title: Alkaloid Quantities in Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue are Affected by the Plant-Fungus Combination and Environment.
abstract: Many grass species are symbiotic with systemic, vertically-transmitted, asymptomatic Epichloë endophytic fungi. These fungi often produce alkaloids that defend the host against herbivores. We studied how environmental variables affect alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) from three Northern European wild origins and the widely planted US cultivar 'Kentucky-31' (KY31). The plants were grown in identical common garden experiments in Finland and Kentucky for two growing seasons. Plants were left as controls (C) or given water (W), nutrient (N) or water and nutrient (WN) treatments. For 8-10 replications of each plant origin and treatment combination in both experiments, we analyzed ergot alkaloids, lysergic acid, and lolines. In Finland, tall fescue plants produced 50 % more ergot alkaloids compared to plants of the same origin and treatments in Kentucky. Origin of the plants affected the ergot alkaloid concentration at both study sites: the wild origin plants produced 2-4 times more ergot alkaloids than KY31, but the ergot alkaloid concentration of KY31 plants was the same at both locations. Overall lysergic acid content was 60 % higher in plants grown in Kentucky than in those grown in Finland. Nutrient treatments (N, WN) significantly increased ergot alkaloid concentrations in plants from Finland but not in plants from Kentucky. These results suggest that the success of KY31 in US is not due to selection for high ergot alkaloid production but rather other traits associated with the endophyte. In addition, the environmental effects causing variation in alkaloid production of grass-endophyte combinations should be taken into account when using endophyte-infected grasses agriculturally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland. helander@utu.fi.|Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520, Turku, Finland. helander@utu.fi.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helander
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Faeth
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCulley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saloniemi
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saikkonen
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis*; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids
keywords: Ergot alkaloids; Fungal endophytes; Grasses; Lolines; Lysergic acid; Nutrients; Water
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