title: Underwater depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting.
abstract: A depth imaging system, based on the time-of-flight approach and the time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technique, was investigated for use in highly scattering underwater environments. The system comprised a pulsed supercontinuum laser source, a monostatic scanning transceiver, with a silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) used for detection of the returned optical signal. Depth images were acquired in the laboratory at stand-off distances of up to 8 attenuation lengths, using per-pixel acquisition times in the range 0.5 to 100 ms, at average optical powers in the range 0.8 nW to 950 μW. In parallel, a LiDAR model was developed and validated using experimental data. The model can be used to estimate the performance of the system under a variety of scattering conditions and system parameters.
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maccarone
authors.forename: Aongus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Ximing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Warburton
authors.forename: Andy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Petillot
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Buller