title: Testing monophyly of the freshwater fish Leporinus (Characiformes, Anostomidae) through molecular analysis.
abstract: Monophyly of the genus Leporinus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) was tested by sequencing and analysing a total of 4732 bp, including two mitochondrial [cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and cytochrome b (Cytb)] and three nuclear [myosin heavy chain 6 cardiac muscle alpha (Myh6), recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) and recombination activating gene 2 (RAG2)] loci for 22 species of Leporinus, or c. 25% of all described species in the genus. Phylogenetic tree analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian species tree) indicate Leporinus to be paraphyletic, with monophyly being rejected by both Kishino-Hasegawa and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. The sequenced species of Leporinus are distributed across five clades that are interleaved among other anostomid genera. Several taxonomic changes are suggested as being necessary to restore monophyly for the group. The clade containing the type species, Leporinus fasciatus, should be considered Leporinus sensu stricto and at least three new genera should be described for other species currently considered part of Leporinus.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular e Conservação, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brasil.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Citogenética e Genética Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Venere
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética da Conservação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia de Vertebrados, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ictiologia e Citogenética Animal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), campus de Tangará da Serra, Cáceres, MT, Brasil.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Troy
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular e Conservação, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Galetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D060125:Characiformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C064655:V(D)J recombination activating protein 2; C064658:RAG-1 protein; D004247:DNA; D045303:Cytochromes b; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains
keywords: Bayesian species tree; molecular systematics; paraphyly; phylogeny