title: Dermatotoxicology: Safety Evaluation of Topical Products in Minipigs: Study Designs and Practical Considerations.
abstract: The minipig has long been identified as the nonrodent animal of choice for preclinical safety evaluation of topically applied materials. This article reviews types of topical applications, study designs, and practical considerations. Dermal administration to the minipig presents multiple challenges. Issues to be considered are the area of exposure, the nature of the test article, the need for covering of the dose site, preparation of the dose site, and procedures for administration. The potential for cross-contamination (exposure of control animals to test article) is very high in topical studies and appropriate safeguards to prevent this are discussed. Topical administration to the intact skin is the most commonly utilized form of safety evaluation, but procedures have also been developed for intradermal administration and for the use of nonintact/wounded skin; these will be discussed. Evaluation of local (topical) effects is critical and can become complicated. Considerations in evaluations of the skin are interobserver variability, use of different scoring systems and discrepancies betweenin vivoobservations, necropsy observations, and microscopic pathology findings. Causes for apparent discrepancies and suggestions for practical resolution through appropriate procedures are discussed. Practical issues in necropsy and histotechnology procedures and techniques to optimize preservation of skin are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Envigo, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA cynthia.willard-mack@envigo.com.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willard-Mack
authors.affiliation: Envigo, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Thulasi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.affiliation: Envigo, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auletta
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: dermal; intradermal; minipig; safety evaluation; skin; topical