title: Prevalence and influence factors of vitamin A deficiency of Chinese pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin A plays an important role in the periods of rapid cellular growth and differentiation, especially during pregnancy, which is supplied by the mother to the fetus. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and potential influence factors of prenatal VAD of Chinese pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2010-2013(CHNNS2010-2013) is a nationally representative cross-sectional study. It involved the random selection of 150 districts (urban) or counties (rural). Each site randomly selected 30 pregnant women. Because volume of blood and incomplete data was taken into consideration,the final sample was formed by 1209 participants. Serum retinol concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Characteristics of the pregnant women were collected by a questionnaire. Comparing retinol level across categories of independent variables was tested by the Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to identify influence factors of Chinese pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum retinol level of the pregnant women was 1.63 μmol/L (95 % CI 1.60-1.67) and 64[5.3 % (95 % CI 4.03-6.56)] had VAD. The odds of VAD were significantly higher among the pregnant women in the poor rural areas and without college or university education and low- income. Pregnant women in the second and third trimester had 2.40 (95 % CI 1.05-5.46) and 2.82 (95 % CI 1.34-5.93) times increased odds of VAD compared with those in the first trimester respectively. Pregnant women of drinker had 3.10(1.65-5.81) times increased odds of VAD compared with those no drinker. Pregnant smokers had 5.68 (95 % CI 2.23-14.49) times higher odds of VAD compared with pregnant with non-smoker without passive smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VAD is of mild public-health issue in Chinese pregnant women. Such as : in the poor rural areas and without received college or university education and low- income and advanced gestational age and unhealthy lifestyles of pregnant women such as smoking and drinking. These were pertinent influence factors of VAD.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050.
authors.forename: Chunfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the people's Republic of China, Department of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 236, Nanwei Road No.29, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100050. xgyangcdc@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A
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