title: [Factors affecting residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with renal calculus].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the factors affecting the residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with renal calculus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed for 1 200 patients who were affected by renal calculus and treated with PCNL between Jan 2008 and May 2014 in People's Hospital of Anyang City. Among those patients, 16 were diagnosed as bilateral renal stone and had two successive operations. The size, location and number of stones, previous history of surgery, the degree of hydronephrosis, urinary infection were included in the univariate analysis. Significant factors in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis to determine factors affecting stone residual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 385 cases developed stone residual after surgery. The overall residual rate was 31.7%. In univariate analysis, renal pelvis combined with caliceal calculus (P=0.006), stone size larger than 4 cm (P=0.005), stone number more than 4 (P=0.002), the amount of bleeding more than 200 ml (P=0.025), operation time longer than 120 minutes (P=0.028) were associated with an increased rate of stone residual. When subjected to the Cox multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for residual stones were renal pelvis combined with caliceal calculus (P=0.049), stone size larger than 4 cm (P=0.038) and stone number more than 4 (P=0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors affecting the incidence of residual stones after PCNL are the size, location and number of stones. Larger size stone and the presence of renal pelvis combined with caliceal calculus are significantly associated with residual stones. Nevertheless, stone number less than 4 indicates an increased stone clearance rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Anyang City, Anyang 455000, China; Email: qiaomingzhou@sina.cn.
authors.forename: Mingzhou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Anyang City, Anyang 455000, China.
authors.forename: Haifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Anyang City, Anyang 455000, China.
authors.forename: Chenlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors