title: Host-parasite association in trombiculid mites (Actinotrichida: Trombiculidae) of temperate zone - the case of Hirsutiella zachvatkini (Schluger, 1948); are we dealing with prolonged contact with the host?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The time-extended contact of trombiculid larvae with hosts poses a question of its ecological determinants. The phenomenon, which may facilitate the overwintering of larvae in the temperate zone, was previously observed in few parasitengone taxa, but not confirmed for mammal-associated trombiculids. The study aims at tracing the phenology of larvae of Hirsutiella zachvatkini and at verifying the hypothesis of contact with the host, extending beyond the parasitic phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus, trapped during 2-year studies, were checked for the presence of trombiculid larvae. Larvae of H. zachvatkini served for the studies. The degree of mites' engorgement was checked over time in order to estimate the duration of feeding phase and to measure the maximum size increase. The experimental rearing aimed at ascertaining the relations between the level of engorgement and successful transformation of larva into subsequent instar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mass appearance of larvae on hosts fell on autumn and winter, with a decrease observed in spring, leading to an almost total absence in early and mid summer. The highest intensity, attained in late autumn or in winter, was not followed by further increase in the number of host-associated larvae. The percentage of unengorged larvae on hosts was disproportionately small, irrespective of the season. The size increase of larva was 12.6-fold at maximum. Engorged or partly engorged larvae, observed from the beginning of mass appearance over the entire period of host-parasite association in the field, transformed into subsequent instar when removed from host.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in intensity observed from the onset of appearance of larvae on hosts, through autumn and winter months, at rarity of observations of unengorged larvae and absence of engorged larvae off-host, indicates a prolonged contact with hosts, aimed at synchronisation of life cycle, conditioned by food resources available for active postlarval forms and constitutes a strategy enabling larvae to survive the unfavourable winter conditions. The proportion of engorged and partly engorged vs. unfed larvae, observed over the survey, along with their ability to transform into subsequent instars, indicates a relatively short feeding phase. The lack of continuous increase in abundance and intensity towards spring and summer suggests a gradual detachment of partly and fully engorged larvae which attained the readiness to subsequent development. The size increase of larvae during their parasitic phase does not corroborate the neosomy in H. zachvatkini. Host-associated differences in topic preferences of the chiggers become less obvious at maximum infection rates. Quantitative descriptors of parasite population place M. glareolus among the most infected hosts of H. zachvatkini in contrast to Apodemus mice collected in the same habitat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland. hanna.moniuszko@up.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moniuszko
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland. joanna.makol@up.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mąkol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D051189:Murinae / Q000469:parasitology*; D012621:Seasons; D014324:Trombiculidae / Q000502:physiology*
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