title: Inhibition by blueberries (bilberries) and extract from milk thistle of rat forestomach hyperplasia induced by oral smokeless tobacco (Swedish snus).
abstract: The aim of this study was to identify palatable additives which have a significant protective action against soft tissue changes in the oral cavity caused by Swedish smokeless tobacco ("snus"), and that satisfy existing legal requirements. Although the cancer risk from snus is extremely low, long term use may result in highly undesirable keratotic lesions and associated epithelial abnormalities in the oral cavity. The rat forestomach, which is vulnerable to the irritative action of non-genotoxic compounds like butylated hydroxyanisole, propionic acid as well as snus, was chosen as an experimental model. Studied toxicological endpoints included histopathology and cellular proliferation based on DNA incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. After 6 weeks' exposure, blueberries (bilberries) and an extract from the common milk thistle were found to exert a highly significant inhibition of cell proliferation induced by snus in the rat forestomach epithelium, indicating a potential protection with respect soft tissue changes in the human oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: robertn65@telia.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Investigation, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Mileva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mićić
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filipović
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ana Valenta
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Šobot
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dunja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drakulić
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Miloš
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojlović
authors.affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joksiċ
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012838:Silymarin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D012838:Silymarin
keywords: Blueberries; Bromodeoxyuridine; Forestomach; Hyperplasia; Milk thistle; Phytoprotection; Silymarin; Smokeless tobacco; Snus