title: Randomized controlled trial of relaxation music to reduce heart rate in patients undergoing cardiac CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the heart rate lowering effect of relaxation music in patients undergoing coronary CT angiography (CCTA), pulmonary vein CT (PVCT) and coronary calcium score CT (CCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomised to a control group (i.e. standard of care protocol) or to a relaxation music group (ie. standard of care protocol with music). The groups were compared for heart rate, radiation dose, image quality and dose of IV metoprolol. Both groups completed State-Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety questionnaires to assess patient experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ninety-seven patients were recruited (61.9 % males); mean age 56y (19-86 y); 127 CCTA, 17 PVCT, 53 CCS. No significant difference in heart rate, radiation dose, image quality, metoprolol dose and anxiety scores. 86 % of patients enjoyed the music. 90 % of patients in the music group expressed a strong preference to have music for future examinations. The patient cohort demonstrated low anxiety levels prior to CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relaxation music in CCTA, PVCT and CCS does not reduce heart rate or IV metoprolol use. Patients showed low levels of anxiety indicating that anxiolytics may not have a significant role in lowering heart rate. Music can be used in cardiac CT to improve patient experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Relaxation music does not reduce heart rate in cardiac CT • Relaxation music does not reduce beta-blocker use in cardiac CT • Relaxation music has no effect on cardiac CT image quality • Low levels of anxiety are present in patients prior to cardiac CT • Patients enjoyed the relaxation music and this results in improved patient experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. myng2@hku.hk.|Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. myng2@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Ming Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Yasser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Karimzad
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravi J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Bernd J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wintersperger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forero
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Narinder S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Elsie T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D008790:Metoprolol
keywords: Beta-blocker; Calcium score; Coronary computed tomography angiography; Heart rate; Pulmonary vein CT
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