title: The role of surgery in the management of "body packers".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concealment of packets of illegal substances within body cavities is a common technique for drug smuggling worldwide. The goal of our study was to analyze the results of conservative treatment of "body packers", indications for surgical intervention, and postoperative morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to our hospital and diagnosed as body packers. The diagnostic protocol included an abdominal X-ray and urinalysis for toxic substances. Only patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, signs of intoxication, or a positive urinalysis were admitted for observation. Conservative management included bowel rest and serial abdominal radiographs to confirm the passage per rectum of all foreign bodies. Asymptomatic patients were given laxatives in the emergency department (ED) to promote bowel movements and were not admitted to the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 763 body packers were admitted to the hospital, all of whom were initially treated conservatively. Of these patients, 47 (6 %) developed complications: 28 with bowel obstruction, three with bowel perforation, and 16 with substance intoxication. In patients developing complications, urinalysis for toxic substances was negative in 19 (40 %). Sixteen (34 %) patients who developed complications were successfully managed nonoperatively. Three (6 %) other patients died before surgery: two deaths resulted from acute toxicity (one of them with an acute onset and a negative urinalysis) and the third patient died of bowel perforation. Laparotomy was required in 28 (3.5 %) body packers admitted for observation. Enterotomy and/or gastrotomy to remove the packets were the most frequently performed procedures. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 57 % of patients, with wound infection being the most frequent complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative management was effective in 94 % of symptomatic patients. A laparotomy was required in only 3.5 % of cases. The mortality rate in this series was low, resulting from either severe cocaine poisoning from ruptured packets or bowel perforation.
authors.affiliation: , C/ Ibiza Nº 13, 6º-left, 28009, Madrid, Spain. lau_alvarez84@hotmail.com.|Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/ Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain. lau_alvarez84@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Álvarez Llano
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. crisis0709@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rey Valcalcel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. ymal_lal@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Al-Lal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. lolaperezdiaz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pérez Díaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. astafford@rcsi.ie.|Department of Liver Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK. astafford@rcsi.ie.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. fturegano.hgugm@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turégano Fuentes
keywords: Body packers; Drug smuggling; Swallowers
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