title: Prognostic value of various intracranial pathologies in traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various intracranial pathologies in traumatic brain injury (TBI) can help to predict patient outcomes. These pathologies can be categorised using the Marshall Classification or the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) dictionary or can be described through traditional descriptive terms such as subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), subdural haemorrhage (SDH), epidural haemorrhage (EDH) etc. The purpose of this study is to assess the prognostic value of AIS scores, the Marshall Classification and various intracranial pathologies in TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dataset of 802 TBI patients in the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database was analysed using logistic regression. First, a baseline model was constructed with age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pupillary reactivity, cause of injury and presence/absence of extracranial injury as predictors and survival at discharge as the outcome. Subsequently, AIS score, the Marshall Classification and various intracranial pathologies such as haemorrhage, SAH or brain swelling were added in order to assess the relative predictive strength of each variable and also to assess the improvement in the performance of the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various AIS scores or Marshal classes did not appear to significantly affect the outcome. Among traditional descriptive terms, only brain stem injury and brain swelling significantly influenced outcome [odds ratios for survival: 0.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.08-0.40) and 0.48 (95% CI; 0.29-0.80), respectively]. Neither haemorrhage nor its subtypes, such as SAH, SDH and EDH, were significantly associated with outcome. Adding AIS scores, the Marshall Classification and various intracranial pathologies to the prognostic models resulted in an almost equal increase in the predictive performance of the baseline model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this relatively recent dataset, each of the brain injury classification systems enhanced equally the performance of an early mortality prediction model in traumatic brain injury patients. The significant effect of brain swelling and brain stem injury on the outcome in comparison to injuries such as SAH suggests the need to improve therapeutic approaches to patients who have sustained these injuries.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK. mehdimlesko@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lesko
authors.affiliation: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouamra
authors.affiliation: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecky
keywords: Computed tomography; Intracranial haemorrhage; Outcome; Traumatic brain injury
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