title: In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo efficacy of hydrated clays on Mycobacterium ulcerans growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a localized skin lesion that can progress to extensive ulceration and necrosis if left untreated. Unpublished studies of hydrated clays for therapeutic, topical treatment of Buruli ulcer suggest that specific clay mineral products may have beneficial effects on wound healing. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of a panel of clay mixtures and their derivative leachates against M. ulcerans and assessed the in vivo efficacy of topically-applied, hydrated clays on Buruli ulcer progression in mice infected with M. ulcerans.
  
  
  METHODS
  M. ulcerans 1615 was incubated with 10% suspensions of CB07, CB08, CB09, CB10, and BY07 clay mixtures, and survival was determined over 28 days. For animal experiments, we examined the effect of topical hydrated clay therapy on Buruli ulcer progression in vivo in mouse tails subcutaneously infected with M. ulcerans 1615.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CB07, CB08, and CB09 clays exhibited bactericidal activity against M. ulcerans after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of incubation. In contrast, clay leachates exhibited inhibitory, bacteriostatic effects on M. ulcerans growth in vitro. After establishing an ulcerative M. ulcerans infection for three months, ulcerated regions of the tails were treated once daily (five consecutive days per week) for 22 days with hydrated CB09 clay poultices. Mice in the clay treatment group exhibited healing as assessed by gross morphological changes and a reduction in M. ulcerans present in the wounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data reveal that specific clays exhibit in vitro bactericidal activity against M. ulcerans and that hydrated clay poultices may offer a complementary and integrative strategy for topically treating Buruli ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: Biodesign Institute Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Sarojini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adusumilli
authors.affiliation: Biodesign Institute Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. Shelley.Haydel@asu.edu.|School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. Shelley.Haydel@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Shelley E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Haydel
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054312:Buruli Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077215:Clay; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019911:Mycobacterium ulcerans / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000077215:Clay
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