title: Chlorogenic acid protects D-galactose-induced liver and kidney injury via antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the aging process and its related hepatic and renal function decline. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant polyphenol compounds in the human diet. Recently, CGA has shown in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study investigates the effects of protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on D-galactose-induced liver and kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic and renal injuries were induced in a mouse model by subcutaneously injection of D-galactose (D-gal; 100 mg/kg) once a day for 8 consecutive weeks and orally administered simultaneously with CGA included in the food (200 mg/kg of diet). The liver and renal functions were examined. Histological analyses of liver and kidney were done by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver and the kidney were measured. Results CGA significantly reduced the serum aminotransferase, serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in D-gal mice (p <0.05). CGA also restored superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde levels and decreased glutathione content in the liver and kidney in D-gal mice (p <0.05). Improvements in liver and kidney were also noted in histopathological studies. CGA reduced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein levels in the liver and kidney in D-gal mice (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CGA attenuates D-gal-induced chronic liver and kidney injury and that this protection may be due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: b Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI) , Sydney , NSW , Australia ;|c Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong , NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Ying-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Shu-Ting
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: c Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong , NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camer
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Yu-Zhou
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Dan-Lu
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: b Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI) , Sydney , NSW , Australia ;|c Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong , NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Xu-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China ;
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005690:Galactose / Q000633:toxicity*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D005690:Galactose
keywords: CGA; d-gal; oxidative stress
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