title: Effects of unilateral stroke on multi-finger synergies and their feed-forward adjustments.
abstract: We explored the changes in multi-finger synergies in patients after a single cortical stroke with mild motor impairments. We hypothesized that both synergy indices and anticipatory synergy adjustments prior to the initiation of a self-paced quick action would be diminished in the patients compared to age-matched controls. The patients with history of cortical stroke, and age-matched controls (n=12 in each group) performed one-finger and multi-finger accurate force production tasks involving both steady-state and quick force pulse production. Finger interdependence (enslaving) and multi-finger synergies stabilizing total force were quantified. The stroke patients showed lower maximal finger forces, in particular in the contralesional hand, which also showed increased enslaving indices. Multi-finger synergies during steady-state force production were, however, unchanged after stroke. In contrast, a drop in the synergy index prior to the force pulse generation was significantly delayed in the stroke patients. Our results show that mild cortical stroke leads to no significant changes in multifinger synergies, but there is impairment in feed-forward adjustments of the synergies prior to a quick action, a drop in the maximal force production, and an increase in enslaving. We conclude that studies of synergies reveal two aspects of synergic control differentially affected by cortical stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maenza
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Good
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sainburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: mll11@psu.edu.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Latash
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: anticipatory synergy adjustments; feed-forward control; hand; stroke; synergy
references.citation: Brain. 1995 Apr;118 ( Pt 2):495-510
references.pmid: 7735890
references.citation: Brain Res. 2002 Jan 11;924(2):198-208
references.pmid: 11750905
references.citation: Brain. 2003 Nov;126(Pt 11):2510-27
references.pmid: 12958080
references.citation: Phys Ther. 1992 May;72(5):373-7
references.pmid: 1631206
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1998 Sep;122(2):131-8
references.pmid: 9776511
references.citation: Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007 Jan;22(1):44-51
references.pmid: 17046125
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Apr;86(4):776-81
references.pmid: 15827931
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Nov;47(13):2953-66
references.pmid: 19573544
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Jul 16;61(4):957-65
references.pmid: 22440645
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Sep;114(9):1646-55
references.pmid: 12948793
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2013 Apr;226(2):273-83
references.pmid: 23411675
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1999 Jun;126(3):289-306
references.pmid: 10382616
references.citation: J Physiol. 1994 Sep 15;479 ( Pt 3):487-97
references.pmid: 7837104
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Jun 10-17;381(1-2):92-6
references.pmid: 15882796
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002 Jan;30(1):32-8
references.pmid: 11800497
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2012 Mar;217(1):1-5
references.pmid: 22246105
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2003 Oct;152(3):281-92
references.pmid: 12904934
references.citation: Biol Cybern. 2002 Jan;86(1):29-39
references.pmid: 11918210
references.citation: Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:118
references.pmid: 26243294
references.citation: Stroke. 2009 Feb;40(2):545-50
references.pmid: 19109543
references.citation: Behav Neurol. 2000;12(4):191-200
references.pmid: 11568431
references.citation: Biol Cybern. 2003 Feb;88(2):91-8
references.pmid: 12567224
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2015 Aug 20;301:39-48
references.pmid: 26047732
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2004 Jun;156(3):282-92
references.pmid: 14985892
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2007 Jan;176(1):54-69
references.pmid: 16874517
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2015 Feb;233(2):425-40
references.pmid: 25370346
references.citation: Neurology. 1967 Nov;17(11):1113-20
references.pmid: 6069298
references.citation: Brain. 2004 May;127(Pt 5):1145-58
references.pmid: 15033898
references.citation: Biol Cybern. 2005 Jun;92(6):427-37
references.pmid: 15915357
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;90(2):1160-70
references.pmid: 12660350
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Mar;131(2):187-95
references.pmid: 10766271
references.citation: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014 Jan;20(1):64-8
references.pmid: 24090949
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jan;93(1):609-13
references.pmid: 15342720
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2014 Dec 15;112(12):3209-18
references.pmid: 25253478
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Aug;45(8):905-10
references.pmid: 9256839
references.citation: Brain. 1951 Dec;74(4):443-80
references.pmid: 14895765
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Mar;6(3):300-8
references.pmid: 12563264
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;629:559-75
references.pmid: 19227521
references.citation: Percept Mot Skills. 1993 Jun;76(3 Pt 2):1219-30
references.pmid: 8337069
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2015 Mar 19;289:181-93
references.pmid: 25596318
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2013 Oct;110(8):1965-73
references.pmid: 23904497
references.citation: Brain Res. 2009 Nov 17;1298:78-91
references.pmid: 19728993
references.citation: Motor Control. 2007 Jul;11(3):276-308
references.pmid: 17715460
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1998 Apr;119(3):276-86
references.pmid: 9551828
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2005 Sep;32(3):261-79
references.pmid: 15806550
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;114(8):1445-55
references.pmid: 12888027
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2001 Nov;141(2):153-65
references.pmid: 11713627
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Apr;131(3):305-19
references.pmid: 10789946
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2013 Nov;231(1):51-63
references.pmid: 23942616
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1999 Jul;37(8):975-87
references.pmid: 10426521
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2012 Aug 1;108(3):915-24
references.pmid: 22552184
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Apr 1;556(Pt 1):267-82
references.pmid: 14724214
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Jun;96(6):2293-300
references.pmid: 15133016
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Jul;164(2):260-70
references.pmid: 15770477
references.citation: Motor Control. 1998 Oct;2(4):306-13
references.pmid: 9758883
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jan;94(1):259-70
references.pmid: 12391031
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 May;124(5):991-8
references.pmid: 23182835
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2006 Apr;170(2):265-76
references.pmid: 16328275
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 1992;38(1):35-56
references.pmid: 1736324