title: Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Among Candida spp. from Captive Amazonian manatees and West Indian Manatees: Potential Impacts on Animal and Environmental Health.
abstract: This work aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors by Candida spp. isolated from sirenians in Brazil. The isolates (n = 105) were recovered from the natural cavities of Amazonian and West Indian manatees and were tested for the susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole and for the production of phospholipases, proteases, and biofilm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B ranged from 0.03 to 1 µg/mL, and no resistant isolates were detected. Itraconazole and fluconazole MICs ranged from 0.03 to 16 µg/mL and from 0.125 to 64 µg/mL, respectively, and 35.2% (37/105) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of these azole drugs. Concerning the production of virulence factors, phospholipase activity was observed in 67.6% (71/105) of the isolates, while protease activity and biofilm production were detected in 50.5% (53/105) and 32.4% (34/105) of the isolates, respectively. Since the natural cavities of manatees are colonized by resistant and virulent strains of Candida spp., these animals can act as sources of resistance and virulence genes for the environment, conspecifics and other animal species, demonstrating the potential environmental impacts associated with their release back into their natural habitat.
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Júlio Costa
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sidrim
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.|Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor Luz
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil. brilhante@ufc.br.
authors.forename: Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brilhante
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gláucia Morgana
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Melo Guedes
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanna Riello
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Centro de Preservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CPPMA) da Eletrobras Amazonas Energia, Distrito de Balbina, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stella Maris
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lazzarini
authors.affiliation: Centro de Preservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CPPMA) da Eletrobras Amazonas Energia, Distrito de Balbina, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniella Carvalho Ribeiro
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Oliveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Meirelles
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Manejo, Conservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CMA/ICMBio), Ilha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Löffler Niemeyer
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Attademo
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Manejo, Conservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CMA/ICMBio), Ilha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Augusto Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: da Bôaviagem Freire
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Waldemiro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Aquino Pereira-Neto
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Aguiar Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luciano Bezerra
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fábio Gadelha
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002175:Candida / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004782:Environmental Health; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D020457:Trichechus manatus / Q000469:parasitology*; D014774:Virulence
keywords: azole resistance; sirenians; virulence factors; yeasts
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