title: An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products.
abstract: Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive.
  
  
  
  This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described.
  
  
  
  Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products.
  
  
  
  This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Nobelen
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kienhuis
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands reinskje.talhout@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Reinskje
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talhout
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
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