title: Ether and Carbamate Derivatives of 3-quinuclidinol and 3- hydroxymethylquinuclidine: Synthesis and Evaluation as Nicotinic Ligands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A lead quinuclidine-based nicotinic ligand (EQA) served as the basis for the design of novel compounds. A new series of 3-substituted quinuclidines was designed, synthesized and evaluated as nicotinic ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The goal was to improve affinity for nicotinic receptors in the CNS. Interatomic distance calculations were performed on the proposed compounds as well as, known nicotinic ligands. The proposed compounds were then synthesized, characterized and evaluated in in vitro assays as nicotinic receptor ligands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compounds 9a and 9b were found to inhibit the specific binding of 3H-(S)-Nicotine with Ki values of 48 nM and 42 nM respectively, indicating high affinity interactions with the α4β2 subtype. Data suggest that several compounds act as partial agonists at CNS receptors with an efficacy between 28 and 40% and are potent partial activators of human muscle type receptors (α1β1γδ Emax= 80% that of 100 µM nicotine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together these results indicate a partial agonism at muscle type receptors (ca. 40%) with no significant activation of rat ganglion-type receptors (α3β4*: asterisk indicates potential additional subunit that could partner to form the ganglionic receptor). The partial agonism inducing dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes (α4β2α6α4β2β3, and/or α6β2β3) suggest that these compounds may in addition be acting at the α4β2 and/or the α6β3* receptors. The partial agonists reported herein are interesting nicotinic ligands worthy of further investigation.
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Annadurai
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jerome L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Merouane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bencheriff
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, Chair, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Director of Graduate Studies, Temple University School of Pharmacy, USA. canney@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Canney
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002219:Carbamates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054333:Drug Partial Agonism; D004987:Ethers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D004987:Ethers; D008024:Ligands; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011812:Quinuclidines; D000109:Acetylcholine