title: Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty, Rhinoplasty, and Rhytidectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder may negatively affect self-perception of body shape and lead patients to seek cosmetic surgery. This study estimates the level of body dissatisfaction and prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in candidates for three plastic surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred patients of both sexes divided into three groups (abdominoplasty, n = 90; rhinoplasty, n =151; and rhytidectomy, n =59) were classified as having (n =51, n =79, and n =25, respectively) or not having (n =39, n =72, and n =34, respectively) body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, based on the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, which was administered preoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence rates of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in the abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty, and rhytidectomy groups were 57, 52, and 42 percent, respectively. Significant between-group differences were observed regarding age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.001), and onset of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms (p < 0.001). Within-group differences in body dysmorphic disorder severity were observed in the abdominoplasty (p < 0.001), rhinoplasty (p < 0.001), and rhytidectomy (p = 0.005) groups. Body dysmorphic disorder severity was significantly associated with degree of body dissatisfaction (mean Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination total scores; p < 0.001), avoidance behaviors (p< 0.001), sexual abuse (p = 0.026), suicidal ideation (p < 0.001), and suicide attempt (p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominoplasty candidates showed the highest prevalence; rhytidectomy candidates exhibited the highest percentage of severe cases, and rhinoplasty candidates had the lowest percentage of severe cases.
authors.affiliation: São Paulo and Pouso Alegre, Brazil From the Graduate Program in Translational Surgery and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo; the Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo; and the College of Health Science, Sapucaí Valley University.
authors.forename: Maria José Azevedo
authors.initials: MJA
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.forename: Fábio Xerfan
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Nahas
authors.forename: Táki Athanássios
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cordás
authors.forename: Hermano
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Lydia Masako
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D061645:Abdominoplasty; D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012225:Rhinoplasty; D015361:Rhytidoplasty; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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