title: Features of Computer-Based Decision Aids: Systematic Review, Thematic Synthesis, and Meta-Analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient information and education, such as decision aids, are gradually moving toward online, computer-based environments. Considerable research has been conducted to guide content and presentation of decision aids. However, given the relatively new shift to computer-based support, little attention has been given to how multimedia and interactivity can improve upon paper-based decision aids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The first objective of this review was to summarize published literature into a proposed classification of features that have been integrated into computer-based decision aids. Building on this classification, the second objective was to assess whether integration of specific features was associated with higher-quality decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were located by searching MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases. The review identified studies that evaluated computer-based decision aids for adults faced with preference-sensitive medical decisions and reported quality of decision-making outcomes. A thematic synthesis was conducted to develop the classification of features. Subsequently, meta-analyses were conducted based on standardized mean differences (SMD) from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported knowledge or decisional conflict. Further subgroup analyses compared pooled SMDs for decision aids that incorporated a specific feature to other computer-based decision aids that did not incorporate the feature, to assess whether specific features improved quality of decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3541 unique publications, 58 studies met the target criteria and were included in the thematic synthesis. The synthesis identified six features: content control, tailoring, patient narratives, explicit values clarification, feedback, and social support. A subset of 26 RCTs from the thematic synthesis was used to conduct the meta-analyses. As expected, computer-based decision aids performed better than usual care or alternative aids; however, some features performed better than others. Integration of content control improved quality of decision making (SMD 0.59 vs 0.23 for knowledge; SMD 0.39 vs 0.29 for decisional conflict). In contrast, tailoring reduced quality of decision making (SMD 0.40 vs 0.71 for knowledge; SMD 0.25 vs 0.52 for decisional conflict). Similarly, patient narratives also reduced quality of decision making (SMD 0.43 vs 0.65 for knowledge; SMD 0.17 vs 0.46 for decisional conflict). Results were varied for different types of explicit values clarification, feedback, and social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration of media rich or interactive features into computer-based decision aids can improve quality of preference-sensitive decision making. However, this is an emerging field with limited evidence to guide use. The systematic review and thematic synthesis identified features that have been integrated into available computer-based decision aids, in an effort to facilitate reporting of these features and to promote integration of such features into decision aids. The meta-analyses and associated subgroup analyses provide preliminary evidence to support integration of specific features into future decision aids. Further research can focus on clarifying independent contributions of specific features through experimental designs and refining the designs of features to improve effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. anna.syrowatka@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Ania
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7161-9770
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syrowatka
authors.forename: Dörthe
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-977X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krömker
authors.forename: Ari N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-8135
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Meguerditchian
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0134-6954
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003201:Computers; D003657:Decision Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D019212:Multimedia; D009862:Online Systems; D012944:Social Support; D018511:Systems Integration
keywords: computers; decision making; decision support systems, clinical; internet; medical informatics; patient participation; patient preference; patients
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