title: Sensitivity of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) to phosphate, phosphite, and arsenate pulses as influenced by fungal symbiotic associations.
abstract: Many plant species adapted to P-impoverished soils, including jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), develop toxicity symptoms when exposed to high doses of phosphate (Pi) and its analogs such as phosphite (Phi) and arsenate (AsV). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of fungal symbionts Scutellospora calospora, Scleroderma sp., and Austroboletus occidentalis on the response of jarrah to highly toxic pulses (1.5 mmol kg(-1) soil) of Pi, Phi, and AsV. S. calospora formed an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis while both Scleroderma sp. and A. occidentalis established a non-colonizing symbiosis with jarrah plants. All these interactions significantly improved jarrah growth and Pi uptake under P-limiting conditions. The AM fungal colonization naturally declines in AM-eucalypt symbioses after 2-3 months; however, in the present study, the high Pi pulse inhibited the decline of AM fungal colonization in jarrah. Four weeks after exposure to the Pi pulse, plants inoculated with S. calospora had significantly lower toxicity symptoms compared to non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, and all fungal treatments induced tolerance against Phi toxicity in jarrah. However, no tolerance was observed for AsV-treated plants even though all inoculated plants had significantly lower shoot As concentrations than the NM plants. The transcript profile of five jarrah high-affinity phosphate transporter (PHT1 family) genes in roots was not altered in response to any of the fungal species tested. Interestingly, plants exposed to high Pi supplies for 1 day did not have reduced transcript levels for any of the five PHT1 genes in roots, and transcript abundance of four PHT1 genes actually increased. It is therefore suggested that jarrah, and perhaps other P-sensitive perennial species, respond positively to Pi available in the soil solution through increasing rather than decreasing the expression of selected PHT1 genes. Furthermore, Scleroderma sp. can be considered as a fungus with dual functional capacity capable of forming both ectomycorrhizal and non-colonizing associations, where both pathways are always accompanied by evident growth and nutritional benefits.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kariman
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Ricarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Finnegan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, and Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK. m.tibbett@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tibbett
mesh_terms: D001149:Arsenates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D017905:Phosphites / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D010710:Phosphates; D017905:Phosphites; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza; Ectomycorrhiza; Eucalyptus marginata; Non-colonizing symbiosis; PHT1 genes; Phosphate/phosphite/arsenate; Toxicity
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1998 Jan;11(1):14-22
references.pmid: 9425684
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1999 Jan;119(1):241-8
references.pmid: 9880366
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2012;76(2):309-13
references.pmid: 22313769
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2013 Dec;30(12):2725-9
references.pmid: 24132122
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2002 Oct;14(10):2413-29
references.pmid: 12368495
references.citation: Mycorrhiza. 2013 Aug;23(6):507-14
references.pmid: 23467773
references.citation: Plant J. 2001 Feb;25(3):281-93
references.pmid: 11208020
references.citation: Plant J. 2010 Dec;64(6):1002-17
references.pmid: 21143680
references.citation: Planta. 1998 Oct;206(2):225-33
references.pmid: 9737001
references.citation: Environ Int. 2009 Apr;35(3):485-90
references.pmid: 18793803
references.citation: Planta. 2002 Nov;216(1):23-37
references.pmid: 12430011
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2012 Jun 06;3:182
references.pmid: 22685440
references.citation: New Phytol. 1996 Apr;132(4):583-592
references.pmid: 33863139
references.citation: Am J Bot. 2001 Oct;88(10):1824-9
references.pmid: 21669616
references.citation: Mol Syst Biol. 2011 Oct 11;7:539
references.pmid: 21988835
references.citation: J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2003 Jan;38(1):223-39
references.pmid: 12635829
references.citation: Plant J. 2008 Jun;54(6):1115-27
references.pmid: 18315538
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2007 Mar;30(3):310-322
references.pmid: 17263776
references.citation: Mycorrhiza. 2014 Oct;24(7):501-9
references.pmid: 24584781
references.citation: New Phytol. 2013 May;198(3):836-852
references.pmid: 23442117
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Dec;64(12):5004-7
references.pmid: 9835596
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2014 Apr;37(4):943-60
references.pmid: 24191900
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2014 Nov 27;14:334
references.pmid: 25428623
references.citation: New Phytol. 1993 Sep;125(1):139-147
references.pmid: 33874619
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 1;99(20):13324-9
references.pmid: 12271140
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Nov;127(3):963-72
references.pmid: 11706178
references.citation: DNA Res. 2007 Jun 30;14(3):117-33
references.pmid: 17634281
references.citation: New Phytol. 2001 Jan;149(1):105-113
references.pmid: 33853237
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2000 Nov;124(3):1327-34
references.pmid: 11080308
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2008 Nov;156(1):215-20
references.pmid: 18280625
references.citation: Plant J. 2005 Apr;42(2):236-50
references.pmid: 15807785
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2007;61:379-400
references.pmid: 18035609
references.citation: Plant J. 2002 Aug;31(3):341-53
references.pmid: 12164813
references.citation: New Phytol. 2009 Mar;181(4):950-959
references.pmid: 19140941
references.citation: Planta. 2009 Apr;229(5):1023-34
references.pmid: 19169704
references.citation: Analyst. 1992 Jun;117(6):971-5
references.pmid: 1503234
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2006 Jul;141(3):988-99
references.pmid: 16679424
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2014 Mar 11;14:61
references.pmid: 24618087
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2002 May 16;103(2):109-20
references.pmid: 12008005
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2005 Jan;10(1):22-9
references.pmid: 15642520
references.citation: New Phytol. 1999 Dec;144(3):507-516
references.pmid: 33862859
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2011 Aug;156(4):2141-54
references.pmid: 21705655
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Nov 22;414(6862):462-70
references.pmid: 11719809
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2006 Jul;47(7):807-17
references.pmid: 16774930
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2011 Jul;156(3):1058-66
references.pmid: 21498583
references.citation: Science. 1975 May 9;188(4188):598-603
references.pmid: 17740015
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Dec;159(4):1491-9
references.pmid: 11779791
references.citation: Phytochemistry. 2007 Jan;68(1):139-46
references.pmid: 17078985
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):356-62
references.pmid: 24919147
references.citation: New Phytol. 2014 Mar;201(4):1413-1422
references.pmid: 24279681
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2004 May;55(399):1033-44
references.pmid: 15047760
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2002 Jul;129(3):1232-40
references.pmid: 12114577
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 May 1;1465(1-2):236-45
references.pmid: 10748257