title: Specific inflammatory response of Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria) after bacterial injection causes tissue reaction and enzymatic activity alteration.
abstract: The evolution of multicellular organisms was marked by adaptations to protect against pathogens. The mechanisms for discriminating the ''self'' from ''non-self" have evolved into a long history of cellular and molecular strategies, from damage repair to the co-evolution of host-pathogen interactions. We investigated the inflammatory response in Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) following injection of substances that varied in type and dimension, and observed clear, strong and specific reactions, especially after injection of Escherichia coli and Vibrio alginolyticus. Moreover, we analyzed enzymatic activity of protease, phosphatase and esterase, showing how the injection of different bacterial strains alters the expression of these enzymes and suggesting a correlation between the appearance of the inflammatory reaction and the modification of enzymatic activities. Our study shows for the first time, a specific reaction and enzymatic responses following injection of bacteria in a cnidarian.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Trapani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sanfratello
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benenati
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palla
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: matteo.cammarata@unipa.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cammarata
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003720:Densitometry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005780:Gelatin / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007249:Inflammation; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D004950:Esterases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases
keywords: Anemonia sulcata; Bacterial injection; Cnidaria; Esterases; Inflammation; Phosphatases