title: In silico analyses of heparin binding proteins expression in human periodontal tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is described as a group of inflammatory diseases of the gingiva and supporting structures of the periodontium. The accumulation of plaque bacteria, which include putative periodontal pathogens, is known to initiate the disease but the host immune response is the major contributing factor for destruction of periodontal tissues. Proteins that bind to heparin heparin-binding protein (HBPs) play important roles in health and disease and interact with each other via networks known as 'heparin interactomes'. This study aimed at evaluating published datasets of HBPs and its role in periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To elucidate the role of HBPs in periodontitis, bioinformatics analyses of published data was used. In silico analyses of published datasets were used to construct a putative HBPs interactome using an online database resource, 'STRING' (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PubMed searches identified 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples. In silico analyses using published datasets revealed 25 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated HBPs in periodontitis. Of these HBPs; chemokines, such as CXCL12 was up regulated where as some of the matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP9) were up-regulated while MMP-14 was down regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that HBP analyses will provide multiple targets for the biological mechanisms underlying periodontal disease (such as MMPs, cytokines and chemokines) that will have important clinical implications in the future drug design and management of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK. bernie111@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lackey
authors.affiliation: NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK. qnunes@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Quentin M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK. s.m.higham@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. dgfernig@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Fernig
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK. S.Valappil@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sabeel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Valappil
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism; D010519:Periodontium / Q000378:metabolism*; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping
chemical_list: C062991:AZU1 protein, human; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins
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