title: Raw Garlic Consumption and Lung Cancer in a Chinese Population.
abstract: Evidence of anticancer properties of garlic for different cancer sites has been reported previously in in vitro and in vivo experimental studies but there is limited epidemiologic evidence on the association between garlic and lung cancer.
  
  
  
  We examined the association between raw garlic consumption and lung cancer in a case-control study conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Taiyuan, China. Epidemiologic data was collected by face-to-face interviews from 399 incident lung cancer cases and 466 healthy controls. We used unconditional logistic regression models to estimate crude and adjusted ORs (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted models controlled for age, sex, average annual household income 10 years ago, smoking, and indoor air pollution.
  
  
  
  Compared with no intake, raw garlic intake was associated with lower risk of development of lung cancer with a dose-response pattern (aOR for <2 times/week = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39-0.81 and aOR for ≥2 times/week = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.34-0.74; Ptrend = 0.0002). Exploratory analysis showed an additive interaction of raw garlic consumption with indoor air pollution and with any supplement use in association with lung cancer.
  
  
  
  The results of the current study suggest that raw garlic consumption is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population.
  
  
  
  This study contributes to the limited research in human population on the association between garlic and lung cancer and advocates further investigation into the use of garlic in chemoprevention of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 624-33. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Ajay A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Myneni
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Shen-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Rungui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Taiyuan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Mya K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Giovino
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shunzhang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. linamu@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:545-51
references.pmid: 23583806
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1996 Jan;110(1):12-20
references.pmid: 8536847
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2005 Nov 11;579(1-2):115-24
references.pmid: 16024053
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1993 Mar;67(3):424-9
references.pmid: 8439494
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2004 Nov 2;555(1-2):121-31
references.pmid: 15476856
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Nov 6;94(21):1648-51
references.pmid: 12419792
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 1997;29(2):152-6
references.pmid: 9427979
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2008 Aug;20(2):319-23
references.pmid: 18636192
references.citation: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2009 Apr;50(3):201-12
references.pmid: 18800351
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2007 Mar 18;247(2):167-81
references.pmid: 16793203
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1032S-40S
references.pmid: 11238811
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Jul 3;94(13):1001-9
references.pmid: 12096085
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2009 Apr;20(4):746-51
references.pmid: 19150939
references.citation: Molecules. 2013;18(1):690-700
references.pmid: 23292331
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 15;13(6):1847-56
references.pmid: 17363541
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):257-64
references.pmid: 19056580
references.citation: Lancet. 2012 Aug 18;380(9842):668-79
references.pmid: 22901888
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1992 May;13(5):901-4
references.pmid: 1587006
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2010 May;21(5):405-12
references.pmid: 19423321
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):1027-32
references.pmid: 17093154
references.citation: Epidemiology. 2001 Nov;12(6):695-700
references.pmid: 11679799
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Mar 1;177(5):524-30
references.pmid: 17989343
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1994 Dec 1;54(23):6148-53
references.pmid: 7954460
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Jan 19;92(2):154-60
references.pmid: 10639518
references.citation: Cancer Treat Res. 2014;159:35-50
references.pmid: 24114473
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014;4:6161
references.pmid: 25145261
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1996 Mar;17(3):477-84
references.pmid: 8631133
references.citation: Chin J Cancer Res. 2015 Feb;27(1):2-12
references.pmid: 25717220
references.citation: Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2012 Jul;44(7):577-83
references.pmid: 22595511
references.citation: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2009 Dec;64(4):244-9
references.pmid: 19711184
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Oct;57(3):282-6
references.pmid: 11759674
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Jan;22(1):50-7
references.pmid: 23093548
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 1;121(5):1103-14
references.pmid: 17487840
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Feb;119(2):227-37
references.pmid: 6695902
references.citation: Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2011 Mar;11(3):249-53
references.pmid: 21269259
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1027S-31S
references.pmid: 11238810
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1054S-7S
references.pmid: 11238815
references.citation: Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2014 Feb;14(2):233-40
references.pmid: 24237225
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(4):508-14
references.pmid: 22489989
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Mar;65(2):87-108
references.pmid: 25651787
references.citation: Trop Biomed. 2008 Apr;25(1):37-45
references.pmid: 18600203
references.citation: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2004;44(6):479-88
references.pmid: 15615431
references.citation: Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Mar;24(3):439-50
references.pmid: 23314675
references.citation: Cancer. 2015 Sep 1;121 Suppl 17:3107-12
references.pmid: 26331817
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):951S-4S
references.pmid: 11238795
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2011 May 25;59(10):5215-21
references.pmid: 21506613
references.citation: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015 Mar;8(3):181-9
references.pmid: 25586902
references.citation: Chest. 2013 Apr;143(4):1117-26
references.pmid: 23546484
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2007 Apr;17(4):807-11
references.pmid: 17342319
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;33(2):163-70
references.pmid: 7749142
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):305-14
references.pmid: 18579286
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 May;18(5):1419-28
references.pmid: 19423520
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;492:69-81
references.pmid: 11480676
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD002141
references.pmid: 23076895
references.citation: Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2011 Mar;11(3):267-71
references.pmid: 21269260
references.citation: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul;6(7):711-8
references.pmid: 23658367
references.citation: J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):821S-826S
references.pmid: 16484573
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Mar 27;244(3):917-20
references.pmid: 9535768
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2011 Jan 4;104(1):6-11
references.pmid: 21119663
references.citation: Lung Cancer. 2015 May;88(2):124-30
references.pmid: 25747805