title: Impacts of Perinatal Dioxin Exposure on Motor Coordination and Higher Cognitive Development in Vietnamese Preschool Children: A Five-Year Follow-Up.
abstract: Dioxin concentrations remain elevated in the environment and in humans residing near former US Air Force bases in South Vietnam. Our previous epidemiological studies showed adverse effects of dioxin exposure on neurodevelopment for the first 3 years of life. Subsequently, we extended the follow-up period and investigated the influence of perinatal dioxin exposure on neurodevelopment, including motor coordination and higher cognitive ability, in preschool children. Presently, we investigated 176 children in a hot spot of dioxin contamination who were followed up from birth until 5 years old. Perinatal dioxin exposure levels were estimated by measuring dioxin levels in maternal breast milk. Dioxin toxicity was evaluated using two indices; toxic equivalent (TEQ)-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs) and concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Coordinated movements, including manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance, were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (Movement ABC-2). Cognitive ability was assessed using the nonverbal index (NVI) of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II). In boys, total test and balance scores of Movement ABC-2 were significantly lower in the high TEQ- PCDDs/Fs group compared with the moderate and low exposure groups. NVI scores and the pattern reasoning subscale of the KABC-II indicating planning ability were also significantly lower in the high TCDD exposure group compared with the low exposure group of boys. However, in girls, no significant differences in Movement ABC-2 and KABC-II scores were found among the different TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD exposure groups. Furthermore, in high risk cases, five boys and one girl highly exposed to TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD had double the risk for difficulties in both neurodevelopmental skills. These results suggest differential impacts of TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD exposure on motor coordination and higher cognitive ability, respectively. Moreover, high TEQ-PCDDs/Fs exposure combined with high TCDD exposure may increase autistic traits combined with developmental coordination disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.|Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nghi Ngoc
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tai The
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Anh Thi Nguyet
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tuong Quy
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Luong Van
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Anh Hai
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Dong Nai General Hospital, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Vu Huy Anh
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hyogo Children's Sleep and Development Medical Research Center, Hyogo Rehabilitation Center Hospital, 1070 Akebono, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2181, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.affiliation: System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishijo
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004147:Dioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; C020887:dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
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