title: Risk Stratification in Atrial Fibrillation Patients - A Review Focused on Mortality.
abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased mortality that is largely due to the severe co-morbidities of patients with this rhythm disturbance rather than to its electrocardiographic features. Available evidence indicated that ageing, heart failure and stroke are the most important predictors of all-cause mortality. Additional clinical parameters such as smoking, renal impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may also identify patients at risk. The prevention of thromboembolic events is based on oral anticoagulant therapy, which reduces the severity and mortality of ischaemic strokes but slightly increase the rate of haemorrhagic events. Most of the traditional risk stratifiers commonly used in patients in sinus rhythm such as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and resting heart rate seem to be less effective in AF patients thus leaving to the physician judgment the main responsibility of identifying patients with an increased mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Cardiology; Director of Cardiology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lombardi
keywords: Arrhythmic mortality; ageing and arrhythmias; heart failure; stroke and arrhythmias
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