title: Ultrasound associated with caffeine increases basal and beta-adrenoceptor response in adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The topical use of caffeine has been indicated for the lipodystrophies treatment as it promotes increased lipolysis. Ultrasound (US) is often used in cutaneous diseases, esthetic conditions, and as a skin permeation enhancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigate the lipolytic response of adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous adipose pigs tissue subjected to treatment with topical application of phonophoresis associated with caffeine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated dorsal regions of pigs (Landrace × Large White, 35 days, 15 kg, n = 6) daily for 15 days with gel, gel + US [3 MHz, continuous, 0.2 Wcm(2), 1 min/cm(2), in total 2 min], gel + caffeine (5%w/w), and gel + caffeine + US. We used a fifth untreated region as control. Twenty-four hours after the last application, we isolated the adipocytes of each treated area and quantified the basal and stimulated lipolytic responses to isoprenaline. The results, in μmol glycerol/10(6)cells/60 min, were analyzed with analysis of variance or ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. The value of p < 0.05 was indicative of statistical difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the adipocytes isolated from the area treated with caffeine + US showed increased basal lipolysis (0.76 ± 0.26; p = 0.0276) and maximal isoprenaline stimulation (0.38 ± 0.15, p = 0.0029) compared with the other areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that increased lipolysis of caffeine + US is due to an increase in basal and beta-adrenoceptor response by caffeine, and caffeine's effect is local, avoiding unwanted effects.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Stress Study (LABEEST), Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil.|b Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences (FACIS) University Methodist of Piracicaba (UNIMEP) , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Silvia Mariani
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pires-de-Campos
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Stress Study (LABEEST), Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Almeida
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Stress Study (LABEEST), Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wolf-Nunes
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Stress Study (LABEEST), Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Souza-Francesconi
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Stress Study (LABEEST), Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Dora Maria
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grassi-Kassisse
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Glycerol; isoproterenol; phonophoresis; topical agents