title: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) in the adolescent patient-perils, pearls, and pitfalls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) has become the treatment of choice for diaphyseal long-bone fractures in children. This paper reviews the complications and limitations of this method which can occur when applying this osteosynthesis to patients within the adolescent age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each topographic site where ESIN is used was analyzed individually and systematically. Technical errors, indicational problems, and mistakes during the rehabilitation process are pointed out and recommendations are given on how to avoid failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESIN can be safe and efficacious within certain limits also in the adolescent age group. Whenever errors and mistakes occur in combination, e.g., applying ESIN to a patient with a multi-fragmented fracture and a high body mass index (BMI), the adolescent age group is less forgiving to indicational "stretching" than the pediatric age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best prophylaxis for failure of ESIN is a stable and symmetric construct with correctly sized implants. This holds even more true for the adolescent patient. Using ESIN in difficult situations such as longitudinally unstable fractures, patients with a body weight >50 kg, or away from the diaphysis should be considered and followed up carefully. If possible, these patients should be treated in specialized pediatric trauma centers.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendtraumatologie, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus gGmbH, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany. dirk.sommerfeldt@kinderkrankenhaus.net.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sommerfeldt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Städtische Klinikum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Schmittenbecher
keywords: Adolescent; ESIN; Long-bone fracture; Osteosynthesis; Pediatric trauma; Treatment
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