title: Antibacterial resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) from healthy carriers and tonsillitis patients and association with antibacterial sale in the Faroe Islands.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), and correlate the findings with the sales of erythromycin and tetracycline. General practitioners in the Faroe Islands were recruited to send oropharyngeal swabs. From an ongoing pneumococcal study, nasopharyngeal swabs were sampled from healthy children 0-7 years of age. Erythromycin susceptibility data from Iceland were obtained from the reference laboratory at the Landspitali University Hospital. Susceptibility testing in the Faroe Islands and Iceland was performed according to CLSI methods and criteria. The resistance rate to erythromycin and tetracycline found in patients in the Faroe Islands in 2009/2010 was 6% and 30% respectively. Tetracycline resistance in patients declined significantly from 2009 to 2010 (37-10%, p-value = 0.006 < 0.05) and differed significantly between age groups (p-value = 0.03 < 0.05). In Iceland, there was a peak in erythromycin resistance in 2008 (44%) and a substantial decrease in 2009 (5%). Although the prevalence of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in the Faroe Islands and Iceland may be associated with antimicrobial use, sudden changes can occur with the introduction of new resistant clones.
authors.affiliation: Microbiological Department, Faroese Food- and Veterinary Authority, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.|Medical Faculty, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Marita D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine & Research Unit of the Medical Department, National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Queen Alexandrines Teaching Hospital, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.|Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.|University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gislason
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kristinsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: Denmark; Faroe Islands; Iceland; Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS); antibacterial resistance and sale