title: Lineage-specific evolutionary rate in plants: Contributions of a screening for Cereus (Cactaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Predictable chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences have been listed for the shallowest taxonomic studies in plants. We investigated whether plastid regions that vary between closely allied species could be applied for intraspecific studies and compared the variation of these plastid segments with two nuclear regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 16 plastid and two nuclear intronic regions for species of the genus Cereus (Cactaceae) at three hierarchical levels (species from different clades, species of the same clade, and allopatric populations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten plastid regions presented interspecific variation, and six of them showed variation at the intraspecific level. The two nuclear regions showed both inter- and intraspecific variation, and in general they showed higher levels of variability in almost all hierarchical levels than the plastid segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest no correspondence between variation of plastid regions at the interspecific and intraspecific level, probably due to lineage-specific variation in cpDNA, which appears to have less effect in nuclear data. Despite the heterogeneity in evolutionary rates of cpDNA, we highlight three plastid segments that may be considered in initial screenings in plant phylogeographic studies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romeiro-Brito
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniela C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zappi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Franco
keywords: Cactaceae; Cereus; cpDNA; evolutionary rate heterogeneity; isi1; nDNA; nhx1
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