title: [Exploratory study of 3D printing technique in the treatment of basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical application value of the 3D printing technique in the treatment of basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2013 to September 2013, 10 patients with basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation needing posterior fixation undertook 3D printing modes at the Department of Neurosurgery in PLA General Hospital. The 1:1 size models were established from skull base to C4 level with different colors between bone structures and vertebral arteries. The simulation of screw insertion was made to investigate the fixation plan and ideal entry point to avoid vertebral artery injury. After obtaining the individual screw insertion data in 3D printing modes, the according surgical operations were performed. The actual clinical results and virtual screw data in 3D printing mode were compared with each other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3D printing modes revealed that all the 10 patients had the dysplasia or occipitalized C1 posterior arch indicating C1 posterior arch screw implantation was not suitable. C1 lateral masses were chosen as the screws entry points. C2 screws were designed individually based on the 3D printing modes as follows: 3 patients with aberrant vertebral artery or narrow C2 pedicle less than 3.5 mm were not suitable for pedicle screw implantation. Among the 3 patients, 1 was fixed with C2 laminar screw, and 1 with C2-3 transarticular screw and 1 with C3 pedicle screw (also combined with congenital C2-3 vertebral fusion). Two patients with narrow C2 pedicle between 3.5 and 4mm were designed to choose pedicle screw fixation after 3D printing mode evaluation. One patient with C1 lateral mass vertically dislocated axis was planned with C1-2 transarticular screw fixation. All the other patients were planned with C2 pedicle screws. All the 10 patients had operation designed as the 3D printing modes schemes. The follow-up ranged from 12 to 18 months and all the patients recovered from the clinical symptoms and the bony fusion attained to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D printing mode could provide thorough information of the bony structure abnormalities and route of vertebral artery. It is helpful for setting operation strategy and designing screw entry point and trajectory and avoiding vertebral artery and spinal cord injury and thus deserves generalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Yiheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Email: xg_yu@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Xinguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guangyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qiao
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007592:Joint Diseases; D004204:Joint Dislocations; D019838:Neck Injuries; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014711:Vertebral Artery