title: Linezolid Surveillance Results for the United States (LEADER Surveillance Program 2014).
abstract: Thelinezolidexperience andaccuratedetermination ofresistance (LEADER) surveillance program has monitored linezolid activity, spectrum, and resistance since 2004. In 2014, a total of 6,865 Gram-positive pathogens from 60 medical centers from 36 states were submitted. The organism groups evaluated wereStaphylococcus aureus(3,106), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 797), enterococci (855),Streptococcus pneumoniae(874), viridans group streptococci (359), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (874). Susceptibility testing was performed by reference broth microdilution at the monitoring laboratory. Linezolid-resistant isolates were confirmed by repeat testing. PCR and sequencing were performed to detect mutations in 23S rRNA, L3, L4, and L22 proteins and acquired genes (cfrandoptrA). The MIC50/90forStaphylococcus aureuswas 1/1 μg/ml, with 47.2% of isolates being methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus Linezolid was active against allStreptococcus pneumoniaestrains and beta-hemolytic streptococci with a MIC50/90of 1/1 μg/ml and against viridans group streptococci with a MIC50/90of 0.5/1 μg/ml. Among the linezolid-nonsusceptible MRSA strains, one strain harboredcfronly (MIC, 4 μg/ml), one harbored G2576T (MIC, 8 μg/ml), and one containedcfrand G2576T with L3 changes (MIC, ≥8 μg/ml). Among CoNS, 0.75% (six isolates) of all strains demonstrated linezolid MIC results of ≥4 μg/ml. Five of these were identified asStaphylococcus epidermidis, four of which containedcfrin addition to the presence of mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4, alone or in combination with 23S rRNA (G2576T) mutations. Six enterococci (0.7%) were linezolid nonsusceptible (≥4 μg/ml; five with G2576T mutations, including one with an additionalcfrgene, and one strain withoptrAonly). Linezolid demonstrated excellent activity and a sustained susceptibility rate of 99.78% overall.
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA Robert-flamm@jmilabs.com.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc., New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D000069349:Linezolid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012338:RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D000069349:Linezolid
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