title: Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus chronic infection: Indications for a correct diagnosis.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepato- and lymphotropic agent that is able to induce several autoimmune rheumatic disorders: vasculitis, sicca syndrome, arthralgias/arthritis and fibromyalgia. The severity of clinical manifestations is variable and sometimes life-threatening. HCV infection can mimic many primitive rheumatic diseases, therefore, it is mandatory to distinguish HCV-related manifestations from primitive ones because the prognosis and therapeutic strategies can be fairly dissimilar. The new direct-acting antivirals drugs can help to avoid the well-known risks of worsening or new onset of autoimmune diseases during the traditional interferon-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Carlo Palazzi, Salvatore D'Angelo, Michele Gilio, Ignazio Olivieri, Rheumatology Department of Basilicata, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.affiliation: Carlo Palazzi, Salvatore D'Angelo, Michele Gilio, Ignazio Olivieri, Rheumatology Department of Basilicata, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: Carlo Palazzi, Salvatore D'Angelo, Michele Gilio, Ignazio Olivieri, Rheumatology Department of Basilicata, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Carlo Palazzi, Salvatore D'Angelo, Michele Gilio, Ignazio Olivieri, Rheumatology Department of Basilicata, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilio
authors.affiliation: Carlo Palazzi, Salvatore D'Angelo, Michele Gilio, Ignazio Olivieri, Rheumatology Department of Basilicata, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy.
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olivieri
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents
keywords: Arthritis; Cryoglobulinemia; Diagnosis; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; Rheumatic; Sicca syndrome; Vasculitis
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2013 Jan 15;111(2):265-72
references.pmid: 23116612
references.citation: Histopathology. 1997 Jan;30(1):41-8
references.pmid: 9023556
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Sep;81(5):398-409
references.pmid: 12352634
references.citation: J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2008 Jan-Mar;22(1):57-61
references.pmid: 18394318
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2015 Apr;62(1 Suppl):S87-99
references.pmid: 25920094
references.citation: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Dec;4(12):1101-5
references.pmid: 12516900
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar;65(3):394-7
references.pmid: 16474032
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2002 Nov;29(11):2382-5
references.pmid: 12415596
references.citation: Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Dec 15;46 Suppl 5:S165-73
references.pmid: 25458776
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2001 Jan;158(1):259-64
references.pmid: 11141499
references.citation: World J Hepatol. 2015 Mar 27;7(3):327-43
references.pmid: 25848462
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2005 Jun;32(6):1118-21
references.pmid: 15940777
references.citation: Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58
references.pmid: 12170878
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb 28;21(8):2269-80
references.pmid: 25741133
references.citation: Postgrad Med. 2015 May;127(4):413-7
references.pmid: 25746436
references.citation: J Infect. 2014 Jan;68(1):1-20
references.pmid: 24012819
references.citation: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 May-Jun;46(5):407-12
references.pmid: 22499073
references.citation: World J Hepatol. 2015 Mar 27;7(3):616-27
references.pmid: 25848486
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):554-8
references.pmid: 12006334
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2001 Jan;80(1):1-8
references.pmid: 11204499
references.citation: Hepatology. 1995 Aug;22(2):389-94
references.pmid: 7635405
references.citation: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Mar;63(3):427-35
references.pmid: 20981809
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 28;20(24):7544-54
references.pmid: 24976695
references.citation: Reumatismo. 2002 Oct-Dec;54(4):316-23
references.pmid: 12563365
references.citation: J Autoimmun. 2010 Jun;34(4):400-7
references.pmid: 19889514
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Oct;8(1):48-51
references.pmid: 18707027
references.citation: Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:871401
references.pmid: 22988469
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;33(6):375-87
references.pmid: 15190523
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2004 Nov;31(11):2199-206
references.pmid: 15517633
references.citation: Hepatology. 1996 Feb;23(2):199-204
references.pmid: 8591841
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Dec;29(12):1373-80
references.pmid: 20411290
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(4):233
references.pmid: 21888688
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Jul;11(9):659-63
references.pmid: 22155016
references.citation: Clin Exp Nephrol. 2014 Feb;18(1):88-94
references.pmid: 23722669
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2005 Mar;31(3):382-5
references.pmid: 15515001
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 28;20(24):7534-43
references.pmid: 24976694
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep 21;20(35):12372-80
references.pmid: 25253938
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Apr;47(4):755-9
references.pmid: 11991605
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Oct;42(10):2204-12
references.pmid: 10524695
references.citation: Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(2):134-40
references.pmid: 22248563
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Jan;27(1):101-3
references.pmid: 17943229
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2005 Mar;32(3):484-8
references.pmid: 15742440
references.citation: Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2012 Jul;8(7):434-45
references.pmid: 23293553
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1996 Jun;23(6):979-83
references.pmid: 8782126
references.citation: Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:25
references.pmid: 18796155
references.citation: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;19(6):493-8
references.pmid: 17489060
references.citation: Oral Dis. 2008 Mar;14(2):123-30
references.pmid: 18208477
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2013 Aug 22;:null
references.pmid: 23974248
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;33(6):355-74
references.pmid: 15190522
references.citation: Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007 Jun;32(3):252-64
references.pmid: 17992592
references.citation: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 May;13(5):507-11
references.pmid: 11396529
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Jan-Feb;30(1 Suppl 70):S3-5
references.pmid: 22510483
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(2):R137-41
references.pmid: 15059277
references.citation: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 Oct;15(14):2039-45
references.pmid: 25146875
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 Jan-Feb;22(1):43-8
references.pmid: 15005003
references.citation: Br J Haematol. 2005 Jun;129(6):818-24
references.pmid: 15953010
references.citation: Rheumatol Int. 2003 Sep;23(5):248-51
references.pmid: 14504918
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Oct;28(2):107-13
references.pmid: 9806371
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):215
references.pmid: 22731694
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1997 Nov 24;157(21):2497-500
references.pmid: 9385302
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 2003 Jun;34(6):573-9
references.pmid: 12827611
references.citation: Clin Nephrol. 2004 Feb;61(2):144-50
references.pmid: 14989635
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;76(10):1410-4
references.pmid: 16170087
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 Aug;133(2):275-82
references.pmid: 12869035
references.citation: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;29(1):111-22
references.pmid: 12635503
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 1999 Feb;26(2):420-4
references.pmid: 9972979
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Dec;36(3):189-96
references.pmid: 16996578
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(7):842-7
references.pmid: 19575546
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2009 Sep;36(9):1953-5
references.pmid: 19531750
references.citation: Case Reports Immunol. 2015;2015:816424
references.pmid: 25815218
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Jan-Feb;23(1):2-6
references.pmid: 15789880
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 Sep-Oct;18(5):579-84
references.pmid: 11072597
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 May;128(2):347-52
references.pmid: 11985526
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Jan-Feb;26(1 Suppl 48):S39-47
references.pmid: 18570753