title: Unraveling the Enzymatic Basis of Wine "Flavorome": A Phylo-Functional Study of Wine Related Yeast Species.
abstract: Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are a heterogeneous microbial group involved in the early stages of wine fermentation. The high enzymatic potential of these yeasts makes them a useful tool for increasing the final organoleptic characteristics of wines in spite of their low fermentative power. Their physiology and contribution to wine quality are still poorly understood, with most current knowledge being acquired empirically and in most cases based in single species and strains. This work analyzed the metabolic potential of 770 yeast isolates from different enological origins and representing 15 different species, by studying their production of enzymes of enological interest and linking phylogenetic and enzymatic data. The isolates were screened for glycosidase enzymes related to terpene aroma release, the β-lyase activity responsible for the release of volatile thiols, and sulfite reductase. Apart from these aroma-related activities, protease, polygalacturonase and cellulase activities were also studied in the entire yeast collection, being related to the improvement of different technological and sensorial features of wines. In this context, and in terms of abundance, two different groups were established, with α-L-arabinofuranosidase, polygalacturonase and cellulase being the less abundant activities. By contrast, β-glucosidase and protease activities were widespread in the yeast collection studied. A classical phylogenetic study involving the partial sequencing of 26S rDNA was conducted in conjunction with the enzymatic profiles of the 770 yeast isolates for further typing, complementing the phylogenetic relationships established by using 26S rDNA. This has rendered it possible to foresee the contribution different yeast species make to wine quality and their potential applicability as pure inocula, establishing species-specific behavior. These consistent results allowed us to design future targeted studies on the impact different non-Saccharomyces yeast species have on wine quality, understanding intra and interspecific enzymatic odds and, therefore, aiming to predict the most suitable application for the current non-Saccharomyces strains, as well as the potential future applications of new strains. This work therefore contributes to a better understanding of the concept of wine microbiome and its potential consequences for wine quality, as well as to the knowledge of non-Saccharomyces yeasts for their use in the wine industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Belda
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alastruey-Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain; Agrovin, S.A.Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Navascués
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marquina
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
keywords: enological enzymes; microbial terroir; non-Saccharomyces; phylo-functional study; targeted yeast selection
references.citation: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2015 Nov;108(5):1239-56
references.pmid: 26386703
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Apr;74(5):954-60
references.pmid: 17262212
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;74(5):1418-27
references.pmid: 18192430
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2013 Apr;33(2):271-81
references.pmid: 23200661
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Dec 2;151(2):210-5
references.pmid: 21974981
references.citation: Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2013;4:141-62
references.pmid: 23190140
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013 Aug;68(2):161-75
references.pmid: 23583418
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Aug;48(8):3387-91
references.pmid: 10956121
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 1998 Aug;85(2):247-54
references.pmid: 9750297
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Feb;99(4):1911-22
references.pmid: 25408314
references.citation: Front Microbiol. 2015 Sep 01;6:905
references.pmid: 26388852
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52609
references.pmid: 23300721
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2012 Feb 15;153(3):243-59
references.pmid: 22189021
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Sep 15;134(3):201-10
references.pmid: 19619911
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Sep;58(9):2948-53
references.pmid: 16348768
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2015 May;60(5):467-74
references.pmid: 25598190
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Mar;80(5):1670-8
references.pmid: 24375129
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 May 27;147(2):144-8
references.pmid: 21529977
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Oct;78(19):6838-49
references.pmid: 22820332
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 1999 Feb 2;46(2):105-12
references.pmid: 10728611
references.citation: Food Chem. 2012 Dec 1;135(3):1157-65
references.pmid: 22953838
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 May;41(5):811-21
references.pmid: 24659178
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2001 Jul;91(1):67-71
references.pmid: 11442715
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Apr;104(4):1182-91
references.pmid: 17976167
references.citation: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Mar 4;57(4):856-873
references.pmid: 26066835
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(3):509-17
references.pmid: 16108792
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2015 Aug;15(5):fov034
references.pmid: 26038341
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2004 Sep;4(8):865-77
references.pmid: 15450194
references.citation: Braz J Microbiol. 2015 Jul 01;46(3):815-23
references.pmid: 26413065
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):5420-6
references.pmid: 16151133
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Oct;72(10):6716-24
references.pmid: 17021223
references.citation: ISME J. 2015 Sep;9(9):1979-90
references.pmid: 25647347
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Nov;69(11):2224-6
references.pmid: 16306707
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Apr;43(4):777-80
references.pmid: 7081984
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2004 Aug;15(4):314-22
references.pmid: 15358001
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 19;8(6):e66437
references.pmid: 23840468
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2009 Apr;26(2):204-11
references.pmid: 19171264
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Feb;38(2):347-54
references.pmid: 20652358
references.citation: J Appl Bacteriol. 1994 Nov;77(5):519-27
references.pmid: 8002477
references.citation: Molecules. 2015 May 26;20(6):9510-23
references.pmid: 26016543
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Nov;8(7):1076-86
references.pmid: 18462383
references.citation: Front Microbiol. 2015 Oct 23;6:1156
references.pmid: 26557110
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Apr;79(8):2519-26
references.pmid: 23377949
references.citation: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2002 Aug;25(2):287-93
references.pmid: 12353885
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2011 Aug;28(5):926-35
references.pmid: 21569935
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 May;35(5):1216-23
references.pmid: 9114410
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Nov;8(7):979-95
references.pmid: 18793201
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2003 Jan 25;80(2):171-6
references.pmid: 12381403
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 7;111(1):5-6
references.pmid: 24309378
references.citation: J Food Sci. 2015 Aug;80(8):C1696-704
references.pmid: 26126488
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 1994 Nov;40(11):974-7
references.pmid: 7804908
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2001 Jul;91(1):182-90
references.pmid: 11442729
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(3):558-64
references.pmid: 16108797
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 7;111(1):E139-48
references.pmid: 24277822
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2014 Mar;14(2):215-37
references.pmid: 24164726
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;53(4):366-75
references.pmid: 10803890