title: [MRI methods for pulmonary ventilation and perfusion imaging].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Separate assessment of respiratory mechanics, gas exchange and pulmonary circulation is essential for the diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary diseases. Due to the global character of the information obtained clinical lung function tests are often not sufficiently specific in the differential diagnosis or have a limited sensitivity in the detection of early pathological changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard procedures of pulmonary imaging are computed tomography (CT) for depiction of the morphology as well as perfusion/ventilation scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for functional assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hyperpolarized gases, O2-enhanced MRI, MRI with fluorinated gases and Fourier decomposition MRI (FD-MRI) are available for assessment of pulmonary ventilation. For assessment of pulmonary perfusion dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), arterial spin labeling (ASL) and FD-MRI can be used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Imaging provides a more precise insight into the pathophysiology of pulmonary function on a regional level. The advantages of MRI are a lack of ionizing radiation, which allows a protective acquisition of dynamic data as well as the high number of available contrasts and therefore accessible lung function parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sufficient clinical data exist only for certain applications of DCE-MRI. For the other techniques, only feasibility studies and case series of different sizes are available. The clinical applicability of hyperpolarized gases is limited for technical reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical application of the techniques described, except for DCE-MRI, should be restricted to scientific studies.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsspital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Schweiz. gregor.sommer@usb.ch.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin - Radiologische Physik, Universitätsspital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Schweiz.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast media; Magnetic resonance imaging; Perfusion imaging; Respiratory function tests; Ventilation
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