title: In vivo evaluation of different alterations of redox status by studying pharmacokinetics of nitroxides using magnetic resonance techniques.
abstract: Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in various pathologies, injuries related to radiation, ischemia-reperfusion or ageing. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to directly detect free radicals in vivo, but the redox status of the whole organism or particular organ can be studied in vivo by using magnetic resonance techniques (EPR and MRI) and paramagnetic stable free radicals - nitroxides. Here we review results obtained in vivo following the pharmacokinetics of nitroxides on experimental animals (and a few in humans) under various conditions. The focus was on conditions where the redox status has been altered by induced diseases or harmful agents, clearly demonstrating that various EPR/MRI/nitroxide combinations can reliably detect metabolically induced changes in the redox status of organs. These findings can improve our understanding of oxidative stress and provide a basis for studying the effectiveness of interventions aimed to modulate oxidative stress. Also, we anticipate that the in vivo EPR/MRI approach in studying the redox status can play a vital role in the clinical management of various pathologies in the years to come providing the development of adequate equipment and probes.
authors.affiliation: EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bačić
authors.affiliation: EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavićević
authors.affiliation: LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; ESPE of Paris, Paris Sorbonne Université, 75016 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peyrot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C039900:nitroxyl
keywords: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Nitroxides; Pharmacokinetics; Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Redox state
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