title: Short-term effects of dietary advanced glycation end products in rats.
abstract: Dietary advanced glycation end products (AGE) formed during heating of food have gained interest as potential nutritional toxins with adverse effects on inflammation and glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the short-term effects of high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) dietary AGE on insulin sensitivity, expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE), the AGE receptor 1 (AGER1) and TNF-α, F2-isoprostaglandins, body composition and food intake. For 2 weeks, thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 20% milk powder with different proportions of this being given as heated milk powder (0, 40 or 100%), either native (HMW) or hydrolysed (LMW). Gene expression of RAGE and AGER1 in whole blood increased in the group receiving a high AGE LMW diet, which also had the highest urinary excretion of the AGE, methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1). Urinary excretion of N ε-carboxymethyl-lysine increased with increasing proportion of heat-treated milk powder in the HMW and LMW diets but was unrelated to gene expression. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity, F2-isoprostaglandins, food intake, water intake, body weight or body composition between the groups. In conclusion, RAGE and AGER1 expression can be influenced by a high AGE diet after only 2 weeks in proportion to MG-H1 excretion. No other short-term effects were observed.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Malene W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeanette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Hedegaard
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Blegdamsvej 3,2200 Copenhagen N,Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Britta N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Krath
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Rastislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monošík
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Monika J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Universitetsparken 2,2100 Copenhagen Ø,Denmark.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Blegdamsvej 3,2200 Copenhagen N,Denmark.
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Leif H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Skibsted
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Lesli H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 30,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Dragsted
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D006602:Hexosyltransferases / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000652:urine; D048288:Imidazolines / Q000652:urine; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D059748:Proteolysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000819:agonists* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D065667:Renal Elimination; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C000593874:Ager protein, rat; D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007093:Imidazoles; D048288:Imidazolines; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C117197:imidazolone; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D006602:Hexosyltransferases; C526972:Dad1 protein, rat; D008239:Lysine
keywords: AGE advanced glycation end products; AGER1
                  gene for advanced glycation end product receptor 1; Advanced glycation end products; Body composition; CEL 
                    Nε
                    -carboxyethyl-lysine; CML 
                    Nε
                    -carboxymethyl-lysine; Gene expression; Gene for advanced glycation end product receptor 1; Gene for receptor for advanced glycation end products; H-AGE high advanced glycation end product; HMW high molecular weight; Insulin sensitivity; L-AGE low advanced glycation end product; LMW low molecular weight; MG-H1 methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1; RAGE
                  gene for receptor for advanced glycation end products; Rats