title: Epidemiology of urethral strictures.
abstract: Urethral stricture disease is relatively common and is associated with a significant financial cost and potentially debilitating outcomes. Understanding urethral stricture epidemiology is important to identify risk factors associated with the etiology or progression of the disease. This understanding may lead to better treatments and preventative measures that could ameliorate disease severity, produce better health outcomes, and reduce expenditures. We performed a comprehensive review of urethral stricture disease based on available published case series, identified gaps in knowledge of this disease, and recommend future directions for research.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ; 2 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alwaal
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ; 2 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Blaschko
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ; 2 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McAninch
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ; 2 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Benjamin N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Breyer
keywords: Urethral stricture; epidemiology; trauma
references.citation: J Urol. 2009 Sep;182(3):983-7
references.pmid: 19616805
references.citation: Urology. 2013 Jan;81(1):191-6
references.pmid: 23153951
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 Aug;178(2):529-34; discussion 534
references.pmid: 17570425
references.citation: Int Braz J Urol. 2011 May-Jun;37(3):362-9; discussion 369-70
references.pmid: 21756384
references.citation: BJU Int. 2000 Sep;86(4):459-65
references.pmid: 10971272
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 Oct 14;302(14):1557-64
references.pmid: 19826025
references.citation: J Pediatr Urol. 2007 Feb;3(1):32-5
references.pmid: 18947695
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2268-76
references.pmid: 17936829
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1999 Feb;17(2):517-22
references.pmid: 10080594
references.citation: J Trauma. 2009 Nov;67(5):1033-9
references.pmid: 19901665
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Apr;173(4):1206-10
references.pmid: 15758749
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Mar;32(3):393-416; quiz 417-8
references.pmid: 7868709
references.citation: J Urol. 1997 Jan;157(1):98-101
references.pmid: 8976225
references.citation: BMC Urol. 2010 Feb 18;10:3
references.pmid: 20167087
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 May 22;353(9166):1777-83
references.pmid: 10348006
references.citation: J Urol. 1977 Jun;117(6):722-4
references.pmid: 559782
references.citation: Urol Clin North Am. 2013 Aug;40(3):393-401
references.pmid: 23905937
references.citation: J Pediatr Urol. 2012 Jun;8(3):234-9
references.pmid: 21764640
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 May;177(5):1667-74
references.pmid: 17437780
references.citation: J Urol. 2000 Mar;163(3):858-64
references.pmid: 10687992
references.citation: Urol J. 2005 Spring;2(2):86-8
references.pmid: 17629876
references.citation: Urology. 2001 Apr;57(4):742-6
references.pmid: 11306394
references.citation: J Urol. 1979 Apr;121(4):455-7
references.pmid: 439217
references.citation: Urology. 2012 Feb;79(2):449-57
references.pmid: 22196405
references.citation: Urology. 2005 Jun;65(6):1055-8
references.pmid: 15913734
references.citation: BJU Int. 2013 Oct;112(6):830-4
references.pmid: 23253867
references.citation: Cancer. 2004 Aug 15;101(4):754-60
references.pmid: 15305406
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Nov;54(5):1031-41
references.pmid: 18715692
references.citation: Brachytherapy. 2013 Jan-Feb;12(1):50-5
references.pmid: 22561217
references.citation: Int Urol Nephrol. 2011 Dec;43(4):969-74
references.pmid: 21442395
references.citation: East Afr Med J. 1998 Oct;75(10):582-5
references.pmid: 10065192