title: The synergistic anticancer effect of cisplatin combined with Oldenlandia diffusa in osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, which is used to prevent and treat many disorders, especially cancers. However, its role in osteosarcoma has not been well understood. Here, we used OD and cisplatin individually and combined in osteosarcoma MG-63 cell to explore whether OD could induce cellular apoptosis and suppress the ability of proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma MG-63 cell.
  
  
  METHODS
  The changes of cellular shape were analyzed by optical microscopy. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay was used to analyze cell survival rate in vitro. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell cycle and cell death. Scratch migration assay was used to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we found that the survival rate reduced significantly in the combined group compared with the individual group and control group. The apoptosis-inducing effect of combined application was much more significant than that of individual application. The invasion ability of combined application was significantly lower than that of the individual application. In the combined group, there were high expression levels of pro-apoptotic protein and low expression of anti-apoptotic protein. Cell-cycle analysis showed a change in the cell-cycle distribution and arrested cells in G2-M phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we found that OD inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in the human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In addition, OD displayed inhibitory activity on MG-63 cell proliferation and invasion and the study also showed that OD activity might be mediated by caspase activation. These data suggest that OD might represent a novel, efficient candidate agent for further experimentation in osteosarcoma treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of The Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Songfeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhicai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Baichuan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zengwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shao
keywords: Oldenlandia diffusa; apoptosis; cisplatin; in vitro; osteosarcoma
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