title: The Risk of Dengue Virus Transmission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania during an Epidemic Period of 2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 dengue outbreaks have been reported in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. However, there is no comprehensive data on the risk of transmission of dengue in the country. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of transmission of dengue in Dar es Salaam during the 2014 epidemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania during the dengue outbreak of 2014. The study involved Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke districts. Adult mosquitoes were collected using carbon dioxide-propane powered Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps. In each household compound, water-holding containers were examined for mosquito larvae and pupae. Dengue virus infection of mosquitoes was determined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Partial amplification and sequencing of dengue virus genome in infected mosquitoes was performed. A total of 1,000 adult mosquitoes were collected. Over half (59.9%) of the adult mosquitoes were collected in Kinondoni. Aedes aegypti accounted for 17.2% of the mosquitoes of which 90.6% were from Kinondoni. Of a total of 796 houses inspected, 38.3% had water-holding containers in their premises. Kinondoni had the largest proportion of water-holding containers (57.7%), followed by Temeke (31.4%) and Ilala (23.4%). The most common breeding containers for the Aedes mosquitoes were discarded plastic containers and tires. High Aedes infestation indices were observed for all districts and sites, with a house index of 18.1% in Ilala, 25.5% in Temeke and 35.3% in Kinondoni. The respective container indices were 77.4%, 65.2% and 80.2%. Of the reared larvae and pupae, 5,250 adult mosquitoes emerged, of which 61.9% were Ae. aegypti. Overall, 27 (8.18) of the 330 pools of Ae. aegypti were positive for dengue virus. On average, the overall maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) indicates pooled infection rate of 8.49 per 1,000 mosquitoes (95%CI = 5.72-12.16). There was no significant difference in pooled infection rates between the districts. Dengue viruses in the tested mosquitoes clustered into serotype 2 cosmopolitan genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ae. aegypti is the main vector of dengue in Dar es Salaam and breeds mainly in medium size plastic containers and tires. The Aedes house indices were high, indicating that the three districts were at high risk of dengue transmission. The 2014 dengue outbreak was caused by Dengue virus serotype 2. The high mosquito larval and pupal indices in the area require intensification of vector surveillance along with source reduction and health education.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Leonard E G
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mboera
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Clement N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mweya
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Rumisha
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Grades
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mariam R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Makange
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Misinzo
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Nardo
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vairo
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Ndekya M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Oriyo
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
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