title: Prevalence of Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Salmonella Strains with Conjugative Antimicrobial-Resistant Serovars Contaminating Animal Feed in Texas.
abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize 365 nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from animal feed. Among the 365 isolates, 78 serovars were identified. Twenty-four isolates (7.0%) were recovered from three of six medicated feed types. Three of these isolates derived from the medicated feed, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Typhimurium var. O 5- (Copenhagen), and Salmonella Lexington var. 15+ (Manila), displayed antimicrobial resistance. Susceptibility testing revealed that only 3.0% (12) of the 365 isolates displayed resistance to any of the antimicrobial agents. These 12 isolates were recovered from unmedicated dry beef feed (n = 3), medicated dry beef feed (n = 3), cabbage culls (n = 2), animal protein products (n = 2), dry dairy cattle feed (n = 1), and fish meal (n = 1). Only Salmonella Newport and Salmonella Typhimurium var. O 5- (Copenhagen) were multidrug resistant. Both isolates possessed the IncA/C replicon and the blaCMY-2 gene associated with cephalosporin resistance. Plasmid replicons were amplified from 4 of 12 resistant isolates. Plasmids (40 kb) were Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Kentucky. Conjugation experiments were done using 7 of the 12 resistant isolates as donors. Only Salmonella Montevideo, possessing a plasmid and amplifying IncN, produced transconjugants. Transconjugants displayed the same antimicrobial resistance profile as did the donor isolate. Three isolates that amplified replicons corresponding to IncA/C or IncHI2 did not produce transconjugants at 30 or 37°C. The results of this study suggest that the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella contaminating animal feed is low in Texas. However, Salmonella was more prevalent in feed by-products; fish meal had the highest prevalence (84%) followed by animal protein products (48%). Ten of the 35 feed types had no Salmonella contamination. Further investigation is needed to understand the possible role of specific feed types in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. hsieh@otsc.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Yi-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Toni L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Runyon
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.affiliation: Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Herrman
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology