title: Customized Tool for the Validation of Optical Coherence Tomography in Differentiation of Prostate Cancer.
abstract: To design and demonstrate a customized tool to generate histologic sections of the prostate that directly correlate with needle-based optical coherence tomography pullback measurements.
  
  
  
  A customized tool was created to hold the prostatectomy specimens during optical coherence tomography measurements and formalin fixation. Using the tool, the prostate could be sliced into slices of 4 mm thickness through the optical coherence tomography measurement trajectory. In this way, whole-mount pathology slides were produced in exactly the same location as the optical coherence tomography measurements were performed. Full 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography pullbacks were fused with the histopathology slides using the 3-dimensional imaging software AMIRA, and images were compared.
  
  
  
  A radical prostatectomy was performed in a patient (age: 68 years, prostate-specific antigen: 6.0 ng/mL) with Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 in 2/5 biopsy cores on the left side (15%) and Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 in 1/5 biopsy cores on the right side (5%). Histopathology after radical prostatectomy showed an anterior located pT2cNx adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7). Histopathological prostate slides were produced using the customized tool for optical coherence tomography measurements, fixation, and slicing of the prostate specimens. These slides correlated exactly with the optical coherence tomography images. Various structures, for example, Gleason 3 + 4 prostate cancer, stroma, healthy glands, and cystic atrophy with septae, could be identified both on optical coherence tomography and on the histopathological prostate slides.
  
  
  
  We successfully designed and applied a customized tool to process radical prostatectomy specimens to improve the coregistration of whole mount histology sections to fresh tissue optical coherence tomography pullback measurements. This technique will be crucial in validating the results of optical coherence tomography imaging studies with histology and can easily be applied in other solid tissues as well, for example, lung, kidney, breast, and liver. This will help improve the efficacy of optical coherence tomography in cancer detection and staging in solid organs.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Bos
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Instrumental Services, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Schreurs
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: E C H
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Zwartkruis
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rozendaal
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vis
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijzen
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Moorselaar
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J M C H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: histopathology; needle-based; optical coherence tomography; prostate; validation
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