title: Quantitative Genetics Identifies Cryptic Genetic Variation Involved in the Paternal Regulation of Seed Development.
abstract: Embryonic development requires a correct balancing of maternal and paternal genetic information. This balance is mediated by genomic imprinting, an epigenetic mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression. The parental conflict (or kinship) theory proposes that imprinting can evolve due to a conflict between maternal and paternal alleles over resource allocation during seed development. One assumption of this theory is that paternal alleles can regulate seed growth; however, paternal effects on seed size are often very low or non-existent. We demonstrate that there is a pool of cryptic genetic variation in the paternal control of Arabidopsis thaliana seed development. Such cryptic variation can be exposed in seeds that maternally inherit a medea mutation, suggesting that MEA acts as a maternal buffer of paternal effects. Genetic mapping using recombinant inbred lines, and a novel method for the mapping of parent-of-origin effects using whole-genome sequencing of segregant bulks, indicate that there are at least six loci with small, paternal effects on seed development. Together, our analyses reveal the existence of a pool of hidden genetic variation on the paternal control of seed development that is likely shaped by parental conflict.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nuno D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baroux
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spillane
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ueli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grossniklaus
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D008957:Models, Genetic; D063245:Plant Development / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
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