title: SPE-UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of phthalate monoesters in rats urine and its application to study the effects of food emulsifier on the bioavailability of priority controlling PAEs.
abstract: This research was mainly focused on the effects of food emulsifier on the bioavailability of six priority controlling phthalate acid esters (PAEs) for the further accurate assessment of their toxic effects, using the corresponding phthalate acid monoesters (PAMEs) in rats urine as biomarkers. Glycerin monostearate was chosen as typical food emulsifier. A method was established to determine PAMEs in urine from rats either in experimental group (integrated gavaged with glycerin monostearate and PAEs) or in control group (gavaged with PAEs only), by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS). Extraction recoveries were more than 75% for all the PAMEs; the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.0-1000.0ng/mL with R(2)>0.995; the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.30ng/mL-0.50ng/mL. In addition, by analysing quality control (QC) urine samples in 3 days, it showed that the method was precise and accurate, for the intra-day and inter-day RSD within 16%, and the accuracy more than 82%. Internal exposure amount of all PAEs in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group with p values of less than 0.05 except for butyl benzyl phthalates (BBP) (P=0.07). The bioavailability of all PAEs ranged from 5.03% to 109.35% with the presence of food emulsifiers glycerin monostearate, observably higher than that without glycerin monostearate (1.12% to 54.39%). It indicated that food emulsifiers increased the bioavailability of PAEs and may lead to potential food safety risk, which should bring awareness and be further studied.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: W X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Y H M
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: q_xu68@163.com.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: jwl320911@163.com.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Bioavailability; Glycerin monostearate; Phthalate acid monoesters; Phthalic acid esters; Solid-phase extraction; UPLC–MS/MS