title: Urinary stones in Eastern Saudi Arabia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrolithiasis is a common problem worldwide especially in areas of the hot climate like Saudi Arabia. The aim of this analysis was to study the characteristics of urinary stones in Eastern Saudi Arabia and to report the following: Composition of urinary stones, age and gender distribution, seasonal variation of stone development, comorbid conditions associated with stone development and the incidence of urinary stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  All urinary stones that were submitted to the Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, previously Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization for analysis from January 2011 through January 2013 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 384 urinary stones were collected and submitted for analysis from 347 patients. There was a male predominance with a male: female ratio of 3.9:1. The average age was 48.5 ± 12.8 years. Weight abnormality was predominant in both genders, and especially females. Calcium-based stones constituted the great majority (84.6%) followed by uric acid stones (12.8%). The other forms of stones were rare. More stones were recovered during the hot season, May to September. The calculated annual incidence of urolithiasis was 111/100,000 individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium based stones are the most common urinary stones observed in Eastern Saudi Arabia. There is a clear association between the diagnosis of urinary stones and the hot season.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Services Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed Mansour
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alkhunaizi
keywords: Nephrolithiasis; Saudi Arabia; urinary calculi; urolithiasis
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