title: Residual mitochondrial transmembrane potential decreases unsaturated fatty acid level in sake yeast during alcoholic fermentation.
abstract: Oxygen, a key nutrient in alcoholic fermentation, is rapidly depleted during this process. Several pathways of oxygen utilization have been reported in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic fermentation, namely synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, sterols and heme, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, the interaction between these pathways has not been investigated. In this study, we showed that the major proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of ester-linked lipids in sake fermentation mash is derived from the sake yeast rather than from rice or koji (rice fermented with Aspergillus). Additionally, during alcoholic fermentation, inhibition of the residual mitochondrial activity of sake yeast increases the levels of unsaturated fatty acids of ester-linked lipids. These findings indicate that the residual activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain reduces molecular oxygen levels and decreases the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, thereby increasing the synthesis of estery flavors by sake yeast. This is the first report of a novel link between residual mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by the brewery yeast during alcoholic fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Industrial Technology Center of Saga Prefecture, Saga city, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan; Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga city, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitagaki
keywords: Alcoholic fermentation; Anaerobiosis; Mitochondria; Oxygen; Sake yeast; Unsaturated fatty acid
references.citation: Yeast. 2003 Oct 15;20(13):1115-44
references.pmid: 14558145
references.citation: Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2009 May 29;53(Pt 3):145-53
references.pmid: 19476438
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Apr;23(7):1146-56
references.pmid: 22323296
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 15;270(50):29766-72
references.pmid: 8530368
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Mar;63(3):910-5
references.pmid: 9055409
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2007;41:401-27
references.pmid: 17666007
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Feb;80(3):1002-12
references.pmid: 24271183
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(4):843-7
references.pmid: 20445321
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1969 Jan;8(1):339-43
references.pmid: 5777331
references.citation: Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2013;4:215-35
references.pmid: 23464572
references.citation: FASEB J. 1988 Jul;2(10 ):2557-68
references.pmid: 3290025
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2014 Aug;14 (5):789-96
references.pmid: 24889034
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1969 Oct;100(1):370-6
references.pmid: 5344101
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Mar;69(3):1499-503
references.pmid: 12620835
references.citation: Yeast. 1998 Jun 15;14(8):711-21
references.pmid: 9675816
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):113-21
references.pmid: 12513985
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2001 Jan;183(2):745-51
references.pmid: 11133970
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jan;71(1):312-9
references.pmid: 15640203
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2008 Jun;105(6):675-8
references.pmid: 18640610
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2003;95(5):496-503
references.pmid: 16233446
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Oct;46(4):821-5
references.pmid: 16346397
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2014 Apr;117(4):383-93
references.pmid: 24210052
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8203-8
references.pmid: 18388202
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1997 Oct 1;249(1):343-9
references.pmid: 9363789
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Jun;81(11):3688-98
references.pmid: 25795678
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 17;284(16):10818-30
references.pmid: 19179331
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2014 Mar;14(2):249-60
references.pmid: 24151933
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2007 Mar 1;120(Pt 5):838-48
references.pmid: 17298981