title: Pectin Biosynthesis Is Critical for Cell Wall Integrity and Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Plant cell walls are important barriers against microbial pathogens. Cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves contain three major types of polysaccharides: cellulose, various hemicelluloses, and pectins. UDP-D-galacturonic acid, the key building block of pectins, is produced from the precursor UDP-D-glucuronic acid by the action of glucuronate 4-epimerases (GAEs). Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326) repressed expression of GAE1 and GAE6 in Arabidopsis, and immunity to Pma ES4326 was compromised in gae6 and gae1 gae6 mutant plants. These plants had brittle leaves and cell walls of leaves had less galacturonic acid. Resistance to specific Botrytis cinerea isolates was also compromised in gae1 gae6 double mutant plants. Although oligogalacturonide (OG)-induced immune signaling was unaltered in gae1 gae6 mutant plants, immune signaling induced by a commercial pectinase, macerozyme, was reduced. Macerozyme treatment or infection with B. cinerea released less soluble uronic acid, likely reflecting fewer OGs, from gae1 gae6 cell walls than from wild-type Col-0. Although both OGs and macerozyme-induced immunity to B. cinerea in Col-0, only OGs also induced immunity in gae1 gae6. Pectin is thus an important contributor to plant immunity, and this is due at least in part to the induction of immune responses by soluble pectin, likely OGs, that are released during plant-pathogen interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 gbethke@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Gerit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bethke
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thao
authors.affiliation: Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
authors.forename: Guangyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
authors.forename: Baohua
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-0470
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9213-9904
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Soltis
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hatsugai
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0632-5597
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hillmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-3175
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kliebenstein
authors.affiliation: Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-736X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glazebrook
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000235:genetics*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; C007819:galacturonic acid; D010368:Pectins
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