title: Hypoglycemia: Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Non-Critically Ill People with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypoglycemia is associated with adverse health outcomes and can result in vascular events in diabetic patients. The impact of hypoglycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in non-critically ill people with diabetes is not well-determined. So, we examined short-term cardiovascular outcomes of hypoglycemic events in people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin during routine clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in Tehran, Iran from January 2012 to January 2013. One hundred and twenty non-critically ill people with type 2 diabetes on oral glucose lowering drugs were enrolled. Insulin therapy was initiated for uncontrolled diabetes. The patients were educated to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose on a daily basis. Furthermore, they were asked to record the results if they experienced any symptom indicative of hypoglycemia during the 24 weeks of the study. The occurrence of any major cardiovascular event including unstable angina, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal and non-fatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular cause was also evaluated based on the patients' hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 210 hypoglycemic episodes and 31 major cardiovascular events. Forty four percent of patients with documented hypoglycemic episodes developed cardiovascular events compared to 15.6% of those who did not experience any hypoglycemia (P = 0.001). The odds ratio for occurrence of major cardiovascular events related to hypoglycemia was 7.41 (CI = 2.15-25.47) with a risk ratio of 2.66.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoglycemia is a major risk factor for occurrence of the first major cardiovascular event in non-critically ill people with type 2 diabetes initiating insulin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Rokhsareh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aghili
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ameneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebrahim Valojerdi
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ebrahim
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Khamseh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin