title: The prevalence and clinical features of amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amphetamine abuse is increasing worldwide, and the occurrence of amphetamine-induced (AI) psychiatric issues further complicates treatment. In response, the DSM 5 has introduced the classification of amphetamine-induced obsessive-compulsive disorders (AI-OCD), though little has been published on either its prevalence rates or its clinical features. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of AI-OCD, to describe patients' clinical features, and to compare the prevalence rate among such patients with those for OCD in the general population in Western countries and Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 547 patients with amphetamine abuse or dependency and with a positive urine test (mean age: 31.64 years; 75.5% males) took part in the study. A psychiatric interview was carried out, covering both socio-demographic and illness-related information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 (3.3%) patients suffered from OCD prior to amphetamine abuse, 491 (89.8%) had no OCD, and 38 (6.9%) suffered from AI-OCD. Neither socio-demographic nor illness-related dimensions predicted patients with diagnosed AI-OCD. The prevalence of AI-OCD was significantly higher than that for OCD in the general population (2.3% in Western countries, 1.8% in Iran).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that prevalence rate of AI-OCD is about 7%. Neither socio-demographic nor illness-related dimensions predicted the occurrence of AI-OCD. Thus, it remains unclear why some amphetamine abusers develop AI-OCD while others do not.
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shakeri
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Farnia
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Faeze
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tatari
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Touraj Ahmadi
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Juibari
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Psychiatry Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alikhani
authors.affiliation: Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hafez
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bajoghli
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: serge.brand@upkbs.ch.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine
keywords: Amphetamine abuse; Amphetamine-induced OCD; Illness-related data; Obsessive–compulsive disorders OCD; Socio-demographic data