title: Higher intake of fruits, vegetables or their fiber reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some previous studies reported no significant association of consuming fruit or vegetables, or fruit and vegetables combined, with type 2 diabetes. Others reported that only a greater intake of green leafy vegetables reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes. To further investigate the relationship between them, we carried out a meta-analysis to estimate the independent effects of the intake of fruit, vegetables and fiber on the risk of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE for reports of prospective cohort studies published from 1 January 1966 to 21 July 2014 were carried out, checking reference lists, hand-searching journals and contacting experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary analysis included a total of 23 (11 + 12) articles. The pooled maximum-adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes for the highest intake vs the lowest intake were 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-0.96) for total fruits, 0.75 (95% CI 0.66-0.84) for blueberries, 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.93) for green leafy vegetables, 0.72 (95% CI 0.57-0.90) for yellow vegetables, 0.82 (95% CI 0.67-0.99) for cruciferous vegetables and 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.99) for fruit fiber in these high-quality studies in which scores were seven or greater, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80-0.94) for vegetable fiber in studies with a follow-up period of 10 years or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher intake of fruit, especially berries, and green leafy vegetables, yellow vegetables, cruciferous vegetables or their fiber is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry Binzhou Medical University YanTai ShanDong China.
authors.forename: Ping-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry Binzhou Medical University YanTai ShanDong China.
authors.forename: Jun-Chao
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry Binzhou Medical University YanTai ShanDong China.
authors.forename: Zong-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Aging Research Unit MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry Binzhou Medical University YanTai ShanDong China.
authors.forename: Shu-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Meta‐analysis; Nutrition intake; Type 2 diabetes
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