title: Anaesthetic efficacy of unilamellar and multilamellar liposomal formulations of articaine in inflamed and uninflamed tissue.
abstract: We compared the efficacy of articaine encapsulated in multilamellar and unilamellar liposomes with that of articaine with epinephrine, after infiltration into inflamed and uninflamed tissue in rats. We encapsulated 4% articaine in multilamellar (articaine:multi) and unilamellar (articaine:uni) liposomes and compared them with 4% articaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine (articaine:epinephrine), in inflamed (plantar incision into the hind paw) and uninflamed (infraorbital nerve block) tissue in rats. Anaesthetic formulations (0.1ml) were injected near the right infraorbital foramen in uninflamed tissue, where success and duration of anaesthesia were assessed by pinching the upper lip every 5 minutes. For inflamed tissue the anaesthetic formulations (0.1ml) were injected laterally into a surgical wound made 24 hours earlier in the plantar region of the rat's right hind paw. The degree of anaesthesia was assessed by application of forces laterally to the wound with electronic von Frey filaments. Articaine:uni resulted in less successful anaesthesia than both articaine:multi (p=1.1x10(-5)) and articaine:epinephrine (p=4.3x10(-8)) in uninflamed tissue, but there were no differences in duration or success of anaesthesia between articaine:epinephrine and articaine:multi. In inflamed tissue articaine:epinephrine gave significantly more effective anaesthesia for longer than articaine:uni (p=2.3x10(-6)), and articaine:epinephrine (p=1.8x10(-6)) formulations, which did not differ from each other. Multilamellar liposomal articaine could be an option for local anaesthesia in uninflamed tissues. However, articaine with epinephrine gave better results than liposomal formulations in inflamed tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: ca_milabatista@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Camila Batista da
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: fcgroppo@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Francisco Carlos
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Groppo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: cleitonpita@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Cleiton Pita dos
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: lucianoserpe@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: michelle@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franz-Montan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Campinas - SP - Brasil - CEP 13083-862. Electronic address: depaula@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Eneida de
authors.initials: Ed
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: jranali@reitoria.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ranali
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião CEP 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: volpato@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Volpato
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D002355:Carticaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine; D008012:Lidocaine; D051381:Rats; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D002355:Carticaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Articaine; Dental anaesthesia; Epinephrine; Liposome; Local anaesthesia