title: Immunological memory: lessons from the past and a look to the future.
abstract: Immunological memory is considered to be one of the cardinal features of the adaptive immune system. Despite being a recognized phenomenon since the time of the ancient Greeks, immunologists are yet to fully appreciate the mechanisms that control memory responses in the immune system. Furthermore, our definition of immunological memory itself continues to evolve, with recent suggestions that innate immune cells also show memory-like behaviour. In this Viewpoint article, Nature Reviews Immunology invites five leading immunologists to share their thoughts on our current understanding of the nature of immunological memory. Our experts highlight some of the seminal studies that have shaped the immune memory field and offer contrasting views on the key questions that remain to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.affiliation: Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Alliance, Berlin-Buch 13125, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajewsky
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zinkernagel
mesh_terms: D000486:Allergy and Immunology / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
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