title: Long-Term School Outcomes of Children and Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: To better understand the impact of age at injury, severity of injury, and time since injury on long-term school outcomes of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  
  Four groups of children: complicated mild/moderate TBI (n = 23), severe TBI (n = 56), orthopedic injury (n = 35), and healthy controls (n = 42). Children with TBI were either 2 years postinjury or 6 years postinjury.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional design.
  
  
  
  School records as well as parental ratings of functional academic skills and school competency.
  
  
  
  Children with severe TBI had consistently high usage of school services and low school competency ratings than children with orthopedic injuries and healthy controls. In contrast, children with complicated-mild/moderate TBI were significantly more likely to receive school support services and have lower competence ratings at 6 years than at 2 years postinjury. Students injured at younger ages had lower functional academic skill ratings than those injured at older ages.
  
  
  
  These findings highlight the increasing academic challenges faced over time by students with complicated-mild/moderate TBI and the vulnerability of younger children to poorer development of functional academic skills.
authors.affiliation: Children's Learning Institute, UT Health, Houston, Texas (Drs Prasad and Ewing-Cobbs); and School of Public Health, UT Health, Houston, Texas (Dr Swank).
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Swank
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
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