title: Effects of maternal mild zinc deficiency and different ways of zinc supplementation for offspring on learning and memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of different ways of zinc supplementation on spatial learning and memory remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the effectiveness of two ways of zinc supplementation - oral use and intravenous transfusion - in zinc-deficient offspring rats on learning and memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were randomly divided into six groups on the first day of pregnancy (n=12): control (CO), pair fed (PF), zinc deprived (ZD), oral zinc supplementation (OZS), injection zinc supplementation (IZS), and injection control. The offspring's spatial learning and memory were tested at postnatal day 35 using Morris water maze (MWM). Maternal rats' serum zinc was measured at postnatal day 21, while pups' serum zinc was measured at postnatal day 35.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the CO and PF groups, pups in ZD group spent more time finding the latent platform and swam longer distances (p<0.05). Compared with ZD groups, pups in OZS group significantly decreased the time used for finding the platform and the swimming distance (p<0.05) and were similar to that of CO and PF groups (p>0.05). However, compared with ZD groups, pups in IZS did not show any improvement in the indexes of MWM (p>0.05) although their zinc serum concentration increased significantly (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that mild zinc deficiency during pregnancy and lactation leads to the impairment of learning and memory function in offspring, and that OZS, instead of intravenous transfusion zinc supplementation, can recover the impairment of spatial learning and memory function.
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tianhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; xd_yu2003@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaodan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: learning and memory; rat; zinc deficiency; zinc supplementation
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