title: Individual and population-level responses to ocean acidification.
abstract: Ocean acidification is predicted to have detrimental effects on many marine organisms and ecological processes. Despite growing evidence for direct impacts on specific species, few studies have simultaneously considered the effects of ocean acidification on individuals (e.g. consequences for energy budgets and resource partitioning) and population level demographic processes. Here we show that ocean acidification increases energetic demands on gastropods resulting in altered energy allocation, i.e. reduced shell size but increased body mass. When scaled up to the population level, long-term exposure to ocean acidification altered population demography, with evidence of a reduction in the proportion of females in the population and genetic signatures of increased variance in reproductive success among individuals. Such increased variance enhances levels of short-term genetic drift which is predicted to inhibit adaptation. Our study indicates that even against a background of high gene flow, ocean acidification is driving individual- and population-level changes that will impact eco-evolutionary trajectories.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Ben P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Niall J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.|Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
authors.forename: Samuel P S
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rastrick
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science &Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foggo
authors.affiliation: Uni Research Environment, P.O. Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway.|School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science &Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hall-Spencer
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milazzo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Small
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.|Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia, 6027.
authors.forename: Pippa J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011157:Population Dynamics
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