title: Global spatially explicit CO2 emission metrics for forest bioenergy.
abstract: Emission metrics aggregate climate impacts of greenhouse gases to common units such as CO2-equivalents (CO2-eq.). Examples include the global warming potential (GWP), the global temperature change potential (GTP) and the absolute sustained emission temperature (aSET). Despite the importance of biomass as a primary energy supplier in existing and future scenarios, emission metrics for CO2 from forest bioenergy are only available on a case-specific basis. Here, we produce global spatially explicit emission metrics for CO2 emissions from forest bioenergy and illustrate their applications to global emissions in 2015 and until 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario. We obtain global average values of 0.49 ± 0.03 kgCO2-eq. kgCO2(-1) (mean ± standard deviation) for GWP, 0.05 ± 0.05 kgCO2-eq. kgCO2(-1) for GTP, and 2.14·10(-14) ± 0.11·10(-14) °C (kg yr(-1))(-1) for aSET. We explore metric dependencies on temperature, precipitation, biomass turnover times and extraction rates of forest residues. We find relatively high emission metrics with low precipitation, long rotation times and low residue extraction rates. Our results provide a basis for assessing CO2 emissions from forest bioenergy under different indicators and across various spatial and temporal scales.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Dutch Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huijbregts
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kindermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosalie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Zelm
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Marijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Der Velde
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders Hammer
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Strømman
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