title: Disseminated and circulating tumor cells in bone marrow and blood of breast cancer patients: properties, enrichment, and potential targets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  From the early days of pathology back in the nineteenth century until now, there has been an ongoing search for the missing link between solid tumors such as breast cancer and distant metastases, which sometimes occur many years after removal of the primary tumor. The "seed and soil" theory hypothesizes the early dissemination of occult tumor cells into blood or bone marrow, which can persist in a dormant state for a long time and then become precursors of metastases in distant organs which offer appropriate conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advances in immunocytochemical methods have enabled the enrichment and visualization of those disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow (DTC-BM) or circulating tumor cells (CTC) in blood. Many studies could demonstrate prognostic significance of the detection of DTC-BM or CTC in different stages of breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further characterization of those cells by immunocytochemical stainings, fluorescence in situ hybridizations, or PCR-based molecular methods will help to understand the biology of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis formation, as well as to define potential drug targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Traunstein, Cuno-Niggl-Str. 3, 83278, Traunstein, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindlbeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maistr. 11, 80337, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andergassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maistr. 11, 80337, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jueckstock
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maistr. 11, 80337, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rack
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstr. 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Janni
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maistr. 11, 80337, Munich, Germany. udo.jeschke@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jeschke
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Bone marrow; Breast cancer; Characterization; Circulating tumor cells; Detection; Disseminated tumor cells; Enrichment; Targets
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