title: Antimicrobial activity of complete denture cleanser solutions based on sodium hypochlorite and Ricinus communis - a randomized clinical study.
abstract: To preserve oral health and to maintain the prosthetic devices, it is important not only to improve the properties of commonly known hygiene products, but also to investigate new materials with antimicrobial action. Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.50%) and 10% Ricinus communis' solutions against specific microorganisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty four maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures three times a day and to soak them (20 min/day) in the solutions: SH1: 0.25% sodium hypochlorite; SH2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; RC: 10% R. communis oil; and C: 0.85% saline (control). The solutions were used for 7 days in a randomized sequence. Following each period of use, there was a 1-week washout period. Antimicrobial activity was determined by Colony Forming Units (CFU) counts of Streptococcus mutans, Candida spp., and gram-negative microorganisms. For collecting biofilm, the internal surface of maxillary dentures was brushed with saline solution, and biofilm suspension obtained. After dilutions (100 - 10-3), aliquots were seeded in Mitis salivarius, CHROMagar Candida, and MacConkey agar for detecting S. mutans, Candida spp., or gram-negative microorganisms, respectively. After incubation, colonies were counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated. Then, transformation - log10 (CFU+1) - data were analyzed using the Friedman test (α=0.05). Results showed significant differences between the solutions (p<0.001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three solutions showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Against Candida spp., RC and SH1 solutions showed similar effect while SH2 showed superior activity. SH1 and SH2 solutions showed antimicrobial action against gram-negative microorganisms. The Candida species most frequently isolated was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and might be used to control denture biofilm. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated Candida sp.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marcela Moreira
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maurício Malheiros
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Badaró
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Carolina Noronha Ferraz de
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Maria Fagundes
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cláudia Helena Lovato da
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Evandro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Viviane de Cássia
authors.initials: Vde C
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Helena de Freitas Oliveira
authors.initials: Hde F
authors.lastname: Paranhos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002368:Castor Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003820:Denture Cleansers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003824:Denture, Complete / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012278:Ricinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D002368:Castor Oil; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
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