title: Towards a phylogenetic reappraisal of Parmulariaceae and Asterinaceae (Dothideomycetes).
abstract: Members of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae are obligate biotrophic fungi with a pantropical distribution that grow in direct association with living plant tissues and produce external ascomata and bitunicate asci. These fungi are poorly known, with limited information about their taxonomic position in the Dothideomycetes. Much of what is known is conjectural and based on observation of morphological characters. An assessment of the phylogenetic position of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae is provided based on a phylogenetic analysis of the nrDNA operon (ITS) and the large subunit rDNA (LSU) sequence data obtained from fresh material of selected species collected in Brazil. Three key species were included and epitypified, namely Asterina melastomatis, which is the type species for the type genus of the Asterinaceae; Prillieuxina baccharidincola (Asterinaceae); and Parmularia styracis, which is the type species for the type genus of the Parmulariaceae. An LSU rDNA phylogenetic analysis was performed indicating the correct phylogenetic placement of the Asterinales within the Dothideomycetes. From this initial analysis it is clear that the Parmulariaceae as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, and that the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae are related, which justifies the maintenance of the order Asterinales. Asterotexis cucurbitacearum is recognised as distinct from other Dothideomycetes and placed in the newly proposed family and order (Asterotexiaceae, Asterotexiales), while the higher order phylogeny of Inocyclus angularis remains unresolved. Additionally, Lembosia abaxialis is introduced as a novel species and the phylogenetic placement of the genera Batistinula and Prillieuxina is clarified.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guatimosim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Firmino
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, CEP: 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Crous
keywords: Asterinales; Neotropical fungi; epitype; taxonomic novelties; type species
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