title: Metagenomic analysis and functional characterization of the biogas microbiome using high throughput shotgun sequencing and a novel binning strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biogas production is an economically attractive technology that has gained momentum worldwide over the past years. Biogas is produced by a biologically mediated process, widely known as "anaerobic digestion." This process is performed by a specialized and complex microbial community, in which different members have distinct roles in the establishment of a collective organization. Deciphering the complex microbial community engaged in this process is interesting both for unraveling the network of bacterial interactions and for applicability potential to the derived knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we dissect the bioma involved in anaerobic digestion by means of high throughput Illumina sequencing (~51 gigabases of sequence data), disclosing nearly one million genes and extracting 106 microbial genomes by a novel strategy combining two binning processes. Microbial phylogeny and putative taxonomy performed using >400 proteins revealed that the biogas community is a trove of new species. A new approach based on functional properties as per network representation was developed to assign roles to the microbial species. The organization of the anaerobic digestion microbiome is resembled by a funnel concept, in which the microbial consortium presents a progressive functional specialization while reaching the final step of the process (i.e., methanogenesis). Key microbial genomes encoding enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrates utilization, fatty acids degradation, amino acids fermentation, and syntrophic acetate oxidation, were identified. Additionally, the analysis identified a new uncultured archaeon that was putatively related to Methanomassiliicoccales but surprisingly having a methylotrophic methanogenic pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is a pioneer research on the phylogenetic and functional characterization of the microbial community populating biogas reactors. By applying for the first time high-throughput sequencing and a novel binning strategy, the identified genes were anchored to single genomes providing a clear understanding of their metabolic pathways and highlighting their involvement in anaerobic digestion. The overall research established a reference catalog of biogas microbial genomes that will greatly simplify future genomic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campanaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Treu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Panagiotis G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kougias
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Francisci
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angelidaki
keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Archaea; Bacteria; Binning; Biogas; Metagenomics; Methanogens; Microbial community structure; Next-generation sequencing
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