title: Development of a Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Formulation of Orlistat, Nano-ORL, with Increased Cytotoxicity against Human Tumor Cell Lines.
abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme that catalyzes de novo synthesis of fatty acids, is expressed in many cancer types. Its potential as a therapeutic target is well recognized, but inhibitors of FASN have not yet been approved for cancer therapy. Orlistat (ORL), an FDA-approved lipase inhibitor, is also an effective inhibitor of FASN. However, ORL is extremely hydrophobic and has low systemic uptake after oral administration. Thus, new strategies are required to formulate ORL for cancer treatment as a FASN inhibitor. Here, we report the development of a nanoparticle (NP) formulation of ORL using amphiphilic bioconjugates that are derived from hyaluronic acid (HA), termed Nano-ORL. The NPs were loaded with up to 20 wt % weight of ORL at greater than 95% efficiency. The direct inhibition of the human recombinant thioesterase domain of FASN by ORL extracted from Nano-ORL was similar to that of stock ORL. Nano-ORL demonstrated a similar ability to inhibit cellular FASN activity when compared to free ORL, as demonstrated by analysis of (14)C-acetate incorporation into lipids. Nano-ORL treatment also disrupted mitochondrial function similarly to ORL by reducing adenosine triphosphate turnover in MDA-MB-231 and LNCaP cells. Nano-ORL demonstrated increased potency compared to ORL toward prostate and breast cancer cells. Nano-ORL decreased viability of human prostate and breast cancer cell lines to 55 and 57%, respectively, while free ORL decreased viability to 71 and 79% in the same cell lines. Moreover, Nano-ORL retained cytotoxic activity after a 24 h preincubation in aqueous conditions. Preincubation of ORL dramatically reduced the efficacy of ORL as indicated by high cell viability (>85%) in both breast and prostate cell lines. These data demonstrate that NP formulation of ORL using HA-derived polymers retains similar levels of FASN, lipid synthesis, and ATP turnover inhibition while significantly improving the cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.
authors.forename: Tanner K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Frances B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Sneha S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kelkar
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: W Todd
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lowther
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kridel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohs
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D054872:Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077403:Orlistat; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D054872:Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D000077403:Orlistat; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases
keywords: Orlistat; fatty acid synthase; hyaluronic acid; nanoparticle; self-assembly; tetrahydrolipstatin
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