title: [Personalized drug therapy based on genetics. Possibilities and examples from clinical practice].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacogenetics are an important component in the individualization of treatment; however, pharmacogenetic diagnostics have so far not been used to any great extent in clinical practice. A consistent consideration of individual patient factors, such as pharmacogenetics may help to improve drug therapy and increase individual safety and efficacy aspects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A brief summary of structures and effects of genetic variations on drug efficacy is presented. Some frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals are specified. Furthermore, the feasibility of pharmacogenetic diagnostics and dose recommendations in the clinical practice are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Medicines Agency (EMA) as the European approval authority has already extended the drug labels of more than 70 pharmaceuticals by information on pharmacogenetic biomarkers and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) more than 150. This is a crucial step towards targeted medicine. Guidelines on dose and therapy adjustments are provided by the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium of the Pharmacogenomics Research Network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is fundamental to consider individual patient factors for successful drug therapy. Dose and therapy recommendations based on pharmacogenetic diagnostics are highly important for individualization as well as improvement of safety and efficiency of drug therapy.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland. julia.stingl@bfarm.de.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland. julia.stingl@bfarm.de.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stingl
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Just
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaumanns
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schurig-Urbaniak
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Forschung, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Deutschland.|Zentrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Mallek
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
mesh_terms: D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D000071185:Pharmacogenomic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Dose recommendations; Drug therapy, safety; Guidelines; Personalized medicine; Pharmacogenetics
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