title: Early Life Origins of Lung Ageing: Early Life Exposures and Lung Function Decline in Adulthood in Two European Cohorts Aged 28-73 Years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early life environment is essential for lung growth and maximally attained lung function. Whether early life exposures impact on lung function decline in adulthood, an indicator of lung ageing, has scarcely been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spirometry data from two time points (follow-up time 9-11 years) and information on early life exposures, health and life-style were available from 12862 persons aged 28-73 years participating in the European population-based cohorts SAPALDIA (n = 5705) and ECRHS (n = 7157). The associations of early life exposures with lung function (FEV1) decline were analysed using mixed-effects linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early life exposures were significantly associated with FEV1 decline, with estimates almost as large as personal smoking. FEV1 declined more rapidly among subjects born during the winter season (adjusted difference in FEV1/year of follow-up [95%CI] -2.04ml [-3.29;-0.80]), of older mothers, (-1.82 ml [-3.14;-0.49]) of smoking mothers (-1.82ml [-3.30;-0.34] or with younger siblings (-2.61ml [-3.85;-1.38]). Less rapid FEV1-decline was found in subjects who had attended daycare (3.98ml [2.78;5.18]), and indicated in subjects with pets in childhood (0.97ml [-0.16;2.09]). High maternal age and maternal smoking appeared to potentiate effects of personal smoking. The effects were independent of asthma at any age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early life factors predicted lung function decline decades later, suggesting that some mechanisms related lung ageing may be established early in life. Early life programming of susceptibility to adult insults could be a possible pathway that should be explored further.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dept. Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dratva
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dept. Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zemp
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Shyamali C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dharmage
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Accordini
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, Payerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burdet
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Thorarinn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gislason
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Center Munich, National Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.|Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Munich, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Marco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norbäck
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Francisco Gómez
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Real
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.affiliation: University of Pavia, Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Public Health, Neurosciences, Experimental and Legal Medicine, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Dept. Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Probst-Hensch
authors.affiliation: Bergen Respiratory Research Group, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
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