title: Microbial profiles at baseline and not the use of antibiotics determine the clinical outcome of the treatment of chronic periodontitis.
abstract: Antibiotics are often used in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, which is a major cause of tooth loss. However, evidence in favour of a microbial indication for the prescription of antibiotics is lacking, which may increase the risk of the possible indiscriminate use of antibiotics, and consequent, microbial resistance. Here, using an open-ended technique, we report the changes in the subgingival microbiome up to one year post-treatment of patients treated with basic periodontal therapy with or without antibiotics. Antibiotics resulted in a greater influence on the microbiome 3 months after therapy, but this difference disappeared at 6 months. Greater microbial diversity, specific taxa and certain microbial co-occurrences at baseline and not the use of antibiotics predicted better clinical treatment outcomes. Our results demonstrate the predictive value of specific subgingival bacterial profiles for the decision to prescribe antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis, but they also indicate the need for alternative therapies based on ecological approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bizzarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crielaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaura
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects; D011379:Prognosis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
references.citation: Adv Dent Res. 2011 May;23(2):221-6
references.pmid: 21490234
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2011 Mar;82(3):337-41
references.pmid: 21214340
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2013 Jun;84(6):715-24
references.pmid: 22873656
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2013 May;40(5):483-92
references.pmid: 23489056
references.citation: F1000Prime Rep. 2013 Dec 03;5:51
references.pmid: 24381727
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2011 Apr;38(4):355-64
references.pmid: 21303403
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Nov 19;366(9499):1809-20
references.pmid: 16298220
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Sep;35(8 Suppl):338-45
references.pmid: 18724861
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e37919
references.pmid: 22675498
references.citation: ISME J. 2012 Jun;6(6):1176-85
references.pmid: 22170420
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan 7;41(1):e1
references.pmid: 22933715
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2013 Mar;40(3):242-51
references.pmid: 23297772
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2012 Oct;91(10):914-20
references.pmid: 22935673
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014;4:6602
references.pmid: 25308100
references.citation: Genome Res. 2003 Nov;13(11):2498-504
references.pmid: 14597658
references.citation: ISME J. 2014 Sep;8(9):1879-91
references.pmid: 24671083
references.citation: J Int Med Res. 2015 Apr;43(2):217-25
references.pmid: 25547417
references.citation: MBio. 2015;6(1):e01926-14
references.pmid: 25691586
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2012 Oct;83(10):1279-87
references.pmid: 22324467
references.citation: Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2014 Dec;4(4):198-203
references.pmid: 25544892
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2014 Jun;65(1):27-45
references.pmid: 24738585
references.citation: J Dent. 2013 Dec;41(12):1297-301
references.pmid: 24135296
references.citation: Open Dent J. 2012;6:255-61
references.pmid: 23341849
references.citation: Braz J Microbiol. 2014;45(2):495-501
references.pmid: 25242933
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;9(5):558-65
references.pmid: 19748829
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Jun;42(6):513-9
references.pmid: 25970318
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:210-3
references.pmid: 16128839
references.citation: J Oral Microbiol. 2013 Jul 09;5:null
references.pmid: 23853701
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e41606
references.pmid: 22870235
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2001 Apr;28(4):296-305
references.pmid: 11314884
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2014 Nov;41(11):1080-9
references.pmid: 25139116
references.citation: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015 Aug;26(8):937-41
references.pmid: 24720498
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:135-87
references.pmid: 15853940
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2010 Jan;81(1):15-23
references.pmid: 20059413
references.citation: Front Microbiol. 2014 May 13;5:217
references.pmid: 24860564
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2012 Oct;83(10):1257-69
references.pmid: 22220767
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2014 Jun;65(1):13-26
references.pmid: 24738584
references.citation: APMIS. 2013 Jun;121(6):467-77
references.pmid: 23078250
references.citation: Ann Periodontol. 1999 Dec;4(1):1-6
references.pmid: 10863370
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2009 Aug;80(8):1254-64
references.pmid: 19656025
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0121565
references.pmid: 25830311
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2015 Jun;50(3):294-314
references.pmid: 25142259
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(7):e1002606
references.pmid: 22807668
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1972 Oct;24(4):638-44
references.pmid: 4628799
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2010 Feb;37(2):191-9
references.pmid: 20041980
references.citation: ISME J. 2013 May;7(5):1016-25
references.pmid: 23303375
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86708
references.pmid: 24489772
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42770
references.pmid: 22900048
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Sep;35(8 Suppl):3-7
references.pmid: 18724837
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2015 Feb;69(2):422-33
references.pmid: 25433583
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2014;68:217-35
references.pmid: 24995874
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2010 Feb;81(2):292-9
references.pmid: 20151809