title: Bacille-Calmette-Guerin non-responders: how to manage.
abstract: Intravesical immunotherapy with bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is indicated in the treatment of high-risk and intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Our goal is to describe the various disease states following induction and maintenance BCG and to describe contemporary treatment options and the current and projected clinical trial landscape for patients who recur following BCG therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Scott of Department of Urology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA ; 2 Department of Urology, Helios Medical Center, University Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich-Carl
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: von Rundstedt
authors.affiliation: 1 Scott of Department of Urology, Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA ; 2 Department of Urology, Helios Medical Center, University Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Seth P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lerner
keywords: Bladder cancer; bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG); failure; refractory
references.citation: J Urol. 2015 Jan;193(1):58-63
references.pmid: 25106902
references.citation: J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013 Apr 1;11(4):446-75
references.pmid: 23584347
references.citation: BJU Int. 2011 Mar;107(6):912-8
references.pmid: 21029314
references.citation: J Urol. 2015 Apr;193(4):1135-43
references.pmid: 25286009
references.citation: Arch Esp Urol. 1995 Jun;48(5):479-88
references.pmid: 7639570
references.citation: J Urol. 1996 Feb;155(2):483-7
references.pmid: 8558641
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3075-80
references.pmid: 16809732
references.citation: J Urol. 2014 Dec;192(6):1633-8
references.pmid: 24996128
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 18;93(8):597-604
references.pmid: 11309436
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2014 Oct;66(4):677-88
references.pmid: 24674149
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Jan;53(1):146-52
references.pmid: 17624657
references.citation: J Urol. 1991 Apr;145(4):738-40
references.pmid: 2005691
references.citation: Urology. 2014 Feb;83(2):262-4
references.pmid: 24332121
references.citation: J Urol. 2013 Mar;189(3):834-9
references.pmid: 23123371
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2006 Feb;13(2):125-30
references.pmid: 16082384
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2009 Aug;56(2):247-56
references.pmid: 19409692
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Jun 6;4(137):137ra72
references.pmid: 22674550
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2013 Nov;31(8):1635-42
references.pmid: 22575238
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2013 Oct;64(4):639-53
references.pmid: 23827737
references.citation: J Urol. 2010 Nov;184(5):1915-9
references.pmid: 20846688
references.citation: J Urol. 2013 Jul;190(1):50-4
references.pmid: 23376145
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2005 Jul;48(1):53-9; discussion 59
references.pmid: 15967252
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):315-22
references.pmid: 24476821
references.citation: Cancer. 2010 Apr 15;116(8):1893-900
references.pmid: 20162706
references.citation: J Urol. 2000 Apr;163(4):1124-9
references.pmid: 10737480
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Feb;173(2):405-9
references.pmid: 15643181
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2314-30
references.pmid: 17993339
references.citation: Urol Int. 1993;51(2):67-72
references.pmid: 8351757
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Jul;174(1):86-91; discussion 91-2
references.pmid: 15947584
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2011 Sep;12(9):871-9
references.pmid: 21831711
references.citation: Urology. 1997 May;49(5):687-90; discussion 690-1
references.pmid: 9145971
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18):2729-34
references.pmid: 16782913
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Jan;145:1-18
references.pmid: 24929024
references.citation: World J Urol. 2006 Nov;24(5):481-7
references.pmid: 17021823
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 2006 Jun;37(6):726-34
references.pmid: 16733214
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2013 Mar;63(3):462-72
references.pmid: 23141049
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 27;104(13):5596-601
references.pmid: 17372194
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2014 Apr;65(4):825-31
references.pmid: 24144432
references.citation: J Urol. 2008 Jan;179(1):53-6
references.pmid: 17997439
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2014 Jan;32(1):35.e15-9
references.pmid: 23510863
references.citation: J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):1757-63
references.pmid: 20299059
references.citation: World J Urol. 2009 Jun;27(3):319-24
references.pmid: 19234857
references.citation: J Urol. 1987 Feb;137(2):220-4
references.pmid: 3806806
references.citation: J Urol. 2011 Sep;186(3):817-23
references.pmid: 21788050
references.citation: J Urol. 1976 Aug;116(2):180-3
references.pmid: 820877
references.citation: J Urol. 2013 Oct;190(4):1200-4
references.pmid: 23597452
references.citation: J Urol. 2009 Mar;181(3):1040-5
references.pmid: 19150551
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2009 Mar-Apr;27(2):155-9
references.pmid: 18367117
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jun 10;33(17 ):1974-82
references.pmid: 25605845
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Jan 1;1(1):9-17
references.pmid: 22720207
references.citation: Urology. 2008 Feb;71(2):302-7
references.pmid: 18308108