title: Non-invasive Brain Stimulation and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: New Techniques and Future Directions.
abstract: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are the experience of hearing a voice in the absence of any speaker. Results from recent attempts to treat AVHs with neurostimulation (rTMS or tDCS) to the left temporoparietal junction have not been conclusive, but suggest that it may be a promising treatment option for some individuals. Some evidence suggests that the therapeutic effect of neurostimulation on AVHs may result from modulation of cortical areas involved in the ability to monitor the source of self-generated information. Here, we provide a brief overview of cognitive models and neurostimulation paradigms associated with treatment of AVHs, and discuss techniques that could be explored in the future to improve the efficacy of treatment, including alternating current and random noise stimulation. Technical issues surrounding the use of neurostimulation as a treatment option are discussed (including methods to localize the targeted cortical area, and the state-dependent effects of brain stimulation), as are issues surrounding the acceptability of neurostimulation for adolescent populations and individuals who experience qualitatively different types of AVH.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: Science Laboratories, Department of Psychology, Durham University Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alderson-Day
authors.affiliation: Science Laboratories, Department of Psychology, Durham University Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-9193, SCA-Lab & CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, CURE Platform, Lille University Lille, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jardri
authors.affiliation: Science Laboratories, Department of Psychology, Durham University Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernyhough
keywords: hallucinations; neuronavigation; neurostimulation; state dependency; transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS); transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS); transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS)
references.citation: Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 20;2:e189
references.pmid: 23168989
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2015 Jul 28;6:1071
references.pmid: 26283997
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;51(9):947-9
references.pmid: 22917208
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012 May 19;367(1594):1338-49
references.pmid: 22492751
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2014 Jul;40 Suppl 4:S275-84
references.pmid: 24936087
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 3;29(22):7271-7
references.pmid: 19494149
references.citation: Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):511-29
references.pmid: 20714075
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;24(6):533-40
references.pmid: 21941181
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Jul 19;55(2):187-99
references.pmid: 17640522
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Dec;37(10 Pt 2):2794-805
references.pmid: 24125858
references.citation: Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2011 Oct;21(5):602-17
references.pmid: 21819181
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Sep;37(8):1702-12
references.pmid: 23827785
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 May 15;73(10):1008-14
references.pmid: 23485015
references.citation: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001 Spring;11(1):69-75
references.pmid: 11322748
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2009 Jun;18(2):449-57
references.pmid: 19201210
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2012 Jan;216(1):1-10
references.pmid: 21989847
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jun 30;127(1-2):9-17
references.pmid: 15261700
references.citation: Behav Cogn Psychother. 2009 May;37(3):325-34
references.pmid: 19371459
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2014 Jan;40(1):231-5
references.pmid: 23267192
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jul;33(4):848-52
references.pmid: 17567628
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2013 May;146(1-3):372-3
references.pmid: 23517664
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2014 Jan;125(1):77-82
references.pmid: 23831184
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):175-91
references.pmid: 17884165
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2007 Jun;16(2):391-9
references.pmid: 16464616
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2015 Mar-Apr;8(2):269-76
references.pmid: 25464828
references.citation: J ECT. 2005 Jun;21(2):88-95
references.pmid: 15905749
references.citation: Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;23(5):445-53
references.pmid: 22200134
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2015 Feb;161(2-3):515-6
references.pmid: 25468175
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2009 Jul 20;10:85
references.pmid: 19619324
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1995 Oct 2;6(14):1853-6
references.pmid: 8547583
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2015 Mar 27;6:323
references.pmid: 25870572
references.citation: Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;2(4):323-31
references.pmid: 26360085
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Sep;263(6):475-84
references.pmid: 22983355
references.citation: Front Psychiatry. 2013 Dec 18;4:158
references.pmid: 24391599
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jul 15;76(2):101-10
references.pmid: 24315551
references.citation: Cortex. 2015 Aug;69:152-65
references.pmid: 26073146
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Nov 01;5(11):e13766
references.pmid: 21072168
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2011 Feb;125(2-3):136-42
references.pmid: 21147519
references.citation: Brain. 2003 Dec;126(Pt 12):2710-25
references.pmid: 12937071
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1996 Jan;26(1):177-89
references.pmid: 8643757
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul 15;58(2):97-104
references.pmid: 15936729
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jul 1;46(1):130-2
references.pmid: 10394483
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2001 Jun;23(4):343-6
references.pmid: 11428513
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2008 Dec;12(12):447-54
references.pmid: 18951833
references.citation: J Child Neurol. 2001 Dec;16(12):891-4
references.pmid: 11785502
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Nov;121(11):1908-14
references.pmid: 20471313
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Aug;115(8):1730-9
references.pmid: 15261851
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2015 Mar-Apr;8(2):253-9
references.pmid: 25465291
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jul 30;188(2):203-7
references.pmid: 21186062
references.citation: J Ment Health. 2011 Jun;20(3):281-92
references.pmid: 21574793
references.citation: J Physiol. 2000 Sep 15;527 Pt 3:633-9
references.pmid: 10990547
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2005 Sep 15;136(2-3):189-200
references.pmid: 16125789
references.citation: Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016 Jan;11(1):110-20
references.pmid: 26197805
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;168(8):853-4
references.pmid: 21813497
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 15;63(8):736-43
references.pmid: 17981264
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2013 Nov;6(6):959-65
references.pmid: 23849715
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2008 Jul;1(3):206-23
references.pmid: 20633386
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2015 Jul;74:108-19
references.pmid: 25637226
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Oct 30;33(44):17483-9
references.pmid: 24174681
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Mar;25(6):1874-81
references.pmid: 17408427
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2006;7(2):119-22
references.pmid: 16684685
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2006 May;84(1):185-6
references.pmid: 16624530
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 1;69(5):450-6
references.pmid: 21144499
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2014 Sep;62:202-8
references.pmid: 25107678
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Oct 26;31(43):15416-23
references.pmid: 22031888
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2011 Jan;79(1):55-63
references.pmid: 20713096
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 16;376(3):177-81
references.pmid: 15721217
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):100-13
references.pmid: 20087360
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;169(7):719-24
references.pmid: 22581236
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 24;28(52):14147-55
references.pmid: 19109497
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jun;38(4):724-33
references.pmid: 22499783
references.citation: Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29(5):311-20
references.pmid: 21697590
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2012 Jul;5(3):175-95
references.pmid: 22037126
references.citation: Neuron. 1999 Sep;24(1):49-65, 111-25
references.pmid: 10677026
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2014 Oct;159(1):251-2
references.pmid: 25129852
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2007 Jul;93(1-3):406-8
references.pmid: 17478084
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2010 May;40(5):741-8
references.pmid: 19719896
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(4):415-9
references.pmid: 11164880
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2013 Dec;43(12):2465-75
references.pmid: 23282942
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2010 May;36(3):566-75
references.pmid: 18820262
references.citation: Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(4):499-510
references.pmid: 20714074
references.citation: Brain Struct Funct. 2015 Jan;220(1):407-18
references.pmid: 24185461
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2014 Nov-Dec;7(6):807-12
references.pmid: 25245591
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;165(11):1490-1
references.pmid: 18981081
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2015 Feb;15(2):145-67
references.pmid: 25547149
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Mar 15;71(6):e15-6
references.pmid: 22071532
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 May;67(5):507-16
references.pmid: 20439832
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2015 Jan;66:213-36
references.pmid: 25448853
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2011 Nov;36(6):366-74
references.pmid: 21791169
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 1;67(3):232-7
references.pmid: 19846064
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Feb 11;8:55
references.pmid: 24574995
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2011 Oct;23(10):2892-904
references.pmid: 20946054
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 May 08;9:257
references.pmid: 26005411
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2014 Nov;30:142-55
references.pmid: 25286243
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jan;42(1):250-7
references.pmid: 26221051
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2015 Sep;141(5):931-65
references.pmid: 26011789
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2005 Nov-Dec;58(2-3):179-89
references.pmid: 16137779
references.citation: Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2006 Jan;11(1):65-83
references.pmid: 16537234
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2012 Sep;140(1-3):59-64
references.pmid: 22796149
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2008 Mar 28;1:6
references.pmid: 18958220
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 15;73(6):518-24
references.pmid: 22840762
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;167(4):427-35
references.pmid: 20123912
references.citation: Brain Stimul. 2014 Nov-Dec;7(6):813-6
references.pmid: 25442152
references.citation: Neuroscientist. 2011 Feb;17(1):37-53
references.pmid: 21343407
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;12(4):320
references.pmid: 17389898
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41149
references.pmid: 22844436
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2015 Dec 21;6:1933
references.pmid: 26733919
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Sep 19;419(6904):269-70
references.pmid: 12239558
references.citation: Br J Clin Psychol. 1985 Sep;24 ( Pt 3):159-69
references.pmid: 4052663
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;168(1):73-81
references.pmid: 20952459
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2012 Dec;142(1-3):40-5
references.pmid: 23031191
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;71(8):992-9
references.pmid: 20051219
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2014 Feb 3;24(3):333-9
references.pmid: 24461998
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;164(3):458-66
references.pmid: 17329471
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 24;31(34):12165-70
references.pmid: 21865459
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2009 Oct;114(1-3):172-9
references.pmid: 19679450
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2014 Jul;40 Suppl 4:S255-64
references.pmid: 24936085
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 May;111(5):800-5
references.pmid: 10802449
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Oct 1;50(7):540-9
references.pmid: 11600107
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jun;38(4):704-14
references.pmid: 22368234