title: Subcutaneous fat mass in infancy and cardiovascular risk factors at school-age: The generation R study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of infant subcutaneous fat with cardiovascular risk factors at school-age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based prospective cohort study among 808 children, total subcutaneous fat (sum of biceps, triceps, suprailiacal, and subscapular skinfold thicknesses) and central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio (sum of suprailiacal and subscapular skinfold thicknesses/total subcutaneous fat) at 1.5 and 24 months were estimated. At 6 years, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant subcutaneous fat measures were not associated with childhood blood pressure, triglycerides, or insulin levels. A 1-standard-deviation score (SDS) higher total subcutaneous fat at 1.5 months was, independently of body mass index, associated with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels at 6 years. In contrast, a 1-SDS higher total subcutaneous fat at 24 months was associated with higher total-cholesterol [difference 0.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.23) SDS] and LDL-cholesterol levels [difference 0.12 (95% CI 0.02, 0.21) SDS] at 6 years. There were no associations of central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio with childhood cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that infant total subcutaneous fat is weakly associated with cholesterol levels at school-age. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term cardiometabolic consequences of infant body fat.
authors.affiliation: EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.affiliation: EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
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