title: Hematuria as a Marker of Occult Urinary Tract Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of blood in the urine, or hematuria, is a common finding in clinical practice and can sometimes be a sign of occult cancer. This article describes the clinical epidemiology of hematuria and the current state of practice and science in this context and provides suggestions for clinicians evaluating patients with hematuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A narrative review of available clinical guidelines and other relevant studies on the evaluation of hematuria was conducted, with particular emphasis on considerations for urologic referral.
  Clinicians should include gross hematuria in their routine review of systems and specifically ask all patients with microscopic hematuria about any history of gross hematuria.
  Clinicians should not use screening urinalysis for cancer detection in asymptomatic adults.
  Clinicians should confirm heme-positive results of dipstick testing with microscopic urinalysis that demonstrates 3 or more erythrocytes per high-powered field before initiating further evaluation in all asymptomatic adults.
  Clinicians should refer for further urologic evaluation in all adults with gross hematuria, even if self-limited.
  Clinicians should consider urology referral for cystoscopy and imaging in adults with microscopically confirmed hematuria in the absence of some demonstrable benign cause.
  Clinicians should pursue evaluation of hematuria even if the patient is receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy.
  Clinicians should not obtain urinary cytology or other urine-based molecular markers for bladder cancer detection in the initial evaluation of hematuria.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qaseem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000191:economics; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000191:economics; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors