title: Preliminary Analysis of Adjacent Segment Degeneration in Patients Treated with Posterior Cervical Cages: 2-Year Follow-Up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Select patients with unremitting symptoms of cervical radiculopathy may be treated with indirect foraminal decompression and fusion via placement of a cervical cage placed bilaterally through a tissue sparing, posterior approach. Segmental fusion is known to affect adjacent segments. The aim of this study was to assess the affect of posterior fusion using bilateral cervical cages on adjacent segment degeneration (ASDegeneration) at 2 years postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three patients enrolled in a prospective multicenter study who completed the imaging protocol were available for follow-up at 2 years. Lateral cervical radiographs were acquired preoperatively and at 1- and 2-years postoperatively. Imaging was evaluated for adjacent level degeneration using the following criteria: disk height ratio (DHR) defined as the ratio of the disk height and the lower vertebrae height measured at level above and below; proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK); Kellgren and Lawrence osteoarthritis severity grade (KLOSG); and heterotopic ossification (HO). The results were compared with a repeated analysis of variance test and Bonferroni correction; P < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 years postoperatively, there were no revision surgeries at the operated level or new surgeries at the adjacent levels. Of the 102 segments evaluated, ASDegeneration was identified at 21 levels cranial to and 21 levels caudal to the index level. At 2 years, new mild ASDegeneration signs developed at 3 levels: 1 in the level above and 2 in the level below the operated segment. In patients with pre-existing disk degeneration, mild progression of ASDegeneration signs developed in 6 upper and 2 lower segments. There were no significant changes in DHR and PJK in all patients; however, when patients with signs of ASDegeneration only were evaluated, a significant decrease of the DHR was found. The mean DHRs before surgery and 1 and 2 years after surgery in all patients were 44.0 ± 8.1, 44.0 ± 8.2, and 43.1 ± 8.4 (P = 0.1006) and in ASD patients were 43.8 ± 7.3, 41.9 ± 6.3, and 39.6 ± 8.3 (P = 0.0062), respectively. Overall, at 2 years postoperatively, ASDegeneration was identified in 9 patients (17.6% when compared with all evaluated patients before surgery).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current study, 5.9% of subjects treated with posterior cervical cages placed bilaterally between the facet joints developed adjacent segment degeneration at 2 years. Mild progression of existing degeneration was observed in 11.8% of subjects. Further evaluation to establish long-term incidence is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Electronic address: siemiok@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siemionow
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jad B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Monsef
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janusz
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
keywords: Adjacent segment degeneration; Cervical fusion; Cervical radiculopathy; DTRAX; Kyphosis