title: Prediction of individual milk proteins including free amino acids in bovine milk using mid-infrared spectroscopy and their correlations with milk processing characteristics.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy in predicting milk protein and free amino acid (FAA) composition in bovine milk. Milk samples were collected from 7 Irish research herds and represented cows from a range of breeds, parities, and stages of lactation. Mid-infrared spectral data in the range of 900 to 5,000 cm(-1) were available for 730 milk samples; gold standard methods were used to quantify individual protein fractions and FAA of these samples with a view to predicting these gold standard protein fractions and FAA levels with available mid-infrared spectroscopy data. Separate prediction equations were developed for each trait using partial least squares regression; accuracy of prediction was assessed using both cross validation on a calibration data set (n=400 to 591 samples) and external validation on an independent data set (n=143 to 294 samples). The accuracy of prediction in external validation was the same irrespective of whether undertaken on the entire external validation data set or just within the Holstein-Friesian breed. The strongest coefficient of correlation obtained for protein fractions in external validation was 0.74, 0.69, and 0.67 for total casein, total β-lactoglobulin, and β-casein, respectively. Total proteins (i.e., total casein, total whey, and total lactoglobulin) were predicted with greater accuracy then their respective component traits; prediction accuracy using the infrared spectrum was superior to prediction using just milk protein concentration. Weak to moderate prediction accuracies were observed for FAA. The greatest coefficient of correlation in both cross validation and external validation was for Gly (0.75), indicating a moderate accuracy of prediction. Overall, the FAA prediction models overpredicted the gold standard values. Near-unity correlations existed between total casein and β-casein irrespective of whether the traits were based on the gold standard (0.92) or mid-infrared spectroscopy predictions (0.95). Weaker correlations among FAA were observed than the correlations among the protein fractions. Pearson correlations between gold standard protein fractions and the milk processing characteristics of rennet coagulation time, curd firming time, curd firmness, heat coagulating time, pH, and casein micelle size were weak to moderate and ranged from -0.48 (protein and pH) to 0.50 (total casein and a30). Pearson correlations between gold standard FAA and these milk processing characteristics were also weak to moderate and ranged from -0.60 (Val and pH) to 0.49 (Val and K20). Results from this study indicate that mid-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to predict protein fractions and some FAA in milk at a population level.
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Visentin
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fenelon
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: sinead.mcparland@teagasc.ie.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McParland
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D012085:Chymosin; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007494:Ireland; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002364:Caseins; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D008894:Milk Proteins; C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin
keywords: free amino acids; mid-infrared spectroscopy; milk quality; protein fractions