title: The Pain Experience of Hispanic Americans: A Critical Literature Review and Conceptual Model.
abstract: Although the Hispanic population is a burgeoning ethnic group in the United States, little is known about their pain-related experience. To address this gap, we critically reviewed the existing literature on pain experience and management among Hispanic Americans (HAs). We focused our review on the literature on nonmalignant pain, pain behaviors, and pain treatment seeking among HAs. Pain management experiences were examined from HA patients' and health care providers' perspectives. Our literature search included variations of the term "Hispanic" with "AND pain" in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO databases. A total of 117 studies met our inclusion criteria. We organized the results into a conceptual model with separate categories for biological and/or psychological and sociocultural and/or systems-level influences on HAs' pain experience, response to pain, and seeking and receiving pain care. We also included information on health care providers' experience of treating HA patients with pain. For each category, we identified future areas of research. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and clinical implications.
  
  
  
  In this critical review of the literature we examined the pain and management experiences of the HA population. We propose a conceptual model, which highlights findings from the existing literature and future areas of research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ashburn-Nardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana. Electronic address: athirsh@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010684:Philosophy; D014481:United States
keywords: Hispanic Americans; critical review; ethnic differences; non-malignant pain; pain disparities; pain management
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