title: White-nose syndrome without borders: Pseudogymnoascus destructans infection tolerated in Europe and Palearctic Asia but not in North America.
abstract: A striking feature of white-nose syndrome, a fungal infection of hibernating bats, is the difference in infection outcome between North America and Europe. Here we show high WNS prevalence both in Europe and on the West Siberian Plain in Asia. Palearctic bat communities tolerate similar fungal loads of Pseudogymnoascus destructans infection as their Nearctic counterparts and histopathology indicates equal focal skin tissue invasiveness pathognomonic for WNS lesions. Fungal load positively correlates with disease intensity and it reaches highest values at intermediate latitudes. Prevalence and fungal load dynamics in Palearctic bats remained persistent and high between 2012 and 2014. Dominant haplotypes of five genes are widespread in North America, Europe and Asia, expanding the source region of white-nose syndrome to non-European hibernacula. Our data provides evidence for both endemicity and tolerance to this persistent virulent fungus in the Palearctic, suggesting that host-pathogen interaction equilibrium has been established.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic.|Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zukal
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bandouchova
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brichta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cmokova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamil S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Jaron
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolarik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovacova
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubátová
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nováková
authors.affiliation: Ural State Pedagogical University, Kosmonavtov str. 26, 620017 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Orlov
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pikula
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora, Antoličičeva 1, SI-2204 Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Primož
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Presetnik
authors.affiliation: Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", 111 Rigas str., LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia.
authors.forename: Jurģis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Šuba
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 5, 83334 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zahradníková
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic.|Institute of Biostatistics and Analysis, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martínková
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000382:microbiology; D005060:Europe; D006239:Haplotypes; D006605:Hibernation; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009656:North America; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012426:Russia; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology
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