title: Signaling mechanisms of plant cryptochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Cryptochromes (CRY) are flavoproteins that direct a diverse array of developmental processes in response to blue light in plants. Conformational changes in CRY are induced by the absorption of photons and result in the propagation of light signals to downstream components. In Arabidopsis, CRY1 and CRY2 serve both distinct and partially overlapping functions in regulating photomorphogenic responses and photoperiodic flowering. For example, both CRY1 and CRY2 regulate the abundance of transcription factors by directly reversing the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase on CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1 complexes in a blue light-dependent manner. CRY2 also specifically governs a photoperiodic flowering mechanism by directly interacting with a transcription factor called CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX. Recently, structure/function analysis of CRY1 revealed that the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 independent pathway is also involved in CRY1-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. CRY1 and CRY2 thus not only share a common pathway but also relay light signals through distinct pathways, which may lead to altered developmental programs in plants.
authors.affiliation: Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.|College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
authors.forename: Bobin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Chentao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. YoshitoOka@fafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D055537:Light Signal Transduction; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000072417:Protein Domains; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C538962:CRY1 protein, Arabidopsis; C103618:CRY2 protein, Arabidopsis; D056931:Cryptochromes; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Cryptochrome; De-etiolation; Flowering; Photomorphogenesis; Transcription
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2015 Jan 16;589(2):189-92
references.pmid: 25500270
references.citation: Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):154-8
references.pmid: 11509693
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 20;108(51):20844-9
references.pmid: 22139370
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2015 Apr;8(4):631-43
references.pmid: 25792146
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2011 May 15;25(10):1023-8
references.pmid: 21511872
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 Dec;19(12):3944-60
references.pmid: 18065688
references.citation: Elife. 2014 Aug 15;3:e03674
references.pmid: 25127877
references.citation: Plant J. 1996 Oct;10(4):755-60
references.pmid: 8893551
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jul 21;112(29):9135-40
references.pmid: 26106155
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2011 May 15;25(10 ):1029-34
references.pmid: 21511871
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Apr;24(4):948-55
references.pmid: 17244599
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Nov 1;17 (21):2642-7
references.pmid: 14597662
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2010 Dec;7(12):973-5
references.pmid: 21037589
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Oct 5;407(6804):585-91
references.pmid: 11034200
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2001 Dec;29(4):435-40
references.pmid: 11726930
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2013 Jul;25(7):2618-32
references.pmid: 23897926
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2001 Oct;3(5):775-88
references.pmid: 11761327
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 27;107(30):13538-43
references.pmid: 20624951
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2001 Dec;13(12 ):2573-87
references.pmid: 11752373
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 20;104(47):18813-8
references.pmid: 18003924
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2015 May;8(5):822-5
references.pmid: 25721730
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 23;102(34):12270-5
references.pmid: 16093319
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1995 May 23;34(20):6892-9
references.pmid: 7756321
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2011 Dec;16(12):684-91
references.pmid: 21983106
references.citation: Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Jan;71(1):1-11
references.pmid: 10649883
references.citation: Enzymes. 2014;35:167-89
references.pmid: 25740719
references.citation: Science. 1995 Aug 18;269(5226):968-70
references.pmid: 7638620
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2010 Oct;13(5):578-86
references.pmid: 20943427
references.citation: Arabidopsis Book. 2010 Sep 23;8:e0135
references.pmid: 21841916
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Jul 28;19(14):1216-20
references.pmid: 19559617
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2008 Feb;20(2):292-306
references.pmid: 18296627
references.citation: Curr Top Dev Biol. 2010;91:29-66
references.pmid: 20705178
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):804-7
references.pmid: 20098414
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2008 Jan;1(1):68-74
references.pmid: 20031915
references.citation: EMBO J. 2009 Mar 4;28(5):591-601
references.pmid: 19165148
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2009 May 6;583(9):1427-33
references.pmid: 19327354
references.citation: Commun Integr Biol. 2010 Jan;3(1):24-7
references.pmid: 20539777
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Feb 8;283(6):3256-63
references.pmid: 18056988
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 15;282(24):17608-12
references.pmid: 17459876
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2010 Jan;3(1):246-59
references.pmid: 19965572
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2012 Oct;17 (10 ):584-93
references.pmid: 22705257
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2011 Oct 14;413(1):128-37
references.pmid: 21875594
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2008 Jan;1(1):4-14
references.pmid: 20031911
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 May 24;21(10 ):841-7
references.pmid: 21514160
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):21023-7
references.pmid: 19074258
references.citation: Plant J. 1999 Aug;19(3):279-87
references.pmid: 10476075
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2015 Sep 14;11(9):e1005516
references.pmid: 26368289
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 May;5(3):726-33
references.pmid: 22311776
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 15;44(10):3795-805
references.pmid: 15751956
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Sep;118(1):27-35
references.pmid: 9733523
references.citation: Plant J. 2003 Oct;36(2):203-14
references.pmid: 14535885
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 24;101(8):2223-8
references.pmid: 14982991
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jun 26;423(6943):995-9
references.pmid: 12827204
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 22;110(43):17582-7
references.pmid: 24101505
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 Feb;33(2):168-71
references.pmid: 12548286
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Sep 5;114(5):537-43
references.pmid: 13678578
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 Nov 7;45(44):13369-74
references.pmid: 17073458
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2011 May 15;25(10 ):1004-9
references.pmid: 21576261
references.citation: Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Jan-Feb;83(1):94-101
references.pmid: 17002522
references.citation: Planta. 1996;200(2):278-80
references.pmid: 8904811
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Jun;24(6):2610-23
references.pmid: 22739826
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2003 Jun;103(6):2203-37
references.pmid: 12797829
references.citation: Plant J. 1995 Nov;8(5):653-8
references.pmid: 8528277
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2003;54:469-96
references.pmid: 14503000
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 11;108(2):516-21
references.pmid: 21187431
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jun 13;417(6890):763-7
references.pmid: 12066190
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 24;104(17):7289-94
references.pmid: 17438275
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 Jun;1(7):939-48
references.pmid: 9651577
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2015 Jan;27(1):189-201
references.pmid: 25627066
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 Jan;5(1):85-97
references.pmid: 21765176
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Sep 17;136(37):12974-86
references.pmid: 25157750
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Mar 24;23(6):1217-22
references.pmid: 15014450
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Nov 22;103(5):815-27
references.pmid: 11114337
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17696-700
references.pmid: 17062752
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(10):e1003861
references.pmid: 24130508
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1991 Jun 25;30(25):6322-9
references.pmid: 2059637
references.citation: Biophys J. 2000 Feb;78(2):707-18
references.pmid: 10653784
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2010 May;3(3):539-48
references.pmid: 20053798
references.citation: Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1360-3
references.pmid: 9478898
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1990 Jun 19;29(24):5698-706
references.pmid: 2200511
references.citation: Plant J. 1999 Aug;19(3):289-96
references.pmid: 10476076
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2003 Jul;270(14):2921-8
references.pmid: 12846824
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2010 Dec;154(4):1633-45
references.pmid: 20926618
references.citation: Development. 2006 Aug;133(16):3213-22
references.pmid: 16854975
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1998 Feb;10(2):197-207
references.pmid: 9490743
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2015 May 13;137(18):5990-9
references.pmid: 25909499
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 30;282(13):9383-91
references.pmid: 17237227
references.citation: J Phys Chem B. 2010 Dec 30;114(51):17155-61
references.pmid: 21128641
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2003 Oct;15(10):2421-9
references.pmid: 14523249
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 May 18;282(20):14916-22
references.pmid: 17355959
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2015 Jan 16;290(3):1743-51
references.pmid: 25471375
references.citation: Plant J. 2003 Jul;35(1):93-103
references.pmid: 12834405
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):2140-5
references.pmid: 12578985
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 3;95(5):2686-90
references.pmid: 9482948
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2005 May;17(5):1569-84
references.pmid: 15805487
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Dec 6;15(23):R953-4
references.pmid: 16332522
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2015 Mar;8(3):467-78
references.pmid: 25744387
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Dec;45(12):1798-808
references.pmid: 15653798
references.citation: Nature. 2000 May 25;405(6785):462-6
references.pmid: 10839542
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2011;62:335-64
references.pmid: 21526969
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 27;282(30):21720-8
references.pmid: 17548357
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 9;107(10):4776-81
references.pmid: 20176939
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2001 Dec;13(12):2589-607
references.pmid: 11752374
references.citation: EMBO J. 2008 Apr 23;27(8):1277-88
references.pmid: 18388858
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2013 Nov;25(11):4405-20
references.pmid: 24272488
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2014 Nov;26(11):4519-31
references.pmid: 25428980
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2003 Jan;11(1):59-67
references.pmid: 12535521
references.citation: Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):760-5
references.pmid: 10221900
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 Oct;19(10):3146-56
references.pmid: 17965271
references.citation: Nature. 1993 Nov 11;366(6451):162-6
references.pmid: 8232555
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23 ):13976-81
references.pmid: 9811911
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2005;6(5):220
references.pmid: 15892880
references.citation: Development. 1999 May;126(10):2073-82
references.pmid: 10207133
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12142-7
references.pmid: 15299148
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2009 Jan;21(1):118-30
references.pmid: 19141709
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Mar;8(3):217-30
references.pmid: 17304247
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;15(11):618-25
references.pmid: 16198569
references.citation: Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1535-9
references.pmid: 18988809
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014 Jun 05;4:5175
references.pmid: 24898692
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004 Sep;16(9):2293-306
references.pmid: 15308756
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2004 Dec 7;43(48):15103-10
references.pmid: 15568802
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 May 20;280(20):19437-40
references.pmid: 15774475
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 Feb 28;45(8):2472-9
references.pmid: 16489739
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2009 Sep;21(9):2624-41
references.pmid: 19794114
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2014 Dec 04;10(12):e1004804
references.pmid: 25473952
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Nov 9;408(6809):207-11
references.pmid: 11089975