title: Microbial glycolipoprotein-capped silver nanoparticles as emerging antibacterial agents against cholera.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the increased number of cholera outbreaks and emergence of multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae strains it has become necessary for the scientific community to devise and develop novel therapeutic approaches against cholera. Recent studies have indicated plausibility of therapeutic application of metal nano-materials. Among these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a potential antimicrobial agent to combat infectious diseases. At present nanoparticles are mostly produced using physical or chemical techniques which are toxic and hazardous. Thus exploitation of microbial systems could be a green eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles having similar or even better antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. Hence, it would be worth to explore the possibility of utilization of microbial silver nanoparticles and their conjugates as potential novel therapeutic agent against infectious diseases like cholera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study attempted utilization of Ochrobactrum rhizosphaerae for the production of AgNPs and focused on investigating their role as antimicrobial agents against cholera. Later the exopolymer, purified from the culture supernatant, was used for the synthesis of spherical shaped AgNPs of around 10 nm size. Further the exopolymer was characterized as glycolipoprotein (GLP). Antibacterial activity of the novel GLP-AgNPs conjugate was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration, XTT reduction assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and growth curve analysis. SEM studies revealed that AgNPs treatment resulted in intracellular contents leakage and cell lysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential of microbially synthesized nanoparticles, as novel therapeutic agents, is still relatively less explored. In fact, the present study first time demonstrated that a glycolipoprotein secreted by the O. rhizosphaerae strain can be exploited for production of AgNPs which can further be employed to treat infectious diseases. Although this type of polymer has been obtained earlier from marine fungi and bacteria, none of these reports have studied the role of this polymer in AgNPs synthesis and its application in cholera therapy. Interestingly, the microbial GLP-capped AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against V. cholerae comparable to ciprofloxacin. Thus the present study may open up new avenues for development of novel therapeutic agents for treatment of infectious diseases. Graphical abstract Development of novel therapeutic agents for treatment of cholera.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. geeta.gahlawat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gahlawat
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. sristyshikha@imtech.res.in.
authors.forename: Sristy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shikha
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. bsbt89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Baldev Singh
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chaddha
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. saumya@imtech.res.in.
authors.forename: Saumya Ray
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. mayil@imtech.res.in.
authors.forename: Shanmugam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayilraj
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. anirban@imtech.res.in.
authors.forename: Anirban Roy
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Choudhury
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002771:Cholera / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013696:Temperature; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001704:Biopolymers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010851:Picrates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012834:Silver; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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