title: Prescription rate of medications potentially contributing to lower urinary tract symptoms and detection of adverse reactions by prescription sequence symmetry analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) increases with age and can have a significant effect on the quality of life of the patients. Elderly patients, who are often characterized by a decline in physiological functional and polypharmacy, are susceptible to adverse drug reactions to pharmacotherapy. LUTS can also be a side effect of medication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible association between the initiation of LUTS-causing drug therapy and the onset of LUTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug dispensing data at the individual level were retrieved from the CISA (Platform for Clinical Information Statistical Analysis: http://www.cisa.jp) database. A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing patients with LUTS who were dispensed drugs that increased the risk of LUTS between April 2011 and March 2012. Prescription sequence symmetry analysis (PSSA) was employed to investigate the associations between the dispensing of medicines of LUTS and that of LUTS-causing drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LUTS-causing drugs were frequently dispensed to patients with LUTS. The use of medications potentially contributing to LUTS was associated with polypharmacy [number of prescription drugs:12.13 ± 6.78 (user) vs. 5.67 ± 5.24 (nonuser)] but not patient age [ age: (71.38 ± 13.28 (user) vs. 70.45 ± 14.80 (nonuser)]. Significant adverse drug events were observed the use of donepezil, cyclophosphamide, antiparkinson drugs, antidepressant, diazepam, antipsychotic drugs for peptic ulcer, tiotropium bromide, and opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of prescription LUTS-causing drugs was correlated with polypharmacy. The adverse drug events associated with LUTS-causing drugs were highly prevalent in elderly patients. To prevent of adverse drug events in patients with LUTS, pharmacists and physicians should regularly review medication lists and reduce the prescribed medicines.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan.|Temari Pharmacy, 2-50 Kobu-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0362 Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Syogoin, Sakyu-ku Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan.|Suisen Pharmacy, Fukui Pharmaceutical Association, 906 Matsuokagokuryo Yoshida-gun Eiheijicho-cho, Fukui, 910-1193 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatic, Kanazawa University Hospital, 2-251 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan.
authors.forename: Kunizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
keywords: Adverse reactions; Lower urinary tract symptoms; Prescription sequence symmetry analysis; Storage symptoms; Voiding symptoms
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Apr;62(4):690-5
references.pmid: 24635879
references.citation: Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jan 1;83(1):48-56
references.pmid: 21888128
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 Sep;65(9):989-95
references.pmid: 22742913
references.citation: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar;52(3):181-91
references.pmid: 24472400
references.citation: Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28(4):288-94
references.pmid: 19191259
references.citation: Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2012 Aug;45(6):464-7
references.pmid: 22767398
references.citation: J Pediatr Urol. 2012 Feb;8(1):20-4
references.pmid: 21377425
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989 Jul;37(7):619-24
references.pmid: 2738281
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2012 Dec;62(6):1040-60
references.pmid: 22999811
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 May;75(5):484-8
references.pmid: 15116061
references.citation: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013 Oct;22(10):1071-9
references.pmid: 23946049
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):800-1
references.pmid: 17493206
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Jan;60(1):34-41
references.pmid: 22150441
references.citation: J Urol. 2011 Sep;186(3):1134-41
references.pmid: 21784472
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2011 May 23;171(10):914-20
references.pmid: 21606096
references.citation: Physiol Rep. 2014 Mar 27;2(3):e00260
references.pmid: 24760514
references.citation: J Family Med Prim Care. 2013 Apr;2(2):194-9
references.pmid: 24479078
references.citation: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013 May;22(5):496-502
references.pmid: 23412832
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Feb 27;9(2):e89795
references.pmid: 24587038
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD004742
references.pmid: 16034945
references.citation: J Urol. 2006 Mar;175(3 Pt 2):S11-5
references.pmid: 16458733
references.citation: BMC Geriatr. 2013 Jun 10;13:57
references.pmid: 23758756
references.citation: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2011 Feb;28(1):27-30
references.pmid: 20713423
references.citation: Clin Geriatr Med. 2012 May;28(2):173-86
references.pmid: 22500537
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;30(5):641
references.pmid: 20841968
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2013 May;40(5):320-5
references.pmid: 23528015
references.citation: Int Urol Nephrol. 2012 Apr;44(2):415-24
references.pmid: 21553114
references.citation: Jpn J Pharmacol. 1988 Sep;48(1):31-6
references.pmid: 3199606
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2011 Oct 10;171(18):1680-2
references.pmid: 21987200
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 May 15;32(4):1085-6
references.pmid: 18387724
references.citation: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012 Jan;21 Suppl 1:50-61
references.pmid: 22262593
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;61(3):219
references.pmid: 10817112
references.citation: Lancet. 2000 Aug 12;356(9229):568
references.pmid: 10950240
references.citation: BJU Int. 2011 Apr;107(8):1265-72
references.pmid: 20880196
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 May;173(5):1805-11
references.pmid: 15821592
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2000 Jun;163(2):469-76
references.pmid: 10833322
references.citation: Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Sep;46(9):1245-9
references.pmid: 22851743
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 1981 Jun;17(6):595-607
references.pmid: 7308258
references.citation: Epidemiology. 1996 Sep;7(5):478-84
references.pmid: 8862977
references.citation: Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2000 Dec;11(6):386-8
references.pmid: 11147747