title: Asymmetric ecological conditions favor Red-Queen type of continued evolution over stasis.
abstract: Four decades ago, Leigh Van Valen presented the Red Queen's hypothesis to account for evolution of species within a multispecies ecological community [Van Valen L (1973) Evol Theory 1(1):1-30]. The overall conclusion of Van Valen's analysis was that evolution would continue even in the absence of abiotic perturbations. Stenseth and Maynard Smith presented in 1984 [Stenseth NC, Maynard Smith J (1984) Evolution 38(4):870-880] a model for the Red Queen's hypothesis showing that both Red-Queen type of continuous evolution and stasis could result from a model with biotically driven evolution. However, although that contribution demonstrated that both evolutionary outcomes were possible, it did not identify which ecological conditions would lead to each of these evolutionary outcomes. Here, we provide, using a simple, yet general population-biologically founded eco-evolutionary model, such analytically derived conditions: Stasis will predominantly emerge whenever the ecological system contains only symmetric ecological interactions, whereas both Red-Queen and stasis type of evolution may result if the ecological interactions are asymmetrical, and more likely so with increasing degree of asymmetry in the ecological system (i.e., the more trophic interactions, host-pathogen interactions, and the like there are [i.e., +/- type of ecological interactions as well as asymmetric competitive (-/-) and mutualistic (+/+) ecological interactions]). In the special case of no between-generational genetic variance, our results also predict dynamics within these types of purely ecological systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;
authors.forename: Jan Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nordbotten
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway n.c.stenseth@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Nils C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stenseth
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004463:Ecology; D008962:Models, Theoretical
keywords: coevolution; ecosystem structure; evolution within ecological communities; mathematical analysis; mathematical modeling
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