title: Mid-adulthood cardiometabolic risk factor profiles of sarcopenic obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midlife and contemporaneous cardiometabolic risk factors associated with sarcopenic obesity were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing BMI and sex-specific 24-h urinary creatinine excretion, 1,019 participants from the Framingham cohorts were categorized as non-sarcopenia non-obese (NSNO), non-obese sarcopenia, non-sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenic obesity. Cardiometabolic risk factors were quantified by standard laboratory assessment cross-sectionally and 10, 20, and 30 years before sarcopenic obesity assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSNO, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity accounted for 30.0%, 39.6%, 20.0%, and 10.4% of study participants, respectively. Cross-sectionally, participants with sarcopenic obesity had a higher proportion of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes than those with NSNO or sarcopenia (all P < 0.03). Similar patterns were observed retrospectively at 10, 20, and 30 years. Compared with NSNO or sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes at 10 years and hypertension and metabolic syndrome at all three time points before baseline (all P < 0.03). Individuals with sarcopenic obesity had more type 2 diabetes than those with obesity alone at baseline and 10 years prior (all P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older adults with sarcopenic obesity had more adverse midlife cardiometabolic risks, particularly diabetes 10 years earlier, which suggests the importance of early identification of risk factors associated with sarcopenic obesity.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jiantao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Shih-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.|Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gearoid M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
authors.affiliation: Hebrew SeniorLife, Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mclean
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.|Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine