title: Pitfalls of lateral external fixation for supracondylar humeral fractures in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is a standard treatment for dislocated supracondylar humeral fractures in children. However, the management of these fractures remains challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate lateral external fixation as a treatment alternative for these fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  All supracondylar fractures treated with lateral external fixation between 2005 and 2007 were evaluated retrospectively. Long-term outcome was assessed with regards to carrying angle, malalignment, and motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight patients with Gartland type III fractures and one with a Y-type fracture were included in the study (mean age 6.5 years). Cosmetic results were excellent in 88%, good in 8%, and fair in one patient. Functional results were excellent in 83%, good in 10%, and fair in 7%. However, 3 patients (10%) showed complete radial palsy postoperatively. In all of these patients, high insertion of the proximal pin (2.9-3.6 cm above the fracture) was noted. On revision, one superficial lesion and one total transection of the nerve at the level of the proximal pin was detected. One patient showed no macroscopic damage. The transected nerve was reconstructed using an autograft, and all patients completely recovered within 2-6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lateral external fixation is an alternative method for the treatment of displaced or unstable supracondylar fractures in children, facilitating reduction and improving fracture stability. However, iatrogenic radial nerve injury is a risk, and we therefore strongly recommend inserting the proximal pin under direct vision within 2 cm from the fracture line using a drill sleeve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. maya.horst@usz.ch.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altermatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ramseier
keywords: Children; External fixation; Nerve injury; Supracondylar humeral fracture; Technique
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