title: Regulation of ATP13A2 via PHD2-HIF1α Signaling Is Critical for Cellular Iron Homeostasis: Implications for Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: We previously reported that pharmacological inhibition of a class of enzymes known as prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) has neuroprotective effects in various in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that this was due to inhibition of the PHD2 isoform, preventing it from hydroxylating the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α), targeting it for eventual proteasomal degradation. HIF1α itself induces the transcription of various cellular stress genes, including several involved in iron metabolism. Although all three isoforms of PHD are expressed within vulnerable dopaminergic (DAergic) substantia nigra pars compacta neurons, only select downregulation of the PHD2 isoform was found to protect against in vivo neurodegenerative effects associated with the mitochondrial neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. These findings were corroborated in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, providing validation in a pertinent human cell model. PHD2 inhibition was found to result in increased expression of ATP13A2, mutation of which is responsible for a rare juvenile form of PD known as Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Knockdown of ATP13A2 expression within human DAergic cells was found to abrogate restoration of cellular iron homeostasis and neuronal cell viability elicited by inhibition of PHD2 under conditions of mitochondrial stress, likely via effects on lysosomal iron storage. These data suggest that regulation of ATP13A2 by the PHD2-HIF1α signaling pathway affects cellular iron homeostasis and DAergic neuronal survival. This constitutes a heretofore unrecognized process associated with loss of ATP13A2 function that could have wide-ranging implications for it as a therapeutic target for PD and other related conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in PHD2 activity within dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons protects against mitochondrial stress-induced neurotoxicity. Protective effects are dependent on downstream HIF-1α expression. Knockdown of ATP13A2, a gene linked to a rare juvenile form of Parkinson's disease and recently identified as a novel HIF1α target, was found to abrogate maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis and neuronal viability elicited by PHD2 inhibition in vivo and in cultured dopaminergic cells under conditions of mitochondrial stress. Mechanistically, this was due to ATP13A2's role in maintaining lysosomal iron stores. This constitutes a novel mechanism by which alterations in ATP13A2 activity may be driving PD-related neuropathology.
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rane
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945 jandersen@buckinstitute.org schinta@buckinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Shankar J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chinta
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945 jandersen@buckinstitute.org schinta@buckinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1324-4875
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D007501:Iron; C490189:Egln1 protein, mouse; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; C572751:ATP13A2 protein, mouse; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases; C007740:fluorexon
keywords: ATP13A2; MPTP; Parkinson's disease; iron; prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes; transgenic mice
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