title: Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: A critical review of the state-of-the-art, current prospects, and future challenges.
abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been defined as a prototypical non-inflammatory arthropathy, but today there is compelling evidence to suggest that it has an inflammatory component. Many recent studies have shown the presence of synovitis in a large number of patients with OA and demonstrated a direct association between joint inflammation and the progression of OA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, matrix degrading enzymes and biomechanical stress are major factors responsible for the progression of OA in synovial joints. The aim of this review is to discuss the significance of a wide range of implicated inflammatory mediators and their contribution to the progression of OA. We also discuss some of the currently available guidelines, practices, and prospects. In addition, this review argues for new innovation in methodologies and instrumentation for the non-invasive detection of inflammation in OA by modern imaging techniques. We propose that identifying early inflammatory events and targeting these alterations will help to ameliorate the major symptoms such as inflammation and pain in OA patients.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), P.O. Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.affiliation: The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, The APPROACH Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Consortium, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mobasheri
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), P.O. Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mozafari.masoud@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mozafari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013585:Synovitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Cartilage; Inflammatory mediators; Osteoarthritis; Synovitis; Synovium