title: Design and optimization of gastro-retentive microballoons for enhanced bioavailability of cinnarizine.
abstract: This study is focused on the design of gastro-retentive drug delivery system composed of hollow microspheres (microballoons) for the sustained delivery of cinnarizine (CIN). The microballoons (MBs) were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) as the hosting polymer and absolute ethanol (ETH) and dichloromethane (DCM) as solvents. A 3(3) full factorial experimental design was adopted to study the effect of different variables and to find an optimum formula with desired properties. Prepared microballoons showed high drug loading capacities and controlled release behaviour. The optimum formulation was chosen on the basis of achieving maximum values for both drug loading capacity and release efficiency as well as having suitable size. The optimized MB (MB-F21) was composed of 200 mg CIN and 400 mg CAB with a DCM/ETH ratio of 2:1. Scanning electron microscopy for the optimum formulation showed a spherical outline with internal porous structure. An in vivo study using human volunteers was performed by determination of CIN concentration in the plasma using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Results proved the superiority of the designed formulation over the market product Stuval® tablets in bioavailability parameters comprising T max as well as area under the plasma CIN concentration-time curve (AUC0-24 h) and AUC0-∞ values. Also, the significantly greater value of mean residence time (MRT) in case of MB-F21 indicates its higher gastric residence time and proves the advantages of micro-multiparticulate dosage forms over conventional one.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.|Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hussein O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghorab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. drrababk@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rabab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D065546:Drug Liberation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D002936:Cinnarizine; D000431:Ethanol; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D002482:Cellulose; C014396:cellulose acetate-butyrate
keywords: Bioavailability; Cinnarizine; Gastro-retentive; Microballoons; Sustained release
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