title: Whole genome sequencing shows sleeping sickness relapse is due to parasite regrowth and not reinfection.
abstract: The trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) is a cause of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) endemic to many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is almost invariably fatal if untreated and there is no vaccine, which makes monitoring and managing drug resistance highly relevant. A recent study of HAT cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported a high incidence of relapses in patients treated with melarsoprol. Of the 19 Tbg strains isolated from patients enrolled in this study, four pairs were obtained from the same patient before treatment and after relapse. We used whole genome sequencing to investigate whether these patients were infected with a new strain, or if the original strain had regrown to pathogenic levels. Clustering analysis of 5938 single nucleotide polymorphisms supports the hypothesis of regrowth of the original strain, as we found that strains isolated before and after treatment from the same patient were more similar to each other than to other isolates. We also identified 23 novel genes that could affect melarsoprol sensitivity, representing a promising new set of targets for future functional studies. This work exemplifies the utility of using evolutionary approaches to provide novel insights and tools for disease control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA.
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department de Parasitologie Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale Kinshasa Gombe Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Patient P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pyana
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Reet
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences University of California Merced Merced CA USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sistrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Büscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT USA.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA.
authors.forename: Adalgisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caccone
keywords: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; drug resistance; human African trypanosomiasis; melarsoprol; population genomics; whole genome sequencing
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