title: Lipotoxicity in steatohepatitis occurs despite an increase in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity.
abstract: The hepatic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is central to integrating macronutrient metabolism and is closely coupled to cellular respiration, free radical generation, and inflammation. Oxidative flux through the TCA cycle is induced during hepatic insulin resistance, in mice and humans with simple steatosis, reflecting early compensatory remodeling of mitochondrial energetics. We hypothesized that progressive severity of hepatic insulin resistance and the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) would impair oxidative flux through the hepatic TCA cycle. Mice (C57/BL6) were fed a high-trans-fat high-fructose diet (TFD) for 8 wk to induce simple steatosis and NASH by 24 wk. In vivo fasting hepatic mitochondrial fluxes were determined by(13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based isotopomer analysis. Hepatic metabolic intermediates were quantified using mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics. Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance preceded alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, since TCA cycle fluxes remained normal during simple steatosis. However, mice with NASH had a twofold induction (P< 0.05) of mitochondrial fluxes (μmol/min) through the TCA cycle (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 5.4 ± 0.6), anaplerosis (9.1 ± 1.2 vs. 16.9 ± 2.2), and pyruvate cycling (4.9 ± 1.0 vs. 11.1 ± 1.9) compared with their age-matched controls. Induction of the TCA cycle activity during NASH was concurrent with blunted ketogenesis and accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerols (DAGs), ceramides (Cer), and long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting inefficient oxidation and disposal of excess free fatty acids (FFA). Sustained induction of mitochondrial TCA cycle failed to prevent accretion of "lipotoxic" metabolites in the liver and could hasten inflammation and the metabolic transition to NASH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Rainey E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Srilaxmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalavalapalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California;
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nautiyal
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Janie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Danielle J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.affiliation: Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Diabetes, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Diabetes, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas; and.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; nishanth.sunny@medicine.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Nishanth E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Sunny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D005632:Fructose; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D007249:Inflammation; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome; D051379:Mice; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002518:Ceramides; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D004075:Diglycerides; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; C116917:acylcarnitine; D005632:Fructose; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: hepatic insulin resistance; mitochondria; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; steatosis
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