title: Cross-Sectional Investigations on Epitaxial Silicon Solar Cells by Kelvin and Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscopy: Effect of Illumination.
abstract: Both surface photovoltage and photocurrent enable to assess the effect of visible light illumination on the electrical behavior of a solar cell. We report on photovoltage and photocurrent measurements with nanometer scale resolution performed on the cross section of an epitaxial crystalline silicon solar cell, using respectively Kelvin probe force microscopy and conducting probe atomic force microscopy. Even though two different setups are used, the scans were performed on locations within 100-μm distance in order to compare data from the same area and provide a consistent interpretation. In both measurements, modifications under illumination are observed in accordance with the theory of PIN junctions. Moreover, an unintentional doping during the deposition of the epitaxial silicon intrinsic layer in the solar cell is suggested from the comparison between photovoltage and photocurrent measurements.
authors.affiliation: TOTAL New Energies, 24 cours Michelet, 92069, Paris, La Défense Cedex, France. paul.narchi@polytechnique.edu.|LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France. paul.narchi@polytechnique.edu.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France. paul.narchi@polytechnique.edu.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narchi
authors.affiliation: IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.|GeePs, UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupelec, Univ Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, Plateau de Moulon, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.|GeePs, UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupelec, Univ Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, Plateau de Moulon, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chrétien
authors.affiliation: LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.affiliation: LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cariou
authors.affiliation: LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foldyna
authors.affiliation: TOTAL New Energies, 24 cours Michelet, 92069, Paris, La Défense Cedex, France.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prod'homme
authors.affiliation: IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.|GeePs, UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupelec, Univ Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, Plateau de Moulon, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kleider
authors.affiliation: LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France.|IPVF (Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France) - 8, Rue de la Renaissance, F-92160, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Pere Roca
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: I Cabarrocas
keywords: Conducting probe atomic force microscopy; Epitaxial silicon; Kelvin probe force microscopy; Photocurrent; Photovoltage; Solar cell
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