title: Estimation of radiation dose to patients from (18) FDG whole body PET/CT investigations using dynamic PET scan protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a growing concern over the radiation exposure of patients from undergoing 18FDG PET/CT (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography) whole body investigations. The aim of the present study was to study the kinetics of 18FDG distributions and estimate the radiation dose received by patients undergoing 18FDG whole body PET/CT investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic PET scans in different regions of the body were performed in 49 patients so as to measure percentage uptake of 18FDG in brain, liver, spleen, adrenals, kidneys and stomach. The residence time in these organs was calculated and radiation dose was estimated using OLINDA software. The radiation dose from the CT component was computed using the software CT-Expo and measured using computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom and ionization chamber. As per the clinical protocol, the patients were refrained from eating and drinking for a minimum period of 4 h prior to the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated residence time in males was 0.196 h (brain), 0.09 h (liver), 0.007 h (spleen), 0.0006 h (adrenals), 0.013 h (kidneys) and 0.005 h (stomach) whereas it was 0.189 h (brain), 0.11 h (liver), 0.01 h (spleen), 0.0007 h (adrenals), 0.02 h (kidneys) and 0.004 h (stomach) in females. The effective dose was found to be 0.020 mSv/MBq in males and 0.025 mSv/MBq in females from internally administered 18FDG and 6.8 mSv in males and 7.9 mSv in females from the CT component. For an administered activity of 370 MBq of 18FDG, the effective dose from PET/CT investigations was estimated to be 14.2 mSv in males and 17.2 mSv in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results did not demonstrate significant difference in the kinetics of 18FDG distribution in male and female patients. The estimated PET/CT doses were found to be higher than many other conventional diagnostic radiology examinations suggesting that all efforts should be made to clinically justify and carefully weigh the risk-benefit ratios prior to every 18FDG whole body PET/CT scan.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaimini
authors.forename: Madhavi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Rajnish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi; Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Bilikere S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Dwarakanath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 1997 Dec;105 Suppl 6:1403-9
references.pmid: 9467052
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1991 Apr;32(4):699-706
references.pmid: 2013810
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1999 Feb;40(2):37S-61S
references.pmid: 10025848
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1999 Feb;44(2):595-606
references.pmid: 10070803
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1999 Aug;40(8):1358-66
references.pmid: 10450689
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2005 Apr;46(4):608-13
references.pmid: 15809483
references.citation: Ann ICRP. 2008;38(1-2):1-197
references.pmid: 19154964
references.citation: Radiology. 2009 Apr;251(1):166-74
references.pmid: 19251940
references.citation: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Sep;141(1):50-5
references.pmid: 20400773
references.citation: J Cancer Res Ther. 2013 Jul-Sep;9(3):477-83
references.pmid: 24125986
references.citation: Health Phys. 2001 Jan;80(1):62-6
references.pmid: 11204119
references.citation: Ann ICRP. 1998;28(3):1-126
references.pmid: 10840563
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1982 Jul;23(7):613-7
references.pmid: 6979616
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2002 Feb;43(2):210-4
references.pmid: 11850487
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1977 Oct;18(10):990-6
references.pmid: 903484
references.citation: Circ Res. 1979 Jan;44(1):127-37
references.pmid: 363301
references.citation: Health Phys. 1979 Mar;36(3):333-46
references.pmid: 489285
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1980 Jan;238(1):E69-82
references.pmid: 6965568
references.citation: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980 Aug;4(4):473-7
references.pmid: 6771307
references.citation: Prog Nucl Med. 1981;7:138-48
references.pmid: 7323304
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1983 May;24(5):447-8
references.pmid: 6842294
references.citation: Ann ICRP. 1987;18(1-4):1-377
references.pmid: 3505163
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med. 1998 Jun;25(6):565-74
references.pmid: 9618570