title: Differences in IV alcohol-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum of social drinkers and nontreatment-seeking alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Striatal dopamine (DA) has been implicated in alcohol use disorders, but it is still unclear whether or not alcohol can induce dopamine release in social drinkers. Furthermore, no data exist on dopamine responses to alcohol in dependent drinkers. We sought to characterize the DA responses to alcohol intoxication in moderately large samples of social drinkers (SD) and nontreatment-seeking alcoholics (NTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four SD and twenty-one NTS received two [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) PET scans; one at rest, and one during an intravenous alcohol infusion, with a prescribed ascent to a target breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), at which it was then "clamped." The alcohol clamp was started 5min after scan start, with a linear increase in BrAC over 15min to the target of 80mg%, the legal threshold for intoxication. Target BrAC was maintained for 30min. Voxel-wise binding potential (BPND) was estimated with MRTM2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IV EtOH induced significant increases in DA in the right ventral striatum in NTS, but not SD. No decreases in DA were observed in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol intoxication results in distinct anatomic profiles of DA responses in SD and NTS, suggesting that in NTS, the striatal DA system may process effects of alcohol intoxication differently than in SD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, NB Ste. 414, 320 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: kkyoder@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Karmen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, NB Ste. 414, 320 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, IUSM, GH Ste. 4700, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dzemidzic
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Normandin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, IUSM, 340 W. 10th St., Ste. 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hile
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, IUSM, 340 W. 10th St., Ste. 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Tiebing
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, IUSM, GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Plawecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, IUSM, GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veteran's Administration Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, IUSM, GH Ste. 4700, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Psychiatry, IUSM, GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kareken
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000378:metabolism; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D020891:Raclopride; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D000431:Ethanol; D020891:Raclopride; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Alcohol; Dopamine; Positron emission tomography; Raclopride; Ventral striatum
references.citation: Brain Res. 1997 Nov 21;776(1-2):61-7
references.pmid: 9439796
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Mar;232(5):861-70
references.pmid: 25163422
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003 Sep;23 (9):1096-112
references.pmid: 12973026
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):139-49
references.pmid: 18976347
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Dec;31(12 ):2716-27
references.pmid: 16971900
references.citation: Alcohol. 2004 Oct-Nov;34(2-3):261-71
references.pmid: 15902921
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2004 May;45(5):903-11
references.pmid: 15136642
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Jun 14;26(24):6583-8
references.pmid: 16775146
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Apr;19(8):2352-6
references.pmid: 15090062
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Oct;27(10):1573-82
references.pmid: 14574227
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007 Sep;27(9):1533-9
references.pmid: 17519979
references.citation: Alcohol. 2014 Jun;48(4):327-35
references.pmid: 24835007
references.citation: Addict Behav. 1994 Jan-Feb;19(1):33-9
references.pmid: 8197891
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 May;33(5):938-44
references.pmid: 19320632
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 May 2;27(18):4826-31
references.pmid: 17475790
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1999 Apr;22(4):146-51
references.pmid: 10203849
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;5(1):34-41
references.pmid: 15661623
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1982 Jun;91(3):199-209
references.pmid: 7096790
references.citation: Addict Behav. 1986;11(2):149-61
references.pmid: 3739800
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998 Nov;18(11):1196-210
references.pmid: 9809509
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1994 Mar;55(2):149-58
references.pmid: 8189735
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 15;68(8):689-96
references.pmid: 20678752
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Jun;29(6):965-70
references.pmid: 15976522
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Apr;191(3):391-431
references.pmid: 17072591
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Aug;23(8):1320-30
references.pmid: 10470974
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;16(8):809-17
references.pmid: 20479755
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Jan 1;44(1):243-51
references.pmid: 18834944
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;171(8):881-8
references.pmid: 24874293
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Jun;31(6):965-73
references.pmid: 17428296
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113
references.pmid: 5146491
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Aug;38(9):1617-24
references.pmid: 23588036
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Oct 15;70(8):770-6
references.pmid: 21802658
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jan 3;430(1):38-42
references.pmid: 18060695
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2000;96(4):651-6
references.pmid: 10727783
references.citation: Synapse. 2003 Sep 15;49(4):226-31
references.pmid: 12827641
references.citation: Biomed Signal Process Control. 2007 Apr;2(2):97-110
references.pmid: 18379641
references.citation: Brain Imaging Behav. 2013 Sep;7(3):326-34
references.pmid: 23649848
references.citation: Learn Mem. 2011 Oct 21;18(11):703-11
references.pmid: 22021252
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012 Feb;39(2):220-5
references.pmid: 22009382
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2005 Jun;93(6):1469-81
references.pmid: 15935063
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 15;58(10 ):779-86
references.pmid: 16018986
references.citation: Synapse. 2011 Jul;65(7):553-61
references.pmid: 20963816
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Jan;38(1):126-34
references.pmid: 23919483
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 14;27(46):12700-6
references.pmid: 18003850
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Apr;24(4):426-7
references.pmid: 10798577
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Mar;23(5):1332-40
references.pmid: 16553794
references.citation: Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1164-6
references.pmid: 11498597
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;63(7):808-16
references.pmid: 16818870
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015 Mar;35(3):424-31
references.pmid: 25492110