title: E-cigarette advertisements, and associations with the use of e-cigarettes and disapproval or quitting of smoking: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much attention has been directed towards the possible effects of e-cigarette advertisements on adolescent never smokers. However, e-cigarette advertising may also influence perceptions and behaviours of adult smokers. The aim of our study was to examine whether noticing e-cigarette advertisements is associated with current use of e-cigarettes, disapproval of smoking, quit smoking attempts, and quit smoking success.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used longitudinal data from two survey waves of the ITC Netherlands Survey among smokers aged 16 years and older (n=1198). Respondents were asked whether they noticed e-cigarettes being advertised on television, on the radio, and in newspapers or magazines in the previous 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in noticing e-cigarette advertisements between 2013 (13.3%) and 2014 (36.0%), across all media. The largest increase was for television advertisements. There was also a substantial increase in current use of e-cigarettes (from 3.1% to 13.3%), but this was not related to noticing advertisements in traditional media (OR=0.99, p=0.937). Noticing advertisements was bivariately associated with more disapproval of smoking (Beta=0.05, p=0.019) and with a higher likelihood of attempting to quit smoking (OR=1.37, p=0.038), but these associations did not reach significance in multivariate analyses. There was no significant association between noticing advertisements and quit smoking success in either the bivariate or multivariate regression analysis (OR=0.92, p=0.807).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noticing e-cigarette advertisements increased sharply in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2014 along with increased e-cigarette use, but the two appear unrelated. The advertisements did not seem to have adverse effects on disapproval of smoking and smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: gera.nagelhout@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Gera E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Nagelhout
authors.affiliation: Dutch Alliance for a Smokefree Society, Eisenhowerlaan 108, 2517 KL The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sanne.heijndijk@alliantienr.nl.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Heijndijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. Electronic address: cummingk@musc.edu.
authors.forename: K Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Dutch Alliance for a Smokefree Society, Eisenhowerlaan 108, 2517 KL The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: marc.willemsen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Amsterdam (ASCoR), PO Box 15793, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute for Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: S.J.H.M.vandenPutte@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van den Putte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. Electronic address: heckmanb@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: karin.hummel@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: hein.devries@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: david.hammond@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Electronic address: ron.borland@cancervic.org.au.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Advertising; Denormalization; Electronic cigarettes; Netherlands; Smoking cessation
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