title: Vacuum levels and milk-flow-dependent vacuum drops affect machine milking performance and teat condition in dairy cows.
abstract: Different levels of claw vacuum during machine milking may influence milking performance and teat condition. The claw vacuum acts on the teat and is responsible for removal and transport of milk but is also causing potential effects on the teat tissue. In the absence of milk flow, the claw vacuum is similar as the system vacuum. During milk flow, the claw vacuum drops to lower levels depending on lifting height and tube length and diameter, which may influence milking performance and the mechanical load on the teat tissue. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of high system vacuum and extremely low claw vacuum during milk flow on milking performance and teat condition after milking recorded by ultrasound. Treatments were control (treatment 1) with a system vacuum of 42 and a minimum claw vacuum during milk flow of 33 kPa; treatment 2 representing a system vacuum of 50 kPa, with a minimum claw vacuum almost similar as treatment 1 (34 kPa); and treatment 3 with the same system vacuum as treatment 1 but a claw vacuum drop during milk flow down to 24 kPa. Total milk yield was similar in all treatments, but strip yield was lower in treatment 3 than in the other treatments. Milk flow was similar in treatment 1 and treatment 2, but was reduced in treatment 3, thus causing a prolonged milking time in treatment 3. Teat wall thickness was increased and teat cistern diameter was decreased in treatment 2 as compared with the other treatments. The results demonstrate that the minimum claw vacuum had the main influence on milking performance independent of the level of the system vacuum and related vacuum drops and a low minimum claw vacuum caused low milk flow and long milking times. Teat condition at the end of milking, however, was mainly dependent on the system vacuum, and the load on the teat tissue was obviously increased at a system vacuum of 50 kPa. This effect was obviously occurring toward the end of milking when milk flow decreased and hence the milk flow dependent vacuum drop disappeared. Therefore, an early cluster detachment should be considered to avoid an increased effect on the teat tissue. Estimates of simulated early detachment levels in the present study of up to 1,000g/min lead to the assumption of minimal milk loss at simultaneously shorter machine-on time through the avoidance of lowest milk flow at the end of milking.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besier
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: rupert.bruckmaier@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bruckmaier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk; D014618:Vacuum
keywords: dairy cow; machine milking; vacuum