title: A novel mutation in PAX3 associated with Waardenburg syndrome type I in a Chinese family.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The novel compound heterozygous mutation in PAX3 was the key genetic reason for WS1 in this family, which was useful to the molecular diagnosis of WS1.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Screening the pathogenic mutations in a four generation Chinese family with Waardenburg syndrome type I (WS1).
  
  
  METHODS
  WS1 was diagnosed in a 4-year-old boy according to the Waardenburg syndrome Consortium criteria. The detailed family history revealed four affected members in the family. Routine clinical, audiological examination, and ophthalmologic evaluation were performed on four affected and 10 healthy members in this family. The genetic analysis was conducted, including the targeted next-generation sequencing of 127 known deafness genes combined with Sanger sequencing, TA clone and bioinformatic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel compound heterozygous mutation c.[169_170insC;172_174delAAG] (p.His57ProfsX55) was identified in PAX3, which was co-segregated with WS1 in the Chinese family. This mutation was absent in the unaffected family members and 200 ethnicity-matched controls. The phylogenetic analysis and three-dimensional (3D) modeling of Pax3 protein further confirmed that the novel compound heterozygous mutation was pathogenic.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Jianfen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Fengguo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Yuechen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Daogong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Yalin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China ;|b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D014849:Waardenburg Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; C489409:PAX3 protein, human
keywords: Novel mutation; PAX3; WS1; targeted next-generation sequencing