title: Contribution of writing to reading: Dissociation between cognitive and motor process in the left dorsal premotor cortex.
abstract: Functional brain imaging studies reported activation of the left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), that is, a main area in the writing network, in reading tasks. However, it remains unclear whether this area is causally relevant for written stimulus recognition or its activation simply results from a passive coactivation of reading and writing networks. Here, we used chronometric paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to address this issue by disrupting the activity of the PMd, the so-called Exner's area, while participants performed a lexical decision task. Both words and pseudowords were presented in printed and handwritten characters. The latter was assumed to be closely associated with motor representations of handwriting gestures. We found that TMS over the PMd in relatively early time-windows, i.e., between 60 and 160 ms after the stimulus onset, increased reaction times to pseudoword without affecting word recognition. Interestingly, this result pattern was found for both printed and handwritten characters, that is, regardless of whether the characters evoked motor representations of writing actions. Our result showed that under some circumstances the activation of the PMd does not simply result from passive association between reading and writing networks but has a functional role in the reading process. At least, at an early stage of written stimuli recognition, this role seems to depend on a common sublexical and serial process underlying writing and pseudoword reading rather than on an implicit evocation of writing actions during reading as typically assumed.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, UMR 7309, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Chotiga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pattamadilok
authors.affiliation: Centre IRMf de Marseille, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponz
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, UMR 7309, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Planton
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes UMR_S1106, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonnard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D011932:Reading; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Exner's area; cortico-spinal excitability; functional role; sublexical process; transcranial magnetic stimulation
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