title: Representation learning for mammography mass lesion classification with convolutional neural networks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The automatic classification of breast imaging lesions is currently an unsolved problem. This paper describes an innovative representation learning framework for breast cancer diagnosis in mammography that integrates deep learning techniques to automatically learn discriminative features avoiding the design of specific hand-crafted image-based feature detectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new biopsy proven benchmarking dataset was built from 344 breast cancer patients' cases containing a total of 736 film mammography (mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal) views, representative of manually segmented lesions associated with masses: 426 benign lesions and 310 malignant lesions. The developed method comprises two main stages: (i) preprocessing to enhance image details and (ii) supervised training for learning both the features and the breast imaging lesions classifier. In contrast to previous works, we adopt a hybrid approach where convolutional neural networks are used to learn the representation in a supervised way instead of designing particular descriptors to explain the content of mammography images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental results using the developed benchmarking breast cancer dataset demonstrated that our method exhibits significant improved performance when compared to state-of-the-art image descriptors, such as histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and histogram of the gradient divergence (HGD), increasing the performance from 0.787 to 0.822 in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Interestingly, this model also outperforms a set of hand-crafted features that take advantage of additional information from segmentation by the radiologist. Finally, the combination of both representations, learned and hand-crafted, resulted in the best descriptor for mass lesion classification, obtaining 0.826 in the AUC score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel deep learning based framework to automatically address classification of breast mass lesions in mammography was developed.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Electronic address: jearevaloo@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Electronic address: fagonzalezo@unal.edu.co.
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Electronic address: rramosp@uis.edu.co.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos-Pollán
authors.affiliation: DETI-IEETA, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: jlo@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: CCG, Computer Graphics Center, Portugal. Electronic address: mguevara@ccg.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guevara Lopez
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008327:Mammography; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer
keywords: Breast cancer; Computer-aided diagnosis; Convolutional neural networks; Feature learning; Mammography