title: Method development and survey of Sudan I-IV in palm oil and chilli spices in the Washington, DC, area.
abstract: Sudan I, II, III and IV dyes are banned for use as food colorants in the United States and European Union because they are toxic and carcinogenic. These dyes have been illegally used as food additives in products such as chilli spices and palm oil to enhance their red colour. From 2003 to 2005, the European Union made a series of decisions requiring chilli spices and palm oil imported to the European Union to contain analytical reports declaring them free of Sudan I-IV. In order for the USFDA to investigate the adulteration of palm oil and chilli spices with unapproved colour additives in the United States, a method was developed for the extraction and analysis of Sudan dyes in palm oil, and previous methods were validated for Sudan dyes in chilli spices. Both LC-DAD and LC-MS/MS methods were examined for their limitations and effectiveness in identifying adulterated samples. Method validation was performed for both chilli spices and palm oil by spiking samples known to be free of Sudan dyes at concentrations close to the limit of detection. Reproducibility, matrix effects, and selectivity of the method were also investigated. Additionally, for the first time a survey of palm oil and chilli spices was performed in the United States, specifically in the Washington, DC, area. Illegal dyes, primarily Sudan IV, were detected in palm oil at concentrations from 150 to 24 000 ng ml(-1). Low concentrations (< 21 µg kg(-1)) of Sudan dyes were found in 11 out of 57 spices and are most likely a result of cross-contamination during preparation and storage and not intentional adulteration.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genualdi
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacMahon
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shyong
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Lowri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeJager
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004219:District of Columbia; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis*; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017365:Spices / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil
keywords: LC-DAD; LC-MS/MS; Sudan dyes; colour additive; palm oil
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