title: The effects of stress on brain and adrenal stem cells.
abstract: The brain and adrenal are critical control centers that maintain body homeostasis under basal and stress conditions, and orchestrate the body's response to stress. It is noteworthy that patients with stress-related disorders exhibit increased vulnerability to mental illness, even years after the stress experience, which is able to generate long-term changes in the brain's architecture and function. High levels of glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex of the stressed subject reduce neurogenesis, which contributes to the development of depression. In support of the brain-adrenal connection in stress, many (but not all) depressed patients have alterations in the components of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis, with enlarged adrenal cortex and increased glucocorticoid levels. Other psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and depression, are also associated with abnormalities in hippocampal volume and hippocampal function. In addition, hippocampal lesions impair the regulation of the LHPA axis in stress response. Our knowledge of the functional connection between stress, brain function and adrenal has been further expanded by two recent, independent papers that elucidate the effects of stress on brain and adrenal stem cells, showing similarities in the way that the progenitor populations of these organs behave under stress, and shedding more light into the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptation of tissues to stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rubin de Celis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: M F R
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Celis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Androutsellis-Theotokis
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Andoniadou
authors.affiliation: Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Licinio
authors.affiliation: Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrhart-Bornstein
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2013 Oct 3;13(4):433-45
references.pmid: 24094324
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Aug;124(2):259-71
references.pmid: 22349813
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2013 Oct 3;13(4):419-32
references.pmid: 24094323
references.citation: Neuron. 2010 Jan 14;65(1):7-19
references.pmid: 20152109
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Feb 22;132(4):645-60
references.pmid: 18295581
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:149-84
references.pmid: 19555289
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2009 Oct;27(10):2602-13
references.pmid: 19609938
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2000 Jun;27(2):87-98
references.pmid: 11092555
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2000 Oct;75(4):1729-34
references.pmid: 10987856
references.citation: Behav Pharmacol. 2007 Sep;18(5-6):419-30
references.pmid: 17762510
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015 Jun 15;408:178-84
references.pmid: 25575455
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1966 May 25;241(10):2301-5
references.pmid: 4287854
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;17(4):354-8
references.pmid: 22249377
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1998 Apr;19(2):101-43
references.pmid: 9570034
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Feb;12(2):88-104
references.pmid: 21248788
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2006;16(3):233-8
references.pmid: 16411244
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Jun 11;97(6):703-16
references.pmid: 10380923
references.citation: Science. 1965 Dec 10;150(3702):1464-5
references.pmid: 4285299
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Jun 14;10(6):698-708
references.pmid: 22704510
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 May;49(5):384-7
references.pmid: 1586274
references.citation: Development. 2000 Dec;127(24):5253-63
references.pmid: 11076748
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2005 Sep;88(1):79-86
references.pmid: 16033700
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Aug 03;476(7361):458-61
references.pmid: 21814201
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(7):1004-31
references.pmid: 16730374
references.citation: Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012 Nov;1(11):783-91
references.pmid: 23197690
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1991 May;12(2):118-34
references.pmid: 2070776
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Feb;17(4):879-86
references.pmid: 12603278
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1994 Jul;61(2):203-9
references.pmid: 7969902
references.citation: Compr Physiol. 2013 Oct;3(4):1569-610
references.pmid: 24265239
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):2074-7
references.pmid: 8446631
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;20(1):32-47
references.pmid: 25486982
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Dec;14(12):7680-7
references.pmid: 7996203
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;20(8):941-50
references.pmid: 25707399
references.citation: Science. 1962 Mar 30;135(3509):1127-8
references.pmid: 13860748
references.citation: Bone. 2004 Jul;35(1):83-95
references.pmid: 15207744
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1984 Feb 10;223(1):1-21
references.pmid: 6707248
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2006 Sep;18(9):655-61
references.pmid: 16879164
references.citation: Neurologia. 2001 Mar;16(3):118-21
references.pmid: 11333781
references.citation: Development. 2013 Feb 1;140(3):483-6
references.pmid: 23293279
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Sep;47(3):864-71
references.pmid: 19500680
references.citation: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Nov;30(8):1433-40
references.pmid: 21061156
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Feb 15;269(1):365-70
references.pmid: 2537063
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Nov;14(9):1417-24
references.pmid: 11722603
references.citation: Cell Transplant. 2012;21(11):2471-86
references.pmid: 22507143
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 May 10;8(5):e64454
references.pmid: 23675538
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2010 Sep;114(6):1840-51
references.pmid: 20626564
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec;1148:112-7
references.pmid: 19120098
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Jan;36(1):19-27
references.pmid: 20646833
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;19(12):1275-83
references.pmid: 24514565
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Oct;22(5):754-61
references.pmid: 22503352
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2015 Jun;33(6):2037-51
references.pmid: 25802118