title: Infant feeding and risk of developing celiac disease: a systematic review.
abstract: To review the evidence for the association of breast feeding, breastfeeding duration or the timing of gluten introduction and the later development of celiac disease (CD).
  
  
  
  Systematic review.
  
  
  
  We searched MEDLINE, via PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science, for studies published up to 31 August 2015 investigating the association of breastfeeding duration, breast feeding at the moment of gluten introduction or the timing of gluten introduction and the later development of CD. Prospective studies had to enrol infants/children at high risk of CD. For retrospective studies, participants had to be children or adults with CD. The paper quality was assessed by means of a GRADE score and the bias risk was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for observational cohort studies) and Cochrane Collaboration's tool (for randomised trials).
  
  
  
  Out of 149 retrieved papers, 48 were considered in depth and 16 were included in this review (9 were prospective and 2 were interventional). We found that neither duration of breastfeeding nor breastfeeding at time of gluten introduction nor the delayed introduction of gluten during weaning were effective in preventing later development of CD.
  
  
  
  Currently, there is no evidence on the optimal breastfeeding duration or the effects of avoiding early (<4 months of age) or late (≥ 6 or even at 12 months) gluten introduction in children at risk of CD. Accordingly, no specific general recommendations about gluten introduction or optimal breastfeeding duration can be presently provided on evidence-based criteria in order to prevent CD.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silano
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guandalini
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens
keywords: breastfeeding; celiac disease; gluten
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