title: A method for the determination of fullerenes in soil and sediment matrices using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with heated electrospray quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: The increasing production of fullerenes likely means a release of these chemicals in the environment. Since soils and sediments are expected to act as a sink, analytical tools are needed to assess the presence of fullerenes in these matrices. In the present work, a method was developed for the determination of fullerenes at environmental relevant levels employing Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatograph coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Chromatographic separation was achieved with a core-shell biphenyl stationary phase that provided fast analysis with complete baseline separation. Ion Booster Electro Spray Ionization (IB-ESI) resulted in higher ionization efficiency and was much less susceptible to adduct formation in comparison with standard ESI, whereas Quadrupole Time of Flight (QTOF) MS granted high resolution mass spectra used for accurate identification. The Instrumental method limits of detection (ILoD) and quantification (ILoQ) were 6 and 20 fg, respectively, for C60 and 12 and 39 fg, respectively, for C70. Matrix effects related to co-extractants were systematically investigated in soil and sediments extracts through standard addition method (SAM) and monitoring the signal response during the chromatographic run of these samples. Consequently, minor chromatographic modifications were necessary for the analysis of matrices with high organic carbon content. The method limit of detection (MLoD)ranged from 84 pg/kg to 335 pg/kg, whereas limit of quantification (MLoQ) ranged from 279 pg/kg to 1.1 ng/kg. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of functionalized fullerenes (i.e. methanofullerenes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical method for the analysis of fullerenes in soils and sediments that employ core-shell biphenyl stationary phase as well as IB-ESI-QTOF MS hyphenated with UHPLC.
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: A.carboni@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carboni
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helmus
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Dresden University of Technology, Soil Resources and Land Use, Pienner Str. 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalbitz
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Environmental analysis; Fullerenes; HRMS; Matrix effect; UHPLC