title: The association of hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria with vesicoureteral reflux in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the important complications of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the development of urolithiasis. Identifying factors involved in development of urolithiasis in children with VUR is immensely important. This study was conducted to determine the association between hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria with VUR in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred children with VUR (case group) were compared to 100 healthy children (control group) in terms of hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria. To measure these markers, random morning fasting urine samples were used. Data were analyzed using statistical tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria frequencies, and also urine calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) and urine uric acid/creatinine (UA/Cr) ratios were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). A significant difference was found between hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria in severity of VUR (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria and severity of VUR (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that there is association between hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria and VUR in children. It is recommended to adopt measures to prevent the development of urolithiasis in VUR patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Abolfazl473@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahyar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dalirani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Parviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ayazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamzehloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Alireza
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moshiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khoshbakht Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talebi Pour Nikoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Zohreh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esmaeily
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Children; Hypercalciuria; Hyperuricosoria; Urolithiasis; Vesicoureteral reflux
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