title: Effects of selected herbicides and fungicides on growth, sporulation and conidial germination of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The in vitro fungicidal effects of six commonly used fungicides, namely fluazinam, propineb, copper(II) hydroxide, metiram, chlorothalonil and mancozeb, and herbicides, namely isoxaflutole, fluazifop-P-butyl, flurochloridone, foramsulfuron, pendimethalin and prosulfocarb, on mycelial growth, sporulation and conidial germination of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (ATCC 74040) were investigated. Mycelial growth rates and sporulation at 15 and 25 °C were evaluated on PDA plates containing 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 0% of the recommended application rate of each pesticide. The tested pesticides were classified in four scoring categories based on reduction in mycelial growth and sporulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All pesticides, herbicides and fungicides tested had fungistatic effects of varying intensity, depending on their rate in the medium, on B. bassiana. The most inhibitory herbicides were flurochloridone and prosulfocarb, and fluazinam and copper(II) hydroxide were most inhibitory among the fungicides, while the least inhibitory were isoxaflutole and chlorothalonil. Sporulation and conidial germination of B. bassiana were significantly inhibited by all tested pesticides compared with the control treatment. Flurochloridone, foramsulfuron, prosulfocarb and copper(II) hydroxide inhibited sporulation entirely at 100% rate (99-100% inhibition), and the lowest inhibition was shown by fluazifop-P-butyl (22%) and metiram (33%). At 100% dosage, all herbicides in the test showed a high inhibitory effect on conidial germination. Conidial germination inhibition ranged from 82% with isoxaflutole to 100% with fluorochloridone, pendimethalin and prosulfocarb. At 200% dosage, inhibition rates even increased (96-100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 12 pesticides tested had a fungistatic effect on B. bassiana of varying intensity, depending on the pesticide and its concentration. B. bassiana is highly affected by some herbicides and fungicides even at very low rates. Flurochloridone, foramsulfuron, prosulfocarb and copper(II) hydroxide stopped sporulation. Of all tested pesticides, isoxaflutole, fluazifop-P-butyl and chlorothalonil showed the least adverse effects and therefore probably could be compatible with B. bassiana in the field. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Franci A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Celar
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. katarina.kos@bf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kos
mesh_terms: D052982:Beauveria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides
keywords: Beauveria bassiana; conidial germination; fungicides; herbicides; inhibition; mycelial growth; sporulation