title: Beneficial effects of an Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on cognitive functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
abstract: Context Andrographolide containing Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees (Acanthaceae) extracts is often used for treatments of diabetes and other inflammatory disorders commonly accompanying cognitive and other psychiatric disorders. Objective To compare the efficacies of a standardised A. paniculata extract (AP) and pure andrographolide on cognitive functions, oxidative stress and cholinergic function in diabetic rats. Materials and methods Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Charles Foster albino rats treated orally with a hydro-methanolic A. paniculata leaf extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day), or with pure andrographolide (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day) for 10 consecutive days, were subjected to Morris water maze test. After the test, acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in brain tissues were assessed. Results Acetylcholinesterase activity in pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus of diabetic rats was 2.1 and 2.6 times higher compared to nondiabetic rats. LPO was 1.6 times higher and decreased SOD (56.3%) and CAT (44.9%) activities in pre-frontal cortex of diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic rats. AP or andrographolide treatments dose dependently attenuated cognitive deficits, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, improved diabetic hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency. All observed effects of AP were quantitatively almost equal to those expected from its analytically quantified andrographolide content. Discussion and conclusion Reported observations are the very first ones suggesting beneficial effects of andrographolide against diabetes associated cognitive deficits, increased acetylcholinesterase activity and deteriorated antioxidative status. Efforts to exploit A. paniculata extracts enriched in andrographolide as preventive measures against such disorders can be warranted.
authors.affiliation: a Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India ;
authors.forename: Ajit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: b Department of Molecular and Human Genetics , Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India ;
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: c Stettiner Straße 1 , Karlsruhe , Germany.
authors.forename: Shyam Sunder
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: a Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India ;
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D035685:Andrographis / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004224:Diterpenes; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C030419:andrographolide; D013311:Streptozocin; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C548246:Ache protein, rat; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Morris water maze; cholinergic dysfunction; diabetes; learning and memory; oxidative stress