title: Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral venous lactate and the 2009 WHO warning signs for identifying severe dengue in Thai adults: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. However, the sensitivities of warning signs (WSs) for identifying severe dengue in adults are low, and the utility of lactate levels for identifying severe dengue in adults has not been verified. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of using peripheral venous lactate levels (PVL), as well as WSs established by the World Health Organization, for identifying severe dengue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated individuals hospitalized for dengue who were admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Thailand between May 2013 and January 2015. Blood samples to evaluate PVL levels were collected at admission and every 24 h until the patient exhibited a body temperature of <37.8 °C for at least 24 h. Data were recorded on a pre-defined case report form, including baseline characteristics, clinical parameters, and laboratory findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 125 patients with confirmed dengue, 105 (84.0%) patients had non-severe dengue, and 20 (16.0%) patients had severe dengue. The presence of clinical fluid accumulation as a WS provided high sensitivity (75.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.9-91.3%) and specificity (90.5%, 95% CI: 83.2-95.3%). The PVL level at admission was used to evaluate its diagnostic value, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.84 for identifying severe dengue. At the optimal cutoff value (PVL: 2.5 mmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity were 65.0% (95% CI: 40.8-84.6%) and 96.2% (95% CI: 90.5-99.0%), respectively. A combined biomarker comprising clinical fluid accumulation and/or PVL of ≥2.5 mmol/L provided the maximum diagnostic accuracy for identifying severe dengue, with a sensitivity of 90.0% (95% CI: 68.3-98.8%) and a specificity of 87.6% (95% CI: 79.8-93.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical fluid accumulation and/or PVL may be used as a diagnostic biomarker of severe dengue among adults. This biomarker may facilitate early recognition and timely treatment of patients with severe dengue, which may reduce dengue-related mortality and hospital burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. vipa.tha@mahidol.edu.
authors.forename: Vipa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thanachartwet
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, 315 Rajvithi Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. wattanathum_anan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Anan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wattanathum
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, 315 Rajvithi Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. natt.nittha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nittha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oer-areemitr
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. akanitt.jit@mahidol.edu.
authors.forename: Akanitt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jittmittraphap
authors.affiliation: Information Technology Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. duangjai.sah@mahidol.edu.
authors.forename: Duangjai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sahassananda
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. chalida.mon@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Chalida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monpassorn
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Ramkhamhaeng Hospital, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand. surabotsophon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Surabotsophon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. varunee.des@mahidol.edu.
authors.forename: Varunee
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Desakorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019595:Severe Dengue / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014330:Tropical Medicine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019344:Lactic Acid
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