title: Drinkers' memory bias for alcohol picture cues in explicit and implicit memory tasks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol cues can bias attention and elicit emotional reactions, especially in drinkers. Yet, little is known about how alcohol cues affect explicit and implicit memory processes, and how memory for alcohol cues is affected by acute alcohol intoxication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adult participants (N=161) were randomly assigned to alcohol, placebo, or control beverage conditions. Following beverage consumption, they were shown neutral, emotional and alcohol-related pictures cues. Participants then completed free recall and repetition priming tasks to test explicit and implicit memory, respectively, for picture cues. Average blood alcohol concentration for the alcohol group was 74±13mg/dl when memory testing began. Two mixed linear model analyses were conducted to examine the effects of beverage condition, picture cue type, and their interaction on explicit and implicit memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Picture cue type and beverage condition each significantly affected explicit recall of picture cues, whereas only picture cue type significantly influenced repetition priming. Individuals in the alcohol condition recalled significantly fewer pictures than those in other conditions, regardless of cue type. Both free recall and repetition priming were greater for emotional and alcohol-related cues compared to neutral picture cues. No interaction effects were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adult drinkers showed enhanced explicit and implicit memory processing of alcohol cues compared to emotionally neutral cues. This enhanced processing for alcohol cues was on par with that seen for positive emotional cues. Acute alcohol intoxication did not alter this preferential memory processing for alcohol cues over neutral cues.
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States. Electronic address: ttn045@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Tam T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Louie
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States. Electronic address: jbuckman@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Buckman
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States. Electronic address: shmita@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Suchismita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States. Electronic address: mebates@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Marsha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology*; D001628:Beverages; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D060865:Repetition Priming / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Cue reactivity; Emotion; Free recall; Intoxication; Repetition priming
references.citation: Addiction. 1999 Mar;94(3):327-40
references.pmid: 10605857
references.citation: Addiction. 2001 Aug;96(8):1175-85
references.pmid: 11487423
references.citation: Addict Behav. 2007 Jul;32(7):1367-83
references.pmid: 17125932
references.citation: Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;3:179-95
references.pmid: 21161753
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 2001 Jul;108(3):483-522
references.pmid: 11488376
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2001 Sep 1;5(9):394-400
references.pmid: 11520704
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2013 Nov 26;4:863
references.pmid: 24324449
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1994 Aug;32(8):903-21
references.pmid: 7969866
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;182(2):305-17
references.pmid: 16160875
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Sep;29(9):1672-6
references.pmid: 16205367
references.citation: Psychol Addict Behav. 2013 Mar;27(1):32-41
references.pmid: 22732051
references.citation: Behav Res Ther. 1995 Sep;33(7):755-70
references.pmid: 7677713
references.citation: Behav Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;15(2):111-21
references.pmid: 15096911
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Aug;157(1):67-74
references.pmid: 11512045
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Nov;66(2):117-9
references.pmid: 119253
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;65(4):466-75
references.pmid: 18391135
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1991;29(12):1205-12
references.pmid: 1791932
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2003 Oct;7(10):431-3
references.pmid: 14550485
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994 Jun;18(3):695-701
references.pmid: 7943678
references.citation: Addiction. 1998 Oct;93(10):1539-42
references.pmid: 9926558
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 1991 Dec;6(4):647-60
references.pmid: 1777154
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2008 Mar;44(2):481-95
references.pmid: 18331138
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2003 Jan;17(1):161-70
references.pmid: 12597085
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2006 Mar;60(2):118-27
references.pmid: 16377048
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jan;7(1):54-64
references.pmid: 16371950
references.citation: J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;25(1):49-59
references.pmid: 7962581
references.citation: Psychol Addict Behav. 2004 Jun;18(2):148-59
references.pmid: 15238057
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1988 May;97(2):133-52
references.pmid: 3290304
references.citation: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Aug;5(3):242-50
references.pmid: 9260071
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Aug 1;141:149-52
references.pmid: 24880693
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 1999 Apr;13(2):282-90
references.pmid: 10353377
references.citation: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 May;12(2):118-25
references.pmid: 15122956
references.citation: Addict Behav. 2013 Mar;38(3):1687-90
references.pmid: 23254219
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007 Jan;26(1):25-31
references.pmid: 17364833
references.citation: Science. 1969 Mar 21;163(3873):1358-60
references.pmid: 5774177
references.citation: Am Psychol. 1990 Sep;45(9):1043-56
references.pmid: 2221571
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 1992 Nov;29(6):742-50
references.pmid: 1461961
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 May;35(3):757-79
references.pmid: 19379048
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1992 Aug;101(3):581-6
references.pmid: 1500617
references.citation: Behav Res Ther. 2000 Apr;38(4):319-45
references.pmid: 10761279
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013 Oct;19(9):953-61
references.pmid: 24007950
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012 Sep;73(5):718-25
references.pmid: 22846235
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Sep;175(3):296-302
references.pmid: 15127179
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;161(10):1783-9
references.pmid: 15465974
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1996 Apr;6(2):237-42
references.pmid: 8725966
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Dec 1;68(3):237-43
references.pmid: 12393218
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 1995 Dec;4(4):410-21
references.pmid: 8750416
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1997 Sep;23(5):1083-105
references.pmid: 9293623
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Oct;176(1):88-93
references.pmid: 15071718
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 1986 Mar;14(2):181-8
references.pmid: 3724449
references.citation: Neuropsychol Rev. 2012 Jun;22(2):132-53
references.pmid: 22592661
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 2002 Dec;17(4):636-52
references.pmid: 12507360
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000 Apr;25(3):213-38
references.pmid: 10737694
references.citation: Behav Res Ther. 2001 Apr;39(4):373-93
references.pmid: 11280338
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 2000 Jan;61(1):18-23
references.pmid: 10627092
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;60(7):727-35
references.pmid: 12860777
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Feb;29(2):393-402
references.pmid: 14679386
references.citation: Addiction. 2015 Sep;110(9):1421-8
references.pmid: 25732875
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2007 Feb;116(1):43-55
references.pmid: 17324015
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1993 Sep-Dec;18(3):247-91
references.pmid: 8401595
references.citation: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Nov;7(4):372-8
references.pmid: 10609972
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Sep 1;97(1-2):1-20
references.pmid: 18479844