title: Post-Formation Shrinkage and Stabilization of Microfluidic Bubbles in Lipid Solution.
abstract: Medical ultrasound imaging often employs ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), injectable microbubbles stabilized by shells or membranes. In tissue, the compressible gas cores can strongly scatter acoustic signals, resonate, and emit harmonics. However, bubbles generated by conventional methods have nonuniform sizes, reducing the fraction that resonates with a given transducer. Microfluidic flow-focusing is an alternative production method which generates highly monodisperse bubbles with uniform constituents, enabling more-efficient contrast enhancement than current UCAs. Production size is tunable by adjusting gas pressure and solution flow rate, but solution effects on downstream stable size and lifetime have not been closely examined. This study therefore investigated several solution parameters, including the DSPC/DSPE-PEG2000 lipid ratio, concentration, viscosity, and preparation temperature to determine their effects on stabilization. It was found that bubble lifetime roughly correlated with stable size, which in turn was strongly influenced by primary-lipid-to-emulsifier ratio, analogous to its effects on conventional bubble yield and Langmuir-trough compressibility in existing studies. Raising DSPE-PEG2000 fraction in solution reduced bubble surface area in proportion to its reduction of lipid packing density at low compression in literature. In addition, the surface area was found to increase proportionately with lipid concentration above 2.1 mM. However, viscosities above or below 2.3-3.3 mPa·s seemed to reduce bubble size. Finally, lipid preparation at room temperature led to smaller bubbles compared to preparation near or above the primary lipid's phase transition point. Understanding these effects will further improve on postformation control over microfluidic bubble production, and facilitate size-tuning for optimal contrast enhancement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , 3406 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , 3406 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States.
authors.forename: Abraham P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D005453:Fluorescence; D045423:Microbubbles; D044085:Microfluidics; D010316:Particle Size; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C519184:1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol 2000); D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C010942:1,2-distearoyllecithin