title: Expression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in patients with otitis media with effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial infections in children with underdeveloped Eustachian tubes are a major cause of otitis media with effusion (OEM), and persistent effusion in the middle ear in these patients is a major cause of surgical intervention. CXCL4 is associated with bacterial infection, and aquaporins 3 and 10 are associated with water metabolism. This study assessed the expression of mRNAs encoding CXCL-4 and aquaporins 3 and 10 in the effusion of pediatric OME patients, and the association of this expression with clinical manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNA were assayed by real-time RT-PCR in the middle ear effusion of 38 pediatric patients with OME requiring ventilation tube insertion. The relationships of these mRNA levels with the presence of bacteria; concomitant diseases such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and adenoid disease; recurrence of OME; and number of ventilation tube insertions were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs were expressed in middle ear effusion of all OME patients. CXCL-4 mRNA levels were significantly lower when bacteria were present and in patients with concomitant diseases (p<0.05 each). Levels of all three mRNAs were unrelated to OME recurrence or number of ventilation tube insertions (p>0.05 each). The levels of CXCL4 and aquaporin 10 mRNAs were significantly correlated (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in middle ear effusion is associated with the pathophysiology of OME. CXCL4 mRNA levels are significantly lower in patients with than without concomitant diseases or bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yeo2park@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seung Geun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yeo
mesh_terms: D051400:Aquaporin 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000009:adverse effects; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C438667:AQP10 protein, human; C496027:AQP3 protein, human; D020346:Aquaporins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051400:Aquaporin 3; D010978:Platelet Factor 4
keywords: Aquaporin 3 and 10; CXCL4 and 7; Otitis media with effusion (OME)