title: Surgical management of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate etiologies, demographics, and surgical outcomes in cases of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of 35 patients with the diagnosis of traumatic NLDO were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, type of trauma, previous lacrimal surgery history, surgical treatment, follow-up time, and anatomical and functional outcomes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty eyes of 35 patients were included in this study over 12 years. Twenty-four patients were male (68.5%) and the mean age of the patients was 31.52 ± 14.58 years (range 9-68). The most common etiology was motor vehicle accidents (52.5%), followed by high velocity blunt injury (27.5%), accidental fall (7.5%), occupational trauma (5%), iatrogenic surgical trauma (5%), and animal bite (2.5%). A total of 21 eyes (52.5%) were treated with external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 30% with conjunctival DCR, 15% with endoscopic DCR, and 2.5% with diode laser-assisted DCR. Mean follow-up time was 23.02 ± 13.53 months. Functional and anatomical success was recorded in 37 out of 40 eyes (92.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naso-orbitoethmoidal fracture is the main etiology of traumatic NLDO. The majority of the injuries occurred in male participants from motor vehicle accidents and high-velocity blunt injury. Dacryocystorhinostomy provides anatomical and functional success in 92.5% of cases of traumatic NLDO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize - Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyzahan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sorgun State Hospital, Yozgat - Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine Esra
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara - Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Konuk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy; D004724:Endoscopy; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult