title: Dopaminergic-induced dyskinesia assessment based on a single belt-worn accelerometer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After several years of treatment, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) tend to have, as a side effect of the medication, dyskinesias. Close monitoring may benefit patients by enabling doctors to tailor a personalised medication regimen. Moreover, dyskinesia monitoring can help neurologists make more informed decisions in patient's care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design and validate an algorithm able to be embedded into a system that PD patients could wear during their activities of daily living with the purpose of registering the occurrence of dyskinesia in real conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from an accelerometer positioned in the waist are collected at the patient's home and are annotated by experienced clinicians. Data collection is divided into two parts: a main database gathered from 92 patients used to partially train and to evaluate the algorithms based on a leave-one-out approach and, on the other hand, a second database from 10 patients which have been used to also train a part of the detection algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that, depending on the severity and location of dyskinesia, specificities and sensitivities higher than 90% are achieved using a leave-one-out methodology. Although mild dyskinesias presented on the limbs are detected with 95% specificity and 39% sensitivity, the most important types of dyskinesia (any strong dyskinesia and trunk mild dyskinesia) are assessed with 95% specificity and 93% sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented algorithmic method and wearable device have been successfully validated in monitoring the occurrence of strong dyskinesias and mild trunk dyskinesias during activities of daily living.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios para la Dependencia y la vida Autónoma (CETpD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Rambla de l'Exposició, 59, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: carlos.perez-lopez@upc.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios para la Dependencia y la vida Autónoma (CETpD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Rambla de l'Exposició, 59, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samà
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios para la Dependencia y la vida Autónoma (CETpD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Rambla de l'Exposició, 59, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Martín
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios para la Dependencia y la vida Autónoma (CETpD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Rambla de l'Exposició, 59, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moreno-Aróstegui
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios para la Dependencia y la vida Autónoma (CETpD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Rambla de l'Exposició, 59, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cabestany
authors.affiliation: UParkinson, Passeig Bonanova 26, Barcelona 08022, Spain.
authors.forename: Angels
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayes
authors.affiliation: UParkinson, Passeig Bonanova 26, Barcelona 08022, Spain.
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mestre
authors.affiliation: UParkinson, Passeig Bonanova 26, Barcelona 08022, Spain.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alcaine
authors.affiliation: UParkinson, Passeig Bonanova 26, Barcelona 08022, Spain.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quispe
authors.affiliation: Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering & Informatics National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gearóid Ó
authors.initials: GÓ
authors.lastname: Laighin
authors.affiliation: Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering & Informatics National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.affiliation: Physiology, School of Medicine National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Leo R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Counihan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306, Rome 00142, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Annicchiarico
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306, Rome 00142, Italy; Niccolò Cusano University, via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, Rome 00166, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Maccabi Healthcare Services, Hamered Street 27, Tel-Aviv 68125, Israel.
authors.forename: Hadas
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lewy
authors.affiliation: Electrical & Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering & Informatics National University Galway (NUIG), University Rd, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Molinero
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa
keywords: Ambulatory monitoring; Dyskinesia; Inertial sensors; Parkinson's disease; Support vector machine