title: Weight Status and Alcohol Intake Modify the Association between Vitamin D and Breast Cancer Risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanistic hypotheses suggest that vitamin D may contribute to the prevention of breast cancer. However, epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent, suggesting a potential effect modification by individual factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to perform exploratory analyses on the prospective associations between the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, polymorphisms of genes encoding for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D-binding protein (also known as gc-globulin or group-specific component, GC), and breast cancer risk, along with 2 potential modifiers: body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study was set up in the SUpplémentation en VItamines et Minéraux Anti-oXydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort (1994-2007), involving 233 women with breast cancer and 466 matched controls (mean ± SD age: 49 ± 6 y). The plasma total 25(OH)D concentration and gene polymorphisms were assessed on samples obtained at baseline. Conditional logistic regression models were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher plasma 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer for women with a BMI < the median of 22.4 [OR quartile (Q)4 compared with Q1: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.89; P-trend = 0.01, P-interaction = 0.002], whereas it was associated with an increased risk for women with a BMI ≥ the median (OR Q4 compared with Q1: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.28; P-trend = 0.02, P-interaction = 0.002). A plasma 25(OH)D concentration ≥ 10 ng/mL was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer for women with alcohol intakes ≥ the median of 7.1 g/d (OR ≥10 compared with <10 ng/mL: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.95; P = 0.03, P-interaction = 0.03). The genetic analyses were consistent with the results observed with plasma 25(OH)D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this prospective study, BMI and alcohol intake modified the association between vitamin D [plasma 25(OH)D and vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms] and breast cancer risk. These effect modifications suggest explanations for discrepancies in results of previous studies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00272428.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France; m.deschasaux@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschasaux
authors.affiliation: Physiology Department, Necker Hospital, Inserm U845, Paris, France;
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Souberbielle
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Paule
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Latino-Martel
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Inserm U698, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France;
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Inserm U698, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France;
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charnaux
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Druesne-Pecollo
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France; Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.affiliation: Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Genomics, Bioinformatics and Applications Team (EA4627), Paris, France; and.
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Clerc
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse-Guyot
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France; Dermatology Department, Saint André Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ezzedine
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center (CRESS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U1153), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA U1125), French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Bobigny, France;
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; alcohol intake; body mass index; breast cancer risk; nested case-control study; single nucleotide polymorphisms; vitamin D binding protein; vitamin D receptor