title: Diagnosis of cervical spine injuries in children: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to discuss current knowledge of the diagnostic management of cervical spine (c-spine) injuries in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies dealing with this topic were collected from the following sources: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Where possible, a meta-analysis was performed. Furthermore, the level of evidence for all the included publications was assigned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of cervical spine injury (CSI) in children is rare (1.39 %). It seems that the upper c-spine is more often injured in children younger than 8 years of age. When a CSI is expected, immobilization should be performed. The best immobilization is achieved with a combination of a half-spine board, rigid collar, and tape. The literature for thoracic elevation or an occipital recess in children younger than 8 years of age is inhomogeneous. The c-spine in children can be cleared by a combination of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) low-risk criteria and the Canadian C-Spine Rule. Caution is advised for nonverbal and/or unconscious children. In these children, plain radiographs should be performed. If these images are inadequate or show hints for bony injuries, a computed tomography (CT) of the c-spine should be considered. Additional views of the c-spine offer only little information for clearing the c-spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. carsten.schoeneberg@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schöneberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hussmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kauther
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lendemans
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waydhas
keywords: CT; Cervical spine; Cervical spine injury; MRI; Pediatric c-spine
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