title: Adopting genetics: motivations and outcomes of personal genomic testing in adult adoptees.
abstract: American adult adoptees may possess limited information about their biological families and turn to direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (PGT) for genealogical and medical information. We investigated the motivations and outcomes of adoptees undergoing PGT using data from the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study.
  
  
  
  The PGen Study surveyed new 23andMe and Pathway Genomics customers before and 6 months after receiving PGT results. Exploratory analyses compared adoptees' and nonadoptees' PGT attitudes, expectations, and experiences. We evaluated the association of adoption status with motivations for testing and postdisclosure actions using logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  Of 1,607 participants, 80 (5%) were adopted. As compared with nonadoptees, adoptees were more likely to cite limited knowledge of family health history (OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 5.7-19.5) and the opportunity to learn genetic disease risks (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.6-4.8) as strong motivations for PGT. Of 922 participants who completed 6-month follow-up, there was no significant association between adoption status and PGT-motivated health-care utilization or health-behavior change.
  
  
  
  PGT allows adoptees to gain otherwise inaccessible information about their genetic disease risks and ancestry, helping them to fill the void of an incomplete family health history.Genet Med 18 9, 924-932.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4791-290X
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt D
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4068-776X
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Deanna Alexis
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carere
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Broadley
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Partners Personalized Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics; D023281:Genomics; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation
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