title: The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Emotional Clarity.
abstract: Emotion regulation has been implicated in the etiology of depression. A first step in adaptive emotion regulation involves emotional clarity, the ability to recognize and differentiate one's emotional experience. As family members are critical in facilitating emotional understanding and communication, we examined the impact of family functioning on adolescent emotional clarity and depressive symptoms. We followed 364 adolescents (ages 14-17; 52.5% female; 51.4 % Caucasian, 48.6% African American) and their mothers over 2 years (3 time points) and assessed emotional clarity, depressive symptoms, and adolescents' and mothers' reports of family functioning. Emotional clarity mediated the relationship between adolescents' reports of family functioning and depressive symptoms at all time points cross-sectionally, and according to mothers' reports of family functioning at Time 1 only. There was no evidence of longitudinal mediation for adolescents' or mothers' reports of family functioning. Thus, family functioning, emotional clarity, and depressive symptoms are strongly related constructs during various time points in adolescence, which has important implications for intervention, especially within the family unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Freed
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Liza M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Issar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Daryanani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Olino
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA. lalloy@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Alloy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004644:Emotions; D005195:Family Relations / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adolescent depression; Emotion regulation; Emotional clarity; Family functioning
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000 Oct;28(5):467-79
references.pmid: 11100920
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;48(4):422-430
references.pmid: 19318882
references.citation: Cogn Emot. 2003 Jul;17(4):671-679
references.pmid: 29715729
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1998 Feb;107(1):128-40
references.pmid: 9505045
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(4):508-18
references.pmid: 23215673
references.citation: J Adolesc. 2014 Feb;37(2):165-74
references.pmid: 24439622
references.citation: J Clin Psychol. 2000 Jun;56(6):737-45
references.pmid: 10877463
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1992 Feb;20(1):1-16
references.pmid: 1548390
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Nov;77(5):1061-72
references.pmid: 10573880
references.citation: Multivariate Behav Res. 2007 Jan-Mar;42(1):185-227
references.pmid: 26821081
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Sep;13(9):636-50
references.pmid: 22903221
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2001 Nov;127(6):773-96
references.pmid: 11726071
references.citation: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2001 Mar;4(1):19-35
references.pmid: 11388562
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2014 Mar 24;5:221
references.pmid: 24715880
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2012;41(5):539-60
references.pmid: 22853629
references.citation: Cogn Emot. 2013;27(1):63-84
references.pmid: 22775344
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2008 Aug;40(3):879-91
references.pmid: 18697684
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2006 Jan;30(1):59-66
references.pmid: 16414425
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2007 Dec;21(4):703-13
references.pmid: 18179342
references.citation: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2007 Jun;10(2):180-96
references.pmid: 17265137
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;56(4):353-9
references.pmid: 7972618
references.citation: J Adolesc. 2015 Jul;42:68-76
references.pmid: 25931160
references.citation: Cogn Emot. 2011 Apr;25(3):400-12
references.pmid: 21432682
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):211-6
references.pmid: 8771619
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(1):93-108
references.pmid: 24320075
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2004 Mar;18(1):160-70
references.pmid: 14992618
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Mar;30(2):217-37
references.pmid: 20015584
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2005 Jul;131(4):483-509
references.pmid: 16060799
references.citation: J Child Fam Stud. 2016 Mar;25(3):790-797
references.pmid: 30906175
references.citation: Attach Hum Dev. 2008 Dec;10(4):359-77
references.pmid: 19016047
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):809-18
references.pmid: 7598758
references.citation: Psychol Inq. 1998;9(4):241-273
references.pmid: 16865170
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2014;43(5):813-27
references.pmid: 23829270
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;41(4):402-9
references.pmid: 11931596
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2012 Dec 30;200(2-3):400-3
references.pmid: 22925373
references.citation: Psychosomatics. 2001 May-Jun;42(3):235-40
references.pmid: 11351112
references.citation: Psychother Psychosom. 1973;22(2):255-62
references.pmid: 4770536
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006 Apr;27(2):155-68
references.pmid: 16682883
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;51(10):1085-94
references.pmid: 23021483
references.citation: Adolescence. 1996 Summer;31(122):369-81
references.pmid: 8726896
references.citation: Soc Dev. 2007 May 1;16(2):361-388
references.pmid: 19756175
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2001 Jun;15(2):183-205
references.pmid: 11458628
references.citation: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2005 Sep;8(3):203-19
references.pmid: 16151618
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997 Aug;25(4):333-44
references.pmid: 9304449
references.citation: J Marital Fam Ther. 2000 Jul;26(3):353-63
references.pmid: 10934681
references.citation: J Appl Dev Psychol. 2010 Jul;31(4):291-297
references.pmid: 22021945
references.citation: Child Dev. 1989 Oct;60(5):1068-75
references.pmid: 2805884
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005 Sep;34(3):412-32
references.pmid: 16026212
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21(4):995-8
references.pmid: 4089116
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;49(10):980-9
references.pmid: 20855043
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2009 Jun;29(4):294-316
references.pmid: 19356833
references.citation: New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2010 Summer;2010(128):65-83
references.pmid: 20552662
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2012 May;29(5):409-16
references.pmid: 22430982
references.citation: Emotion. 2011 Jun;11(3):468-80
references.pmid: 21534661
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 1997 Jul;33(4):657-68
references.pmid: 9232381
references.citation: Emotion. 2015 Jun;15(3):399-410
references.pmid: 25706832
references.citation: J Youth Adolesc. 2011 Jun;40(6):744-51
references.pmid: 20820894
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Jan;28(1):92-117
references.pmid: 17509739
references.citation: Child Dev Perspect. 2008 Dec 1;2(3):149-155
references.pmid: 20721304
references.citation: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012 Apr;21(2):345-84
references.pmid: 22537731
references.citation: Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2-3):167-86
references.pmid: 7984159
references.citation: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1995 Jul;65(3):402-10
references.pmid: 7485425
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Dec;27(8):986-1003
references.pmid: 17449154
references.citation: Cogn Emot. 2013;27(6):961-78
references.pmid: 23237455
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2002 Apr;30(4 Suppl):3-13
references.pmid: 11943569
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2000 Jan;48(1):99-104
references.pmid: 10750635