title: Isolation of 91 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the western Mediterranean endemic Carex helodes (Cyperaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microsatellite primers were developed for Carex helodes (Cyperaceae), a western Mediterranean endemic that is locally distributed in southern Portugal and southwestern Spain and rare in northern Morocco.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred nine nuclear microsatellite markers were developed using a shotgun pyrosequencing method, resulting in 91 polymorphic and 18 monomorphic loci when tested using 19 individuals sampled from five populations from Portugal, Spain, and Morocco. Loci averaged 3.23 alleles per locus (SD = 1.15). In a single population (Cortelha population, Portugal), the 34 most polymorphic loci showed a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.357 (SD = 0.292) and mean expected heterozygosity of 0.384 (SD = 0.255).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Next-generation sequencing allowed us to develop a high number of genetic markers with levels of polymorphism adequate to study gene flow among populations. However, when genotyping the individuals within a population, we found low levels of variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Seville, Spain; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, E41080 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escudero
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jordano
keywords: Carex helodes; Cyperaceae; endemism; sedge; shotgun sequencing; simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker
references.citation: Biotechniques. 2001 Jul;31(1):24-6, 28
references.pmid: 11464515
references.citation: Am J Bot. 2008 Jun;95(6):745-55
references.pmid: 21632400
references.citation: Mol Ecol Resour. 2008 Jan;8(1):103-6
references.pmid: 21585727
references.citation: Mol Ecol Resour. 2014 Nov;14(6):1302-13
references.pmid: 24785154
references.citation: Mol Ecol Resour. 2010 May;10(3):564-7
references.pmid: 21565059