title: Maternal high-fat feeding in pregnancy programs atherosclerotic lesion size in the ApoE*3 Leiden mouse.
abstract: Periods of rapid growth seen during the early stages of fetal development, including cell proliferation and differentiation, are greatly influenced by the maternal environment. We demonstrate here that over-nutrition, specifically exposure to a high-fat diet in utero, programed the extent of atherosclerosis in the offspring of ApoE*3 Leiden transgenic mice. Pregnant ApoE*3 Leiden mice were fed either a control chow diet (2.8% fat, n=12) or a high-fat, moderate-cholesterol diet (MHF, 19.4% fat, n=12). Dams were fed the chow diet during the suckling period. At 28 days postnatal age wild type and ApoE*3 Leiden offspring from chow or MHF-fed mothers were fed either a control chow diet (n=37) or a diet rich in cocoa butter (15%) and cholesterol (0.25%), for 14 weeks to induce atherosclerosis (n=36). Offspring from MHF-fed mothers had 1.9-fold larger atherosclerotic lesions (P&lt;0.001). There was no direct effect of prenatal diet on plasma triglycerides or cholesterol; however, transgenic ApoE*3 Leiden offspring displayed raised cholesterol when on an atherogenic diet compared with wild-type controls (P=0.031). Lesion size was correlated with plasma lipid parameters after adjustment for genotype, maternal diet and postnatal diet (R 2=0.563, P&lt;0.001). ApoE*3 Leiden mothers fed a MHF diet developed hypercholesterolemia (plasma cholesterol two-fold higher than in chow-fed mothers, P=0.011). The data strongly suggest that maternal hypercholesterolemia programs later susceptibility to atherosclerosis. This is consistent with previous observations in humans and animal models.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Tarling
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: K J P
authors.initials: KJP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences,University of Nottingham,Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Langley-Evans
keywords: animal; developmental stage; fetus; small animals