title: Clinical application of a three-dimensional imaging technique in infants and young children with complex liver tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional (3D) imaging instead of two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis and preoperative planning in infants and young children with complex liver tumors is a promising technique for precision hepatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective analysis of 26 infants and young children with giant liver tumors involving the hepatic hilum who underwent precise hepatectomy at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between February 2012 and January 2015. All patients received upper abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scanning before surgery. 16 patients used Hisense CAS system for 3D reconstruction as the reconstruction group. While ten patients underwent 3D CT reconstruction by the CT Workstation as the control group. The clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups. The 3D reconstruction of abdominal organs and blood vessels was generated using the Hisense CAS system. Diagnosis and preoperative planning assisted by the system was used for preoperative and intraoperative decision-making for precise hepatectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients underwent successful surgery. The 3D models clearly demonstrated the association of liver tumors with the intrahepatic vascular system and provided a preoperative assessment of resectability, assisting surgeons in preoperative procedural planning. Anatomic hepatectomy was successfully completed in the reconstruction group. The mean operation time was shorter in the reconstruction group (137.81 ± 17.51 min) than in the control group (192 ± 34.66 min) (P < 0.01). The mean intraoperative blood loss was lesser in the reconstruction group (21.81 ± 14.05 ml) than in the control group (53.50 ± 21.35 ml) (P < 0.01). The difference was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2D CT scan images cannot accurately display the spatial relationship between the tumor and surrounding vasculature. The 3D reconstruction model used in this study gave detailed and accurate anatomical information and allowed for the assessment of tumor resectability and provided a detailed road map for preoperative decision-making and predicted the postoperative liver function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D visualization technology provides preoperative assessment and allows individualized surgical planning. Surgical controllability, accuracy, and safety can be improved in infants and young children undergoing precise hepatectomy for complex liver tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. 13608968352@163.com.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Yongjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xiwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Computer-assisted surgery; Hepatectomy; Hepatic neoplasm; Pediatric; Three-dimensional
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