title: [Minimal cerebral dysfunctions and ADHD in adulthood].
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of great importance not only in children but also in adults; however, despite extensive research there are still many unsolved questions with respect to the diagnosis. Patients not only suffer from attention deficits and hyperactivity but also a variety of other problems, such as dyspraxia, problems with stimulus discrimination, dysgrammatism, legasthenia, or motor coordination problems. Furthermore, there are also psychopathological disorders, such as problems with memory, formal thinking, emotional modulation, drive and vegetative stability, in the sense of a psycho-organic syndrome. Such syndromes have long been known in psychiatry under terms, such as complex capacity disorders, minimal cerebral dysfunction (MCD), minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), mild psycho-organic syndrome, psycho-organic axis syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, developmental disorder and developmental biological syndrome. Etiological data with respect to genetics and early childhood brain trauma support the notion of a psychobiological disorder for complex cerebral dysfunction in the sense of a psycho-organic syndrome. Depending on the individual life and work situation, these additional symptoms of ADHD are in many cases of greater relevance for life adjustment than the core symptoms, depending on the individual life and work situations. The concept of minimal cerebral dysfunction describes the ADHD problem better and has a direct bearing on the diagnosis, therapy and sociomedical care of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Forschungsgruppe Psychosomatische Rehabilitation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Hs II, E01, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Deutschland. michael.linden@charite.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Forschungsgruppe Psychosomatische Rehabilitation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Hs II, E01, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weddigen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Developmental disorder; Mild cognitive impairment; Minimal cerebral dysfunctions; Psycho-organic syndrome; Social medicine
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2014 Jan;44(1):71-84
references.pmid: 23591021
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 Aug;20(6):727-44
references.pmid: 15953706
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;160(6):1028-40
references.pmid: 12777257
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 Apr;36(3):385-98
references.pmid: 17965931
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;150(6):885-90
references.pmid: 8494063
references.citation: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;70(9):956-63
references.pmid: 23884431
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2012 Oct;16(7):544-52
references.pmid: 21725028
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2014 Jul;125(7):1407-16
references.pmid: 24374088
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2005 Jun;35(6):817-27
references.pmid: 15997602
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2002 May;111(2):279-89
references.pmid: 12003449
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;23(6):508-27
references.pmid: 22917983
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;192(2):118-23
references.pmid: 18245028
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007 Dec;195(12):1013-9
references.pmid: 18091195
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Jul;113(7):1036-44
references.pmid: 12088697
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 15;61(12):1361-9
references.pmid: 16950217
references.citation: Sleep Med. 2013 Jul;14(7):648-55
references.pmid: 23643650
references.citation: JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;72(12):1199-210
references.pmid: 26536057
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34(1):1-36
references.pmid: 19142764
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;194(3):204-11
references.pmid: 19252145
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1972 Jul;155(1):55-71
references.pmid: 4402515
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2003 Nov;74(11):987-93
references.pmid: 14598035
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3 Suppl 2):S46-53
references.pmid: 18480677
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2008 May;11(6):737-46
references.pmid: 18025249
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;161(11):1948-56
references.pmid: 15514392
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;65(10):1301-13
references.pmid: 15491232
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2014 May;29(4):259-63
references.pmid: 24016863
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;38(8):931-41
references.pmid: 9413793
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2015 Sep;47:94-101
references.pmid: 25890666
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2014 Dec;44(16):3571-83
references.pmid: 25066432
references.citation: CNS Spectr. 2013 Dec;18(6):296-306
references.pmid: 23739183
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2006 Feb;36(2):159-65
references.pmid: 16420712
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2012 May;83(5):618-29
references.pmid: 21305262
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jun;46(6):381-8
references.pmid: 15174529
references.citation: Crit Rev Toxicol. 2012 Apr;42(4):279-303
references.pmid: 22394313
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2013 Dec 4;:null
references.pmid: 24305060
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 1999 Mar-Apr;32(2):150-8
references.pmid: 15499715
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;40(6):685-95
references.pmid: 11392347
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Oct;23(5):440-55
references.pmid: 17016156
references.citation: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;19(3):237-57
references.pmid: 20145962
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1996 Nov-Dec;37(6):393-401
references.pmid: 8932963
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2004 Jul;75(7):697-715; quiz 716
references.pmid: 15221066
references.citation: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;16 Suppl 1:5-14
references.pmid: 17665278
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2006 Dec;10(6):399-405
references.pmid: 17084648
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;38(8):965-80
references.pmid: 9413795
references.citation: Adv Ther. 2014 Jan;31(1):44-65
references.pmid: 24371021
references.citation: Top Lang Disord. 2012 Sep 1;32(3):247-263
references.pmid: 24363479
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2002 Feb;16(1):12-34
references.pmid: 11992223
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;13(1):48-59
references.pmid: 21155632
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2013 Oct;13(10):1117-28
references.pmid: 24117274
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2009 Oct;9(10):1547-65
references.pmid: 19831843
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1336-46
references.pmid: 15950006
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2015 Sep;86(9):1171-8; quiz 1179-80
references.pmid: 26341837
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995 Dec;23(6):729-49
references.pmid: 8609310
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2005 Feb;8(3):109-20
references.pmid: 16009659
references.citation: J Pers Disord. 2011 Feb;25(1):101-14
references.pmid: 21309626
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2008 May;11(6):628-41
references.pmid: 18094324
references.citation: JAMA. 2010 Aug 25;304(8):875-80
references.pmid: 20736471
references.citation: Behav Res Ther. 2011 Mar;49(3):175-85
references.pmid: 21295767
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2013 Jul;17(5):374-83
references.pmid: 23086616
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2007 May;10(4):335-42
references.pmid: 17449832
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2007 Sep;96(9):1269-74
references.pmid: 17718779
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 1992 Jan-Feb;8(1):30-6
references.pmid: 1558573
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2011 May;82(5):573-80
references.pmid: 21484168
references.citation: Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):500-8
references.pmid: 22930417
references.citation: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 1:I80-92
references.pmid: 15322959
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 2008 Dec;65(12):835-42
references.pmid: 18505771
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 Mar;5(3):222-33
references.pmid: 10217922
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Oct;69:174-9
references.pmid: 26343610
references.citation: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009 Dec;52(6):1401-16
references.pmid: 19951922
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2003 Oct;74(10):939-46
references.pmid: 14655655
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2005 Jul;5(4):525-39
references.pmid: 16026236
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Apr;124(4):644-57
references.pmid: 23063669
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 2000 Mar-Apr;41(2 Suppl 1):1-7
references.pmid: 10746897
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Aug;33(6):795-811
references.pmid: 23872284
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35(5):475-93
references.pmid: 20721770
references.citation: Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2014 Jan;82(1):9-29
references.pmid: 24446115
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;51(8):915-23
references.pmid: 20132417
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2011 May;69(5 Pt 2):11R-8R
references.pmid: 21289534
references.citation: Psychol Assess. 2002 Dec;14(4):379-89
references.pmid: 12501563
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Oct;11(10):1443-65
references.pmid: 21955201
references.citation: World Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;2(2):104-13
references.pmid: 16946911
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;17(10):960-87
references.pmid: 22105624
references.citation: BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Sep 03;10:67
references.pmid: 20815868
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2014 May;40(3):626-41
references.pmid: 23671197
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2007 May;190:402-9
references.pmid: 17470954
references.citation: Nervenarzt. 2015 Jan;86(1):29-35
references.pmid: 25575629
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):816-8
references.pmid: 10784477
references.citation: J Nurs Manag. 2007 Jan;15(1):97-106
references.pmid: 17207013
references.citation: Front Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 11;6:12
references.pmid: 25717306
references.citation: Z Kinderpsychiatr. 1953 Aug;20(4):97-104
references.pmid: 24542775
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):942-8
references.pmid: 17541055
references.citation: Soz Praventivmed. 1975 Sep-Oct;20(5):230-1
references.pmid: 56104
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1997 Jan;121(1):65-94
references.pmid: 9000892
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015 Fall;27(4):272-9
references.pmid: 26185905
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jan 1;41(1):65-75
references.pmid: 8988797
references.citation: Behav Brain Funct. 2013 May 03;9:18
references.pmid: 23642255
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2008 Jan;11(4):445-58
references.pmid: 18083961
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 1;63(3):332-7
references.pmid: 17888409
references.citation: Dyslexia. 2003 Aug;9(3):177-85
references.pmid: 12940301
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 May;48(5):464-72
references.pmid: 17501727
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2000 Sep-Oct;33(5):417-24
references.pmid: 15495544
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Aug;252(4):177-84
references.pmid: 12242579
references.citation: Folia Phoniatr Logop. 1998;50(3):107-17
references.pmid: 9691527
references.citation: MedGenMed. 2006 Jul 18;8(3):12
references.pmid: 17406154
references.citation: Indian J Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;54(2):159-65
references.pmid: 22988324
references.citation: Neonatology. 2010 Jun;97(4):329-38
references.pmid: 19940516
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2001 Aug;16(6):587-604
references.pmid: 14590156
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2013 Jul;17(5):444-8
references.pmid: 22334621