title: Differential contributions of porcine bocavirus NP1 protein N- and C-terminal regions to its nuclear localization and immune regulation.
abstract: Porcine bocavirus (PBoV), a newly identified parvovirus in the family Parvoviridae, has been reported worldwide in swine with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, respiratory disease or diarrhoea and in asymptomatic swine. NP1 is a protein unique to the genus Bocavirus and its function is not fully understood. In this study, we show that the N-terminal region of PBoV NP1 contains two classical nuclear localization signals (cNLSs) and a non-classical NLS. The N-terminal region also inhibits the promoter activity of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element activity the same as full-length NP1 protein, but the PBoV NP1 C-terminal region does not. PBoV NP1 also induces NFκB activation by increasing the phosphorylation of p65, and we demonstrate that the C-terminal region (aa 168-218) is responsible for the induction of NFκB, although the cNLS region of NP1 enhances this activation. The data suggest that PBoV NP1 contains two functionally independent domains in its N- and C-terminal regions. Thus, the N-terminal region of PBoV NP1 is critical for its nuclear localization and IFN-related promoter inhibition, and the C-terminal region is critical for its induction of NFκB.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Ruoxi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Liurong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Kaimei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Songlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Huanchun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PRChina.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production,Wuhan 430070, PRChina.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D052660:Bocavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals