title: Expression of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Epithelial Cells Around Clinically Healthy Implants and Healthy Teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gingival epithelial cells have a pivotal role in the recognition of microorganisms and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and in the regulation of the immune response. The investigation of the behavior of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptors (NLRs) around a healthy implant may help to address the first step of periimplantitis pathogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 from gingival epithelial cells of the sulcus around healthy implants and around healthy teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of implant-abutment systems with tube-in-tube interface were tested. After 6 months of implant restoration, gingival epithelial cells were obtained from the gingival sulcus around the implants and around the adjacent teeth of 10 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results did not reach statistical significance among the mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 in epithelial cells around the implant versus around natural teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the implant-abutment systems tested did not induce an immune response by the surrounding epithelial cells at 6 months since their positioning, as well as in the adjacent clincally healthy teeth.
authors.affiliation: *Researcher, Department of Social Dentistry, National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty, Rome, Italy. †Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Research, School of Dentistry, University of Rome, Torvergata, Italy. ‡Director, Department of General Direction, National Institute for Health, Migration, and Poverty, Rome, Italy. §Director, Department of Social Dentistry, National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty-Associate Professor School of Dentistry, University of Rome Tor vergata, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Girolamo
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mirisola
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baggi
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; C119067:NOD1 protein, human; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495346:TLR5 protein, human; C495368:TLR6 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors