title: Case study and lessons learned from the ammonium nitrate explosion at the West Fertilizer facility.
abstract: In West, Texas on April 17, 2013, a chemical storage and distribution facility caught fire followed by the explosion of around 30 tons of ammonium nitrate while the emergency responders were trying to extinguish the fire, leading to 15 fatalities and numerous buildings, businesses and homes destroyed or damaged. This incident resulted in devastating consequences for the community around the facility, and shed light on a need to improve the safety management of local small businesses similar to the West facility. As no official report on the findings of the incident has been released yet, this article first investigates the root causes of the incident, and presents a simplified consequence analysis. The article reviews the regulations applicable to this type of facility and recommended emergency response procedures to identify gaps between what happened in West and the current regulations, and discusses how the current regulations could be modified to prevent or minimize future losses. Finally, the federal response that followed the incident until the publication of this paper is summarized.
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Delphine M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Laboureur
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Brian Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
authors.forename: Jiaojun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, MS-3122, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA. Electronic address: mannan@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: M Sam
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mannan
keywords: Ammonium nitrate; Case study; Consequence analysis; Regulations