title: Sex differences in spatial cognition: advancing the conversation.
abstract: The existence of a sex difference in spatial thinking, notably on tasks involving mental rotation, has been a topic of considerable research and debate. We review this literature, with a particular focus on the development of this sex difference, and consider four key questions: (1) When does the sex difference emerge developmentally and does the magnitude of this difference change across development? (2) What are the biological and environmental factors that contribute to sex differences in spatial skill and how might they interact? (3) How malleable are spatial skills, and is the sex difference reduced as a result of training? and (4) Does 'spatializing' the curriculum raise the level of spatial thinking in all students and hold promise for increasing and diversifying the STEM pipeline? Throughout the review, we consider promising avenues for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lourenco
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*