title: Decreased expression of heme oxygenase is associated with depressive symptoms and may contribute to depressive and hypertensive comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is strong evidence that hypertension and depression are comorbid and oxidative stress is implicated in both pathologies. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between biochemical markers of the antioxidant-pro-oxidant equilibrium and depression in hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from patients diagnosed with depression, hypertension, or comorbid depression and hypertension and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Whole blood reduced glutathione, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1), glutathione reductase (GR), malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were assayed using spectrophotometry, and heme oxygenase (HO-1) levels were determined immunoenzymatically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both hypertension and depression were associated with altered antioxidant-pro-oxidant profiles. Decreased GPx-1 and SOD-1 activities, increased GR activity, increased levels of GSH, and increased concentrations of MDA and H2O2 were observed in patients compared to controls. Inducible HO-1 was specifically decreased in patients with depression and was significantly associated with both the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heme oxygenase is a biological factor that might explain the relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and the biological and functional changes in brain activity in depression. HO-1 is a candidate depression biomarker and provides an avenue for novel preventative and diagnostic strategies against this disease.
authors.affiliation: a Department and Clinic of Geriatrics , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland.|b Life4Science Foundation , Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robaczewska
authors.affiliation: a Department and Clinic of Geriatrics , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland.
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kędziora-Kornatowska
authors.affiliation: c Psychoneurology of the Elderly Center at Sue Ryder Home, Pallmed LLC , Bydgoszcz , Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kucharski
authors.affiliation: c Psychoneurology of the Elderly Center at Sue Ryder Home, Pallmed LLC , Bydgoszcz , Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: a Department and Clinic of Geriatrics , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muszalik
authors.affiliation: d Medical University Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kornatowski
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biochemistry , Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz , Poland.
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kędziora
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Depression; Heme oxygenase; Hypertension; Oxidative stress
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