title: In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Polysaccharides.
abstract: Crude okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) polysaccharide (RPS) was obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Three purified fractions of RPS, designated RPS-1, RPS-2, and RPS-3, were fractioned by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. Their molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, infrared (Fourier transform infrared [FT-IR]) spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were analyzed. Their immunomodulatory activity was evaluated with an in vitro cell model (RAW264.7 cells). In vivo immunomodulatory activity of RPS-2 was evaluated in normal and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results showed that the molecular weights of RPS-1, RPS-2, and RPS-3 were 600, 990, and 1300 kDa, respectively. RPS-1 and RPS-2 were mainly composed of galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid, while RPS-3 was mainly composed of galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, and glucose. FT-IR and NMR spectrum data indicated a rhamnogalacturonan I characteristic of polysaccharide. Both RPS and its purified fractions RPS-1, RPS-2, and RPS-3 significantly increased RAW264.7 cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-10 secretion (P < .05). The purified fraction RPS-2 also increased the spleen index, splenocyte proliferation, and cytokine secretion in vivo. These results indicate that okra polysaccharides may potentially serve as novel immunomodulators.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Huricha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Hanwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Kailian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Qiaoyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Shiyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Manchuriga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Haikou, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Fengyang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D028483:Abelmoschus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: RAW264.7; cytokine; nitric oxide; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.); polysaccharide