title: A handheld laser-induced fluorescence detector for multiple applications.
abstract: In this paper, we present a compact handheld laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector based on a 450 nm laser diode and quasi-confocal optical configuration with a total size of 9.1 × 6.2 × 4.1 cm(3). Since there are few reports on the use of 450 nm laser diode in LIF detection, especially in miniaturized LIF detector, we systematically investigated various optical arrangements suitable for the requirements of 450 nm laser diode and system miniaturization, including focusing lens, filter combination, and pinhole, as well as Raman effect of water at 450 nm excitation wavelength. As the result, the handheld LIF detector integrates the light source (450 nm laser diode), optical circuit module (including a 450 nm band-pass filter, a dichroic mirror, a collimating lens, a 525 nm band-pass filter, and a 1.0mm aperture), optical detector (miniaturized photomultiplier tube), as well as electronic module (including signal recording, processing and displaying units). This detector is capable of working independently with a cost of ca. $2000 for the whole instrument. The detection limit of the instrument for sodium fluorescein solution is 0.42 nM (S/N=3). The broad applicability of the present system was demonstrated in capillary electrophoresis separation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled amino acids and in flow cytometry of tumor cells as an on-line LIF detector, as well as in droplet array chip analysis as a LIF scanner. We expect such a compact LIF detector could be applied in flow analysis systems as an on-line detector, and in field analysis and biosensor analysis as a portable universal LIF detector.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Han-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: kelvonpan@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-Zhang
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: fangqun@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
keywords: Capillary electrophoresis; Chip scanner; Flow cytometry; Handheld instrument; Laser induced fluorescence detection