title: Reliability and Discriminative Ability of a New Method for Soccer Kicking Evaluation.
abstract: The study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a newly developed 356 Soccer Shooting Test (356-SST), and the discriminative ability of this test with respect to the soccer players' proficiency level and leg dominance. Sixty-six male soccer players, divided into three groups based on their proficiency level (amateur, n = 24; novice semi-professional, n = 18; and experienced semi-professional players, n = 24), performed 10 kicks following a two-step run up. Forty-eight of them repeated the test on a separate day. The following shooting variables were derived: ball velocity (BV; measured via radar gun), shooting accuracy (SA; average distance from the ball-entry point to the goal centre), and shooting quality (SQ; shooting accuracy divided by the time elapsed from hitting the ball to the point of entry). No systematic bias was evident in the selected shooting variables (SA: 1.98±0.65 vs. 2.00±0.63 m; BV: 24.6±2.3 vs. 24.5±1.9 m s-1; SQ: 2.92±1.0 vs. 2.93±1.0 m s-1; all p>0.05). The intra-class correlation coefficients were high (ICC = 0.70-0.88), and the coefficients of variation were low (CV = 5.3-5.4%). Finally, all three 356-SST variables identify, with adequate sensitivity, differences in soccer shooting ability with respect to the players' proficiency and leg dominance. The results suggest that the 356-SST is a reliable and sensitive test of specific shooting ability in men's soccer. Future studies should test the validity of these findings in a fatigued state, as well as in other populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Radman
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wessner
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.|Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bachl
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruzic
authors.affiliation: Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hackl
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.affiliation: Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult
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