title: Biological Nanomotors with a Revolution, Linear, or Rotation Motion Mechanism.
abstract: The ubiquitous biological nanomotors were classified into two categories in the past: linear and rotation motors. In 2013, a third type of biomotor, revolution without rotation (http://rnanano.osu.edu/movie.html), was discovered and found to be widespread among bacteria, eukaryotic viruses, and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages. This review focuses on recent findings about various aspects of motors, including chirality, stoichiometry, channel size, entropy, conformational change, and energy usage rate, in a variety of well-studied motors, including FoF1 ATPase, helicases, viral dsDNA-packaging motors, bacterial chromosome translocases, myosin, kinesin, and dynein. In particular, dsDNA translocases are used to illustrate how these features relate to the motion mechanism and how nature elegantly evolved a revolution mechanism to avoid coiling and tangling during lengthy dsDNA genome transportation in cell division. Motor chirality and channel size are two factors that distinguish rotation motors from revolution motors. Rotation motors use right-handed channels to drive the right-handed dsDNA, similar to the way a nut drives the bolt with threads in same orientation; revolution motors use left-handed motor channels to revolve the right-handed dsDNA. Rotation motors use small channels (<2 nm in diameter) for the close contact of the channel wall with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or the 2-nm dsDNA bolt; revolution motors use larger channels (>3 nm) with room for the bolt to revolve. Binding and hydrolysis of ATP are linked to different conformational entropy changes in the motor that lead to altered affinity for the substrate and allow work to be done, for example, helicase unwinding of DNA or translocase directional movement of DNA.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Nanobiotechnology Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA guo.1091@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Peixuan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noji
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yengo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Nanobiotechnology Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grainge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004398:Dyneins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005407:Flagella / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D016547:Kinesins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009218:Myosins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012399:Rotation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; D004265:DNA Helicases; D009218:Myosins; D004398:Dyneins; D016547:Kinesins
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