title: Willingness-to-Pay for Community-Based Health Insurance among Informal Workers in Urban Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reliance on out-of-pocket payment for healthcare may lead poor households to undertake catastrophic health expenditure, and risk-pooling mechanisms have been recommended to mitigate such burdens for households in Bangladesh. About 88% of the population of Bangladesh depends on work in the informal sector. We aimed to estimate willingness-to-pay (WTP) for CBHI and identify its determinants among three categories of urban informal workers rickshaw-pullers, shopkeepers and restaurant workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bidding game version of contingent valuation method was used to estimate weekly WTP. In three urban locations 557 workers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during 2010 and 2011. Multiple-regression analysis was used to predict WTP by demographic and household characteristics, occupation, education level and past illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WTP for a CBHI scheme was expressed by 86.7% of informal workers. Weekly average WTP was 22.8 BDT [Bangladeshi Taka; 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.9-24.8] or 0.32 USD and varied significantly across occupational groups (p = 0.000) and locations (p = 0.003). WTP was highest among rickshaw-pullers (28.2 BDT or 0.40 USD; 95% CI: 24.7-31.7), followed by restaurant workers (20.4 BDT 0.29 USD; 95% CI: 17.0-23.8) and shopkeepers (19.2 BDT or 0.27 USD; 95% CI: 16.1-22.4). Multiple regression analysis identified monthly income, occupation, geographical location and educational level as the key determinants of WTP. WTP increased 0.196% with each 1% increase in monthly income, and was 26.9% lower among workers with up to a primary level of education versus those with higher than primary, but less than one year of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Informal workers in urban areas thus are willing to pay for CBHI and socioeconomic differences explain the magnitude of WTP. The policy maker might think introducing community-based model including public-community partnership model for healthcare financing of informal workers. Decision making regarding the implementation of such schemes should consider worker location and occupation.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.|Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sayem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Enamul
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abdur Razzaque
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Marufa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ziaul
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Rukhsana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gazi
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.|Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|James P Grant School of Public health, BRAC University and International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.|Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jahangir A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D002947:Cities; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics
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