title: Microelectrode array stimulation combined with intrinsic optical imaging: A novel tool for functional brain mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional brain mapping via cortical microstimulation is a widely used clinical and experimental tool. However, data are traditionally collected point by point, making the technique very time consuming. Moreover, even in skilled hands, consistent penetration depths are difficult to achieve. Finally, the effects of microstimulation are assessed behaviorally, with no attempt to capture the activity of the local cortical circuits being stimulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a novel method for functional brain mapping, which combines the use of a microelectrode array with intrinsic optical imaging. The precise spacing of electrodes allows for fast, accurate mapping of the area of interest in a regular grid. At the same time, the optical window allows for visualization of local neural connections when stimulation is combined with intrinsic optical imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate the efficacy of our technique using the primate motor cortex as a sample application, using a combination of microstimulation, imaging and electrophysiological recordings during wakefulness and under anesthesia. Comparison with current method: We find the data collected with our method is consistent with previous data published by others. We believe that our approach enables data to be collected faster and in a more consistent fashion and makes possible a number of studies that would be difficult to carry out with the traditional approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our technique allows for simultaneous modulation and imaging of cortical sensorimotor networks in wakeful subjects over multiple sessions which is highly desirable for both the study of cortical organization and the design of brain machine interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States. Electronic address: chernov@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Mykyta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chernov
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Torre-Healy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
authors.forename: Anna W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Roe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D061848:Optical Imaging; D014851:Wakefulness
keywords: Cortical mapping; Functional tract tracing; Microstimulation; Optical chamber; Utah array
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