title: The Contribution of Prospective Memory Performance to the Neuropsychological Assessment of Mild Cognitive Impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prospective memory difficulties are a feature of the amnestic form of mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Although comprehensive test batteries of prospective memory are suitable for clinical practice, they are lengthy, which has detracted from their widespread clinical use. Our aim was to investigate the utility of a brief screening measure of prospective memory, which can be incorporated into a clinical neuropsychological assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven healthy older adults (HOA) and 77 participants with aMCI were administered a neuropsychological test battery, including a prospective memory screening measure (Envelope Task), a retrospective memory measure (CVLT-II), and a multi-item subjective memory questionnaire (Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire; PRMQ) and a single-item subjective memory scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with HOA participants, participants with aMCI performed poorly on the Envelope Task (η(2) = .38), which provided good discrimination of the aMCI and HOA groups (AUC = .83). In the aMCI group, there was a small but significant relationship between the Envelope Task and the single-item subjective rating of memory, with the Envelope Task accounting for 5-6% of the variance in subjective memory after accounting for emotional status. This relationship of prospective memory and subjective memory was not significant for the multi-item questionnaire (PRMQ); and, retrospective memory was not a significant predictor of self-rated memory, single-item, or multi-item.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A brief screening measure of prospective memory, the Envelope Task, provides useful support to traditional memory measures in detecting aMCI.
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Kerryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.affiliation: b Psychology Department , Caulfield Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mullaly
authors.affiliation: c Cognitive Dementia and Memory Service , Caulfield Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medicine (Neuroscience) , Monash University (Alfred Hospital Campus) , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Elsdon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.affiliation: e Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St. Vincent's Health, Department of Psychiatry , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.|f National Ageing Research Institute , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.affiliation: g Department of Psychology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saling
authors.affiliation: h Department of Psychology , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.|b Psychology Department , Caulfield Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Glynda J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kinsella
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Everyday memory.; Mild cognitive impairment; Prospective memory; Subjective memory