title: Exploration of over the counter sales of antibiotics in community pharmacies of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: pharmacy professionals' perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the counter sale of antibiotics is a global problem and it is increasingly recognized as a source of antibiotic misuse and is believed to increase treatment costs, adverse effects of treatment and emergence of resistance. The increasing trend of over the counter sale of antibiotics in Ethiopia calls for exploration of why such dispensing is practiced. This study aims to explore reasons for over the counter sale of antibiotics in the community pharmacies of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted in five randomly selected community pharmacies of Addis Ababa. One pharmacy professional from each pharmacy were interviewed at the spot using semi-structured, open-ended interview checklist. Besides, observation of professionals' dispensing practice was made for at least one hour in the same community pharmacies using an observation checklist. Findings were categorized into specific themes that were developed following the objectives. This was facilitated by use of OpenCode 3.6 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants pointed out that antibiotics were frequently dispensed without prescription and contend that the trend of such dispensing has been increasing. The findings indicated that the nonprescription sales of antibiotics were common for Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole. The poor, less educated and younger groups of the population were reported to frequently request antibiotics without prescription. The main reasons for nonprescription sale of antibiotics by pharmacy professionals were found to be related to pharmacy owner's influence to maximize revenue, customer's pressure, weak regulatory mechanism and professional conflicts of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that nonprescription sale of antibiotics was common practice at least in Addis Ababa. The main reasons for this malpractice were the need to maximize revenue and weak regulatory mechanism. Hence, strong regulatory enforcement and community awareness campaign is called for to limit nonprescription sale of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Gebremedhin Beedemariam
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Gebretekle
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P .O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Mirgissa Kaba
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Serbessa
keywords: Addis Ababa; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Community pharmacy; Ethiopia; Nonprescription sale; Over the counter
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