title: Solid Electrolyte Lithium Phosphous Oxynitride as a Protective Nanocladding Layer for 3D High-Capacity Conversion Electrodes.
abstract: Materials that undergo conversion reactions to form different materials upon lithiation typically offer high specific capacity for energy storage applications such as Li ion batteries. However, since the reaction products often involve complex mixtures of electrically insulating and conducting particles and significant changes in volume and phase, the reversibility of conversion reactions is poor, preventing their use in rechargeable (secondary) batteries. In this paper, we fabricate and protect 3D conversion electrodes by first coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a model conversion material, RuO2, and subsequently protecting them with conformal thin-film lithium phosphous oxynitride (LiPON), a well-known solid-state electrolyte. Atomic layer deposition is used to deposit the RuO2 and the LiPON, thus forming core double-shell MWCNT@RuO2@LiPON electrodes as a model system. We find that the LiPON protection layer enhances cyclability of the conversion electrode, which we attribute to two factors. (1) The LiPON layer provides high Li ion conductivity at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode. (2) By constraining the electrode materials mechanically, the LiPON protection layer ensures electronic connectivity and thus conductivity during lithiation/delithiation cycles. These two mechanisms are striking in their ability to preserve capacity despite the profound changes in structure and composition intrinsic to conversion electrode materials. This LiPON-protected structure exhibits superior cycling stability and reversibility as well as decreased overpotentials compared to the unprotected core-shell structure. Furthermore, even at very low lithiation potential (0.05 V), the LiPON-protected electrode largely reduces the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Chuan-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Malachi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noked
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Chanyuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gregorczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Liangbing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Sang Bok
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rubloff
mesh_terms: D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds; C029017:ruthenium dioxide; D010758:Phosphorus; D008094:Lithium
keywords: LiPON; SEI reduction; artificial SEI; atomic layer deposition; conversion electrodes; overpotential reduction; solid electrolyte