title: A Novel Method for Quantifying the Inhaled Dose of Air Pollutants Based on Heart Rate, Breathing Rate and Forced Vital Capacity.
abstract: To better understand the interaction of physical activity and air pollution exposure, it is important to quantify the change in ventilation rate incurred by activity. In this paper, we describe a method for estimating ventilation using easily-measured variables such as heart rate (HR), breathing rate (fB), and forced vital capacity (FVC). We recruited healthy adolescents to use a treadmill while we continuously measured HR, fB, and the tidal volume (VT) of each breath. Participants began at rest then walked and ran at increasing speed until HR was 160-180 beats per minute followed by a cool down period. The novel feature of this method is that minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]) was normalized by FVC. We used general linear mixed models with a random effect for subject and identified nine potential predictor variables that influence either [Formula: see text] or FVC. We assessed predictive performance with a five-fold cross-validation procedure. We used a brute force selection process to identify the best performing models based on cross-validation percent error, the Akaike Information Criterion and the p-value of parameter estimates. We found a two-predictor model including HR and fB to have the best predictive performance ([Formula: see text]/FVC = -4.247+0.0595HR+0.226fB, mean percent error = 8.1±29%); however, given the ubiquity of HR measurements, a one-predictor model including HR may also be useful ([Formula: see text]/FVC = -3.859+0.101HR, mean percent error = 11.3±36%).
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.|Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Roby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jerusha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopukhin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
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