title: Amoxicillin functionalized gold nanoparticles reverts MRSA resistance.
abstract: In this study, we have described the biosynthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from aqueous extract of the aerial parts of a pteridophyte, "Adiantum philippense" by microwave irradiation and its surface functionalization with broad spectrum beta lactam antibiotic, amoxicillin (Amox). The functionalization of amoxicillin on GNPs (GNP-Amox) was carried out via electrostatic interaction of protonated amino group and thioether moiety mediated attractive forces. The synthesized GNPs and GNP-Amox were physicochemically characterized. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential, XRD, FTIR and SERS (surface enhanced raman spectra) results confirmed the loading of Amox into GNPs. Loading of Amox to GNPs reduce amoxicillin cytotoxicity, whereas GNPs were found to be nontoxic to mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) as evident from MTT and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) live/dead cell assays. The GNP-Amox conjugates demonstrated enhanced broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo assays of GNP-Amox revealed potent anti-MRSA activity and improved the survival rate. This indicates the subversion of antibiotic resistance mechanism by overcoming the effect of high levels of β-lactamase produced by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Taken together, this study demonstrates the positive attributes from GNP-Amox conjugates as a promising antibacterial therapeutic agent against MRSA as well as other pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Lab, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalita
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Lab, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Raghuram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandimalla
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Lab, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Kaustav Kalyan
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Applied Sciences, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Amal Chandra
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kataki
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Sciences, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Manab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Lab, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India. Electronic address: jkotoky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jibon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotoky
mesh_terms: D035681:Adiantum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008872:Microwaves; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006046:Gold; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Adiantum philippense; Amoxicillin; Biocompatible; GNPs; Gold nanoparticles; In-vivo; L929 cell line; MRSA