title: Ankle-brachial index and eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is an indicator of peripheral arterial damage and a low (ABI ≤ 1.0) or borderline (ABI = 1.00-1.09) value is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease events. A low ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease events. This study examined associations between the ABI and the EPA/AA ratio in smokers and non-smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood data including EPA, AA, and ABI were measured in smokers and non-smokers with T2DM enrolled at Jichi Medical University (n = 116, male 86 %, mean age 59 yr). The patients were classified into two groups according to their ABI level: <1.1 (low to borderline) or ≥1.1 (high). The EPA/AA ratio in smoking patients with ABI < 1.1 (n = 26; EPA/AA = 0.25) was significantly lower than in those with ABI ≥ 1.1 (n = 32; EPA/AA = 0.34; p = 0.03), but was not significantly different in non-smoking patients. The EPA/AA ratio was independently, significantly, and positively correlated with the ABI level (β = 0.41; p < 0.01) after adjusting for multiple variables only in smoking patients with T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EPA/AA ratio may be associated with subclinical peripheral arterial damage in smokers with T2DM. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan ; Nasu Chuoh Hospital, 1453 Shimoishigami, Otawara-City, Tochigi 329-0436 Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
keywords: Arachidonic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Peripheral arterial disease; Smoking
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