title: Uncertainty principle for experimental measurements: Fast versus slow probes.
abstract: The result of a physical measurement depends on the time scale of the experimental probe. In solid-state systems, this simple quantum mechanical principle has far-reaching consequences: the interplay of several degrees of freedom close to charge, spin or orbital instabilities combined with the disparity of the time scales associated to their fluctuations can lead to seemingly contradictory experimental findings. A particularly striking example is provided by systems of adatoms adsorbed on semiconductor surfaces where different experiments--angle-resolved photoemission, scanning tunneling microscopy and core-level spectroscopy--suggest different ordering phenomena. Using most recent first principles many-body techniques, we resolve this puzzle by invoking the time scales of fluctuations when approaching the different instabilities. These findings suggest a re-interpretation of ordering phenomena and their fluctuations in a wide class of solid-state systems ranging from organic materials to high-temperature superconducting cuprates.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France.|Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hansmann
authors.affiliation: Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France.|Institut de Physique Théorique (IPhT), CEA, CNRS, URA 2306, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ayral
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tejeda
authors.affiliation: Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France.|Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.|European Theoretical Synchrotron Facility, Europe.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biermann
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