title: HMGB1Modulates the Treg/Th17 Ratio in Atherosclerotic Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis (AS) characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease. Multiple immune cells and inflammatory cytokines, such as high mobility group protein (HMGB1), regulatory T (Treg) cells, T helper (Th17) cells, and inflammation-related cytokines, play a key role in its pathophysiology. A large number of studies report that HMGB1 and Th17 cells may promote atherosclerosis progression, whereas Treg cells may play a protective role in atherosclerosis; thus, alterations in the Treg/Th17 ratio may exist in atherosclerosis diseases. Up till now, the relationships between HMGB1 levels and the Treg/Th17 ratio remain incompletely understood. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 levels and the Treg/Th17 ratio in patients with coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled patients with coronary atherosclerosis and normal coronary artery as the research subjects. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the Treg cells, the Th17 cells frequency, and the Treg/Th17 ratio. Otherwise, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for assays the mRNA expressions of HMGB1, retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor C (RORC), and forkhead-winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3). Moreover, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the level of protein and cytokines, such as HMGB1, IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A, and IL-23.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using flow cytometry, we observed a significantly increased of Th17 cell frequency, whereas Treg cell frequency significantly decreased in atherosclerotic patients. Consistently, the levels of RORC mRNA were significantly increased in coronary atherosclerosis (AS) group compared to normal coronary artery (NCA) group (P＜0.01). In contrast, the expression of Foxp3 mRNA was markedly lower in the AS group than in the NCA group (P＜0.01). Furthermore, we observed the serum concentrations of HMGB1, IL-17A, and IL-23 were significantly higher in the AS group than in the NCA group (P＜0.01, respectively), whereas the concentrations of serum IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly lower in the AS group than in the NCA group (P＜0.01, respectively). In addition, we also found that HMGB1 levels showed negative correlation with the Treg/Th17 ratio in the two groups (r=－0.6984, P＜0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data in our study indicated that HMGB1 may promote atherosclerosis progression via modulating the imbalance in the Treg/Th17 ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University.
authors.forename: Jia-Wang
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xia-Xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Cai-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Xin-An
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C585491:HMGB1 protein, human
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