title: Androstadienone's influence on the perception of facial and vocal attractiveness is not sex specific.
abstract: The androgen steroid androstadienone, an odorous compound emitted from the human axillary region, has recurrently been considered as a candidate compound involved in human chemical communication and mate choice. Although perception of androstadienone has been shown to influence several affective (mood), attentional, physiological and neural parameters, studies investigating its impact on human attractiveness remain unpersuasive because of incomplete designs (e.g., only female participants) and contradictory results. The aim of this study was to investigate how androstadienone may influence others' attractiveness. Specifically, we used a complete design (male and female raters, male and female faces and voices) to determine whether androstadienone influences the perception of social stimuli in a sex-specific manner, which would favor pheromonal-like properties of the compound, or in a more general manner, which would suggest that the compound has broader influences on human psychological responses. After comparing the ratings of men and women who were exposed to androstadienone masked in clove oil with those of men and women who were exposed to clove oil alone, we found that androstadienone enhanced the perceived attractiveness of emotionally relevant stimuli (opposite-sex stimuli in men and in fertile women). Response times for categorizing the stimuli as attractive or not were also affected by androstadienone, with longer response times in men and in fertile women and shorter response times in non-fertile women, irrespective of the stimulus sex. The results favor the hypothesis of general effects over sex-specific effects of androstadienone, thus questioning the relevance of focusing on that particular compound in the study of human attractiveness through body odor and encouraging the search for other semiochemicals that might be significant for human mate choice.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: camille.ferdenzi@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferdenzi
authors.affiliation: Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delplanque
authors.affiliation: Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atanassova
authors.affiliation: Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012903:Smell; D012928:Social Desirability; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D014831:Voice; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; C003524:4,16-androstadien-3-one
keywords: Attractiveness; Human chemosignals; Menstrual cycle; Olfaction; Sex differences