title: Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by bacterial genus Pseudomonas.
abstract: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus pesticide commonly used in agriculture. It is noxious to a variety of organisms that include living soil biota along with beneficial arthropods, fish, birds, humans, animals, and plants. Exposure to chlorpyrifos may cause detrimental effects as delayed seedling emergence, fruit deformities, and abnormal cell division. Contamination of chlorpyrifos has been found about 24 km from the site of its application. There are many physico-chemical and biological approaches to remove organophosphorus pesticides from the ecosystem, among them most promising is biodegradation. The 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) as primary products are made when chlorpyrifos is degraded by soil microorganisms which further break into nontoxic metabolites as CO(2), H(2)O, and NH(3). Pseudomonas is a diversified genus possessing a series of catabolic pathways and enzymes involved in pesticide degradation. Pseudomonas putida MAS-1 is reported to be more efficient in chlorpyrifos degradation by a rate of 90% in 24 h among Pseudomonas genus. The current review analyzed the comparative potential of bacterial species in Pseudomonas genus for degradation of chlorpyrifos thus, expressing an ecofriendly approach for the treatment of environmental contaminants like pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Razia Alam
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gilani
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mazhar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafique
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Farooq Hussain
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Munis
authors.affiliation: College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafiq Ur
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hassan Javed
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000378:metabolism*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D063086:Organothiophosphates; D010575:Pesticides; D011728:Pyridones; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041609:O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate; C012587:3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; D000641:Ammonia; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Biodegradation; Chlorpyrifos; Organophosphorus; Pseudomonas