title: Low-level arsenic exposure: Nutritional and dietary predictors in first-grade Uruguayan children.
abstract: Arsenic exposure in children is a public health concern but is understudied in relation to the predictors, and effects of low-level exposure. We examined the extent and dietary predictors of exposure to inorganic arsenic in 5-8 year old children from Montevideo, Uruguay. Children were recruited at school; 357 were enrolled, 328 collected morning urine samples, and 317 had two 24-h dietary recalls. Urinary arsenic metabolites, i.e. inorganic arsenic (iAs), methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICP-MS), and the sum concentration (U-As) used for exposure assessment. Proportions of arsenic metabolites (%iAs, %MMA and %DMA) in urine were modelled in OLS regressions as functions of food groups, dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and nutritional status. Exposure to arsenic was low (median U-As: 9.9µg/L) and household water (water As: median 0.45µg/L) was not a major contributor to exposure. Children with higher consumption of rice had higher U-As but lower %iAs, %MMA, and higher %DMA. Children with higher meat consumption had lower %iAs and higher %DMA. Higher scores on "nutrient dense" dietary pattern were related to lower %iAs and %MMA, and higher %DMA. Higher intake of dietary folate was associated with lower %MMA and higher %DMA. Overweight children had lower %MMA and higher %DMA than normal-weight children. In summary, rice was an important predictor of exposure to inorganic arsenic and DMA. Higher meat and folate consumption, diet rich in green leafy and red-orange vegetables and eggs, and higher BMI contributed to higher arsenic methylation capacity.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. Electronic address: Kasia.kordas@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kordas
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Elena I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Queirolo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mañay
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peregalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Pao Ying
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D060766:Drinking Water; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Child; Predictors; Urinary arsenic; Uruguay
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