title: Suspended particles only marginally reduce pyrethroid toxicity to the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex (L.) during pulse exposure.
abstract: Current ecotoxicological research on particle-associated pyrethroids in freshwater systems focuses almost exclusively on sediment-exposure scenarios and sediment-dwelling macroinvertebrates. We studied how suspended particles influence acute effects of lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin on the epibenthic freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) using brief pulse exposures followed by a 144 h post exposure recovery phase. Humic acid (HA) and the clay mineral montmorillonite (MM) were used as model sorbents in environmentally realistic concentrations (5, 25 and 125 mg L(-1)). Mortality of G. pulex was recorded during the post exposure recovery phase and locomotor behavior was measured during exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin. We found that HA in concentrations ≥25 mg L(-1) adsorbed the majority of pyrethroids but only reduced mortality of G. pulex up to a factor of four compared to pyrethroid-only treatments. MM suspensions adsorbed a variable fraction of pyrethroids (10% for bifenthrin and 70% for lambda-cyhalothrin) but did not significantly change the concentration-response relationship compared to pure pyrethroid treatments. Behavioral responses and immobilisation rate of G. pulex were reduced in the presence of HA, whereas behavioral responses and immobilisation rate were increased in the presence of MM. This indicates that G. pulex was capable of sensing the bioavailable fraction of lambda-cyhalothrin. Our results imply that suspended particles reduce to only a limited extent the toxicity of pyrethroids to G. pulex and that passive uptake of pyrethroids can be significant even when pyrethroids are adsorbed to suspended particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark. jr@bios.au.dk.|Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. jr@bios.au.dk.
authors.forename: Jes Jessen
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cedergreen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kronvang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Maj-Britt Bjergager
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nørum
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kretschmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bjarne Westergaard
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans Christian Bruun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D005618:Fresh Water; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Adsorption; Gammarus pulex; Pulse exposure; Pyrethroids; Suspended particles
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