title: Envelopment technique and topographic overlays in bite mark analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims and objectives of our study were to compare four sequential overlays generated using the envelopment technique and to evaluate inter- and intraoperator reliability of the overlays obtained by the envelopment technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental stone models were prepared from impressions made from healthy individuals; photographs were taken and computer-assisted overlays were generated. The models were then enveloped in a different-color dental stone. After this, four sequential cuts were made at a thickness of 1mm each. Each sectional cut was photographed and overlays were generated. Thus, 125 overlays were generated and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scoring was done based on matching accuracy and the data were analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare four sequential overlays and Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to evaluate the inter- and intraoperator reliability of the overlays obtained by the envelopment technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through our study, we conclude that the third and fourth cuts were the best among the four cuts and inter- and intraoperator reliability were found to be statistically significant at 5% level that is 95% confidence interval (P < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Parimala
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Djeapragassam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Mariappan Jonathan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Subramanian Vasudevan
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Koliyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramadoss
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Vannathan Kumaran
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Jimsha
keywords: Bite marks; computer-assisted overlays; direct cast technique; envelopment technique; forensic dentistry; hollow volume overlays; topographic overlays
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