title: Comparison of Particle-Associated Bacteria from a Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Distribution Reservoirs with Different Water Sources.
abstract: This study assessed the characteristics of and changes in the suspended particles and the associated bacteria in an unchlorinated drinking water distribution system and its reservoirs with different water sources. The results show that particle-associated bacteria (PAB) were present at a level of 0.8-4.5 × 10(3) cells ml(-1) with a biological activity of 0.01-0.04 ng l(-1) ATP. Different PAB communities in the waters produced from different sources were revealed by a 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing analysis. The quantified biomass underestimation due to the multiple cells attached per particle was ≥ 85%. The distribution of the biologically stable water increased the number of cells per particle (from 48 to 90) but had minor effects on the PAB community. Significant changes were observed at the mixing reservoir. Our results show the characteristics of and changes in suspended PAB during distribution, and highlight the significance of suspended PAB in the distribution system, because suspended PAB can lead to a considerable underestimation of biomass, and because they exist as biofilm, which has a greater mobility than pipe-wall biofilm and therefore presents a greater risk, given the higher probability that it will reach the customers' taps and be ingested.
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.|Oasen Water Company, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.
authors.forename: F Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Dunea Water Company, P.O. Box 756, 2700 AT Zoetermeer, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van der Mark
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Het Water Laboratorium, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knezev
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Q J C
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Verberk
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.|Oasen Water Company, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W G J
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.|KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Medema
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D044822:Biodiversity; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
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