title: The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology.
abstract: Newborn neurons are continuously added to the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout adulthood. In this review, we analyze the maturational stages that newborn granule neurons go through, with a focus on their unique morphological features during each stage under both physiological and pathological circumstances. In addition, the influence of deleterious (such as schizophrenia, stress, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, stroke, inflammation, dietary deficiencies, or the consumption of drugs of abuse or toxic substances) and neuroprotective (physical exercise and environmental enrichment) stimuli on the maturation of these cells will be examined. Finally, the regulation of this process by proteins involved in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC-1), Glucocorticoid receptor, pro-inflammatory mediators, Presenilin-1, Amyloid precursor protein, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), among others, will be evaluated. Given the recently acquired relevance of the dendritic branch as a functional synaptic unit required for memory storage, a full understanding of the morphological alterations observed in newborn neurons may have important consequences for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive and affective alterations that evolve in conjunction with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llorens-Martín
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain; Neuropathology Department, CIEN FoundationMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rábano
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ávila
keywords: golgi; hippocampus; morphology; neurodegeneration; neurogenesis; neuroprotection; newborn granule neuron; retrovirus
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2015 Feb;264:135-49
references.pmid: 25476494
references.citation: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2003 Mar;110(3):317-26
references.pmid: 12658379
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Feb 3;402(2):205-16
references.pmid: 3828793
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 1999 Apr;34(4):279-86
references.pmid: 10372914
references.citation: Curr Neurovasc Res. 2004 Jul;1(3):251-60
references.pmid: 16181075
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 23;107(47):20382-7
references.pmid: 21059906
references.citation: Microsc Electron Biol Celular. 1991 Jun;15(1):25-39
references.pmid: 1842025
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2011 Jun;129(1):74-9
references.pmid: 21498050
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2010 Apr;201(4):781-7
references.pmid: 19943037
references.citation: Front Cell Neurosci. 2013 Jan 30;7:6
references.pmid: 23386811
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2009 Oct;19(10):951-61
references.pmid: 19280661
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Sep 21;25(38):8680-5
references.pmid: 16177036
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Jul;14(1):10-8
references.pmid: 11488944
references.citation: Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992;7:3-28
references.pmid: 1365013
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2015 Mar;65:153-62
references.pmid: 25769285
references.citation: Development. 2007 Jun;134(12 ):2273-82
references.pmid: 17507397
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Oct;24(1):1-14
references.pmid: 16814555
references.citation: Brain Res. 2008 Mar 14;1199:148-58
references.pmid: 18267317
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e28376
references.pmid: 22140582
references.citation: Brain Res. 1990 Oct 29;531(1-2):225-31
references.pmid: 1705153
references.citation: Cell. 2013 Jun 6;153(6):1219-27
references.pmid: 23746839
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Mar 20;136(6):1017-31
references.pmid: 19303846
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Oct 1;18(19):7768-78
references.pmid: 9742147
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2001 Mar;268(6):1518-27
references.pmid: 11248668
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Aug 1;88(10):2103-17
references.pmid: 20209626
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 1992 Feb;3(1):44-8
references.pmid: 19912844
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2013 Dec;250:176-88
references.pmid: 24047952
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2002 Jun;25(6):295-301
references.pmid: 12086747
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2008 Nov;39(3):372-83
references.pmid: 18718867
references.citation: Brain Res. 1992 Jan 13;569(2):353-7
references.pmid: 1540835
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2004 Aug;27(8):447-52
references.pmid: 15271491
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2015 Jan;263:285-92
references.pmid: 25446721
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2011 Jul;118(1):34-44
references.pmid: 21517847
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13427-31
references.pmid: 10557337
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 1999 Mar;2(3):266-70
references.pmid: 10195220
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Jan 4;26(1):3-11
references.pmid: 16399667
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2008 Feb;29(2):316-26
references.pmid: 17980611
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Apr 27;135(1-2):181-93
references.pmid: 15857681
references.citation: Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 14;4:e463
references.pmid: 25313506
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Mar;25(3):333-40
references.pmid: 15123339
references.citation: Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(2):59-66
references.pmid: 18286387
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1998 Sep;86(1):109-20
references.pmid: 9692747
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013 Feb;39(1):3-18
references.pmid: 23252647
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:316495
references.pmid: 23841061
references.citation: Brain Res. 1991 Jan 11;538(2):263-8
references.pmid: 2012968
references.citation: Brain Res. 1966 Oct;2(4):393-6
references.pmid: 5968207
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 15;90(16):7789-93
references.pmid: 8356085
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2015 Mar 26;6:6606
references.pmid: 25808087
references.citation: Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2000;21(1):39-42
references.pmid: 11455329
references.citation: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2003 Mar 14;141(1-2):55-61
references.pmid: 12644248
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Mar;32(3):407-18
references.pmid: 19398247
references.citation: Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(2):99-107
references.pmid: 18286390
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Mar 5;28(10 ):2624-32
references.pmid: 18322105
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2010 Jun;20(6):706-12
references.pmid: 19603528
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr;5(4):e63
references.pmid: 17341134
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2002;136:319-28
references.pmid: 12143392
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Feb 5;34(6):2231-43
references.pmid: 24501362
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 1998 Jun-Jul;16(3-4):235-9
references.pmid: 9785120
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 May 1;18(9):3206-12
references.pmid: 9547229
references.citation: Epilepsia. 1995 Jun;36(6):543-58
references.pmid: 7555966
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):738-48
references.pmid: 7726314
references.citation: Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992;7:301-13
references.pmid: 1334669
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2011 Oct 4;9(4):287-8
references.pmid: 21982225
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Nov;36(12):2460-8
references.pmid: 21796111
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1999 Oct 15;459(3):421-6
references.pmid: 10526177
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2006 Sep 30;89(2):123-7
references.pmid: 16837015
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 10;30(6):2051-9
references.pmid: 20147533
references.citation: Front Integr Neurosci. 2013 Aug 13;7:59
references.pmid: 23964211
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 12;26(15):4095-103
references.pmid: 16611826
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Mar;27(6):1494-502
references.pmid: 18364025
references.citation: Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2001 Jan-Feb;(1):117-20
references.pmid: 11236574
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Jun;223(2):322-5
references.pmid: 19782073
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Dec 1;197:348-57
references.pmid: 21963349
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1986 Dec;19(4):1217-26
references.pmid: 3822116
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 1:88-93
references.pmid: 16226350
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Sep 1;18(17):3286-97
references.pmid: 19502360
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;46(11):1027-32
references.pmid: 2818140
references.citation: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2014;118:231-313
references.pmid: 25175867
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000 Dec;1(3):191-8
references.pmid: 11257907
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2002 Feb;80(3):539-47
references.pmid: 11905999
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1991 Nov 15;313(3):479-85
references.pmid: 1770171
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2000 Dec 1;62(5):644-67
references.pmid: 11104503
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Mar 20;136(6):990-2
references.pmid: 19303839
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1990;37(2):367-75
references.pmid: 2133348
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2015 Feb 15;113(4):1184-94
references.pmid: 25429123
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2016 May;26(5):577-88
references.pmid: 26482541
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;18(4):451-60
references.pmid: 23399915
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2010 Oct;57(3):235-47
references.pmid: 20538025
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008 Jan;67(1):78-84
references.pmid: 18091557
references.citation: FASEB J. 2011 Dec;25(12 ):4184-97
references.pmid: 21859895
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Oct;33:1-6
references.pmid: 23459026
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1991 Oct 1;312(1):145-63
references.pmid: 1744242
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;27(1):70-4
references.pmid: 21783923
references.citation: Neurology. 2010 Nov 23;75(21):1920-7
references.pmid: 21098407
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2011 Aug;21(8):910-22
references.pmid: 20575007
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Dec 1;46(11):1472-9
references.pmid: 10599477
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1973 Aug;40(2):491-504
references.pmid: 4730268
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2012 Jun 14;212:30-7
references.pmid: 22516011
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 15;30(37):12252-62
references.pmid: 20844121
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan;84(1):323-7
references.pmid: 9920102
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;18(9):993-1005
references.pmid: 22925833
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2009 Mar 3;159(1):59-68
references.pmid: 19138728
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002 Apr;30(2):75-9
references.pmid: 11991541
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Nov;20(10):2580-90
references.pmid: 15548201
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2007 Sep;65(9):412-5
references.pmid: 17958208
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2002;114(3):795-805
references.pmid: 12220579
references.citation: J Pineal Res. 2011 Jan;50(1):29-37
references.pmid: 20880317
references.citation: Hippocampus. 1997;7(5):472-88
references.pmid: 9347345
references.citation: Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 Oct 07;9:384
references.pmid: 26500490
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 Aug 24;1165:126-34
references.pmid: 17662262
references.citation: Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992;7:223-34
references.pmid: 1466768
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 May 22;33(21):8926-36
references.pmid: 23699504
references.citation: Epilepsia. 1996 Sep;37(9):892-901
references.pmid: 8814103
references.citation: Neural Plast. 2014;2014:563160
references.pmid: 24900924
references.citation: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007 Dec;14(6):730-9
references.pmid: 18043292
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2011 Mar;41(3):706-16
references.pmid: 21168496
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Jan;26(1):18-23
references.pmid: 21787860
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Aug 03;476(7361):458-61
references.pmid: 21814201
references.citation: J Anat. 1981 Sep;133(Pt 2):181-95
references.pmid: 7333948
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Sep 19;27(38):10185-95
references.pmid: 17881524
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 10;8(6):e65572
references.pmid: 23762397
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006 May;27(5):244-50
references.pmid: 16584791
references.citation: Brain Res. 1996 Jul 8;726(1-2):49-56
references.pmid: 8836544
references.citation: J Pineal Res. 2007 Apr;42(3):214-21
references.pmid: 17349018
references.citation: Neuron. 2013 Oct 16;80(2):484-93
references.pmid: 24139046
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Mar 1;53(5):703-17
references.pmid: 17329210
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2011 May 02;8:41
references.pmid: 21535896
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Mar 3;405(1):169-74
references.pmid: 3567591
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jan 5;31(1):105-17
references.pmid: 21209195
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Aug;34(9):2180-91
references.pmid: 19421166
references.citation: J Neurobiol. 1976 Jan;7(1):75-85
references.pmid: 1249575
references.citation: Environ Toxicol. 2014 Aug;29(8):847-55
references.pmid: 22987596
references.citation: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012 Feb 7;92(5):336-40
references.pmid: 22490839
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):2367-72
references.pmid: 20133882
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1994 Jul;61(2):203-9
references.pmid: 7969902
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Apr 1;22(7):1300-15
references.pmid: 23257288
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2001 Mar 1;21(5):1628-34
references.pmid: 11222653
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1997 Apr 1;17(7):2492-8
references.pmid: 9065509
references.citation: Behav Neural Biol. 1994 May;61(3):251-9
references.pmid: 8067980
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Jul;7(7):726-35
references.pmid: 15195095
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2005;136(3):823-31
references.pmid: 16344154
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2007 Apr-May;32(4-5):577-95
references.pmid: 16944320
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jan;9(1):46-56
references.pmid: 18073775
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 23;105(38):14632-7
references.pmid: 18765809
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Sep;8(3):357-68
references.pmid: 15769301
references.citation: Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):805-9
references.pmid: 12907793
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1987 Sep 1;263(1):146-58
references.pmid: 3667969
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2008 Oct 09;5:43
references.pmid: 18844999
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Nov 11;29(45):14108-19
references.pmid: 19906959
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1999 Feb 22;404(4):537-53
references.pmid: 9987996
references.citation: Front Mol Neurosci. 2014 May 21;7:46
references.pmid: 24904272
references.citation: Mol Cells. 2005 Feb 28;19(1):74-80
references.pmid: 15750343
references.citation: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2012 Aug;60(4):251-66
references.pmid: 22710659
references.citation: Brain. 2014 Aug;137(Pt 8):2312-28
references.pmid: 24941947
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 18;27(29):7860-8
references.pmid: 17634380
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2012 Aug;47(2):155-62
references.pmid: 22504537
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Dec;84(6):2918-32
references.pmid: 11110821
references.citation: Brain Res. 1985 Apr 29;333(1):73-80
references.pmid: 3995290
references.citation: Acta Biol Hung. 1997;48(2):173-87
references.pmid: 9404541
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1991 Dec 1;314(1):171-86
references.pmid: 1797872
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2010 Apr 23;11:50
references.pmid: 20412599
references.citation: Brain Res. 1985 Oct 21;345(2):366-8
references.pmid: 4041896
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2004 Aug 23;476(3):205-18
references.pmid: 15269966
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1978 May 1;59(3):372-83
references.pmid: 648609
references.citation: Neuron. 2008 Aug 28;59(4):568-80
references.pmid: 18760694
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 21;108(25):10326-31
references.pmid: 21646517
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Jan;27(1):22-32
references.pmid: 22985767
references.citation: Neuroepidemiology. 2013;41(3-4):198-207
references.pmid: 24135720
references.citation: Science. 1988 Mar 4;239(4844):1147-50
references.pmid: 2449733
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2006;16(5):480-90
references.pmid: 16596582
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2000 Oct;10(10):946-51
references.pmid: 11007545
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1973 Nov;41(2):371-8
references.pmid: 4126876
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Jan 12;373(6510):109
references.pmid: 7816089
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Oct 28;105(43):16803-8
references.pmid: 18922783
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Feb;37(2):267-74
references.pmid: 19909815
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 Mar 12;1000(1-2):195-9
references.pmid: 15053968
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Nov 11;6(11):e272
references.pmid: 18998770
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 6;108(49):E1349-58
references.pmid: 22049344
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2007 Mar 30;145(3):1037-47
references.pmid: 17276012
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2007;17(11):1017-22
references.pmid: 17636549
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2004 Dec;3(6):363-71
references.pmid: 15569353
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 2009 Feb;39(1):24-36
references.pmid: 19130314
references.citation: Anat Sci Int. 2007 Dec;82(4):211-7
references.pmid: 18062150
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1997 May 15;17(10):3727-38
references.pmid: 9133393
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2002;12(2):149-64
references.pmid: 12000115
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2006;16(3):250-60
references.pmid: 16411242
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2006;16(3):305-11
references.pmid: 16425237
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2003 Feb 15;122(2):89-97
references.pmid: 12714173
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2003;13(3):388-98
references.pmid: 12722979
references.citation: Stroke. 2012 Sep;43(9):2468-75
references.pmid: 22738919
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006;137(4):1299-307
references.pmid: 16338077
references.citation: Science. 1984 Sep 14;225(4667):1168-70
references.pmid: 6474172
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Aug 29;27(35):9400-7
references.pmid: 17728453
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998 Oct 30;61(1-2):147-53
references.pmid: 9795193
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40844
references.pmid: 22815839
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 24;29(25):7966-77
references.pmid: 19553437
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2015 Jun 3;35(22):8384-93
references.pmid: 26041908
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Sep 29;371(6496):419-23
references.pmid: 8090221
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15;20(24):9104-10
references.pmid: 11124987
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Aug 28;388(6645):839-40
references.pmid: 9278044
references.citation: Neuron. 2006 Dec 21;52(6):935-7
references.pmid: 17178397
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006 Jun 30;140(2):685-97
references.pmid: 16650603
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Apr 27;25(17):4217-21
references.pmid: 15858047
references.citation: Front Cell Neurosci. 2013 Sep 06;7:145
references.pmid: 24046730
references.citation: J Anat. 1995 Oct;187 ( Pt 2):379-93
references.pmid: 7592001
references.citation: Brain Res. 2005 May 17;1044(1):51-8
references.pmid: 15862789
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2001;106(1):27-41
references.pmid: 11564414
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 1998 Feb 5;154(2):133-6
references.pmid: 9562302
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005 Nov;49(3):529-54
references.pmid: 16269318
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Oct 31;2:24
references.pmid: 16259628
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2003 Oct;71(2-3):83-248
references.pmid: 14687983
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;29(4):921-30
references.pmid: 22337826
references.citation: Curr Alzheimer Res. 2006 Feb;3(1):29-33
references.pmid: 16472200
references.citation: Synapse. 2011 Mar;65(3):234-48
references.pmid: 20687111
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Feb 28;415(6875):1030-4
references.pmid: 11875571
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Nov;18(10):2803-12
references.pmid: 14656329
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1990 Aug 24;116(3):263-8
references.pmid: 2243603
references.citation: J Sports Sci Med. 2005 Mar 01;4(1):37-46
references.pmid: 24431959
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 19;4(11):e7901
references.pmid: 19936256
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2014 Feb;17(2):269-79
references.pmid: 24336151
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 May;233(9):1559-73
references.pmid: 26037944
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40726
references.pmid: 22811762
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Mar 21;32(12):3958-68
references.pmid: 22442063
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2015 Feb 15;279:166-76
references.pmid: 25446750
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2009 Sep;32(9):506-16
references.pmid: 19716187
references.citation: Biol Sport. 2013 Mar;30(1):41-6
references.pmid: 24744464
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1998 Dec;44(6):845-57
references.pmid: 9851428
references.citation: Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1760-5
references.pmid: 14615545
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 May 08;10(5):e1003601
references.pmid: 24811867
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2008 Feb;37(2):402-11
references.pmid: 18086533
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jul;24(2):586-94
references.pmid: 16903860
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Sep 21;130(6):1146-58
references.pmid: 17825401
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2008 Sep;22(5):585-95
references.pmid: 18763878
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 6;101(1):343-7
references.pmid: 14660786
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Nov 21;32(47):16906-16
references.pmid: 23175842
references.citation: Nat Med. 1998 Nov;4(11):1313-7
references.pmid: 9809557
references.citation: Neuron. 2004 Nov 18;44(4):601-7
references.pmid: 15541309
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2008 Jul;7(7):591-4
references.pmid: 18539535
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 8;102(45):16426-31
references.pmid: 16260724
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1994 Aug;14(8):5077-88
references.pmid: 8046469
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 7;101(36):13363-7
references.pmid: 15340159
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Oct;27(10):1505-13
references.pmid: 16271278
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Feb 3;402(2):217-29
references.pmid: 3828794
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2009 Jan 30;197(1):31-40
references.pmid: 18722480
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2002;12(2):235-44
references.pmid: 12000120
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2015 Nov;273:273-87
references.pmid: 26384773
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1990 Mar 8;293(2):253-67
references.pmid: 19189715
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Oct 13;24(41):9005-14
references.pmid: 15483119
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2007 Jun 8;146(4):1555-60
references.pmid: 17467182
references.citation: Neurodegener Dis. 2012;9(4):187-98
references.pmid: 22584394
references.citation: Neuron. 2011 Jan 13;69(1):132-46
references.pmid: 21220104
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2007 Jul;10 (7):880-6
references.pmid: 17529984
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Aug;6(8):777-84
references.pmid: 16007092
references.citation: Epilepsia. 1999 Oct;40(10):1393-401
references.pmid: 10528935