title: Intercostal muscle motor behavior during tracheal occlusion conditioning in conscious rats.
abstract: A respiratory load compensation response is characterized by increases in activation of primary respiratory muscles and/or recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles. The contribution of the external intercostal (EI) muscles, which are a primary respiratory muscle group, during normal and loaded breathing remains poorly understood in conscious animals. Consciousness has a significant role on modulation of respiratory activity, as it is required for the integration of behavioral respiratory responses and voluntary control of breathing. Studies of respiratory load compensation have been predominantly focused in anesthetized animals, which make their comparison to conscious load compensation responses challenging. Using our established model of intrinsic transient tracheal occlusions (ITTO), our aim was to evaluate the motor behavior of EI muscles during normal and loaded breathing in conscious rats. We hypothesized that 1) conscious rats exposed to ITTO will recruit the EI muscles with an increased electromyogram (EMG) activation and 2) repeated ITTO for 10 days would potentiate the baseline EMG activity of this muscle in conscious rats. Our results demonstrate that conscious rats exposed to ITTO respond by recruiting the EI muscle with a significantly increased EMG activation. This response to occlusion remained consistent over the 10-day experimental period with little or no effect of repeated ITTO exposure on the baseline ∫EI EMG amplitude activity. The pattern of activation of the EI muscle in response to an ITTO is discussed in detail. The results from the present study demonstrate the importance of EI muscles during unloaded breathing and respiratory load compensation in conscious rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Poonam B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida pdavenpo@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Davenport
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: conscious state; external intercostal; respiratory neurophysiology
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1996 Jul;110(2):196-204
references.pmid: 8836684
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2013 Mar;98(3):819-29
references.pmid: 23024371
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 1985 Jan;14(1):39-47
references.pmid: 3986627
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1984 Jun;56(3):385-94
references.pmid: 6473948
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2011 Jun;48(6):808-12
references.pmid: 21039587
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2011 May 31;2:24
references.pmid: 21660287
references.citation: J Physiol. 1960 May;151:390-402
references.pmid: 13837102
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1997 Mar;107(3):241-50
references.pmid: 9128905
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 Mar 21;640(1-2):171-84
references.pmid: 8004446
references.citation: BMC Physiol. 2002 Oct 22;2:16
references.pmid: 12392601
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 1985 Jan;14(1):25-37
references.pmid: 3986626
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1976 Feb;40(2):177-83
references.pmid: 1248997
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2005 Apr;85(2):717-56
references.pmid: 15788709
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Apr;80(4):1379-89
references.pmid: 8926270
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Sep 1;503 ( Pt 2):445-53
references.pmid: 9306285
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 May;90(5):1729-35
references.pmid: 11299262
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1977 Sep;36(10):2375-80
references.pmid: 892008
references.citation: Brain Res. 1990 Jan 22;507(2):247-53
references.pmid: 2337764
references.citation: Brain Res. 1986 Feb 26;366(1-2):238-53
references.pmid: 3697681
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2002 Mar;19(3):429-33
references.pmid: 11936518
references.citation: J Physiol. 1964 Dec;175:404-24
references.pmid: 14241840
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 Mar 7;639(1):49-56
references.pmid: 8180838
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 May;72(5):1940-4
references.pmid: 1601803
references.citation: J Physiol. 1958 May 28;141(3):489-99
references.pmid: 13550255
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1996 Sep;111(2):178-86
references.pmid: 8891649
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 May;60(5):1692-9
references.pmid: 3710986
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2013 Nov 15;257:39-48
references.pmid: 24070856
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2012 Oct;91(2):185-9
references.pmid: 22781313
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Nov;142(5):1041-6
references.pmid: 2240826
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Apr 1;500 ( Pt 1):245-53
references.pmid: 9097948
references.citation: Brain Res. 1995 Nov 13;699(1):19-32
references.pmid: 8616610
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1993;95(3):477-87
references.pmid: 8224074
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1982 Nov;50(2):255-65
references.pmid: 7156535
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983 Feb;54(2):475-82
references.pmid: 6219976
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Jul 31;177(2):176-82
references.pmid: 21414423
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1985 Mar;75(3):850-7
references.pmid: 3980728
references.citation: J Physiol. 1963 Oct;168:820-47
references.pmid: 14072860
references.citation: J Physiol. 1972 Apr;222(2):267-95
references.pmid: 5033464
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 Aug;69(2):509-16
references.pmid: 2228860
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Oct 15;179(1):3-13
references.pmid: 21782981
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991 Aug;439:73-88
references.pmid: 1895248
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1984 Jun;56(3):359-68
references.pmid: 6473947
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Mar;62(3):1046-56
references.pmid: 3571061
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 Sep;51(3):557-64
references.pmid: 7327955
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1978 Aug;34(2):267-77
references.pmid: 705083
references.citation: J Physiol. 1992 Apr;449:441-55
references.pmid: 1522517
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Dec;67(6):2614-21
references.pmid: 2606869
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Feb;112(3):435-42
references.pmid: 22074720
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Jul;43(1):20-6
references.pmid: 893261
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1970 Oct;10(3):358-83
references.pmid: 4248924
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Apr;64(4):1546-53
references.pmid: 3378989
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1975 Mar;23(2):181-99
references.pmid: 1144940
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1989 May;61(5):918-26
references.pmid: 2723734
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Sep;57(3):899-906
references.pmid: 6238017
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Feb;74(2):799-804
references.pmid: 8458798
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Apr;72(4):1221-34
references.pmid: 1592708
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1976 Mar;40(3):338-44
references.pmid: 931847
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Mar;88(3):817-20
references.pmid: 10710373
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(5):841-54
references.pmid: 25509059
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2010 Feb 28;170(2):141-9
references.pmid: 19932203