title: Causality and the Levels of Selection.
abstract: When is it sensible to say that group selection has shaped organismal design? This question has prompted many replies but few credible solutions. New work that exposes the causal relationships between phenotypes and fitness may finally settle the matter - and a few other things besides.
authors.affiliation: Program in Evolution and Governance, One Earth Future Foundation, 525 Zang St, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA; SALT Lab, Department of Psychology and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. Electronic address: dbkrupp@saltlab.org.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Krupp
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D015984:Causality; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D010641:Phenotype; D012641:Selection, Genetic
keywords: causality; emergence; frequency dependence; group selection; multi-level selection; synergy