title: The Benefit of Bone Health by Drinking Coffee among Korean Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Fourth & Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the concern about coffee-associated health problems is increasing, the effect of coffee on osteoporosis is still conflicting. This study aimed to determine the relationship between coffee consumption and bone health in Korean postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed using a nationally representative sample of the Korean general population. All 4,066 postmenopausal women (mean age 62.6 years) from the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011), who completed the questionnaire about coffee consumption and had data of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA at the femoral neck and lumbar spine and osteoporosis was defined by World Health Organization T-score criteria in addition to self-report of current anti-osteoporotic medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for various demographic and lifestyle confounders (including hormonal factors), subjects in the highest quartile of coffee intake had 36% lower odds for osteoporosis compared to those in the lowest quartile (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.95; P for trend = 0.015). This trend was consistent in osteoporosis of lumbar spine and femoral neck (aOR = 0.65 and 0.55; P for trend = 0.026 and 0.003, respectively). In addition, age- and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine increased with higher coffee intake (P for trend = 0.019 and 0.051, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee consumption may have protective benefits on bone health in Korean postmenopausal women in moderate amount. Further, prospective studies are required to confirm this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eunjoo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion & Cancer Prevention, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yunkeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Education and Research, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Doosup
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yunkeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.|Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 152-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Joh
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.|Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 339 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017698:Postmenopause; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
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