title: Electrochemical camera chip for simultaneous imaging of multiple metabolites in biofilms.
abstract: Monitoring spatial distribution of metabolites in multicellular structures can enhance understanding of the biochemical processes and regulation involved in cellular community development. Here we report on an electrochemical camera chip capable of simultaneous spatial imaging of multiple redox-active phenazine metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony biofilms. The chip features an 8 mm × 8 mm array of 1,824 electrodes multiplexed to 38 parallel output channels. Using this chip, we demonstrate potential-sweep-based electrochemical imaging of whole-biofilms at measurement rates in excess of 0.2 s per electrode. Analysis of mutants with various capacities for phenazine production reveals distribution of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) throughout the colony, with 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5-MCA) and pyocyanin (PYO) localized to the colony edge. Anaerobic growth on nitrate confirms the O2-dependence of PYO production and indicates an effect of O2 availability on 5-MCA synthesis. This integrated-circuit-based technique promises wide applicability in detecting redox-active species from diverse biological samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 1300 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bellin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Center, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakhtah
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 1300 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Yihan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Center, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Price-Whelan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Fairchild Center, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Lars E P
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 1300 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shepard
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011710:Pyocyanine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010619:Phenazines; C037165:1-phenazinecarboxylic acid; D011710:Pyocyanine
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