title: Genetically engineered livestock for agriculture: a generation after the first transgenic animal research conference.
abstract: At the time of the first Transgenic Animal Research Conference, the lack of knowledge about promoter, enhancer and coding regions of genes of interest greatly hampered our efforts to create transgenes that would express appropriately in livestock. Additionally, we were limited to gene insertion by pronuclear microinjection. As predicted then, widespread genome sequencing efforts and technological advancements have profoundly altered what we can do. There have been many developments in technology to create transgenic animals since we first met at Granlibakken in 1997, including the advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer-based cloning and gene editing. We can now create new transgenes that will express when and where we want and can target precisely in the genome where we want to make a change or insert a transgene. With the large number of sequenced genomes, we have unprecedented access to sequence information including, control regions, coding regions, and known allelic variants. These technological developments have ushered in new and renewed enthusiasm for the production of transgenic animals among scientists and animal agriculturalists around the world, both for the production of more relevant biomedical research models as well as for agricultural applications. However, even though great advancements have been made in our ability to control gene expression and target genetic changes in our animals, there still are no genetically engineered animal products on the market for food. World-wide there has been a failure of the regulatory processes to effectively move forward. Estimates suggest the world will need to increase our current food production 70 % by 2050; that is we will have to produce the total amount of food each year that has been consumed by mankind over the past 500 years. The combination of transgenic animal technology and gene editing will become increasingly more important tools to help feed the world. However, to date the practical benefits of these technologies have not yet reached consumers in any country and in the absence of predictable, science-based regulatory programs it is unlikely that the benefits will be realized in the short to medium term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. jdmurray@ucdavis.edu.|Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. jdmurray@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Maga
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D019976:Cloning, Organism / Q000639:trends*; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000639:trends*; D016678:Genome; D058751:Livestock / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques / Q000639:trends
keywords: GE; Livestock; Review; TARC; Transgenic
references.citation: Nature. 1982 Dec 16;300(5893):611-5
references.pmid: 6958982
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Mar 31;112(13):E1530-9
references.pmid: 25733846
references.citation: Nature. 1985 Jun 20-26;315(6021):680-3
references.pmid: 3892305
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Nov 14;91(4):501-10
references.pmid: 9390559
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 1992 Jun;49(2):113-20
references.pmid: 1400618
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Feb 27;385(6619):810-3
references.pmid: 9039911
references.citation: Science. 1997 Dec 19;278(5346):2130-3
references.pmid: 9405350
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Feb 19;391(6669):806-11
references.pmid: 9486653
references.citation: Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1501
references.pmid: 19933106
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Oct 26;33(18):5978-90
references.pmid: 16251401
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1985 Apr;32(3):645-51
references.pmid: 3995134
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1997 Sep;80(9):2213-24
references.pmid: 9313167
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Mar 7;380(6569):64-6
references.pmid: 8598906
references.citation: Biotechnology (N Y). 1995 Dec;13(13):1452-7
references.pmid: 9636304
references.citation: Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009 Mar;32(2):123-37
references.pmid: 18243310
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Aug 12;122(3):473-83
references.pmid: 16096065
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Aug 22;90(4):707-16
references.pmid: 9288750
references.citation: Prev Vet Med. 2011 Nov 1;102(2):146-56
references.pmid: 21601297
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1987 Nov;37(4):957-67
references.pmid: 3689859
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 1993;71 Suppl 3:10-9
references.pmid: 8505265
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76
references.pmid: 16904174
references.citation: Chem Biol. 1995 Feb;2(2):83-9
references.pmid: 9383408
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 4;103(14):5285-90
references.pmid: 16567624
references.citation: Science. 1989 Jun 16;244(4910):1281-8
references.pmid: 2499927
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Feb 15;482(7385):331-8
references.pmid: 22337052
references.citation: Mol Reprod Dev. 2011 Jan;78(1):2
references.pmid: 21268178
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2011 Sep;89(9):2708-16
references.pmid: 21478453
references.citation: Adv Genet. 2012;80:37-97
references.pmid: 23084873
references.citation: Science. 1996 Apr 12;272(5259):263-7
references.pmid: 8602510
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2010 Apr;88(4):1588-91
references.pmid: 20154173
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2011 Oct;29(10 ):1640-3
references.pmid: 22039609
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 1998 Dec;76(12):3072-8
references.pmid: 9928612
references.citation: Cell Reprogram. 2012 Feb;14 (1):8-19
references.pmid: 22217199
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 16;109(42):16811-6
references.pmid: 23027958
references.citation: Transgenic Res. 2010 Jun;19(3):357-61
references.pmid: 19888667
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Jun;19(6):559-62
references.pmid: 11385461
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6943-7
references.pmid: 1495984
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015 Aug 25;10(8):e0136690
references.pmid: 26305800
references.citation: Vet Rec. 1987 Sep 12;121(11):259-60
references.pmid: 3686787
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2006 Feb;89(2):518-24
references.pmid: 16428620
references.citation: Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1509-12
references.pmid: 19933107
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 23;109(43):17382-7
references.pmid: 23027955
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Mar;20(3):251-5
references.pmid: 11875425
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 8;110(41):16526-31
references.pmid: 24014591
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21045
references.pmid: 21695153
references.citation: Transgenic Res. 1996 Nov;5(6):363-71
references.pmid: 8840519
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2003 Oct;4(10):825-33
references.pmid: 14526378
references.citation: Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21
references.pmid: 22745249
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2010 Jul;88(7):2530-9
references.pmid: 20228236
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Aug;19(8):741-5
references.pmid: 11479566
references.citation: Transgenic Res. 2003 Aug;12(4):485-96
references.pmid: 12885169