title: [Distribution of copper and zinc level in urine of general population in eight provinces of China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the distribution of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in urine samples of generalpopulation in eight provinces of China, to analyze their characteristics of distribution between different region, gender and age-cohorts, and to provide the baseline of themetabolites in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2010, 18 120 subjects from the general population aged from 6 to 60 years old were recruited from 24 areas among 8 provinces of China mainland by random sampling. The environmental and physical condition characteristics were collected from questionnaires, and urine samples were collected at the mean time. The levels of Zn and Cu in urine were measured using ICP-MS. Data were analyzed by statistical methods to compare the distribution characteristics of Zn and Cu among populations with different ages and genders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally, the median of Cu and Zn in urine were 9.28 and 115.47 µg/L respectively; and the inter-quartile range of Cu and Zn were 2.66-16.09 and 35.32-265.15 µg/L respectively. The median of Cu in male and female were 9.90 and 8.60 µg/L (Z=-5.63, P<0.001), and Zn in male and female were 140.44 and 95.27 µg/L (Z=-14.79, P<0.001). The median of Cu among the groups aged 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years old were 9.30, 10.14, 9.67, 9.33, 8.38 and 8.74 µg/L (χ2=70.94, P<0.001), respectively, and the median of Zn 130.83, 132.07, 139.34, 109.3, 78.74 and 109.51 µg/L ((χ2=146.00, P<0.001), respectively.There was statistically significant differences in urinary Cu and Zn levels between male and female, and among the different age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Cu and Zn levels and distribution in urine among general population between 2009 and 2010 in China were reported in this article. These basic data in China will provide scientific and reliable reference for further scientific research.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Xingfu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Chunguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Banghua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hanlin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Deye
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Email: yan_huifang@ yeah.net.
authors.forename: Huifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015032:Zinc / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc