title: A Test of Kangaroo Care on Preterm Infant Breastfeeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of kangaroo care (KC) on breastfeeding outcomes in preterm infants compared with two control groups and to explore whether maternal-infant characteristics and the mother's choice to use KC were related to breastfeeding measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a multisite, stratified, randomized three-arm trial. The treatment groups used KC, auditory-tactile-visual-vestibular (ATVV) intervention, or received preterm infant care information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal intensive care units from 4 hospitals in the United States from 2006 to 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Racially diverse mothers (N = 231) and their preterm infants born weighing less than 1,750 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers and their infants were enrolled once the infants were no longer critically ill, weighed at least 1,000 g, and could be safely held outside the incubator by parents. Participants were instructed by study nurses; those allocated to the KC or ATVV groups were asked to engage in these interactions with their infants for a minimum of 3 times a week in the hospital and at home until their infants reached age 2 months adjusted for prematurity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding at the breast during hospitalization, the duration of postdischarge breastfeeding, and breastfeeding exclusivity after hospital discharge did not differ statistically among the treatment groups. Regardless of group assignment, married, older, and more educated women were more likely to feed at the breast during hospitalization. Mothers who practiced KC, regardless of randomly allocated group, were more likely to provide their milk than those who did not practice KC. Breastfeeding duration was greatest among more educated women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As implemented in this study, assignment to the KC group did not appear to influence the measured breastfeeding outcomes.
authors.forename: Kristin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holditch-Davis
authors.forename: Rosemary C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: White-Traut
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: T Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Geraldo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States
keywords: NICU; infant feeding; kangaroo care; massage; mothers; neonatal intensive care unit; preterm infants
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Apr;131(4):e1218-24
references.pmid: 23460682
references.citation: Breastfeed Med. 2011 Dec;6(6):413-20
references.pmid: 21342016
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2014 Nov;37(4):583-96
references.pmid: 25189523
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2003 Sep-Oct;22(5):51-60
references.pmid: 14598980
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2007 Oct;120(4):e953-9
references.pmid: 17908750
references.citation: Child Dev. 1983 Jun;54(3):653-9
references.pmid: 6851712
references.citation: Pediatr Nurs. 1997 Mar-Apr;23(2):169-75, 193
references.pmid: 9165933
references.citation: MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2002 May-Jun;27(3):146-53
references.pmid: 12015442
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 Jun;111(6 Pt 1):1337-42
references.pmid: 12777550
references.citation: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Apr;22(4):352-61
references.pmid: 23586800
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2005 Nov;47(3):217-29
references.pmid: 16252290
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;117(1):e67-75
references.pmid: 16396850
references.citation: Women Birth. 2008 Jun;21(2):71-85
references.pmid: 18463016
references.citation: Breastfeed Med. 2010 Apr;5(2):71-7
references.pmid: 20113201
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1994 Sep;23(7):581-9
references.pmid: 7996309
references.citation: Adv Neonatal Care. 2006 Dec;6(6):341-8
references.pmid: 17208165
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2008 May-Jun;27(3):151-9
references.pmid: 18557262
references.citation: J Pediatr Nurs. 1995 Aug;10(4):243-53
references.pmid: 7562381
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2014 Nov;37(4):695-710
references.pmid: 25247740
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;122(1):111-9
references.pmid: 23743465
references.citation: MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2005 Jan-Feb;30(1):52-9
references.pmid: 15622150
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2012 Jan;160(1):49-53.e1
references.pmid: 21868028
references.citation: Adv Neonatal Care. 2005 Apr;5(2):93-103
references.pmid: 15806450
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Feb;44(2):91-7
references.pmid: 11848115
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009 Jun;30(3):193-205
references.pmid: 19412125
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2011 Jan;100(1):79-85
references.pmid: 20712833
references.citation: J Pain. 2002 Feb;3(1):50-7
references.pmid: 14622854
references.citation: Int Breastfeed J. 2008 Dec 17;3:30
references.pmid: 19091075
references.citation: Child Care Health Dev. 2010 Mar;36(2):165-78
references.pmid: 19886907
references.citation: Pediatr Ann. 2003 May;32(5):351-5
references.pmid: 12774710
references.citation: Matern Child Health J. 2013 Nov;17(9):1648-57
references.pmid: 23108740
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009 Nov;23(6):591-6
references.pmid: 19840296
references.citation: J Adv Nurs. 2009 Dec;65(12):2523-31
references.pmid: 19824911
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD003519
references.pmid: 22592691
references.citation: J Child Health Care. 2013 Sep;17(3):264-73
references.pmid: 23439591
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Feb;200(2):138.e1-8
references.pmid: 19110223
references.citation: Breastfeed Med. 2011 Feb;6(1):15-9
references.pmid: 20807105
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Nov 15;174(10):1147-58
references.pmid: 21997568
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004 Nov-Dec;33(6):692-703
references.pmid: 15561657
references.citation: Int Breastfeed J. 2011 May 17;6:5
references.pmid: 21586109
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):e827-41
references.pmid: 22371471
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1528-33
references.pmid: 18519456
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 Nov;23(8):819-35
references.pmid: 9924739
references.citation: J Hum Lact. 2011 Feb;27(1):14-24
references.pmid: 21173423
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2000 Jun;19(4):31-5
references.pmid: 11949100
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011 Mar-Apr;40(2):190-7
references.pmid: 21410756
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2013 Nov-Dec;42(6):641-54
references.pmid: 25803213
references.citation: Pediatr Nurs. 1993 Nov-Dec;19(6):625-9
references.pmid: 8278239
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2010 Jan;99(1):42-6
references.pmid: 20002013
references.citation: J Clin Psychol. 2000 Jan;56(1):89-100
references.pmid: 10661371
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009 Jul-Aug;38(4):478-89; quiz 489-90
references.pmid: 19614884
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2003;92(3):320-6
references.pmid: 12725547
references.citation: J Hum Lact. 2009 Nov;25(4):412-9
references.pmid: 19602575
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2000 Apr;19(3):13-21
references.pmid: 11949060
references.citation: J Hum Lact. 2010 Nov;26(4):368-75
references.pmid: 20930219
references.citation: Nurs Res. 1993 May-Jun;42(3):148-52
references.pmid: 8506163
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1977 Sep;106(3):203-14
references.pmid: 900119
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2010 Nov-Dec;39(6):627-34
references.pmid: 21044147
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2002 Mar;21(2):13-20
references.pmid: 11923996
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2002 Apr;109(4):e57
references.pmid: 11927730
references.citation: Res Nurs Health. 2007 Jun;30(3):333-46
references.pmid: 17514707
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003 Sep-Oct;32(5):604-11
references.pmid: 14565739
references.citation: Breastfeed Med. 2012 Feb;7(1):29-37
references.pmid: 21718117
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 1992 Jun-Jul;81(6-7):488-93
references.pmid: 1392359
references.citation: Adv Nutr. 2014 Mar;5(2):207-12
references.pmid: 24618763
references.citation: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000 Mar-Apr;29(2):145-52
references.pmid: 10750680
references.citation: J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2004 Oct-Dec;18(4):385-96
references.pmid: 15646308
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Mar;131(3):548-58
references.pmid: 23400611
references.citation: BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:70
references.pmid: 23514133
references.citation: Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2003;21:1-20
references.pmid: 12858691
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007 Feb;28(1):36-44
references.pmid: 17353730
references.citation: Adv Neonatal Care. 2003 Apr;3(2):76-87
references.pmid: 12881949
references.citation: Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Feb;60(1):209-26
references.pmid: 23178066
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD002971
references.pmid: 24752468
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2013 Dec;36(4):694-706
references.pmid: 23962543
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(4):464-70
references.pmid: 19322056
references.citation: J Trauma Stress. 1999 Jan;12(1):193-9
references.pmid: 10027153
references.citation: J Perinatol. 2002 Sep;22(6):448-54
references.pmid: 12168121
references.citation: Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2012 Sep;12(3):124-131
references.pmid: 22984346
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2013 Sep 25;150(3):1217-20
references.pmid: 23764383
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2010 Jul;99(7):1000-4
references.pmid: 20151950
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993 Dec;14(6):375-80
references.pmid: 8126229
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2011 Apr;87(4):321-3
references.pmid: 21316877