title: Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on propofol sedation: an electroencephalogram analysis of patients undergoing pituitary adenomas resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) as a needleless acupuncture has the same effect like traditional manual acupuncture. The combination of TAES and anesthesia has been proved valid in enhancing the anesthetic effects but its mechanisms are still not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we investigated the effect of TAES on anesthesia with an electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation analysis on surgery patients anesthetized with propofol, a widely-used anesthetic in clinical practice. EEG was continuously recorded during light and deep propofol sedation (target-controlled infusion set at 1.0 and 3.0 μg/mL) in ten surgery patients with pituitary tumor excision. Each concentration of propofol was maintained for 6 min and TAES was given at 2-4 min. The changes in EEG power spectrum at different frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) and the coherence of different EEG channels were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our result showed that, after TAES application, the EEG power increased at alpha and beta bands in light sedation of propofol, but reduced at delta and beta bands in deep propofol sedation (p < 0.001). In addition, the EEG oscillation analysis showed an enhancement of synchronization at low frequencies and a decline in synchronization at high frequencies between different EEG channels in either light or deep propofol sedation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed evidence suggested that TAES may have different effects on propofol under light and deep sedation. TAES could enhance the sedative effect of propofol at low concentration but reduce the sedative effect of propofol at high concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China. baoguowang766@163.com.
authors.forename: Baoguo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.|State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/Mc Govern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Ying Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Qinglei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Shuangyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China. ywan@hsc.pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D015742:Propofol; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Dec 6;21(23):1988-93
references.pmid: 22100063
references.citation: Learn Mem. 2008 Jul;15(7):524-31
references.pmid: 18612069
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 24;108(21):8832-7
references.pmid: 21555565
references.citation: Acupunct Med. 2008 Mar;26(1):1-7
references.pmid: 18356793
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 1997 Aug;85(2):406-13
references.pmid: 9249122
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006;137(4):1087-106
references.pmid: 16343791
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2004 Feb;100(2):428-33
references.pmid: 14739820
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005 Sep;2(3):315-9
references.pmid: 16136210
references.citation: Brain Res Rev. 2007 Jan;53(1):63-88
references.pmid: 16887192
references.citation: Circ Res. 2006 Jun 23;98(12):1528-37
references.pmid: 16709899
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 1991 Jul;67(1):41-8
references.pmid: 1859758
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 21;109(8):3095-100
references.pmid: 22323592
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Oct;102(4):2096-111
references.pmid: 19657080
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Mar 19;110(12):E1142-51
references.pmid: 23487781
references.citation: Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):876-80
references.pmid: 18988836
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):978-89
references.pmid: 25187999
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2004;50(3):257-66
references.pmid: 15365226
references.citation: Sleep. 2011 Mar;34(3):283-91A
references.pmid: 21358845
references.citation: Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2013 Jun;33(6):761-5
references.pmid: 23980354
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 May 1;22(9):3739-54
references.pmid: 11978850
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2006 Dec;9(12):1526-33
references.pmid: 17115043
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Oct;111(10):1873-9
references.pmid: 11018505
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 Apr 7;46(1):141-51
references.pmid: 15820700
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Apr 21;284(1-2):97-100
references.pmid: 10771171
references.citation: Brain Res. 1997 Aug 1;764(1-2):101-8
references.pmid: 9295198
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jun 1;56(3):1506-10
references.pmid: 21320607
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Feb 15;29(4):1080-91
references.pmid: 16325429
references.citation: Acupunct Med. 2015 Aug;33(4):270-6
references.pmid: 25926298
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 2014 Jun;112(6):1075-82
references.pmid: 24576720
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 28;29(43):13484-93
references.pmid: 19864561
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jun 13;1395:38-45
references.pmid: 21565329
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:160357
references.pmid: 23710210
references.citation: Neuron. 2009 Oct 29;64(2):267-80
references.pmid: 19874793
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2010 Apr;20(2):156-65
references.pmid: 20359884
references.citation: Science. 2005 Sep 30;309(5744):2228-32
references.pmid: 16195466
references.citation: J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Oct;26(5):369-76
references.pmid: 14633190
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(4):673-86
references.pmid: 21721148
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2006;16(12):1102-10
references.pmid: 17068783
references.citation: Anaesth Intensive Care. 2000 Aug;28(4):386-91
references.pmid: 10969364
references.citation: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1996 Jan;8(1):40-6
references.pmid: 8719192
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Mar;85(3):1299-308
references.pmid: 11247998
references.citation: Acupunct Med. 2015 Apr;33(2):103-9
references.pmid: 25520278
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Feb 1;66:36-41
references.pmid: 23110884
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1993 Aug;13(8):3252-65
references.pmid: 8340806
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jul 20;499(2):84-7
references.pmid: 21640788