title: New Approach to Develop Optimized Sunscreens that Enable Cutaneous Vitamin D Formation with Minimal Erythema Risk.
abstract: Sunscreens protect the skin against erythemal radiation (Eer). But at the same time they reduce the effective radiation dose (EVD) responsible for the formation of previtamin D in the skin. The paper describes a calculation method for optimizing the ratio EVD/Eer behind sunscreens e.g. with SPF 5, 15 and 30 respectively. Taking into account that a majority of people in industrialized countries suffer from a shortage in vitamin D even in summer time, the ratio Evd/Eer is a new and important criterion for the quality of sunscreens. Furthermore the exposure time tvd needed per day for forming the equivalent of the recommended amount of 2000 IU of vitamin D per day for skin type 2 is estimated when sunscreens with different filter compositions are used. In vitro experiments show a significant increase of the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to previtamin D when exposed to artificial solar radiation behind an experimental sunscreen optimized for previtamin D production compared to a commercial sunscreen having the same SPF.
authors.affiliation: UV-Technik, Hanau, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kockott
authors.affiliation: BASF Grenzach GmbH, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reichrath
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D004890:Erythema / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013471:Sunburn / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014807:Vitamin D
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81
references.pmid: 17634462
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Jun;64(6):1165-8
references.pmid: 3033008
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2015;5:14875
references.pmid: 26445902
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30
references.pmid: 21646368
references.citation: Int J Cosmet Sci. 1994 Apr;16(2):47-52
references.pmid: 19250495
references.citation: Br J Dermatol. 2009 Nov;161 Suppl 3:54-60
references.pmid: 19775358
references.citation: Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013 Jan;13(1):83-97
references.pmid: 23094924
references.citation: Dermatoendocrinol. 2013 Jan 1;5(1):51-108
references.pmid: 24494042
references.citation: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2012 Dec;28(6):307-11
references.pmid: 23126292