title: Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR resistance training) on vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy elderly volunteers aged 71 ± 4 years were divided into two training groups. Twenty subjects performed BFR resistance training (BFR group), and the remaining 20 performed ordinary resistance training without BFR. Resistance training was performed at 20 % of each estimated one-repetition maximum for 4 weeks. We measured lactate (Lac), norepinephrine (NE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and growth hormone (GH) before and after the initial resistance training. The reactive hyperemia index (RHI), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and transcutaneous oxygen pressure in the foot (Foot-tcPO2) were assessed before and after the 4-week resistance training period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lac, NE, VEGF and GH increased significantly from 8.2 ± 3.6 mg/dL, 619.5 ± 243.7 pg/mL, 43.3 ± 15.9 pg/mL and 0.9 ± 0.7 ng/mL to 49.2 ± 16.1 mg/dL, 960.2 ± 373.7 pg/mL, 61.6 ± 19.5 pg/mL and 3.1 ± 1.3 ng/mL, respectively, in the BFR group (each P < 0.01). RHI and Foot-tcPO2 increased significantly from 1.8 ± 0.2 and 62.4 ± 5.3 mmHg to 2.1 ± 0.3 and 68.9 ± 5.8 mmHg, respectively, in the BFR group (each P < 0.01). VWF decreased significantly from 175.7 ± 20.3 to 156.3 ± 38.1 % in the BFR group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BFR resistance training improved vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.|Department of Rehabilitation, Shinsyu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-0862, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, 108-8642, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.|Department of Shizuoka Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Tokoha University, Mizuochi, 1-30 Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0831, Japan.
authors.forename: Michitaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.|Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamekawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. tak9999@med.kitasato-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013006:Growth Hormone; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: Hypoxia; Low-intensity exercise; Muscle strength; Neurohumoral factors; Peripheral circulation; Reactive hyperemia
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