title: Assessment of risk factors of pediatric urolithiasis in Egypt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric urolithiasis is a significant medical problem, which has seen an increasing incidence in developing countries. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and the most important risk factors that contribute to stone formation in Egyptian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was carried out at the outpatient clinics of Cairo university children's hospital as well as October 6 University hospitals, between November 2008 and March 2012. One hundred and fifty children (100 males, 50 females; mean age 3.5 years; range, 1-14 years) suffering from urinary stones were included. The mean follow-up duration; 33.1 months. All patients underwent detailed medical and family histories, dietary habits and physical examination, including Growth percentiles. Laboratory investigations were performed including: complete urine analysis and culture and sensitivity tests, urine collection in 24-h to quantity urinary volume, pH, calcium, uric acid, magnesium, creatinine, oxalate and citrate. Blood samples were obtained to measure (serum creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid level, and alkaline phosphatase and electrolyte levels, in addition to pH and pCO2 values). Radio-sonographic investigation of the abdomen and pelvis was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The commonest presentations were abdominal pain in 42 children (28%) and gross hematuria in 35 patients (23%). Urinary tract infection was the most common risk factor, 60 patients (40%) had UTI, 70% of them had recurrent infections. Genito-urinary abnormalities, as a risk factor, were detected in 38 children (25%), with vesico-uretheral refux being the commonest abnormality (18/38). Metabolic risk factors were detected in 34 children (23%) with hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria being the commonest metabolic abnormalities. Treatments used were, ESWL in 69 patients (46%), endoscopic interventions in 40 children (27%) and open surgery in 15 children (10%). The remaining 26 children (17%) were managed conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  treatment of pediatric urolithiasis requires stone removal besides a thorough metabolic and environmental evaluation of all patients on an individual basis, entailing the treatment of metabolic abnormalities. Children with a positive family history should be followed up cautiously to avoid stone recurrence.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ; 2 Urology Department, Faculty of medicine, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt ; 3 Clinical Pathology Department, National research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ; 2 Urology Department, Faculty of medicine, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt ; 3 Clinical Pathology Department, National research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ; 2 Urology Department, Faculty of medicine, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt ; 3 Clinical Pathology Department, National research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafaat
keywords: Pediatric; UTI; hypercalciuria; metabolic; urolithiasis
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