title: Economic Cost of Campylobacter, Norovirus and Rotavirus Disease in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the annual cost to patients, the health service and society of infectious intestinal disease (IID) from Campylobacter, norovirus and rotavirus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The United Kingdom population, 2008-9.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases and frequency of health services usage due to these three pathogens; associated healthcare costs; direct, out-of-pocket expenses; indirect costs to patients and caregivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median estimated costs to patients and the health service at 2008-9 prices were: Campylobacter £50 million (95% CI: £33m-£75m), norovirus £81 million (95% CI: £63m-£106m), rotavirus £25m (95% CI: £18m-£35m). The costs per case were approximately £30 for norovirus and rotavirus, and £85 for Campylobacter. This was mostly borne by patients and caregivers through lost income or out-of-pocket expenditure. The cost of Campylobacter-related Guillain-Barré syndrome hospitalisation was £1.26 million (95% CI: £0.4m-£4.2m).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Norovirus causes greater economic burden than Campylobacter and rotavirus combined. Efforts to control IID must prioritise norovirus. For Campylobacter, estimated costs should be considered in the context of expenditure to control this pathogen in agriculture, food production and retail. Our estimates, prior to routine rotavirus immunisation in the UK, provide a baseline vaccine cost-effectiveness analyses.
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Clarence C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000502:physiology; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D020275:Guillain-Barre Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000502:physiology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000502:physiology; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
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