title: Skin microbiota of first cousins affected by psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic inflammatory skin diseases, which negatively influence the quality of life. In the last years, several evidences highlighted the pivotal role of skin bacteria in worsening the symptomatology of AD and psoriasis. In the present study we evaluated the skin microbiota composition in accurately selected subjects affected by (AD) and psoriasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three first cousins were chosen for the study according to strict selection of criteria. One subject was affected by moderate AD, one had psoriasis and the last one was included as healthy control. Two lesional skin samples and two non-lesional skin samples (for AD and psoriatic subjects) from an area of 2 cm(2) behind the left ear were withdrawn by mean of a curette. For the healthy control, two skin samples from an area of 2 cm(2) behind the left ear were withdrawn by mean of a curette. DNA was extracted and sequencing was completed on the Ion Torrent PGM platform. Culturing of Staphylococcus aureus from skin samples was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The psoriatic subject showed a decrease in Firmicutes abundance and an increase in Proteobacteria abundance. Moreover, an increase in Streptococcaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Campylobacteraceae and Moraxellaceae has been observed in psoriatic subject, if compared with AD individual and control. Finally, AD individual showed a larger abundance of S. aureus than psoriatic and healthy subjects. Moreover, the microbiota composition of non-lesional skin samples belonging to AD and psoriatic individuals was very similar to the bacterial composition of skin sample belonging to the healthy control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences between the skin microbiota of psoriatic individual and healthy and AD subjects were observed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20164 Milan, Italy ; Medical Technical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.affiliation: Medical Technical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Grandi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via Galeazzi 4, 20164 Milan, Italy ; Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altomare
authors.affiliation: Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via Galeazzi 4, 20164 Milan, Italy ; Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pigatto
authors.affiliation: SOD Immunoallergy Caraggi University-Hospital, Largo Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20164 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toscano
keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Metagenomics; Psoriasis; Skin microbiota
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