title: Functional neuroimaging for addiction medicine: From mechanisms to practical considerations.
abstract: During last 20 years, neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in people with drug addictions has introduced a wide range of quantitative biomarkers from brain's regional or network level activities during different cognitive functions. These quantitative biomarkers could be potentially used for assessment, planning, prediction, and monitoring for "addiction medicine" during screening, acute intoxication, admission to a program, completion of an acute program, admission to a long-term program, and postgraduation follow-up. In this chapter, we have briefly reviewed main neurocognitive targets for fMRI studies associated with addictive behaviors, main study types using fMRI among drug dependents, and potential applications for fMRI in addiction medicine. Main challenges and limitations for extending fMRI studies and evidences aiming at clinical applications in addiction medicine are also discussed. There is still a significant gap between available evidences from group-based fMRI studies and personalized decisions during daily practices in addiction medicine. It will be important to fill this gap with large-scale clinical trials and longitudinal studies using fMRI measures with a well-defined strategic plan for the future.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ekhtiari
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ashkan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faghiri
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oghabian
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: mpaulus@laureateinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Paulus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Addiction medicine; Measurement; Personalized; Prediction; fMRI