title: Differences in physical aging measured by walking speed: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical functioning and mobility of older populations are of increasing interest when populations are aging. Lower body functioning such as walking is a fundamental part of many actions in daily life. Limitations in mobility threaten independent living as well as quality of life in old age. In this study we examine differences in physical aging and convert those differences into the everyday measure of single years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which was collected biennially between 2002 and 2012. Data on physical performance, health as well as information on economics and demographics of participants were collected. Lower body performance was assessed with two timed walks at normal pace each of 8 ft (2.4 m) of survey participants aged at least 60 years. We employed growth curve models to study differences in physical aging and followed the characteristic-based age approach to illustrate those differences in single years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, we examined walking speed of about 11,700 English individuals, and identified differences in aging trajectories by sex and other characteristics (e.g. education, occupation, regional wealth). Interestingly, higher educated and non-manual workers outperformed their counterparts for both men and women. Moreover, we transformed the differences between subpopulations into single years of age to demonstrate the magnitude of those gaps, which appear particularly high at early older ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper expands research on aging and physical performance. In conclusion, higher education provides an advantage in walking of up to 15 years for men and 10 years for women. Thus, enhancements in higher education have the potential to ensure better mobility and independent living in old age for a longer period.
authors.affiliation: Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, ÖAW, WU), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria. weberd@iiasa.ac.at.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
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