title: Learner-Centered Debriefing for Health Care Simulation Education: Lessons for Faculty Development.
abstract: Better debriefing practices may enhance the impact of simulation-based education. Emerging literature suggests that learner-centered debriefing may be effective in helping instructors identify and address learner needs while building learner's engagement and sense of responsibility for learning. This contrasts with instructor-centered approaches to debriefing, where instructors maintain unilateral control over both the process and content of the debriefing, thus limiting input and direction from learners. Although different approaches to debriefing for simulation-based education exist, the simulation literature is largely mute on the topic of learner-centered debriefing. In this article we will (1) compare and contrast learner- versus instructor-centered approaches to teaching; (2) provide a rationale for applying more learner-centered approaches to debriefing; (3) introduce a conceptual framework that highlights the key dimensions of learner- versus instructor-centered debriefing; (4) describe key variables to consider when managing the balance between learner- and instructor-centered debriefing; and (5) describe practical learner-centered strategies for various phases of debriefing.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (A.C.), University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada; Nurse Practitioner Programs (K.J.M.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Medical Simulation (J.R.), Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Education (W.E.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care (A.A.A.), Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Pediatrics (J.R.), Royal Free hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kate J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: Abeer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arab
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Runnacles
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eppich
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D017145:Models, Educational; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*