title: Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores.
abstract: Hemileia vastatrix caused a severe epidemic in Central America in 2012-13. The gradual development of that epidemic on nearly a continental scale suggests that dispersal at different scales played a significant role. Shade has been proposed as a way of reducing uredospore dispersal. The effect of shade (two strata: Erythrina poeppigiana below and Chloroleucon eurycyclum above) and full sun on H. vastatrix dispersal was studied with Burkard traps in relation to meteorological records. Annual and daily patterns of dispersal were observed, with peaks of uredospore capture obtained during wet seasons and in the early afternoon. A maximum of 464 uredospores in 1 day (in 14.4 m(3) of air) was recorded in October 2014. Interactions between shade/full sun and meteorological conditions were found. Rainfall, possibly intercepted by tree cover and redistributed by raindrops of higher kinetic energy, was the main driver of uredospore dispersal under shade. Wind gusts reversed this effect, probably by inhibiting water accumulation on leaves. Wind gusts also promoted dispersal under dry conditions in full sun, whereas they had no effect under shaded conditions, probably because the canopy blocked the wind. Our results indicate the importance of managing shade cover differentially in rainy versus dry periods to control the dispersal of airborne H. vastatrix uredospores.
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-9431
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boudrot
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pico
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merle
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Granados
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vílchez
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tixier
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Elías de Melo Virginio
authors.initials: Ede M
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casanoves
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Clémentine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allinne
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-9431
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avelino
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D040503:Coffea / Q000382:microbiology; D008027:Light; D011891:Rain; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014919:Wind
keywords: Coffea arabica; Costa Rica; agroforestry; coffee rust