title: Non-invasive programmed stimulation to identify high-risk patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator (the NIPS-ICD study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a widely used and effective therapy, which reduces the risk of cardiac death in many cardiac diseases, both implanted for secondary and primary prevention. However, recurrent arrhythmias and ICD discharges have adverse prognostic significance. Additional parameters that would identify patients who are at increased risk of arrhythmias and appropriate ICD interventions would be of clinical value. Modern ICDs are relatively complex devices with a number of functions, including the possibility to perform noninvasive programmed stimulation (NIPS) with an implanted electrode located in the right ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the study is to evaluate the usefulness of NIPS in determining the likelihood of life-threatening arrhythmic events in patients with ICD. The study will include 150 consecutive patients with an ICD implanted both for primary and secondary prevention, regardless of etiology, who are followed in the outpatient clinic of our center and do not meet the exclusion criteria. A 12-step St. George's Hospital NIPS protocol using ICD will be performed. The endpoint is to induce sustained ventricular arrhythmia (VT lasting more than 30 seconds or hemodynamically unstable VT/VF) or the end of the protocol. In case of serious and/or hemodynamically unstable heart rhythm disorders resistant to treatment with a low-energy antiarrhythmic pacing (ATP), the patient receives a short-term intravenous general anesthesia, and internal or external defibrillation is performed. Outpatient follow-up will be conducted during the pre-scheduled ICD control visits. An analysis of records of a registered memory device will be collected, a patient will be interviewed, and physical examination will be carried out. The follow-ups will be held every 3 months for 1 year. The primary endpoint of the follow-up will be appropriate intervention of ICD or sudden cardiac (arrhythmic) death; the secondary, appropriate ICD intervention, or death from cardiovascular causes; and the tertiary, appropriate ICD intervention, death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is expected that appropriate ICD interventions during follow-up will occur more often in patients who had sustained ventricular arrhythmias induced during NIPS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02373306 , date of registration: 26 February 2015.
authors.affiliation: Invasive Cardiology Department, St. Joseph's Heart Centre, Anny Jagiellonki 17, 35-623, Rzeszów, Poland. piotr.futyma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Futyma
authors.affiliation: Invasive Cardiology Department, St. Joseph's Heart Centre, Anny Jagiellonki 17, 35-623, Rzeszów, Poland. marian.futyma@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Futyma
authors.affiliation: Invasive Cardiology Department, St. Joseph's Heart Centre, Anny Jagiellonki 17, 35-623, Rzeszów, Poland. piotr.kulakowskimd@gmail.com.|Postgraduate Medical School, Grochowski Hospital, Grenadierów 51/59, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland. piotr.kulakowskimd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kułakowski
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D012306:Risk
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