title: Current and novel biomarkers in heart failure: bench to bedside.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Natriuretic peptides, high-sensitivity cardiac troponins, and suppression of tumorigenicity 2 are novel biomarkers that reflect the intricate pathophysiology of heart failure and can thus be used for the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review article describes the significance of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal prohormone of BNP, ST2, and cardiac troponins. We outline their new roles in guiding the management of heart failure as well as strong prognostic indicators for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By recognizing the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these biomarkers, clinicians can utilize these biomarkers to more accurately evaluate and risk stratify patients. These markers can also be used to help guide the medical management of heart failure. The best approach for an accurate diagnosis, management, and prognosis of heart failure will likely involve a multimarker panel of biomarkers, which may include high-sensitivity troponins, BNP, N-terminal prohormone of BNP, and ST2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghashghaei
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arbit
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Maisel
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D020107:Troponin T; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain