title: Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels.
abstract: Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.|MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.|Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.|Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.|Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80539, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
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authors.affiliation: Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.
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authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hae-Won
authors.initials: HW
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.|School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vohl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich 80336, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz-Erich
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02142, USA.|The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.|Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.|The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D012333:RNA, Messenger
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