title: Effects of iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon on aggregate stability of bauxite residues.
abstract: In order to successfully establish vegetation on bauxite residue, properties such as aggregate structure and stability require improvement. Spontaneous plant colonization on the deposits in Central China over the last 20 years has revealed that natural processes may improve the physical condition of bauxite residues. Samples from three different stacking ages were selected to determine aggregate formation and stability and its relationship with iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon. The residue aggregate particles became coarser in both dry and wet sieving processes. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometry mean diameter (GMD) increased significantly, and the proportion of aggregate destruction (PAD) decreased. Natural stacking processes could increase aggregate stability and erosion resistant of bauxite residues. Free iron oxides and amorphous aluminium oxides were the major forms in bauxite residues, but there was no significant correlation between the iron-aluminium oxides and aggregate stability. Aromatic-C, alkanes-C, aliphatic-C and alkenes-C were the major functional groups present in the residues. With increasing stacking age, total organic carbon content and aggregate-associated organic carbon both increased. Alkanes-C, aliphatic-C and alkenes-C increased and were mainly distributed in macro-aggregates, whereas aromatic-C was mainly distributed in <0.05-mm aggregates. Organic carbon stability in micro-aggregates was higher than that in macro-aggregates and became more stable. Organic carbon contents in total residues, and within different aggregate sizes, were all negatively correlated with PAD. It indicated that organic materials had a more significant effect on macro-aggregate stability and the effects of iron-aluminium oxides maybe more important for stability of micro-aggregates.
authors.affiliation: School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yubing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China. sgxue70@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Shengguo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Crop and Environment Sciences Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D002244:Carbon; D000535:Aluminum; D007501:Iron; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Aggregate stability; Bauxite residues; Iron-aluminium oxides; Organic carbon
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