title: On the analysis of clonogenic survival data: Statistical alternatives to the linear-quadratic model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most frequently used method to quantitatively describe the response to ionizing irradiation in terms of clonogenic survival is the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. In the LQ model, the logarithm of the surviving fraction is regressed linearly on the radiation dose by means of a second-degree polynomial. The ratio of the estimated parameters for the linear and quadratic term, respectively, represents the dose at which both terms have the same weight in the abrogation of clonogenic survival. This ratio is known as the α/β ratio. However, there are plausible scenarios in which the α/β ratio fails to sufficiently reflect differences between dose-response curves, for example when curves with similar α/β ratio but different overall steepness are being compared. In such situations, the interpretation of the LQ model is severely limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colony formation assays were performed in order to measure the clonogenic survival of nine human pancreatic cancer cell lines and immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells upon irradiation at 0-10 Gy. The resulting dataset was subjected to LQ regression and non-linear log-logistic regression. Dimensionality reduction of the data was performed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the LQ model and the non-linear log-logistic regression model resulted in accurate approximations of the observed dose-response relationships in the dataset of clonogenic survival. However, in contrast to the LQ model the non-linear regression model allowed the discrimination of curves with different overall steepness but similar α/β ratio and revealed an improved goodness-of-fit. Additionally, the estimated parameters in the non-linear model exhibit a more direct interpretation than the α/β ratio. Dimensionality reduction of clonogenic survival data by means of cluster analysis was shown to be a useful tool for classifying radioresistant and sensitive cell lines. More quantitatively, principal component analysis allowed the extraction of scores of radioresistance, which displayed significant correlations with the estimated parameters of the regression models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Undoubtedly, LQ regression is a robust method for the analysis of clonogenic survival data. Nevertheless, alternative approaches including non-linear regression and multivariate techniques such as cluster analysis and principal component analysis represent versatile tools for the extraction of parameters and/or scores of the cellular response towards ionizing irradiation with a more intuitive biological interpretation. The latter are highly informative for correlation analyses with other types of data, including functional genomics data that are increasingly being generated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Centre, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. steffen.unkel@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unkel
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. claus.belka@med.uni-muenchen.de.|Clinic Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. claus.belka@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belka
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. kirsten.lauber@med.uni-muenchen.de.|Clinic Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. kirsten.lauber@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lauber
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012984:Software; D013223:Statistics as Topic
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