title: The Suitability of Propofol Compared with Urethane for Anesthesia during Urodynamic Studies in Rats.
abstract: Urethane anesthesia preserves many reflex functions and is often the preferred anesthetic for urodynamic studies in rats. Because of the toxicity profile of urethane, its use as an anesthetic typically is limited to acute and terminal investigations. Alternative anesthetic options are needed for longitudinal studies of micturition reflexes in rats. In this study, we evaluated propofol anesthesia administered at constant rate infusion at different planes of anesthesia in rats for combined cystometrography and external urethral sphincter (EUS) EMG in rats. No reflex micturition was noted after rats received 100%, 80%, or 60% of a previously reported anesthetic dose of propofol. At 40% of the standard propofol dose, a subset of rats showed reflex voiding, with bladder contractions and associated EUS EMG activity. In contrast, urethane anesthesia at a surgical plane allowed for reflex voiding with bladder contractions and EUS activation. Latency to leaking or voiding was longer in rats under propofol anesthesia than in those under urethane anesthesia. In a subset of rats with reflex voiding under propofol anesthesia, voiding efficiency was decreased compared with that of rats anesthetized with urethane. We conclude that propofol anesthesia suppresses micturition reflexes in rats more efficiently than did urethane. Propofol is a suitable anesthetic for longitudinal studies in rats, but its use for urodynamic evaluations is limited in these animals due to its marked suppression of both bladder contractions and EUS EMG activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moheban
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Huiyi H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;, Email: lhavton@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Leif A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Havton
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D007756:Laboratory Animal Science; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D014520:Urethane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D014520:Urethane; D015742:Propofol
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2003 Oct;64(10):1288-92
references.pmid: 14596468
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2004 Jun;187(2):445-54
references.pmid: 15144870
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 2004 Sep;93(3):440-50
references.pmid: 15220176
references.citation: J Pharmacol Methods. 1986 Apr;15(2):157-67
references.pmid: 3702468
references.citation: Experientia. 1986 May 15;42(5):531-7
references.pmid: 3519271
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):R250-7
references.pmid: 3740305
references.citation: Lab Anim. 1988 Jul;22(3):255-62
references.pmid: 3050270
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 1998 Sep;89(3):678-85
references.pmid: 9743405
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Sep;156(9):1447-9
references.pmid: 10484961
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 2005 Feb;94(2):193-7
references.pmid: 15516356
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2006 Apr;67(4):723-30
references.pmid: 16579768
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2003 May;64(5):574-9
references.pmid: 12755297
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Mar;292(3):F1044-53
references.pmid: 17047164
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Sep;45(9):1709-18
references.pmid: 17459552
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2008 Jun;106(6):1772-7
references.pmid: 18499608
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2008 Aug;212(2):291-7
references.pmid: 18502418
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):F1248-53
references.pmid: 18753298
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 23;26(34):8672-9
references.pmid: 16928855
references.citation: Int Urol Nephrol. 2010 Dec;42(4):909-13
references.pmid: 20464486
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2013 Jan;239:210-7
references.pmid: 23099413
references.citation: Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(1):87-99
references.pmid: 10602250
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2000 Apr;92(4):1067-73
references.pmid: 10754627
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Jan 15;21(2):559-69
references.pmid: 11160435
references.citation: Life Sci. 2001 Jul 27;69(10):1193-202
references.pmid: 11508351
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2002 Feb;94(2):241-2
references.pmid: 11812676
references.citation: Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008 Nov;36(6):779-85
references.pmid: 19115644