title: Cardiovascular and Hepatic Toxicity of Cocaine: Potential Beneficial Effects of Modulators of Oxidative Stress.
abstract: Oxidative stress (OS) is thought to play an important role in the pharmacological and toxic effects of various drugs of abuse. Herein we review the literature on the mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular and hepatic toxicity of cocaine with special focus on OS-related mechanisms. We also review the preclinical and clinical literature concerning the putative therapeutic effects of OS modulators (such as N-acetylcysteine, superoxide dismutase mimetics, nitroxides and nitrones, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, and mitochondriotropic antioxidants) for the treatment of cocaine toxicity. We conclude that available OS modulators do not appear to have clinical efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Drug Addiction and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Drug Addiction and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Togna
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Drug Addiction and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Caterina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saso
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D003042:Cocaine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002395:Catecholamines; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; C015388:nitrones; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D003042:Cocaine; D000111:Acetylcysteine
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