title: Persistence of pentolite (PETN and TNT) in soil microcosms and microbial enrichment cultures.
abstract: Pentolite is a mixture (1:1) of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and little is known about its fate in the environment. This study was aimed to determine the dissipation of pentolite in soils under laboratory conditions. Microcosm experiments conducted with two soils demonstrated that dissipation rate of PETN was significantly slower than that of TNT. Interestingly, the dissipation of PETN was enhanced by the presence of TNT, while PETN did not enhanced the dissipation of TNT. Pentolite dissipation rate was significantly faster under biostimulation treatment (addition of carbon source) in soil from the artificial wetland, while no such stimulation was observed in soil from detonation field. In addition, the dissipation rate of TNT and PETN in soil from artificial wetland under biostimulation was significantly faster than the equivalent abiotic control, although it seems that non-biological processes might also be important for the dissipation of TNT and PETN. Transformation of PETN was also slower during establishment of enrichment culture using pentolite as the sole nitrogen source. In addition, transformation of these explosives was gradually reduced and practically stopped after the forth cultures transfer (80 days). DGGE analysis of bacterial communities from these cultures indicates that all consortia were dominated by bacteria from the order Burkholderiales and Rhodanobacter. In conclusion, our results suggest that PETN might be more persistent than TNT.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia. zarbeli@javeriana.edu.co.
authors.forename: Ziv
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arbeli
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Bonilla
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Trigal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Velásquez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Eliana Ramos
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: C
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Avila-Arias
authors.affiliation: Study Center of Autoimmune Diseases (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Molano-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Aplicada, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra. 30 N. 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Pedro F B
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 N. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roldan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D020562:Betaproteobacteria; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Dissipation rate; Enrichment culture; Environmental fate; PETN; Pentolite; Soil microcosms; TNT
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