Different pathways might explain how depression among immigrants is impacted by social capital types operating in different neighborhood settings; this could be examined in future longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84015, Beer Sheva, Israel. daoud@bgu.ac.il.|Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. daoud@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Nihaya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-8978
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daoud
authors.affiliation: Wellesley Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Wellesley Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Meiyin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Rosane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nisenbaum
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muntaner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Campo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D066270:Social Capital
keywords: Bonding; Bridging and linking social capital; Depression; Immigrant mental health; Toronto, Canada
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