title: Dating the origin and dispersal of Human Papillomavirus type 16 on the basis of ancestral human migrations.
abstract: A major limitation when reconstructing the origin and evolution of HPV-16 is the lack of reliable substitution rate estimates for the viral genes. On the basis of the hypothesis of human HPV-16 co-divergence, we estimated a mean evolutionary rate of 1.47×10(-7) (95% HPD=0.64-2.47×10(-7)) subs/site/year for the viral LCR region. The results of a Bayesian phylogeographical analysis suggest that the currently circulating HPV-16 most probably originated in Africa about 110 thousand years ago (Kya), before giving rise to four known geographical lineages: the Asian/European lineage, which most probably originated in Asia a mean 38 Kya, and the Asian/American and two African lineages, which probably respectively originated about 33 and 27 Kya. These data closely reflect current hypotheses concerning modern human expansion based on studies of mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. The correlation between ancient human migration and the present HPV phylogeny may be explained by the co-existence of modes of transmission other than sexual transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: gianguglielmo.zehender@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Gianguglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zehender
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena Rosanna
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Frati
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amendola
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebranati
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanzi
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005814:Genes, Viral; D063426:Human Migration; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
keywords: Ancient human migrations; HPV origin; HPV substitution rate; Human Papillomavirus type 16; Phylodynamic; Phylogeography