title: 25 Years of Contrast-Enhanced MRI: Developments, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.
abstract: In 1988, the first contrast agent specifically designed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist(®)), became available for clinical use. Since then, a plethora of studies have investigated the potential of MRI contrast agents for diagnostic imaging across the body, including the central nervous system, heart and circulation, breast, lungs, the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal and lymphatic systems, and even the skin. Today, after 25 years of contrast-enhanced (CE-) MRI in clinical practice, the utility of this diagnostic imaging modality has expanded beyond initial expectations to become an essential tool for disease diagnosis and management worldwide. CE-MRI continues to evolve, with new techniques, advanced technologies, and novel contrast agents bringing exciting opportunities for more sensitive, targeted imaging and improved patient management, along with associated clinical challenges. This review aims to provide an overview on the history of MRI and contrast media development, to highlight certain key advances in the clinical development of CE-MRI, to outline current technical trends and clinical challenges, and to suggest some important future perspectives.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bayer HealthCare.
authors.affiliation: MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lohrke
authors.affiliation: MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frenzel
authors.affiliation: Global Medical Affairs Radiology, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany.|Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endrikat
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipe Caseiro
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grist
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Neurological Surgery, University of South California, Keck School of Medicine, USC University Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leiner
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kun-Cheng
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, University Hospitals, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.|Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Weinreb
authors.affiliation: Graduate Division of Medical Health Sciences, Graduate School of Komazawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany. hubertus.pietsch@bayer.com.
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pietsch
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Body imaging; Contrast enhancement; Gadolinium; MRI; Multimodality imaging; Relaxivity
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