title: Corticospinal excitability is associated with hypocapnia but not changes in cerebral blood flow.
abstract: Reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be implicated in the development of neuromuscular fatigue; however, the contribution from hypocapnic-induced reductions (i.e. P ETC O2) in CBF versus reductions in CBF per se has yet to be isolated. We assessed neuromuscular function while using indomethacin to selectively reduce CBF without changes in P ETC O2 and controlled hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia to reduce both CBF and P ETC O2. Increased corticospinal excitability appears to be exclusive to reductions in P ETC O2 but not reductions in CBF, whereas sub-optimal voluntary output from the motor cortex is moderately associated with decreased CBF independent of changes in P ETC O2. These findings suggest that changes in CBF and P ETC O2 have distinct roles in modulating neuromuscular function.
  
  
  
  Although reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be involved in central fatigue, the contribution from hypocapnia-induced reductions in CBF versus reductions in CBF per se has not been isolated. This study examined whether reduced arterial PCO2 (P aC O2), independent of concomitant reductions in CBF, impairs neuromuscular function. Neuromuscular function, as indicated by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), maximal M-wave (Mmax ) and cortical voluntary activation (cVA) of the flexor carpi radialis muscle during isometric wrist flexion, was assessed in ten males (29 ± 10 years) during three separate conditions: (1) cyclooxygenase inhibition using indomethacin (Indomethacin, 1.2 mg kg(-1) ) to selectively reduce CBF by 28.8 ± 10.3% (estimated using transcranial Doppler ultrasound) without changes in end-tidal PCO2 (P ETC O2); (2) controlled iso-oxic hyperventilation-induced reductions in P aC O2 (Hypocapnia), P ETC O2  = 30.1 ± 4.5 mmHg with related reductions in CBF (21.7 ± 6.3%); and (3) isocapnic hyperventilation (Isocapnia) to examine the potential direct influence of hyperventilation-mediated activation of respiratory control centres on CBF and changes in neuromuscular function. Change in MEP amplitude (%Mmax ) from baseline was greater in Hypocapnia tha in Isocapnia (11.7 ± 9.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.6, 20.7], P = 0.01) and Indomethacin (13.3 ± 11.3%, 95% CI [2.8, 23.7], P = 0.01) with a large Cohen's effect size (d ≥ 1.17). Although not statistically significant, cVA was reduced with a moderate effect size in Indomethacin (d = 0.7) and Hypocapnia (d = 0.9) compared to Isocapnia. In summary, increased corticospinal excitability - as reflected by larger MEP amplitude - appears to be exclusive to reduced P aC O2, but not reductions in CBF per se. Sub-optimal voluntary output from the motor cortex is moderately associated with decreased CBF, independent of reduced P aC O2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.|Centre for Physical and Health Education, Schulich School of Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cody L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ainslie
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tokuno
authors.affiliation: Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Niagara Regional Campus, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Greenway
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007213:Indomethacin
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