title: Determination of selected parabens, benzophenones, triclosan and triclocarban in agricultural soils after and before treatment with compost from sewage sludge: A lixiviation study.
abstract: An accurate and sensitive method for the determination of selected EDCs in soil and compost from wastewater treatment plants is developed and validated. Five parabens, six benzophenone-UV filters and the antibacterials triclosan and triclocarban were selected as target analytes. The parameters for ultrasound-assisted extraction were thoroughly optimized. After extraction, the analytes were detected and quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Ethylparaben (ring-(13)C6 labelled) and deuterated benzophenone (BP-d10) were used as internal standards. The method was validated using matrix-matched calibration and recovery assays with spiked samples. The limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 0.40 ng g(-1) and the limits of quantification from 0.1 to 1.0 ng g(-1), while precision in terms of relative standard deviation was between 9% and 21%. Recovery rates ranged from 83% to 107%. The validated method was applied for the study of the behavior of the selected compounds in agricultural soils treated and un-treated with compost from WWTP. A lixiviation study was developed in both agricultural soil and treated soil and first order kinetic models of their disappearance at different depths are proposed. The application of organic composts in the soil leads to an increase of the disappearance rate of the studied compounds. The lixiviation study also shows the risk of pollution of groundwater aquifers after disposal or waste of these EDCs in agricultural soils is not high.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Camino-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Electronic address: azafra@ugr.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafra-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dorival-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Juárez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vílchez
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014260:Triclosan / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D002224:Carbanilides; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D014260:Triclosan; C047723:benzophenone; C009540:triclocarban
keywords: Compost and soil pollution; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Lixiviation; Sewage sludge; UHPLC-MS/MS; Ultrasound assisted extraction