title: A multi-substrate approach for functional metagenomics-based screening for (hemi)cellulases in two wheat straw-degrading microbial consortia unveils novel thermoalkaliphilic enzymes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional metagenomics is a promising strategy for the exploration of the biocatalytic potential of microbiomes in order to uncover novel enzymes for industrial processes (e.g. biorefining or bleaching pulp). Most current methodologies used to screen for enzymes involved in plant biomass degradation are based on the use of single substrates. Moreover, highly diverse environments are used as metagenomic sources. However, such methods suffer from low hit rates of positive clones and hence the discovery of novel enzymatic activities from metagenomes has been hampered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we constructed fosmid libraries from two wheat straw-degrading microbial consortia, denoted RWS (bred on untreated wheat straw) and TWS (bred on heat-treated wheat straw). Approximately 22,000 clones from each library were screened for (hemi)cellulose-degrading enzymes using a multi-chromogenic substrate approach. The screens yielded 71 positive clones for both libraries, giving hit rates of 1:440 and 1:1,047 for RWS and TWS, respectively. Seven clones (NT2-2, T5-5, NT18-17, T4-1, 10BT, NT18-21 and T17-2) were selected for sequence analyses. Their inserts revealed the presence of 18 genes encoding enzymes belonging to twelve different glycosyl hydrolase families (GH2, GH3, GH13, GH17, GH20, GH27, GH32, GH39, GH53, GH58, GH65 and GH109). These encompassed several carbohydrate-active gene clusters traceable mainly to Klebsiella related species. Detailed functional analyses showed that clone NT2-2 (containing a beta-galactosidase of ~116 kDa) had highest enzymatic activity at 55 °C and pH 9.0. Additionally, clone T5-5 (containing a beta-xylosidase of ~86 kDa) showed > 90% of enzymatic activity at 55 °C and pH 10.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study employed a high-throughput method for rapid screening of fosmid metagenomic libraries for (hemi)cellulose-degrading enzymes. The approach, consisting of screens on multi-substrates coupled to further analyses, revealed high hit rates, as compared with recent other studies. Two clones, 10BT and T4-1, required the presence of multiple substrates for detectable activity, indicating a new avenue in library activity screening. Finally, clones NT2-2, T5-5 and NT18-17 were found to encode putative novel thermo-alkaline enzymes, which could represent a starting point for further biotechnological applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.marutha.muthu@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Mukil
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruthamuthu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. d.j.jimenez.avella@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Diego Javier
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. p.stevens@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.d.van.elsas@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Jan Dirk
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: van Elsas
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D044602:Cellulases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015723:Gene Library; D023061:Gene Order; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014995:Xylosidases / Q000235:genetics; D000519:alpha-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D044602:Cellulases; D014995:Xylosidases; D000519:alpha-Galactosidase; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; C026579:exo-1,4-beta-D-xylosidase
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