title: Serum palmitoleate acts as a lipokine in subjects at high cardiometabolic risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical data on the role as a lipokine of de novo lipogenesis-derived palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7cis) in serum non-esterified fatty acids (palmitoleate) are scarce. We aimed to assess whether palmitoleate relates to cardiometabolic risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cross-sectional study we included 358 individuals aged 30-65-years at high cardiovascular risk. We tested the association of palmitoleate (determined by gas chromatography) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components (defined by ATPIII criteria), fatty liver index (a surrogate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]), and subclinical atherosclerosis (determined as ultrasound-measured carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness). Palmitoleate concentration was higher in women compared with men (median ± range interquartile, 1.36 ± 0.96 vs. 0.97 ± 0.77 μmol/L respectively, P < 0.001). In both genders palmitoleate concentration was associated with a higher prevalence of MS: men, odds ratio [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.23, P = 0.010)]; women [OR: 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.13, P = 0.005)], and all of its components except low HDL-cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia. Palmitoleate was also associated with increased risk of NAFLD in both men [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.29, P = 0.031)] and women [OR: 1.11 (95%CI: 1.05; 1.19, P = 0.001)]. No associations with subclinical atherosclerosis were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observational data supports a relationship between de novo lipogenesis-derived circulating palmitoleic acid (palmitoleate) and increased cardiometabolic risk.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jordi.merino@urv.cat.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sala-Vila
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Girona
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vallve
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibarretxe
authors.affiliation: Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masana
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000097:blood*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood*; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; C506642:CETP protein, human; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; C493410:FABP4 protein, human; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; C008757:palmitoleic acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Lipogenesis; Lipokine; Metabolic syndrome; Palmitoleate