title: Intake of fish and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of metabolic syndrome among American young adults: a 25-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies suggest that long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCω3PUFA) intake and its primary food source-fish-may have beneficial effects on the individual components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the longitudinal association between fish or LCω3PUFA intake and MetS incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 4356 American young adults, free from MetS and diabetes at baseline, for incident MetS and its components in relation to fish and LCω3PUFA intake. MetS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Cox proportional hazards model was used for analyses, controlling for socio-demographic, behavioral, and dietary factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 25-year follow-up, a total of 1069 incident cases of MetS were identified. LCω3PUFA intake was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS in a dose-response manner. The multivariable adjusted hazards ratio (HR) [95 % confidence interval (CI)] of incident MetS was 0.54 (95 % CI 0.44, 0.67; P for linear trend < 0.01) as compared the highest to the lowest quintile of LCω3PUFA intake. A threshold inverse association was found between non-fried fish consumption and the incidence of MetS. The multivariable adjusted HRs (95 % CIs) from the lowest to the highest quintile were 1.00, 0.70 (0.51, 0.95), 0.68 (0.52, 0.91), 0.67 (0.53, 0.86), and 0.71 (0.56, 0.89) (P for linear trend = 0.49). The observed inverse associations were independent of the status of baseline individual components of MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that intakes of LCω3PUFAs and non-fried fish in young adulthood are inversely associated with the incidence of MetS later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Minority Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.affiliation: New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. kahe@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: Fish consumption; Longitudinal studies; Metabolic syndrome; Omega-3 fatty acids
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