title: Chemokine and chemokine receptors in autoimmunity: the case of primary biliary cholangitis.
abstract: Chemokines represent a major mediator of innate immunity and play a key role in the selective recruitment of cells during localized inflammatory responses. Beyond critical extracellular mediators of leukocyte trafficking, chemokines and their cognate receptors are expressed by a variety of resident and infiltrating cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells, and NKT cells). Chemokines represent ideal candidates for mechanistic studies (particularly in murine models) to better understand the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and possibly become biomarkers of disease. Nonetheless, therapeutic approaches targeting chemokines have led to unsatisfactory results in rheumatoid arthritis, while biologics against pro-inflammatory cytokines are being used worldwide with success. In this comprehensive review we will discuss the evidence supporting the involvement of chemokines and their specific receptors in mediating the effector cell response, utilizing the autoimmune/primary biliary cholangitis setting as a paradigm.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.|b Division of Rheumatology , CHA University Medical Center , Bundang , Korea.
authors.forename: Jinjung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: c Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Rozzano , Italy.|d BIOMETRA Department , University of Milan , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Selmi
authors.affiliation: a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Patrick S C
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: e Translational Cell and Tissue Research , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roskams
authors.affiliation: a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine
keywords: Innate immunity; autoimmune cholangitis; biologics; chemokine receptor; monoclonal antibody; tolerance breakdown
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