title: Drivers for and against municipal wastewater recycling: a review.
abstract: The reclamation, treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater can provide important environmental benefits. In this paper, 25 studies on this topic were reviewed and it was found that there are many (>150) different drivers acting for and against wastewater recycling. To deal with the challenge of comparing studies which entailed different research designs, a framework was developed which allowed the literature to be organized into comparable study contexts. Studies were categorized according to the level of analysis (wastewater recycling scheme, city, water utility, state, country, global) and outcome investigated (development/investment in new schemes, program implementation, percentage of wastewater recycled, percentage of water demand covered by recycled water, multiple outcomes). Findings across comparable case studies were then grouped according to the type (for or against recycling) and category of driver (social, natural, technical, economic, policy or business). The utility of the framework is demonstrated by summarizing the findings from four Australian studies at the city level. The framework offers a unique approach for disentangling the broad range of potential drivers for and against water recycling and to focus on those that seem relevant in specific study contexts. It may offer a valuable starting point for building hypotheses in future work.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: nadjakunz1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nadja C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: nadjakunz1@gmail.com; The University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: nadjakunz1@gmail.com; The University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ingold
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: nadjakunz1@gmail.com; IBP, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and ENAC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Janet G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hering
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D004777:Environment; D059027:Recycling; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water