title: Scapula Kinematics of Youth Baseball Players.
abstract: Literature has revealed the importance of quantifying resting scapular posture in overhead athletes as well as quantifying scapular kinematics during dynamic movement. Prior to this project much of the attention in throwing research had been focused on the position of the humerus without description of the positioning of the scapula. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to present scapular kinematics during pitching in youth baseball players. Twenty-five youth baseball players (age 11.3 + 1.0 years; body height 152.4 + 9.0 cm; body mass 47.5 + 11.3 kg), with no history of injury, participated in the study. Scapular kinematics at the events of maximum humeral external rotation (MER) and maximum humeral internal rotation (MIR) during the pitching motion were assessed three-dimensionally while pitching fastballs for strikes. Results revealed that at the event of MER, the scapula was in a position of retraction, upward rotation and a posterior tilt. While at the event of MIR, the scapula was protracted, upward rotated and tilted anteriorly.
authors.affiliation: Auburn University. School of Kinesiology. Auburn, Alabama. USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Auburn University. School of Kinesiology. Auburn, Alabama. USA.
authors.forename: Wendi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weimar
keywords: injury prevention; kinetic chain; upper extremity; youth athlete
references.citation: Phys Ther. 2000 Mar;80(3):276-91
references.pmid: 10696154
references.citation: J Physiol. 1966 May;184(1):170-92
references.pmid: 5921536
references.citation: J Appl Biomech. 2008 Feb;24(1):24-34
references.pmid: 18309180
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2010 Apr;44(5):300-5
references.pmid: 19996329
references.citation: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012 May;21(5):631-40
references.pmid: 21444218
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Aug;39(8):618-27
references.pmid: 19648720
references.citation: Clin J Sport Med. 2013 May;23(3):184-9
references.pmid: 22935558
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2005 Apr;33(4):552-60
references.pmid: 15722291
references.citation: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013 Sep;22(9):1154-9
references.pmid: 23419606
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 1998 Mar-Apr;26(2):325-37
references.pmid: 9548131
references.citation: Sports Med Arthrosc. 2014 Jun;22(2):80-7
references.pmid: 24787721
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 Dec;28(6):405-15
references.pmid: 9836172
references.citation: J Sport Rehabil. 2010 May;19(2):125-35
references.pmid: 20543214
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 2010 May 22;277(1687):1523-30
references.pmid: 20106852
references.citation: Res Sports Med. 2005 Jul-Sep;13(3):181-98
references.pmid: 16392535
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006 Jul;36(7):485-94
references.pmid: 16881465
references.citation: J Biomech. 2005 May;38(5):981-992
references.pmid: 15844264
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2007 Dec;35(12):2091-5
references.pmid: 17687122
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 2001 Apr;123(2):184-90
references.pmid: 11340880
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2014 Mar;52(3):265-70
references.pmid: 23519517
references.citation: Hum Mov Sci. 2012 Oct;31(5):1191-9
references.pmid: 22487194
references.citation: J Biomech. 2000 Aug;33(8):1039-45
references.pmid: 10828336
references.citation: Clin Sports Med. 2013 Oct;32(4):637-51
references.pmid: 24079426
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Sep 5;94(17):1576-83
references.pmid: 22992848
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2005 Feb;33(2):263-71
references.pmid: 15701613
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Feb 1;302(3):C555-65
references.pmid: 22075691
references.citation: J Biomech. 1999 Jun;32(6):629-33
references.pmid: 10332628
references.citation: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001 May-Jun;10(3):269-77
references.pmid: 11408911
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):253-7
references.pmid: 21098816
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Dec;24(12):3241-6
references.pmid: 20703168
references.citation: J Sports Sci. 2011 Jul;29(10):1071-7
references.pmid: 21678150
references.citation: J Biomech. 2002 Feb;35(2):293-7
references.pmid: 11784548
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993 Jul;18(1):386-91
references.pmid: 8348140