title: The Impact of Opioid Treatment on Regional Gastrointestinal Transit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To employ an experimental model of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in healthy human volunteers, and evaluate the impact ofopioid treatment compared to placebo on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and motility assessed by questionnaires and regional GItransit times using the 3-dimensional (3D)-Transit system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five healthy males were randomly assigned to oxycodone or placebo for 5 days in a double blind, crossover design. AdverseGI effects were measured with the bowel function index, gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, patient assessment of constipationsymptom questionnaire, and Bristol stool form scale. Regional GI transit times were determined using the 3D-Transit system, and segmental transit times in the colon were determined using a custom Matlab(®) graphical user interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GI symptom scores increased significantly across all applied GI questionnaires during opioid treatment. Oxycodone increased median total GI transit time from 22.2 to 43.9 hours (P < 0.001), segmental transit times in the cecum and ascending colon from 5.7 to 9.9 hours (P = 0.012), rectosigmoid colon transit from 2.7 to 9.0 hours (P = 0.044), and colorectal transit time from 18.6 to 38.6 hours (P= 0.001). No associations between questionnaire scores and segmental transit times were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-assessed GI adverse effects and increased GI transit times in different segments were induced during oxycodone treatment. This detailed information about segmental changes in motility has great potential for future interventional head-to-head trials of different laxative regimes for prevention and treatment of constipation.
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Matias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.|Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.affiliation: Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Asbjørn M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drewes
keywords: Analgesics; Constipation; Gastrointestinal transit; Opioid
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