title: Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent γ-radiation induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The in vivo radio-protective effect of total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst was evaluated using Swiss albino mice, by pre-treatment with total triterpenes for 14 days, followed by a whole body exposure to γ-radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were analysed in liver and brain homogenates. The extent of lipid and protein peroxidation was also estimated in liver and brain homogenates after irradiation. Protection of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells was assessed using the comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total triterpenes were highly effective in reducing the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation to near normal values in both liver and brain tissues. Total triterpenes, when administered in vivo, were also found to be successful in restoring the antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH level in liver and brain of irradiated mice. Administration of total triterpenes, prior to radiation exposure, significantly decreased the DNA strand breaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study thus revealed the potential therapeutic use of Ganoderma total triterpenes as an adjuvant in radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: a Amala Cancer Research Centre , Thrissur , Kerala , India.|b CeNTAB, SASTRA University , Thanjavur , Tamilnadu , India.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Smina
authors.affiliation: a Amala Cancer Research Centre , Thrissur , Kerala , India.|c St. Peter's College , Ernakulam , Kerala , India.
authors.forename: Jini
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: a Amala Cancer Research Centre , Thrissur , Kerala , India.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Janardhanan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D014315:Triterpenes; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Comet assay; DNA damage; Protein peroxidation; Radioprotection
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1969 Nov 25;244(22):6049-55
references.pmid: 5389100
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):611-6
references.pmid: 10639127
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248-54
references.pmid: 942051
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983 Jan 7;750(1):91-7
references.pmid: 6824717
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1999;300:145-56
references.pmid: 9919518
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2004 Feb;161(2):193-200
references.pmid: 14731070
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;26(1):80-5
references.pmid: 21783892
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Dec;280(1-2):57-68
references.pmid: 16311905
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1968 Oct 24;25(1):192-205
references.pmid: 4973948
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 24;726(2):188-94
references.pmid: 21944902
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2007 Dec 1;634(1-2):69-80
references.pmid: 17644025
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1992 May 1;202(2):384-9
references.pmid: 1519766
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1963 Feb;238:828-35
references.pmid: 13955764
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Jan 4;582(1):67-78
references.pmid: 760819
references.citation: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007 Mar;23(2):129-37
references.pmid: 17094020
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;32(3):438-46
references.pmid: 22004964
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1952 Mar;195(1):133-40
references.pmid: 14938361
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:464-78
references.pmid: 1978225
references.citation: Biochem J. 1997 May 15;324 ( Pt 1):1-18
references.pmid: 9164834
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 1996 Nov;54(11 Pt 2):S91-3
references.pmid: 9110582
references.citation: J Nutr. 1974 May;104(5):580-7
references.pmid: 4823943
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;220(2):403-9
references.pmid: 7978285
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2004 Feb 1;325(1):158-63
references.pmid: 14715297
references.citation: Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1):79-85
references.pmid: 15532093
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2000 Nov 20;455(1-2):111-27
references.pmid: 11113471
references.citation: Chem Biol Interact. 2015 May 25;233:1-7
references.pmid: 25824410
references.citation: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2000;35(3):206-21
references.pmid: 10737956
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Feb 15;32(4):360-9
references.pmid: 11841926