title: Decrease of TET2 expression and increase of 5-hmC levels in myeloid sarcomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myeloid sarcoma is a tumor mass that consists of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells at an extramedullary site. Pathological diagnosis is very difficult based on morphology if systemic signs of disease are absent. The subtype of myeloid sarcoma is also minimally identifiable in the histological picture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated 18 paraffin-embedded myeloid sarcoma samples, and our immunohistochemical data confirmed the relevance of some key markers for the diagnosis and subclassification of myeloid sarcoma. CD34 was found as a marker in 67% of the myeloid sarcoma cases, and CD34 was positive in all immature types of myeloid sarcoma. CD68 was found in 83% of the myeloid sarcoma cases, but CD68 was most identified in the differentiated type of myeloid sarcoma. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was positive in all myeloid sarcomas. Notably, the reactivity of MPO in the blastic subtype was much lower in myeloid sarcomas. CD117 reactivity was found in 67% of myeloid sarcomas. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) protein exhibited significant negative reactivity in 88% of the cases, and 5-methylcytosine (5-hmC) was significantly positive in the nucleus in 100% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that an immunohistochemical panel that included MPO, CD68 and CD34 could be used for the detection of blastic, differentiated and immature types of myeloid sarcoma. Changes in novel epigenetic regulators, including the loss of TET2 and gain of 5-hmC, as characteristics of myeloid malignancies may be useful novel markers of myeloid sarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pathology, School of basic medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. Electronic address: xdsh96@21cn.com.
authors.forename: Desheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Hunan 410078 China. Electronic address: yingshi@csu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pathology, School of basic medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. Electronic address: fcy1963@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Changzhi School of Medicine, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China. Electronic address: chao1209ch@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jiantao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pathology, School of basic medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. Electronic address: xiaomaopy@163.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Hunan 410078 China. Electronic address: jiangyiquen@csu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yiqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Hunan 410078 China. Electronic address: linglingbeijing@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China. Electronic address: liushuang1999@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Hunan 410078 China. Electronic address: wenzhou@csu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pathology, School of basic medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China. Electronic address: zhoujh15@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan 410078 China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Hunan 410078 China. Electronic address: taoyong@csu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yongguang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D049308:Dioxygenases; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D023981:Sarcoma, Myeloid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D055815:Young Adult; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D049308:Dioxygenases; D005557:Formaldehyde; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007377:Interleukin-3; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C540838:5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C404145:myelopoietin; C541081:TET2 protein, human
keywords: 5-hmC; CD34; CD68; Myeloid sarcoma; Myeloperoxidase; TET2