title: First description of Candida nivariensis in Brazil: antifungal susceptibility profile and potential virulence attributes.
abstract: This study evaluated the antifungal susceptibility profile and the production of potential virulence attributes in a clinical strain of Candida nivariensis for the first time in Brazil, as identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region and D1/D2 domains of the 28S of the rDNA. For comparative purposes, tests were also performed with reference strains. All strains presented low planktonic minimal inhibitory concentrations (PMICs) to amphotericin B (AMB), caspofungin (CAS), and voriconazole. However, our strain showed elevated planktonic MICs to posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole, in addition to fluconazole resistance. Adherence to inert surfaces was conducted onto glass and polystyrene. The biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility on biofilm-growing cells were evaluated by crystal violet staining and a XTT reduction assay. All fungal strains were able to bind both tested surfaces and form biofilm, with a binding preference to polystyrene (p < 0.001). AMB promoted significant reductions (≈50%) in biofilm production by our C. nivariensis strain using both methodologies. This reduction was also observed for CAS and POS, but only in the XTT assay. All strains were excellent protease producers and moderate phytase producers, but lipases were not detected. This study reinforces the pathogenic potential of C. nivariensis and its possible resistance profile to the azolic drugs generally used for candidiasis management.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maria Helena Galdino
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Figueiredo-Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Livia de Souza
authors.initials: Lde S
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Silva
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Barbedo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Alessandra Leal da Silva
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ilda Akemi
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Muramoto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: André Luis Souza dos
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almeida-Paes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rosely Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zancopé-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
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