title: Supramolecular Fibers in Gels Can Be at Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A Simple Packing Model Reveals Preferential Fibril Formation versus Crystallization.
abstract: Low molecular weight gelators are able to form nanostructures, typically fibers, which entangle to form gel-phase materials. These materials have wide-ranging applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. While it is known that supramolecular gels often represent metastable structures due to the restricted molecular dynamics in the gel state, the thermodynamic nature of the nanofibrous structure is not well understood. Clearly, 3D extended structures will be able to form more interactions than 1D structures. However, self-assembling molecules are typically amphiphilic, thus giving rise to a combination of solvophobic and solvophilic moieties where a level of solvent exposure at the nanostructure surface is favorable. In this study, we introduce a simple packing model, based on prisms with faces of different nature (solvophobic and solvophilic) and variable interaction parameters, to represent amphiphile self-assembly. This model demonstrates that by tuning shape and "self" or "solvent" interaction parameters either the 1D fiber or 3D crystal may represent the thermodynamic minimum. The model depends on parameters that relate to features of experimentally known systems: the number of faces exposed to the solvent or buried in the fiber; the overall shape of the prism; and the free energy penalties associated with the interactions can be adjusted to match their chemical nature. The model is applied to describe the pH-dependent gelation/precipitation of well-known gelator Fmoc-FF. We conclude that, despite the fact that most experimentally produced gels probably represent metastable states, one-dimensional fibers can represent thermodynamic equilibrium. This conclusion has critical implications for the theoretical treatment of gels.
authors.affiliation: Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
authors.forename: Ivan Ramos
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Sasselli
authors.affiliation: Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Halling
authors.affiliation: Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.|Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) and Hunter College, City University of New York , 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States.
authors.forename: Rein V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Ulijn
authors.affiliation: Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
authors.forename: Tell
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuttle
keywords: amphiphiles; gel; low molecular weight gelators; model; packing; self-assembly; soft-matter; thermodynamics