title: Current implications of past DDT indoor spraying in Oman.
abstract: In Oman, DDT was sprayed indoors during an intensive malaria eradication program between 1976 and 1992. DDT can remain for years after spraying and is associated with potential health risk. This raises the concern for human exposure in areas where DDT was used for indoor spraying. Twelve houses in three regions with a different history of DDT indoor spraying were chosen for a sampling campaign in 2005 to determine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) levels in indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil. Although DDT was only sprayed indoor, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were also found in outdoor soil. The results indicate that release and exposure continue for years after cessation of spraying. The predicted cancer risk based on concentrations determined in 2005, indicate that there was still a significant cancer risk up to 13 to 16years after indoor DDT spraying. A novel approach, based on region-specific half-lives, was used to predict concentrations in 2015 and showed that more than 21years after spraying, cancer risk for exposure to indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil are acceptable in Oman for adults and young children. The model can be used for other locations and countries to predict prospective exposure of contaminants based on indoor experimental measurements and knowledge about the spraying time-schedule to extrapolate region-specific half-lives and predict effects on the human population years after spraying.
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holoubek
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klánová
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohoutek
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dvorská
authors.affiliation: Scientific Support Branch of the Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 11-13, Chemin des Anèmones, CH-1219 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katarína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magulová
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Post Box 323, Muscat Postal Code 100, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Zadjali
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: cupr@recetox.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Čupr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009850:Oman
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003634:DDT
keywords: Cancer risk; DDT; Human risk assessment; Region-specific half-life; Residual indoor spraying