title: The prevalence of positive urinary cotinine tests in Korean infertile couples and the effect of smoking on assisted conception outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking has been reported to harm nearly every organ of the body, but conflicting results have been reported regarding the effects of smoking on assisted conception. In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of positive urinary cotinine tests in infertile couples and whether cotinine positivity was associated with infertility treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative urinary cotinine test was administered to 127 couples who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF, n=92) or intrauterine insemination (IUI, n=35).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of positive urinary cotinine test was 43.3% (55/127) in the male partners and 10.2% (13/127) in the female partners with similar prevalence rates in both genders in the IUI and IVF groups. Semen characteristics, serum markers of ovarian reserve, and number of retrieved oocytes were comparable among cotinine-positive and cotinine-negative men or women (with the exception of sperm count, which was higher among cotinine-positive men). The results of urinary cotinine tests in infertile couples were not associated with IVF and IUI outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of cotinine in the system, as indicated by a positive urinary cotinine test, was not associated with poorer outcomes of infertility treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seul Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jeong
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Ryeol
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Suk
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cotinine; In vitro fertilization; Intrauterine insemination; Smoking
references.citation: Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2012 Jun;39(2):68-72
references.pmid: 22816072
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1996 Apr;65(4):810-4
references.pmid: 8654644
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2008 Aug;90(2):278-83
references.pmid: 18462724
references.citation: Int J Androl. 1996 Dec;19(6):323-37
references.pmid: 9051418
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1987 Aug;48(2):334-6
references.pmid: 3609347
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 1988 Jun;17(2):378-84
references.pmid: 3403134
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2008 Oct;90(4):1249-52
references.pmid: 17905237
references.citation: Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2012 Dec;39(4):176-81
references.pmid: 23346529
references.citation: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 May-Jun;40(3):135-8
references.pmid: 7663540
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1996 Nov;66(5):679-89
references.pmid: 8893667
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Jul;22(7):1950-4
references.pmid: 17369616
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1994 Jul;84(7):1086-93
references.pmid: 8017530
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1994 Oct;62(4):807-14
references.pmid: 7926092
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Sep;15(9):1608-16
references.pmid: 23509092
references.citation: Addiction. 2008 Sep;103(9):1553-61
references.pmid: 18783507
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 1998 Jun;13(6):1506-13
references.pmid: 9688383
references.citation: Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2011 Jun;38(2):82-6
references.pmid: 22384423
references.citation: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 May;9(2):64-8
references.pmid: 11503276
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 2003;42(2):154-9
references.pmid: 12801134
references.citation: J Urol. 1995 Sep;154(3):1030-4
references.pmid: 7637048
references.citation: Hum Reprod Update. 2010 May-Jun;16(3):231-45
references.pmid: 19934213
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2005 Sep;20(9):2531-5
references.pmid: 15919779
references.citation: Public Health. 2013 May;127(5):473-81
references.pmid: 23608023
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2012 Dec;98(6):1400-6
references.pmid: 22959451
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jan;145(1):53-7
references.pmid: 1731599
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992 Jan 9;43(1):51-7
references.pmid: 1737609
references.citation: J Reprod Fertil. 1989 Jul;86(2):731-6
references.pmid: 2760898
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2005 Sep;84(3):649-53
references.pmid: 16169398
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(12):1411-4
references.pmid: 1753272
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Mar;174:106-10
references.pmid: 24424210
references.citation: Andrologia. 1991 May-Jun;23(3):223-5
references.pmid: 1741486
references.citation: Korean J Fam Med. 2013 May;34(3):178-89
references.pmid: 23730485
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Apr 15;153(8):807-14
references.pmid: 11296155
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2001 Jul;16(7):1382-90
references.pmid: 11425817
references.citation: Hum Reprod Update. 2009 Jan-Feb;15(1):31-44
references.pmid: 18927070
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 1998 Jun;13(6):1532-9
references.pmid: 9688387
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 1997 Aug;12(8):1736-41
references.pmid: 9308804
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1994 Aug;62(2):257-62
references.pmid: 8034069
references.citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992 Apr;71(3):215-8
references.pmid: 1317645
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2006 Nov;21(11):2930-4
references.pmid: 16840799
references.citation: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(11):6807-12
references.pmid: 24377610
references.citation: Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;(192):29-60
references.pmid: 19184645