title: Electrosurgery and ultrasonics on patients with implantable cardiac devices: Evidence of side effects in the dental practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implantable cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) have been introduced in the care of patients with cardiac dysrhythmias. Most dental practitioners demonstrate extreme caution when treating patients with ICDs. This paper presents a review of the available literature on these devices and how they interact with dental electrosurgery and ultrasonic device use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the analysis of the literature, this view is not corroborated by the current clinical data, and appears to be misguided. While further in-vivo studies are needed to truly determine the true level of risk, the evidence suggests that there is no contraindication for electrosurgery or ultrasonics use in patients with ICDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the precautions stated in this analysis, the risk of any deleterious effect on ICD function is minimal.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pisano
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tassiopoulos
authors.forename: Georgios E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Romanos
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D004598:Electrosurgery; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy