title: The Volkmann dogma: a retrospective, long-term, single-center study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been (and still is) some controversy about the treatment of malleolar fractures with an additional fracture of the posterior malleolus (Volkmann triangle) in the last few years. Should a posterior malleolus with a fragment that is larger than 25% of the articular surface be fixed? Can long-term results be influenced by the fixation of the Volkmann triangle?
  
  
  METHODS
  In a consecutive series of 43/56 patients with a dislocated malleolar fracture, clinical and radiological results were analyzed after a follow-up of 7.3 years (4-11 years). There were 15 men with an average age of 53 years and 28 women with an average age of 62 years, respectively. Eleven fragments were fixed. At inspection, 16 patients displayed a cartilage lesion at the talar dome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No or only slight arthrosis was found on X-rays of 37/43 patients. Six patients showed moderate or severe arthrosis. The Olerud-Molander score was 95.5 in patients without a Volkmann triangle, 98.5 in the presence of a small, unfixed fragment, and 90.6 with a large fixed fragment. Patients with no cartilage damage on perioperative inspection presented less severe arthrosis in the long-term results, while those with documented cartilage damage during the operation had more severe arthrosis. The Olerud-Molander score was 97.2 without cartilage damage and 94.5 with cartilage damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the presence of a Volkmann triangle impairs prognosis; fixation, even with anatomic results, does not return the score to "normal." Cartilage damage seems to play a crucial role in the long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Chefarzt Chirurgie, Spital Frutigen, Adelbodenstr, 3714, Frutigen, Switzerland. dominik.heim@spitalfmi.ch.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Inselspital, 3000, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niederhauser
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, 3000, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simbrey
keywords: Cartilage damage; Malleolar fractures; Volkmann triangle
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