title: Measurement of wrist flexion and extension torques in different forearm positions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forceful activities of the wrist were considered to be a risk factor for the epicondylitis. However, there are still conflicting evidence concerning work-relatedness of epicondylitis. The main problem is that there is little information about which forearm postures are capable of withstanding higher torque loads and the extent of the differences in the torques generated by different forearm postures. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in wrist flexion and extension torques among different forearm positions in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty wrists of 10 asymptomatic volunteers were evaluated. The apparatus to measure the wrist torque consisted of a handle with a force sensor and a table to place the forearm in different positions. The direction of the handle can change when measuring different forearm positions. The forearm of the examinee was secured to the table. The participants were asked to exert themselves in maximal isometric contraction for wrist flexion or extension, and to maintain it for 5 s. Each evaluation of the flexion and extension torque was conducted twice. Three forearm positions were evaluated: neutral, pronation, and supination. The intra-class correlation coefficients between first and second measurements were evaluated for the maximum torque. The maximum torques and flexion/extension ratio were compared among the positions. In addition, the agility and endurance for the wrist extension/flexion torques were compared among the positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intra-class correlation coefficients between first and second measurements were 0.928 and 0.866 for the wrist flexion and extension measurements, respectively. The highest torques for the wrist flexion and extension were observed in the supination and pronation positions, respectively (P < 0.01). There was a higher extension/flexion ratio in the supination position compared to the other positions (P < 0.05). There was a superior agility for the wrist flexion in the supination position compared to the pronation position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The normal balance of the wrist flexion-extension torques in different forearm positions were characterized. This information might aid the provision of advice regarding the optimal positions for performing specific tasks and could help to elucidate the pathophysiology of epicondylitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan. yy12721@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshii
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan. yuine3@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuine
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan. kazuki@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ohashi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kazuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0394, Japan. minlynn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wen-Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan. ishitom@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D016552:Ergometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000295:instrumentation; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000295:instrumentation; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019415:Torque; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology*
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