title: Biochemical and full genome sequence analyses of clinical Vibrio cholerae isolates in Mexico reveals the presence of novel V. cholerae strains.
abstract: The first week of September 2013, the National Epidemiological Surveillance System identified two cases of cholera in Mexico City. The cultures of both samples were confirmed as Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. Initial analyses by PFGE and by PCR-amplification of the virulence genes, suggested that both strains were similar, but different from those previously reported in Mexico. The following week, four more cases were identified in a community in the state of Hidalgo, located 121 km northeast of Mexico City. Thereafter a cholera outbreak started in the region of La Huasteca. Genomic analyses of the four strains obtained in this study confirmed the presence of Pathogenicity Islands VPI-1 and -2, VSP-1 and -2, and of the integrative element SXT. The genomic structure of the 4 isolates was similar to that of V. cholerae strain 2010 EL-1786, identified during the epidemic in Haiti in 2010.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: alberto.diaz@salud.gob.mx.
authors.forename: José Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Díaz-Quiñonez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernández-Monroy
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Norma Angélica
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Montes-Colima
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Asunción
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moreno-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Adriana Guadalupe
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Galicia-Nicolás
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: López-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cuitláhuac
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Matus
authors.affiliation: Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuri-Morales
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Joanna María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ortíz-Alcántara
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcés-Ayala
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Ernesto
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ramírez-González
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D023061:Gene Order; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Cholera; Disease control; PFGE; Phylogenomics; Vibrio cholerae