title: Adult development and quality of life of transgender and gender nonconforming people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research on the health of transgender and gender nonconforming people has been limited with most of the work focusing on transition-related care and HIV. The present review summarizes research to date on the overall development and quality of life of transgender and gender nonconforming adults, and makes recommendations for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pervasive stigma and discrimination attached to gender nonconformity affect the health of transgender people across the lifespan, particularly when it comes to mental health and well-being. Despite the related challenges, transgender and gender nonconforming people may develop resilience over time. Social support and affirmation of gender identity play herein a critical role. Although there is a growing awareness of diversity in gender identity and expression among this population, a comprehensive understanding of biopsychosocial development beyond the gender binary and beyond transition is lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater visibility of transgender people in society has revealed the need to understand and promote their health and quality of life broadly, including but not limited to gender dysphoria and HIV. This means addressing their needs in context of their families and communities, sexual and reproductive health, and successful aging. Research is needed to better understand what factors are associated with resilience and how it can be effectively promoted.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Gender, Sexuality, and Health New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia Psychiatry and the School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York bProgram in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota cSchool of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California dDepartment of Psychobiology, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain eThe Williams Institute, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, California fDivision of Psychiatry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas gFenway Institute, Fenway Health hDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health iDivision of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts jSchool of Medicine, University of California, San Fransisco, California kPrivate Practice, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bockting
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Madeline B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillamon
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: Jae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sevelius
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ettner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D000068116:Gender Dysphoria / Q000523:psychology; D005783:Gender Identity; D006304:Health Status; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice; D011639:Public Opinion; D011788:Quality of Life; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures; D013240:Stereotyping; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2009 Dec;23(6):853-60
references.pmid: 20001144
references.citation: Gerontologist. 2014 Jun;54(3):488-500
references.pmid: 23535500
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2011 Feb;45(2):199-204
references.pmid: 20562024
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013 Jun;81(3):545-57
references.pmid: 23398495
references.citation: Brain. 2008 Dec;131(Pt 12):3132-46
references.pmid: 18980961
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2010 Sep;19(7):1019-24
references.pmid: 20461468
references.citation: Women Health. 2014;54(8):750-67
references.pmid: 25190135
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1978 Jun;135(6):692-7
references.pmid: 655279
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2011 Jul;45(7):949-54
references.pmid: 21195418
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2013 Feb;103(2):300-7
references.pmid: 22698023
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 1;164(7):629-36
references.pmid: 16835295
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Apr;45(3):559-74
references.pmid: 25836027
references.citation: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013 Dec;20(6):580-4
references.pmid: 24468762
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010 Sep;35(8):1213-22
references.pmid: 20219285
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2006 Nov;15(9):1447-57
references.pmid: 16758113
references.citation: J Homosex. 2014;61(11):1558-88
references.pmid: 25022491
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):2034-41
references.pmid: 10843193
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83947
references.pmid: 24391851
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):955-66
references.pmid: 26384946
references.citation: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;16(4):215-21
references.pmid: 17136300
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 May 1;48(1):97-103
references.pmid: 18344875
references.citation: J Sex Res. 2010 Jan;47(1):12-23
references.pmid: 19568976
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2014 Feb;47(1):5-16
references.pmid: 24317955
references.citation: Sex Roles. 2013 Jun 1;68(11-12):675-689
references.pmid: 23729971
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 31;364(13):1251-7
references.pmid: 21449788
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 1978 Jul;7(4):327-36
references.pmid: 697567
references.citation: Korean J Radiol. 2012 May-Jun;13(3):257-64
references.pmid: 22563262
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2005 Jun;35(6):919-28
references.pmid: 15997612
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 2005 Apr;34(2):167-72
references.pmid: 15803250
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 1979 Mar;8(2):151-7
references.pmid: 475576
references.citation: AIDS Educ Prev. 2011 Oct;23(5):469-78
references.pmid: 22010810
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2014 Aug;11(8):1999-2011
references.pmid: 24828032
references.citation: Neurology. 2009 Jan 13;72(2):135-42
references.pmid: 19139364
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85914
references.pmid: 24465785
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2013 May;103(5):943-51
references.pmid: 23488522
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Aug;37(8):1261-9
references.pmid: 22260939
references.citation: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013 Dec;20(6):585-91
references.pmid: 24468763
references.citation: Cult Health Sex. 2007 May-Jun;9(3):233-45
references.pmid: 17457728
references.citation: J Marital Fam Ther. 2012 Jun;38 Suppl 1:244-56
references.pmid: 22765337
references.citation: J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010 May-Jun;21(3):256-64
references.pmid: 20347342
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2005 Mar;95(3):382-4
references.pmid: 15727962
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2006 Jun;96(6):1034-7
references.pmid: 16131645
references.citation: J Urban Health. 2012 Jun;89(3):419-31
references.pmid: 22223033
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2009 Feb;6(2):440-8
references.pmid: 18761592
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2015 Feb;38(1):1-8
references.pmid: 23864353
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2011 Nov;21(11):2525-33
references.pmid: 21467211
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2003 Sep;129(5):674-97
references.pmid: 12956539
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;13(3):214-22
references.pmid: 23260128
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Dec;124(6):1120-7
references.pmid: 25415163
references.citation: J Palliat Med. 2012 May;15(5):602-11
references.pmid: 22401314
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Jun;91(6):915-21
references.pmid: 11392934
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Nov 12;34(46):15466-75
references.pmid: 25392513
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2005 Apr;17(3):289-303
references.pmid: 15832877
references.citation: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Feb;72(2):214-31
references.pmid: 19473181
references.citation: J Sex Res. 2012;49(2-3):244-54
references.pmid: 21797716
references.citation: J Homosex. 2014;61(8):1117-30
references.pmid: 24380580
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110016
references.pmid: 25299675
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 1989 Aug;18(4):315-34
references.pmid: 2673136
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2014 Jun 18;25(9):693-700
references.pmid: 24800986
references.citation: Cult Health Sex. 2011 Mar;13(3):355-70
references.pmid: 21229422
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 1985 Jun;14(3):247-61
references.pmid: 4004548
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2012 Jan;102(1):118-22
references.pmid: 22095354
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2014 May;11(5):1248-61
references.pmid: 24617977
references.citation: Maturitas. 2013 Mar;74(3):226-9
references.pmid: 23260125
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Nov 2;378(6552):68-70
references.pmid: 7477289
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;18(3):215-21
references.pmid: 17997284
references.citation: Health Educ Res. 1999 Apr;14(2):177-83
references.pmid: 10387498
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):E2210-20
references.pmid: 23019350
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 2003 Aug;32(4):299-315
references.pmid: 12856892
references.citation: J Sch Health. 2015 May;85(5):334-40
references.pmid: 25846313
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1977 Jun;11(2):83-6
references.pmid: 269727
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 May;29(4):546-53
references.pmid: 21292420
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2009 Nov;6(11):2922-39; quiz 2940-1
references.pmid: 20092545
references.citation: Clin Plast Surg. 1974 Apr;1(2):335-44
references.pmid: 4473316
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2014 Mar;11(3):709-19
references.pmid: 24330520
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Jul 15;46(4):904-7
references.pmid: 19341803
references.citation: Ir J Med Sci. 2014 Jun;183(2):277-81
references.pmid: 23959770
references.citation: Am J Psychother. 1974 Apr;28(2):174-93
references.pmid: 4829699
references.citation: Lancet. 2015 Jan 17;385(9964):274-86
references.pmid: 25059941
references.citation: J Sex Res. 2015;52(3):243-56
references.pmid: 24742006
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2013 Dec;23(12):2855-62
references.pmid: 22941717
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2004 Jul;94(7):1193-9
references.pmid: 15226142
references.citation: J Sex Med. 2010 May;7(5):1858-67
references.pmid: 19751389
references.citation: Lancet HIV. 2015 Dec;2(12):e512-9
references.pmid: 26614965
references.citation: J Trauma Dissociation. 2014;15(2):169-83
references.pmid: 24313294
references.citation: J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009 Sep-Oct;20(5):398-410
references.pmid: 19732698
references.citation: Arch Sex Behav. 2013 Apr;42(3):449-61
references.pmid: 23179238
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(5):1001-3
references.pmid: 17420102
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 May 1;69 Suppl 1:S16-24
references.pmid: 25867774
references.citation: AIDS Care. 1998 Aug;10(4):505-25
references.pmid: 9828969
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2008 Jan;12(1):1-17
references.pmid: 17694429
references.citation: J Behav Brain Sci. 2012 Aug;2(3):357-362
references.pmid: 23724358