title: Calcium intake and urinary stone disease.
abstract: Calcium homeostasis is a complicated and incompletely understood process that is primarily regulated through an interaction between the intestines, kidneys, and bones. Intestinal calcium absorption is determined by many factors including the amount of regular calcium intake, as well as vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. Intestinal calcium absorption is likely different between stone formers and non-stone formers, with higher levels of calcium absorption in those with a history of stones independent of their calcium intake. We no longer recommend dietary calcium restriction as this may lead to bone demineralization and an increase in stone formation. Practitioners need to continue to educate patients to maintain moderate dietary calcium intake. The effect of calcium supplementation on stone formation is currently controversial. It is likely that large doses of supplemental calcium, especially if taken separate from a meal, may lead to stone formation. When necessary, stone forming patients should be encouraged to take their calcium supplements with a meal and their stone disease should be monitored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Urological Research Outcomes Collaboration, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sorensen
keywords: Intestinal calcium absorption; calcium supplementation; dietary calcium intake; hypercalciuria; kidney stones; nephrolithiasis
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