title: Growth and toxin production of Azadinium poporum strains in batch cultures under different nutrient conditions.
abstract: Azaspiracid-2 (AZA2) is the dominant toxin produced by Azadinium poporum strains AZDY06 and AZFC22 isolated from the South China Sea. Biomass and AZA2-production were examined within batch cultures with variation in experimental concentrations of nitrate (0, 88, 882, and 2647µM) or phosphate (0, 3.6, 36, and 109µM), different nitrogen sources (nitrate and urea) and media (f/2-Si, L1-Si, and K-Si) in the present study. Growth of both strains positively responded to nitrate or phosphate nutrients, but the growth status was significantly repressed by the highest additional level of phosphate (109µM). Both AZDY06 and AZFC22 grew well with higher specific growth rates, but with shorter growth periods, within f/2-Si medium spiked with urea than that within media spiked with nitrate. L1-Si medium with relatively high concentrations of trace metals was relatively favorable to both strains of A. poporum tested here. No obvious change within the toxin profile occurred in all cultures of both strains under the various nutrient conditions, although trace amounts of some suspicious derivatives of AZA2 occurred in some cultures. AZA2 cell quotas within both strains significantly (p<0.05) increased at the stationary phase under lower additional phosphate (0 and 3.6µM). Significant differences were not found within AZA2 cell quotas in cultures with additional nitrate ranging from 0 to 2647µM. The highest AZA2 cell quota and maximum AZA2 quantity per culture volume occurred in batch culture at the stationary phase under phosphate concentrations at 3.6µM. Neither A. poporum strain exhibited significant changes in AZA2 cell quotas within f/2-Si media spiked with urea or nitrate as nitrogen sources. The AZA2 cell quota of strain AZDY06 also did not change remarkably within f/2-Si, L1-Si, and K-Si media, however the AZA2 cell quota of strain AZFC22 within L1-Si medium was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that within f/2-Si medium.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China. Electronic address: lafouc@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Aifeng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
authors.forename: Baozhou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
authors.forename: Huidan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D018533:Biomass; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005663:Furans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000378:metabolism*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005663:Furans; D008387:Marine Toxins; D009566:Nitrates; D010710:Phosphates; D011714:Pyrans; C520447:azaspiracid-2; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
keywords: Azadinium poporum; Azaspiracid-2; Nitrate; Phosphate; Urea