title: Trematode Fluke Procerovum varium as Cause of Ocular Inflammation in Children, South India.
abstract: Trematodes are recognized as a group of emerging parasites in tropical countries. We identified a trematode as a cause of ocular granulomas that developed in children who bathed in ponds or rivers in South India. DNA was isolated from patients' surgically excised granulomas and from the trematode cercariae (larvae) released by the snail Melanoides tuberculata in water in which the children bathed. Real-time and conventional PCRs were performed that targeted ribosomal DNA regions spanning the internal transcribed spacer 2 and 28S sequences of this trematode. The PCR-amplified products were subjected to bidirectional sequencing. Analysis of sequences for the granuloma samples and the trematode cercariae showed maximum sequence similarity with Procerovum varium (family Heterophyidae). Our results confirmed the etiology of the ocular infection, implicating snail vectors as environmental risk factors for ocular parasitosis.
authors.forename: Lalan Kumar
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Sivakumar R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rathinam
authors.forename: Prajna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lalitha
authors.forename: Usha R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sudeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghatani
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tandon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D018509:DNA, Helminth; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006099:Granuloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth
keywords: India; cercaria; child; eye disease; fresh water; granuloma; lakes; parasites; ponds; real-time PCR; ribosomal DNA; rivers; sequencing; trematode; uveitis
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