title: Passive smoking and cooking oil fumes (COF) may modify the association between tea consumption and oral cancer in Chinese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the confounding effects of passive smoking and COF exposure on association between tea and oral cancer in Chinese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study including 207 female oral cancer cases and 480 age-matched controls was performed in Fujian, China. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire by face-to-face interviews. The effects of tea consumption on oral cancer were, respectively, adjusted for Model-1 and Model-2 using logistic regression analysis. Model-1 did not adjusted for passive smoking and COF; Model-2 included the variables in Model-1, passive smoking and COF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tea consumption was associated with a decreased risk of oral cancer in females: The OR was 0.498 (95 % CI 0.312-0.795) for Model-1 and 0.565 (95 % CI 0.352-0.907) for Model-2. The ORs for all the categories of tea consumption estimated by Model-2 were slightly higher than Model-1. When stratified by passive smoking, the statistically significant association between tea drinking and oral cancer was only emerged in non-passive smoking women. Stratification by COF found tea drinking was still associated with a decreased risk of oral cancer for women who have light-COF exposure, but an increased risk for those who subjected to heavy exposure. A negative, multiplicative interaction was found between tea consumption and COF exposure for oral cancer, but not found between tea consumption and passive smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tea consumption reduces the risk of oral cancer in Chinese women, but this effect is modified by the carcinogenic effects of passive smoking and COF exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Fa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Baochang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Jiangfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Fangping
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Lingjun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Lisong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Zuofeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. prof_cailin@sina.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013662:Tea; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010938:Plant Oils; D013662:Tea; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Cooking oil fumes; Females; Oral cancer; Passive smoking; Tea
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