title: Promoting and maintaining physical activity in the transition to retirement: a systematic review of interventions for adults around retirement age.
abstract: It has been argued that transition points in life, such as the approach towards, and early years of retirement present key opportunities for interventions to improve the health of the population. Research has also highlighted inequalities in health status in the retired population and in response to interventions which should be addressed. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to synthesise international evidence on the types and effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity among people around the time of retirement. A systematic review of literature was carried out between February 2014 and April 2015. Searches were not limited by language or location, but were restricted by date to studies published from 1990 onwards. Methods for identification of relevant studies included electronic database searching, reference list checking, and citation searching. Systematic search of the literature identified 104 papers which described study populations as being older adults. However, we found only one paper which specifically referred to their participants as being around the time of retirement. The intervention approaches for older adults encompassed: training of health care professionals; counselling and advice giving; group sessions; individual training sessions; in-home exercise programmes; in-home computer-delivered programmes; in-home telephone support; in-home diet and exercise programmes; and community-wide initiatives. The majority of papers reported some intervention effect, with evidence of positive outcomes for all types of programmes. A wide range of different measures were used to evaluate effectiveness, many were self-reported and few studies included evaluation of sedentary time. While the retirement transition is considered a significant point of life change, little research has been conducted to assess whether physical activity interventions at this time may be effective in promoting or maintaining activity, or reducing health inequalities. We were unable to find any evidence that the transition to retirement period was, or was not a significant point for intervention. Studies in older adults more generally indicated that a range of interventions might be effective for people around retirement age.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK. s.k.baxter@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buckley-Woods
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hock
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.affiliation: Peninsula Schools of Medicine & Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pavey
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mountain
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goyder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004651:Employment; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012179:Retirement
references.citation: J Phys Act Health. 2009 Jul;6(4):467-74
references.pmid: 19842461
references.citation: Prev Med. 2008 Jun;46(6):511-7
references.pmid: 18295324
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2009 Dec;37(6):501-4
references.pmid: 19944915
references.citation: BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008 Feb 25;8:8
references.pmid: 18298827
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Feb;53(2):283-9
references.pmid: 15673353
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2002 Summer;24(3):190-200
references.pmid: 12173676
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Mar 10;11(1):35
references.pmid: 24612748
references.citation: Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2013;27(1):53-80
references.pmid: 23923347
references.citation: Geriatr Nurs. 2013 May-Jun;34(3):204-11
references.pmid: 23601628
references.citation: BMJ. 2003 Apr 12;326(7393):793
references.pmid: 12689976
references.citation: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999 Oct;25(5):387-403
references.pmid: 10569458
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2002 Feb;22(2):120-33
references.pmid: 11818183
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992 Jul;73(7):603-8
references.pmid: 1622313
references.citation: J Telemed Telecare. 2012 Jan;18(1):20-5
references.pmid: 22052963
references.citation: J Aging Phys Act. 2009 Jul;17(3):344-61
references.pmid: 19799104
references.citation: J Epidemiol. 2003 Mar;13(2):120-6
references.pmid: 12675121
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994 Apr;48(2):123-8
references.pmid: 8189164
references.citation: Patient Educ Couns. 2007 May;66(2):167-76
references.pmid: 17329061
references.citation: Nurs Res. 2010 Sep-Oct;59(5):311-21
references.pmid: 20697307
references.citation: Prev Med. 2010 Jul;51(1):37-44
references.pmid: 20382179
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2011 Jul;30(4):442-52
references.pmid: 21639638
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013 Jan 31;10:14
references.pmid: 23363616
references.citation: J Phys Act Health. 2011 Sep;8 Suppl 2:S257-66
references.pmid: 21918240
references.citation: BMC Med. 2013 Mar 19;11:75
references.pmid: 23506544
references.citation: Health Promot Int. 2008 Jun;23(2):160-72
references.pmid: 18364364
references.citation: J Aging Phys Act. 2014 Jan;22(1):16-24
references.pmid: 23295354
references.citation: Prev Med. 2008 Feb;46(2):111-9
references.pmid: 17904629
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1998 Aug 10-24;158(15):1695-701
references.pmid: 9701104
references.citation: J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28(1):28-33
references.pmid: 16236225
references.citation: Prev Med. 2008 Aug;47(2):182-7
references.pmid: 18571226
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009 Dec 08;6:83
references.pmid: 19995412
references.citation: J Phys Act Health. 2011 Sep;8(s2):S267-S274
references.pmid: 28829703
references.citation: Am J Health Promot. 1992 May-Jun;6(5):364-71
references.pmid: 10148757
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):362-8
references.pmid: 19059858
references.citation: Prev Med. 1997 May-Jun;26(3):382-8
references.pmid: 9144763
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013 Apr 09;10:44
references.pmid: 23570536
references.citation: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(4):330-7
references.pmid: 18021133
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2010 Mar 05;10:110
references.pmid: 20205704
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Aug 16;9:97
references.pmid: 22897911
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2001 Nov;20(6):438-44
references.pmid: 11714186
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2012 Sep;43(3):329-36
references.pmid: 22898127
references.citation: Prev Med. 2008 Jul;47(1):89-94
references.pmid: 18455784
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2007 Nov;26(6):718-27
references.pmid: 18020844
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2005 Jun;29(3):155-65
references.pmid: 15946109
references.citation: Prev Med. 2011 Mar-Apr;52(3-4):247-9
references.pmid: 21338622
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2010 May;39(2):139-50
references.pmid: 20182833
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 May;74(5):473-7
references.pmid: 8489354
references.citation: Prev Chronic Dis. 2009 Jan;6(1):A25
references.pmid: 19080031
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2009 Nov;37(5):405-17
references.pmid: 19840695
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 1998 Sep;32(3):236-41
references.pmid: 9773174
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 1998 Nov;15(4):316-33
references.pmid: 9838975
references.citation: Sports Med. 2012 May 1;42(5):433-47
references.pmid: 22512413
references.citation: Patient Educ Couns. 2006 Jul;62(1):132-41
references.pmid: 16098704
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Sep;59(9):1602-11
references.pmid: 21883103
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013 Sep 02;10:104
references.pmid: 24228862
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2012 Jan;31(1):126-129
references.pmid: 21928901
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2006 Jul;96(7):1201-9
references.pmid: 16735619
references.citation: J Sports Sci. 2004 Aug;22(8):703-25
references.pmid: 15370483
references.citation: Health Educ Res. 2002 Oct;17(5):627-36
references.pmid: 12408207
references.citation: J Med Internet Res. 2012 Mar 02;14(2):e39
references.pmid: 22390878
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(5):486-91
references.pmid: 23636552
references.citation: J Med Internet Res. 2013 Feb 05;15(2):e19
references.pmid: 23470322
references.citation: J Med Internet Res. 2012 Dec 17;14(6):e179
references.pmid: 23246790
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2011 Feb;41(1):104-18
references.pmid: 20878293
references.citation: Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011 Jun;23(3):162-9
references.pmid: 20647739
references.citation: Prev Med. 2008 Jun;46(6):518-24
references.pmid: 18405960
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2005 Nov;29(4):247-55
references.pmid: 16242586
references.citation: Women Health. 2008;47(4):91-108
references.pmid: 18843942
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Aug;51(8):1159-68
references.pmid: 12890083
references.citation: Can Fam Physician. 2010 May;56(5):e191-200
references.pmid: 20463260
references.citation: BMJ. 2008 Dec 11;337:a2509
references.pmid: 19074218
references.citation: Nurs Res. 2009 Mar-Apr;58(2):74-85
references.pmid: 19289928
references.citation: J Med Internet Res. 2013 Nov 06;15(11):e233
references.pmid: 24195965
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Apr 25;8(4):e62613
references.pmid: 23638127
references.citation: Am J Med. 1993 May;94(5):455-462
references.pmid: 8498389
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2000 Jul 17;173(2):84-7
references.pmid: 10937036
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 1999 Spring;21(1):40-7
references.pmid: 18425653
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2008 Oct;35(4):340-51
references.pmid: 18779028
references.citation: J Sci Med Sport. 2005 Dec;8(4):446-50
references.pmid: 16602173