title: The influence of electrodialytic remediation on dioxin (PCDD/PCDF) levels in fly ash and air pollution control residues.
abstract: Fly ash and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues collected from three municipal solid waste incinerators in Denmark and Greenland were treated by electrodialytic remediation at pilot scale for 8-10 h. This work presents for the first time the effect of electrodialytic treatment on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and how these levels impact on the valorization options for fly ash and APC residue. PCDD/PCDF levels in the original residues ranged between 4.85 and 197 ng g(-1), being higher for the electrostatic precipitator fly ash. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) varied ten fold, ranging 0.18-2.0 ng g(-1) I-TEQ, with penta and hexa-homologs being most significant for toxicity. After the electrodialytic treatment PCDD/PCDF levels increased in the residues (between 1.4 and 2.0 times). This does not mean PCDD/PCDF were synthesized, but else that soluble materials dissolve, leaving behind the non-water soluble compounds, such as PCDD/PCDF. According to the Basel Convention, PCDD/PCDF levels in these materials is low (<15 μg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)) and the fly ash and APC residue could eventually be valorized, for instance as construction material, provided end-of-waste criteria are set and that a risk assessment of individual options is carried out, including the end-of-life stage when the materials become waste again.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade (CERNAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601, Coimbra, Portugal; Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: celia@esac.pt.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dias-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gunvor M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kirkelund
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pernille E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D060729:Coal Ash / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003252:Construction Materials; D003718:Denmark; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006116:Greenland; D017745:Incineration; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D060729:Coal Ash; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: APC residues; Dioxins; Electrokinetic; Fly ash; PCDD; PCDF