title: Atrazine degradation by fungal co-culture enzyme extracts under different soil conditions.
abstract: This investigation was undertaken to determine the atrazine degradation by fungal enzyme extracts (FEEs) in a clay-loam soil microcosm contaminated at field application rate (5 μg g(-1)) and to study the influence of different soil microcosm conditions, including the effect of soil sterilization, water holding capacity, soil pH and type of FEEs used in atrazine degradation through a 2(4) factorial experimental design. The Trametes maxima-Paecilomyces carneus co-culture extract contained more laccase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content (laccase = 18956.0 U mg protein(-1), H2O2 = 6.2 mg L(-1)) than the T. maxima monoculture extract (laccase = 12866.7 U mg protein(-1), H2O2 = 4.0 mg L(-1)). Both extracts were able to degrade atrazine at 100%; however, the T. maxima monoculture extract (0.32 h) achieved a lower half-degradation time than its co-culture with P. carneus (1.2 h). The FEE type (p = 0.03) and soil pH (p = 0.01) significantly affected atrazine degradation. The best degradation rate was achieved by the T. maxima monoculture extract in an acid soil (pH = 4.86). This study demonstrated that both the monoculture extracts of the native strain T. maxima and its co-culture with P. carneus can efficiently and quickly degrade atrazine in clay-loam soils.
authors.affiliation: a Biological Control and Applied Mycology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological and Agro-livestock Sciences, University of Colima , Tecoman , Colima , Mexico.
authors.forename: Wilberth
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chan-Cupul
authors.affiliation: b Micromycetes Laboratory, Institute of Ecology A. C. , Xalapa , Veracruz , Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heredia-Abarca
authors.affiliation: c Department of technology and Bioengineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , Mexico.
authors.forename: Refugio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Vázquez
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D000077215:Clay; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001280:Atrazine; D000077215:Clay
keywords: Fungal interaction; herbicide; ligninolytic enzymes; mycoremediation; soil sterilization; water holding capacity