title: Arsenic (III, V), indium (III), and gallium (III) toxicity to zebrafish embryos using a high-throughput multi-endpoint in vivo developmental and behavioral assay.
abstract: Gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and other III/V materials are finding increasing application in microelectronic components. The rising demand for III/V-based products is leading to increasing generation of effluents containing ionic species of gallium, indium, and arsenic. The ecotoxicological hazard potential of these streams is unknown. While the toxicology of arsenic is comprehensive, much less is known about the effects of In(III) and Ga(III). The embryonic zebrafish was evaluated for mortality, developmental abnormalities, and photomotor response (PMR) behavior changes associated with exposure to As(III), As(V), Ga(III), and In(III). The As(III) lowest observable effect level (LOEL) for mortality was 500 μM at 24 and 120 h post fertilization (hpf). As(V) exposure was associated with significant mortality at 63 μM. The Ga(III)-citrate LOEL was 113 μM at 24 and 120 hpf. There was no association of significant mortality over the tested range of In(III)-citrate (56-900 μM) or sodium citrate (213-3400 μM) exposures. Only As(V) resulted in significant developmental abnormalities with LOEL of 500 μM. Removal of the chorion prior to As(III) and As(V) exposure was associated with increased incidence of mortality and developmental abnormality suggesting that the chorion may normally attenuate mass uptake of these metals by the embryo. Finally, As(III), As(V), and In(III) caused PMR hypoactivity (49-69% of control PMR) at 900-1000 μM. Overall, our results represent the first characterization of multidimensional toxicity effects of III/V ions in zebrafish embryos helping to fill a significant knowledge gap, particularly in Ga(III) and In(III) toxicology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonich
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tanguay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Electronic address: rsierra@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Reyes
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sierra-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005708:Gallium / Q000633:toxicity*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D007204:Indium / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D018053:Arsenites; D007204:Indium; C020758:indium trichloride; C034163:gallium chloride; D005708:Gallium
keywords: Arsenic; Ecotoxicity; Gallium; III/V materials; Indium; Zebrafish
references.citation: Green Chem. 2013 Apr 1;15(4):872-880
references.pmid: 23772181
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 2003 Nov 1;145(1):1-18
references.pmid: 12962969
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2014 Jan;137(1):212-33
references.pmid: 24136191
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Jun;60(6):931-5
references.pmid: 9606272
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;153(1):91-8
references.pmid: 20869464
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014 Jan;33(1):11-7
references.pmid: 24307630
references.citation: Reprod Toxicol. 2012 Apr;33(2):128-32
references.pmid: 21726626
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2014 Dec;157:134-40
references.pmid: 25456227
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 Dec 1;45(19):6515-24
references.pmid: 22018817
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005 Aug;75(2):356-60
references.pmid: 16222510
references.citation: Biol Res. 2014;47:13
references.pmid: 25027256
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Oct 7;48(19):11679-87
references.pmid: 25188630
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2007 Nov 15;387(1-3):155-65
references.pmid: 17804041
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2003 Dec;53(8):877-82
references.pmid: 14505709
references.citation: Front Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 24;5:153
references.pmid: 25104936
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Jun;24(6):1505-7
references.pmid: 16117128
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;150(3):337-42
references.pmid: 19501674
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):498-503
references.pmid: 23594743
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Feb 19;91(3):229-37
references.pmid: 19110324
references.citation: Environ Health Toxicol. 2014 Dec 10;29:e2014021
references.pmid: 25518841
references.citation: Arch Toxicol. 2016 Jun;90(6):1459-70
references.pmid: 26126630