title: The use of immune modulating drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: This review discusses the mechanisms of action of 4 immune modulating drugs currently used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), including Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that functions by targeting CD52, an antigen primarily expressed on T and B lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, resulting in their depletion and subsequent repopulation; Dimethyl fumarate that switches cytokine production toward a T helper 2 profile and enhances cytosolic levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which has immune regulatory and cytoprotective effects on oligodendrocytes, neurons, and glial cells; Fingolimod functions by blocking the release of activated lymphocytes from lymph nodes by targeting sphingosin-1-phosphate receptors; Natalizumab a humanized monoclonal antibody binds α4β1-integrin resulting in reduced migration of immune cells from blood across the blood-brain barrier into the CNS. This review presents the most up to date information on mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of these immune modulators and provides future perspectives for the treatment of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Deanship for Scientific Research, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: fkhamis@uod.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Fahd A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Al-Khamis
mesh_terms: D000074323:Alemtuzumab; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069442:Natalizumab / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069442:Natalizumab; D000074323:Alemtuzumab; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride
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