title: Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Micronutrient Status in Patients With Chronic Stable Heart Failure: An Observational Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies suggest that patients with heart failure have a tendency to a reduced status of a number of micronutrients and that this may be associated with an adverse prognosis. A small number of studies also suggest that patients with heart failure may have reduced dietary intake of micronutrients, a possible mechanism for reduced status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess dietary micronutrient intake and micronutrient status in a group of patients with heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was assessed in 79 outpatients with chronic stable heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Blood concentrations of a number of micronutrients, including vitamin D, were measured in fasting blood samples, drawn at the time of food frequency questionnaire completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 20% of patients reported intakes less than the reference nutrient intake or recommended intake for riboflavin, vitamin D, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, selenium, and iodine. More than 5% of patients reported intakes less than the lower reference nutrient intake or minimum recommended intake for riboflavin, vitamin D, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, selenium, and iodine. Vitamin D deficiency (plasma total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration <50 nmol/L) was observed in 75.6% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency was common in this group of patients with heart failure. Based on self-reported dietary intake, a substantial number of individuals may not have been consuming enough vitamin D and a modest number of individuals may not have been consuming enough riboflavin, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, selenium, or iodine to meet their dietary needs.
authors.affiliation: Nicholas A. McKeag, MB, BCh, PhD Clinical Research Fellow, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, and The Heart Centre, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, United Kingdom. Michelle C. McKinley, PhD Senior Lecturer, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom. Mark T. Harbinson, MD Senior Lecturer, Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, and The Heart Centre, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, United Kingdom. Ann McGinty, PhD Lecturer, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom. Charlotte E. Neville, PhD Research Fellow, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom. Jayne V. Woodside, PhD Professor, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom. Pascal P. McKeown, MD Professor, Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, and The Heart Centre, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McKeag
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Harbinson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGinty
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Jayne V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Woodside
authors.forename: Pascal P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: McKeown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D057566:Self Report; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients