title: Long-term effects of pneumococcal colonization during early childhood wheezing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial colonization during wheezing in early childhood has been associated with short-term relapses of wheezing, but no study has addressed the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization on long-term outcome of wheezing. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate whether pneumococcal (PNC) colonization during the first wheezing episode in early childhood is a determinant of asthma, atopy or lung function in the long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1981-82 83 infants were hospitalized for first wheezing episode at <24 months of age. PNC colonization was defined as positive nasopharyngeal aspirate for S. pneumoniae either in culture or antigen detection on hospital admission. Atopy and repeated wheezing or asthma were diagnosed on all follow-up visits from infancy until the age of 28-31 years. Spirometry was conducted at the ages of 8-10, 18-20 and 28-31 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PNC colonization was found in 25/83 infants (30%) during hospitalization for wheezing in infancy. PNC colonization was not associated with later atopy, repeated wheezing, asthma or lung function at any time during the 30 year follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PNC colonization during the first wheezing episode in early childhood is not a determinant of subsequent wheezing or later asthma, atopy or lung function in childhood, adolescence or adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. katri.backman@kuh.fi.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. katri.backman@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piippo-Savolainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hertta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ollikainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelli
authors.affiliation: Center of Medicine and Clinical Research, Division of Pulmonology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Research Centre, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korppi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae; asthma; atopy; lung function; wheezing