title: Soluble CD163 and monocyte populations in response to antiretroviral therapy and in relationship with neuropsychological testing among HIV-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocytes play a central role in HIV neuropathogenesis, but there are limited data on monocyte subsets and markers of monocyte activation in perinatally HIV-infected children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between monocyte subsets, the sCD163 monocyte activation marker, and neuropsychological performance among perinatally HIV-infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  ART-naïve children from the PREDICT study were categorised into two groups: those on ART for ≥24 weeks (ART group,n=201) and those untreated (no ART group,n=79). This analysis used data from the baseline and week 144 including sCD163 and frequencies of activated monocytes (CD14+/CD16+/HLA-DR+), perivascular monocytes (CD14+/CD16+/CD163+ and CD14low/CD16+/CD163+), and neuropsychological testing scores: Verbal and Performance Intelligence Quotient (VIQ and PIQ), Beery Visuomotor Integration (VMI) and Children's Color Trails 2 (CT2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline demographic and HIV disease parameters were similar between groups. The median age was 6 years, CD4 was 20% (620 cells/mm3), and HIV RNA was 4.8 log10. By week 144, the ARTvsthe no ART group had significantly higher CD4 (938vs552 cells/mm3) and lower HIV RNA (1.6vs4.38 log10copies/mL,P<0.05). sCD163 declined in the ARTvsno ART group (median changes -2533vs-159 ng/mL,P<0.0001). Frequencies of all monocyte subsets declined in the treated but not the untreated group (P<0.05). Higher CD14+/CD16+/HLA-DR+ percentage was associated with higher VIQ, Beery VMI and CT2 scores. Higher percentages of CD14+/CD16+/CD163+ and CD14low/CD16+/CD163+ were associated with higher CT2 and VIQ, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ART significantly reduced sCD163 levels and frequencies of activated and perivascular monocytes. Higher frequencies of these cells correlated with better neuropsychological performance suggesting a protective role of monocyte-macrophage immune activation in perinatal HIV infection in terms of neuropsychological function.
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jintanat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ananworanich
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tanyathip
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaimulwong
authors.affiliation: National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Ung
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vibol
authors.affiliation: Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiangrai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rawiwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansudewechakul
authors.affiliation: Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kosalaraksa
authors.affiliation: Prapokklao Hospital, Chantaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chaiwat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngampiyaskul
authors.affiliation: Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suparat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanjanavanit
authors.affiliation: Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jurai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wongsawat
authors.affiliation: Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital, Chonburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wicharn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luesomboon
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tanakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apornpong
authors.affiliation: Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soulas
authors.affiliation: Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kiat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruxrungtham
authors.affiliation: HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand (HIV-NAT) Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thanyawee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puthanakit
keywords: ART; HIV; children; immune activation; monocyte; neurocognition; neuropsychological testing; sCD163
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