title: The value of the clinical history for the diagnosis of immediate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity and safe alternative drugs in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosing hypersensitivity reactions that develop as a result of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with a history is mostly misleading, and skin tests and/or provocation tests are needed for a definitive diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of actual NSAID hypersensitivity and whether there are any parameters in the history to predict NSAID hypersensitivity. In addition, to determine safe alternative drugs for children who are diagnosed with actual NSAID hypersensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with a history of NSAID hypersensitivity were evaluated by an allergist. Safe alternatives in children with a confirmed NSAID hypersensitivity were found by oral provocation tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four patients who were admitted with a suspicion of immediate-type reaction to NSAIDs were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 6 years old (range, 1-17 years), and 37 of the patients (57.8%) were boys. We performed skin tests for suspected NSAID in 35 patients (54.7%). Of these, two had positive results. Provocation tests were performed with 62 patients whose skin test results were negative or for whom skin tests were not available. During the provocation tests, 16 patients (25.8%) developed reactions. Low- and high-dose acetaminophen, nimesulide, and tolmetin sodium were used to find safe alternative drugs. Two patients developed reactions to high-dose acetaminophen but no reaction to nimesulide and tolmetin sodium. When statistically significant parameters were analyzed in a logistic regression model, the presence of multiple NSAIDs hypersensitivity in the patient history (odds ratio 26.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.47-481.63]; p = 0.026) and the emergence of a reaction within an hour (odds ratio 26.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.73-403.11]; p = 0.019) were found as the independent factors to predicted actual NSAID hypersensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence of a reaction within an hour of taking the drug and the presence of multiple NSAIDs hypersensitivity history increased the possibility of actual NSAID hypersensitivity. Nimesulide, low-dose acetaminophen, and tolmetin sodium could be used as safe alternative drugs in patients with multiple NSAIDs hypersensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Inonu University Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.forename: Mehmet Halil
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Celiksoy
authors.forename: Ferhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catal
authors.forename: Yekbun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gamze Sayan
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sancak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007073:Immunoglobulin E