title: Physical exercise, reactive oxygen species and neuroprotection.
abstract: Regular exercise has systemic beneficial effects, including the promotion of brain function. The adaptive response to regular exercise involves the up-regulation of the enzymatic antioxidant system and modulation of oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of cell signaling. Exercise, via intensity-dependent modulation of metabolism and/or directly activated ROS generating enzymes, regulates the cellular redox state of the brain. ROS are also involved in the self-renewal and differentiation of neuronal stem cells and the exercise-mediated neurogenesis could be partly associated with ROS production. Exercise has strong effects on the immune system and readily alters the production of cytokines. Certain cytokines, especially IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-18 and IFN gamma, are actively involved in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Cytokines can also contribute to ROS production. ROS-mediated alteration of lipids, protein, and DNA could directly affect brain function, while exercise modulates the accumulation of oxidative damage. Oxidative alteration of macromolecules can activate signaling processes, membrane remodeling, and gene transcription. The well known neuroprotective effects of exercise are partly due to redox-associated adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, TF, Budapest, Hungary; Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan. Electronic address: radak@tf.hu.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Radak
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balogh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boldogh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, TF, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koltai
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D055495:Neurogenesis; D000066829:Neuroprotection; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Brain plasticity; Exercise; Neurogenesis; Neuronal stem cells; Redox signaling