title: Association between posterior crossbite, skeletal, and muscle asymmetry: a systematic review.
abstract: Of the various malocclusions, unilateral posterior crossbite has often been associated to skeletal and muscular asymmetrical growth and function.
  
  
  
  To assess, by systematically reviewing the literature, the association between unilateral posterior crossbite (UPCB) and morphological and/or functional asymmetries (i.e. skeletal, masticatory muscle electromyographic (EMG) performance, bite force, muscle thickness, and chewing cycle asymmetries).
  
  
  
  A literature survey covering the period from January 1965 to June 2015 was performed. Two reviewers extracted the data independently and assessed the quality of the studies.
  
  
  
  The search strategy resulted in 2184 citations, of which 45 met the inclusion criteria. The scientific and methodological quality of these studies was medium-low, irrespective of the association reported. In several studies, posterior crossbite is reported to be associated to asymmetries in mandibular skeletal growth, EMG activity, and the chewing cycle. Fewer data are available on bite force and masticatory muscle thickness.
  
  
  
  The relationship between unilateral posterior crossbite and skeletal asymmetry is still unresolved. To date, most of the studies available report a skeletal asymmetric growth. EMG activity of masticatory muscles is different between crossbite and non-crossbite sides. Subjects with UPCB show smaller bite force than non-crossbite subjects. There is no consistency of studies reporting masticatory muscle thickness asymmetry in UPCB subjects. UPCB is associated to an increase in the reverse chewing cycle. The literature available on the subject is of medium-low scientific and methodological quality, irrespective of the association reported. Further investigations with higher sample size, well-defined diagnostic criteria, rigorous scientific methodologies, and long-term control are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy and iodicegiorgio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iodice
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy and.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy and.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paduano
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy and.
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
mesh_terms: D001732:Bite Force; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*