title: Applicability of UV resistant Bacillus pumilus endospores as a human adenovirus surrogate for evaluating the effectiveness of virus inactivation in low-pressure UV treatment systems.
abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated the potential to use Bacillus pumilus endospores as a surrogate for human adenovirus (HAdV) in UV disinfection studies. The use of endospores has been limited by observations of batch-to-batch variation in UV sensitivity. This study reports on a propagation method that utilizes a commercially available medium to produce UV tolerant B. pumilus endospores with a consistent UV sensitivity. It is further demonstrated that the endospores of B. pumilus strain (ATCC 27142), produced using this protocol (half strength Columbia broth, 5 days incubation, with 0.1mM MnSO4), display a UV dose-response that is similar to that of HAdV. Endospore stocks could be stored in ethanol for up to two months at 4 °C without a significant change in UV sensitivity. Synergistic endospore damage was observed by pre-heat treatment of water samples followed by UV irradiation. UV tolerant B. pumilus endospores are a potential surrogate of HAdV for UV treatment performance tests in water utilities which do not have in-house research virology laboratories.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Boczek
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cashdollar
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, 602-14 Jungang-ro, Incheon 417-833, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jongseong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popovici
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoelle
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Mano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivaganesan
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. Electronic address: ryu.hodon@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Hodon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000528:radiation effects; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017909:Levivirus / Q000528:radiation effects; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
keywords: Low-pressure UV disinfection; UV resistant Bacillus pumilus endospores; human adenovirus surrogate