title: New obesity classification criteria as a tool for bariatric surgery indication.
abstract: Obesity plays relevant pathophysiological role in the development of health problems, arising as result of complex interaction of genetic, nutritional, and metabolic factors. Due to the role of adipose tissue in lipid and glucose metabolism, and low grade inflammation, it is necessary to classify obesity on the basis of body fat composition and distribution, rather than the simply increase of body weight, and the Body Mass Index. The new term of adiposopathy (''sick fat'') clearly defines the pathogenic role of adipose tissue. Four phenotypes of obese individuals have been described: (1) normal weight obese (NWO); (2) metabolically obese normal weight; (3) metabolically healthy obese; and (4) metabolically unhealthy obese or "at risk" obese. Moreover, sarcopenic obesity has been related to all the phenotypes. The category of normal weight lean, represented by metabolically healthy normal weight has been classified to distinguish from NWO. It is crucial to recommend a bariatric surgery taking into account adiposopathy and sick fat that occurs with the expansion of fat mass, changing the inflammatory and metabolic profile of the patient. Body fat percentage and genetic polymorphism have to be evaluated to personalize the best bariatric surgery intervention.
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sarlo
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Menotti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvani
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Antonino De Lorenzo, Menotti Calvani, Laura Di Renzo, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology; D000886:Anthropometry; D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D001835:Body Weight; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000067329:Obesity, Metabolically Benign / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D018579:Patient Selection; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Adiposopathy; Fat mass; Laparoscopic gastric banding; Metabolically healthy normal weight; Metabolically healthy obese; Metabolically obese normal weight; Metabolically unhealthy obese; Normal weight lean; Normal weight obese; Obesity
references.citation: Obes Surg. 2000 Jun;10(3):233-9
references.pmid: 10929154
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Aug;34(8):1617-21
references.pmid: 7270486
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2010 Mar;31(6):737-46
references.pmid: 19933515
references.citation: Diabetes. 2010 Sep;59(9):2288-96
references.pmid: 20805387
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2583-9
references.pmid: 15181027
references.citation: Presse Med. 1947 May 24;55(30):339
references.pmid: 18918084
references.citation: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Feb;82(2):213-20
references.pmid: 24841432
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Dec;124(6):903-15
references.pmid: 3776973
references.citation: Metabolism. 2009 Mar;58(3):351-4
references.pmid: 19217450
references.citation: Diabetes. 1999 Nov;48(11):2210-4
references.pmid: 10535456
references.citation: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:70
references.pmid: 24708764
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Jan 17;191(2):303-12
references.pmid: 10637274
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Nov;53(11):2735-40
references.pmid: 15504952
references.citation: Metabolism. 1996 Sep;45(9):1119-24
references.pmid: 8781299
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2569-75
references.pmid: 15181025
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1960 Sep;39:1424-34
references.pmid: 13710854
references.citation: Obes Res Clin Pract. 2012 Jan-Mar;6(1):e1-e90
references.pmid: 24331169
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010 Jun;21(3):172-7
references.pmid: 20410821
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Jan 19;121(2):230-6
references.pmid: 20038741
references.citation: Obes Res. 2002 May;10(5):401-7
references.pmid: 12006640
references.citation: Diabet Med. 1998 Jul;15(7):539-53
references.pmid: 9686693
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 8;106(36):15430-5
references.pmid: 19706383
references.citation: Cleve Clin J Med. 2008 Oct;75(10):721-8
references.pmid: 18939388
references.citation: Obes Surg. 2009 Jul;19(7):915-20
references.pmid: 19440803
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1617-24
references.pmid: 18695075
references.citation: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Jul-Aug;10(4):191-6
references.pmid: 16910350
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 Nov 25;364(1-2):1-27
references.pmid: 22885162
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Nov;27(11):2276-83
references.pmid: 17823366
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 1992 Dec;51(3):367-77
references.pmid: 1480631
references.citation: Circulation. 2011 Jan 18;123(2):186-94
references.pmid: 21200001
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Mar;39(3):514-9
references.pmid: 25287753
references.citation: Toxicol In Vitro. 2002 Dec;16(6):741-7
references.pmid: 12423658
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Aug;16(8):1881-6
references.pmid: 18551117
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):353-9
references.pmid: 17684205
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2008 Aug;47(5):251-7
references.pmid: 18604623
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):210-5
references.pmid: 20937689
references.citation: Nutr Diabetes. 2012 Aug 13;2:e40
references.pmid: 23448804
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):500-8
references.pmid: 19116329
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Aug;20(8):1932-8
references.pmid: 10938014
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2011 Jun;121(6):2094-101
references.pmid: 21633177
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Feb;18(2):377-83
references.pmid: 19629058
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Jun;32(6):959-66
references.pmid: 18283284
references.citation: Metabolism. 2001 Dec;50(12):1499-504
references.pmid: 11735101
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2008 Feb;134(2):424-31
references.pmid: 18242210
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 1997 Apr;34(5):391-9
references.pmid: 9293772
references.citation: Front Immunol. 2014 Oct 13;5:483
references.pmid: 25352844
references.citation: Neurology. 2012 Aug 21;79(8):755-62
references.pmid: 22915175
references.citation: Korean J Fam Med. 2013 Jan;34(1):19-26
references.pmid: 23372902
references.citation: J Physiol Biochem. 2009 Dec;65(4):405-13
references.pmid: 20358354
references.citation: Acta Diabetol. 2013 Jun;50(3):409-16
references.pmid: 23188216
references.citation: Acta Diabetol. 2015 Oct;52(5):855-63
references.pmid: 25690647
references.citation: Lancet. 1991 Feb 16;337(8738):382-6
references.pmid: 1671422
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):1123S-1127S
references.pmid: 20164314
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2008 Feb;29(1):42-61
references.pmid: 18048764
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2008 May;134(5):1369-75
references.pmid: 18355813
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 24;63(24):2687-8
references.pmid: 24794116
references.citation: Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2013;23(3):266-80
references.pmid: 24266296
references.citation: J Urol. 1990 Sep;144(3):750-1
references.pmid: 2143790
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Jul;30(7):1163-5
references.pmid: 16446744
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Feb;21(2):221-30
references.pmid: 9539986
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):56-63
references.pmid: 18175737
references.citation: Med Res Rev. 2005 Jan;25(1):49-65
references.pmid: 15389734
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 24;63(24):2679-86
references.pmid: 24794119
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Apr;89(4):1885-90
references.pmid: 15070960
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2011 Jun;28(6):628-42
references.pmid: 21480973
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2010 Jul;39(4):412-23
references.pmid: 20392703
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Jan;23(1):62-9
references.pmid: 25384375
references.citation: Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008 Dec;6(4):281-8
references.pmid: 18759660
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:219-46
references.pmid: 20148674
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Dec;90(6):1457-65
references.pmid: 19812179
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1609-16
references.pmid: 18695074
references.citation: Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014 May;16(5):409
references.pmid: 24659222
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Oct;32(10):1910-5
references.pmid: 19587363
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5064-9
references.pmid: 15985484
references.citation: Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:204164
references.pmid: 23690769
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jun;19(6):1272-8
references.pmid: 21212770
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1020-5
references.pmid: 11238480
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):40-5
references.pmid: 17209175
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Jul;23(7):650-6
references.pmid: 22633796
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2005;56:45-62
references.pmid: 15660501
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2253-71
references.pmid: 17498516
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Feb;36(2):286-94
references.pmid: 21587201
references.citation: Obes Surg. 2009 Jan;19(1):47-55
references.pmid: 18663543
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Nov;31(11):1629-41
references.pmid: 17563763
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 May;19 Suppl 1:S76-86
references.pmid: 7550542
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Feb;39(2):228-34
references.pmid: 24984752
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253
references.pmid: 11234459
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008 Nov-Dec;32(6):638-44
references.pmid: 18974244
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Nov;91(11):4223-31
references.pmid: 16954156
references.citation: J Gastrointest Surg. 2003 Jan;7(1):102-7; discussion 107-8
references.pmid: 12559191
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2015 Feb;125(2):787-95
references.pmid: 25555214
references.citation: Nutr Hosp. 2013 Mar;28 Suppl 2:78-87
references.pmid: 23834050
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Mar;102(3):919-25
references.pmid: 17095641
references.citation: Obes Res. 1998 Sep;6 Suppl 2:51S-209S
references.pmid: 9813653
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;99(6):1369-77
references.pmid: 24760978
references.citation: Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011 Sep-Oct;7(5):575-80
references.pmid: 21546321
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Oct;14(5):228-32
references.pmid: 15673055
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1995 Jul;38(7):764-71
references.pmid: 7556976
references.citation: Lipids. 2014 Mar;49(3):255-63
references.pmid: 24338596
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Dec;22(12):1145-58
references.pmid: 9877249
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2007 Feb;36(1):220-5
references.pmid: 17510078
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2012 Feb;271(2):111-21
references.pmid: 22142401
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2007 Jul;262(1):131-9
references.pmid: 17598821
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Sep 24-30;366(9491):1059-62
references.pmid: 16182882
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006 Dec;16(8):513-23
references.pmid: 17126766
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010 Nov;20(9):669-75
references.pmid: 19748248
references.citation: J Obes. 2015;2015:178526
references.pmid: 25838943
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010;5(4):e9997
references.pmid: 20376319
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):379-84
references.pmid: 14985210
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jul;97(7):2482-8
references.pmid: 22508708
references.citation: Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014 Dec;16(12):464
references.pmid: 25342492
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2013 Nov;231(1):152-7
references.pmid: 24125427
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(26):2699-706
references.pmid: 18991689
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2003 Apr;112(4):409-13
references.pmid: 12589429
references.citation: Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012 Oct;14 Suppl 3:136-42
references.pmid: 22928574
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 2007 Oct;39(10):717-21
references.pmid: 17952832
references.citation: Metabolism. 1987 Jan;36(1):54-9
references.pmid: 3796297
references.citation: JAMA. 2001 May 16;285(19):2486-97
references.pmid: 11368702
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Apr;14(4):529-644
references.pmid: 16741264
references.citation: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005 Jul;69(1):29-35
references.pmid: 15955385
references.citation: Islets. 2012 May-Jun;4(3):233-42
references.pmid: 22854606
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan;91(1):7-15
references.pmid: 19828714
references.citation: Life Sci. 2006 Feb 23;78(13):1448-56
references.pmid: 16236329
references.citation: Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009 Dec;7(6):497-514
references.pmid: 19900153
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 May;904:491-501
references.pmid: 10865794
references.citation: Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2014 Dec 29;29(4):427-34
references.pmid: 25559571
references.citation: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003 Dec;32(4):915-33
references.pmid: 14711068
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Apr;25(4):581-5
references.pmid: 11319665
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854:1-452
references.pmid: 8594834
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2008 Dec;29(24):2959-71
references.pmid: 18775919
references.citation: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999 May-Jun;60(5-6):371-5
references.pmid: 10471124
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2011 Nov 2;14(5):612-22
references.pmid: 22055504
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec;112(12):1796-808
references.pmid: 14679176
references.citation: Int J Body Compos Res. 2008 Summer;6(3):93-99
references.pmid: 20582247
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2002 Aug;3(3):141-6
references.pmid: 12164465
references.citation: Metabolism. 1985 Oct;34(10):926-30
references.pmid: 3900631
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e33308
references.pmid: 22485140
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Jun;28(6):1039-49
references.pmid: 18356555
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2084-9
references.pmid: 11994345
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Mar;36(3):369-78
references.pmid: 21730965
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:658913
references.pmid: 25110685
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4145-50
references.pmid: 15855252
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Dec 15;158(12):1161-70
references.pmid: 14652301
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Oct 13;292(14):1724-37
references.pmid: 15479938
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jun 5;166(1):111-7
references.pmid: 22088224
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Nov;85(11):1057; author reply 1057-8
references.pmid: 21037049
references.citation: Acta Med Port. 2008 Sep-Oct;21(5):489-96
references.pmid: 19187692
references.citation: Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Mar;6(3):343-68
references.pmid: 18327995
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Dec 15;172(12):1442-54
references.pmid: 20952596
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Apr;57(4):470-5
references.pmid: 8460599
references.citation: Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(6):449-55
references.pmid: 25554612
references.citation: JAMA. 1998 Dec 2;280(21):1843-8
references.pmid: 9846779
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Sep;28(9):1654-9
references.pmid: 18566296
references.citation: Nutrition. 2001 Jul-Aug;17(7-8):534-41
references.pmid: 11448570
references.citation: JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1901-2
references.pmid: 22570449
references.citation: Diabetes. 2003 Jul;52(7):1872-6
references.pmid: 12829659
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2322-5
references.pmid: 16123512
references.citation: Nutr Res Rev. 2012 Jun;25(1):150-61
references.pmid: 22625426
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Dec;22(12):1164-71
references.pmid: 9877251
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 2006 Nov;65(4):329-47
references.pmid: 17181900
references.citation: Obes Res. 2005 Feb;13(2):312-9
references.pmid: 15800289
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1963 Apr 4;268:757-60
references.pmid: 13940209
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1956 Jan-Feb;4(1):20-34
references.pmid: 13282851
references.citation: Diabetes. 1999 Apr;48(4):839-47
references.pmid: 10102702
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2548-56
references.pmid: 15181022
references.citation: Endocrine. 2006 Feb;29(1):109-17
references.pmid: 16622298
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52
references.pmid: 16157765
references.citation: Metabolism. 2015 Aug;64(8):862-71
references.pmid: 25861921
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 May 21-27;365(9473):1817-20
references.pmid: 15910955
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 May;115(5):911-9; quiz 920
references.pmid: 15867843
references.citation: J Endocrinol Invest. 2014 Jun;37(6):511-24
references.pmid: 24458830
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;91(8):2906-12
references.pmid: 16735483
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2009 May;52(5):882-90
references.pmid: 19252892
references.citation: Nutrients. 2013 Jun;5(6):2019-27
references.pmid: 23739143
references.citation: Lancet. 2004 Jan 10;363(9403):157-63
references.pmid: 14726171
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 May 1;97(9):2152-7
references.pmid: 8621806
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:513948
references.pmid: 20508843
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):868-74
references.pmid: 12490960
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):426-30
references.pmid: 15604363
references.citation: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Jan-Mar;22(1):105-13
references.pmid: 19309557
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Aug;39(4):963-7
references.pmid: 20660171
references.citation: Diabetes. 1998 May;47(5):699-713
references.pmid: 9588440
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3490-7
references.pmid: 17595248
references.citation: Cell Biochem Funct. 2007 May-Jun;25(3):305-15
references.pmid: 17195961
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Oct;89(10):5013-20
references.pmid: 15472199
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2000 Jun;183(3):330-7
references.pmid: 10797307
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):694-701
references.pmid: 10966886
references.citation: Acta Diabetol. 2003 Oct;40 Suppl 1:S254-7
references.pmid: 14618486
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):783-91
references.pmid: 11158047
references.citation: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Sep-Oct;10(5):235-45
references.pmid: 17121316
references.citation: Obes Facts. 2012;5(2):254-69
references.pmid: 22647306
references.citation: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;21(6):345-52
references.pmid: 20223680
references.citation: Diabetes. 2003 May;52(5):1104-10
references.pmid: 12716739
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2015 Mar;73(3):175-90
references.pmid: 26024540
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Feb;340(1-2):173-7
references.pmid: 14734209
references.citation: Diabetes. 2011 May;60(5):1504-11
references.pmid: 21421806
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Mar;19(3):624-30
references.pmid: 20706202
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2594-9
references.pmid: 16195477
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4206-10
references.pmid: 15356007
references.citation: Endocr J. 2012;59(10):849-57
references.pmid: 22878669
references.citation: Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):506-12
references.pmid: 10335721
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):721-32
references.pmid: 15297111
references.citation: Diabetes. 1995 Feb;44(2):141-6
references.pmid: 7859931
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2002;115(3):879-89
references.pmid: 12435426
references.citation: Cytokine. 2001 Jun 7;14(5):272-82
references.pmid: 11444907
references.citation: Nat Med. 2002 Jan;8(1):75-9
references.pmid: 11786910
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53 Suppl 1:S119-24
references.pmid: 14749276
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):741-52
references.pmid: 17715408
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Aug;21(8):1571-7
references.pmid: 23404833
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 Sep 4;126(10):1301-13
references.pmid: 22949540
references.citation: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 May 1;5(3):349-56
references.pmid: 22407472
references.citation: BMC Endocr Disord. 2014 Feb 01;14:9
references.pmid: 24484869
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 May;904:553-7
references.pmid: 10865804
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Jun;14(3):281-7
references.pmid: 12840659
references.citation: J Obes. 2012;2012:460321
references.pmid: 23304462
references.citation: Acta Med Scand. 1969 Apr;185(4):351-6
references.pmid: 5806343
references.citation: Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Oct;62(10):1474-83
references.pmid: 18681905
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2001 Apr;120(5):1183-92
references.pmid: 11266382
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Nov 18;108(20):2460-6
references.pmid: 14581396
references.citation: Biochem J. 2012 Feb 1;441(3):971-8
references.pmid: 22050124
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Jul;116(7):1802-12
references.pmid: 16823478
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1983 Sep;72(3):1150-62
references.pmid: 6350364
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2011;11:754
references.pmid: 21962038
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Aug 19;368(9536):624-5
references.pmid: 16920449
references.citation: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):635-46, viii-ix
references.pmid: 18775356
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3555-61
references.pmid: 12161474
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):753-61
references.pmid: 17715409
references.citation: Diabetes Metab J. 2015 Feb;39(1):27-30
references.pmid: 25729709
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Dec;48(6):1351-61
references.pmid: 3202084
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Nov;18(11):2125-30
references.pmid: 20339360
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Dec;16 Suppl 3:S79-81
references.pmid: 19037219
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2013 Dec 3;159(11):758-69
references.pmid: 24297192
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2007 Feb;55(2):131-8
references.pmid: 17174563
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e60673
references.pmid: 23556000
references.citation: Future Cardiol. 2005 Jan;1(1):39-59
references.pmid: 19804060
references.citation: Diabetes Metab. 2004 Dec;30(6):569-72
references.pmid: 15671927
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Apr 19;484(7394):333-8
references.pmid: 22466288
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989 Mar;5(2):83-109
references.pmid: 2647436
references.citation: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jan-Feb;56(4):426-33
references.pmid: 24438734
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 19;107(42):18226-31
references.pmid: 20921416
references.citation: Dis Markers. 2014;2014:743634
references.pmid: 25371596
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Sep;28(17):2047-8
references.pmid: 17673449
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Feb;21(2):320-5
references.pmid: 23404781
references.citation: Metabolism. 2007 May;56(5):649-55
references.pmid: 17445540
references.citation: Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:25-9
references.pmid: 23378781
references.citation: Transl Res. 2014 Oct;164(4):284-92
references.pmid: 24929206
references.citation: Dis Markers. 2013;35(6):615-23
references.pmid: 24285913
references.citation: J Aging Res. 2012;2012:629637
references.pmid: 22500231
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 1985 Sep;56(3):271-81
references.pmid: 3902037
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan;93(1):359-404
references.pmid: 23303913
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1985 Mar;28(3):119-21
references.pmid: 3888754
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1994 Apr;266(4 Pt 1):E600-5
references.pmid: 8178981
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014 Nov;38(8):940-53
references.pmid: 25239112
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2000 Jul;35(4):481-7
references.pmid: 10959036