title: The Current and Future Therapies for Human Osteosarcoma.
abstract: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic malignant tumor of bone in adults and children. As sarcomas are more common in adolescents and young adults than most other forms of cancer, there are a significant number of years of life lost secondary to these malignancies. OS is associated with a poor prognosis secondary to a high grade at presentation, resistance to chemotherapy and a propensity to metastasize to the lungs. Current OS management involves both chemotherapy and surgery. The incorporation of cytotoxic chemotherapy into therapeutic regimens escalated cure rates from <20% to current levels of 65-75%. Furthermore, limb-salvage surgery is now offered to the majority of OS patients. Despite advances in chemotherapy and surgical techniques over the past three decades, there has been stagnation in patient survival outcome improvement, especially in patients with metastatic OS. Thus, there is a critical need to identify novel and directed therapy for OS. Several Phase I trials for sarcoma therapies currently ongoing or recently completed have shown objective responses in OS. Novel drug delivery mechanisms are currently under phase II and III clinical trials. Furthermore, there is an abundance of preclinical research which holds great promise in the development of future OS-directed therapeutics. Our continuously improving knowledge of the molecular and cell-signaling pathways involved in OS will translate into more effective therapies for OS and ultimately improved patient survival. The present review will provide an overview of current therapies, ongoing clinical trials and therapeutic targets under investigation for OS.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lamplot
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Sahitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denduluri
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics co-designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Ruidong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics co-designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Southwest Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shui
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoji
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics co-designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Guoxin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Liang
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Jinyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Rex C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Haydon
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics co-designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Tong-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Hue H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Luu
keywords: BMP; Bisphosphonates; IGF; IGFBP5; OS99; limb-salvage; osteosarcoma
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