title: Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome: Current Concepts of Etiology and Treatment in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: Tic disorders (TD), including chronic/persistent TD (CTD) and Tourette syndrome, have been described and studied for many years. Within the last two decades, intensified study efforts led to more specific assumptions about genesis and influences of both hereditary and environmental factors. TD in children and adolescents are very often accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) as comorbid disorders. Comorbidities are aggravating factors concerning prognosis and treatment opportunities. Therefore, etiological considerations and treatment strategies have to take associated psychiatric disorders into account. Treatment approaches are symptom targeted and include behavioral treatments and/or medication and show positive outcomes concerning tic symptomatology, global functioning, and associated psychopathology. This review presents an update of the research, definitions, and classification according to ICD-10 and DSM-5 and summarizes the diagnostic procedures and most effective clinical strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tagwerker Gloor
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walitza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*