title: Eco-friendly streamlined process for sporopollenin exine capsule extraction.
abstract: Sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) extracted from Lycopodium clavatum spores are an attractive biomaterial possessing a highly robust structure suitable for microencapsulation strategies. Despite several decades of research into SEC extraction methods, the protocols commonly used for L. clavatum still entail processing with both alkaline and acidolysis steps at temperatures up to 180 °C and lasting up to 7 days. Herein, we demonstrate a significantly streamlined processing regimen, which indicates that much lower temperatures and processing durations can be used without alkaline lysis. By employing CHN elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA), the optimum conditions for L. clavatum SEC processing were determined to include 30 hours acidolysis at 70 °C without alkaline lysis. Extending these findings to proof-of-concept encapsulation studies, we further demonstrate that our SECs are able to achieve a loading of 0.170 ± 0.01 g BSA per 1 g SECs by vacuum-assisted loading. Taken together, our streamlined processing method and corresponding characterization of SECs provides important insights for the development of applications including drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care products, and foods.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Raghavendra C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mundargi
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Potroz
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jae Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jeongeun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ee-Lin
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore.|School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive 637459, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nam-Joon
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001704:Biopolymers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids
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