title: Local adaptation in transgenerational responses to predators.
abstract: Environmental signals can induce phenotypic changes that span multiple generations. Along with phenotypic responses that occur during development (i.e. 'within-generation' plasticity), such 'transgenerational plasticity' (TGP) has been documented in a diverse array of taxa spanning many environmental perturbations. New theory predicts that temporal stability is a key driver of the evolution of TGP. We tested this prediction using natural populations of zooplankton from lakes in Connecticut that span a large gradient in the temporal dynamics of predator-induced mortality. We reared more than 120 clones of Daphnia ambigua from nine lakes for multiple generations in the presence/absence of predator cues. We found that temporal variation in mortality selects for within-generation plasticity while consistently strong (or weak) mortality selects for increased TGP. Such results provide us the first evidence for local adaptation in TGP and argue that divergent ecological conditions select for phenotypic responses within and across generations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA matthew.walsh@uta.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Castoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Biles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
authors.forename: Stephan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Munch
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D003237:Connecticut; D003621:Daphnia / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D060106:Lakes; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D015048:Zooplankton
keywords: ecological epigenetics; life-history evolution; maternal effects; phenotypic plasticity
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