title: Selected analytical challenges in the determination of pharmaceuticals in drinking/marine waters and soil/sediment samples.
abstract: Recent developments and improvements in advanced instruments and analytical methodologies have made the detection of pharmaceuticals at low concentration levels in different environmental matrices possible. As a result of these advances, over the last 15 years residues of these compounds and their metabolites have been detected in different environmental compartments and pharmaceuticals have now become recognized as so-called 'emerging' contaminants. To date, a lot of papers have been published presenting the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Many papers have also been published on the application of the new methodologies, mainly to the assessment of the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals. Although impressive improvements have undoubtedly been made, in order to fully understand the behavior of these chemicals in the environment, there are still numerous methodological challenges to be overcome. The aim of this paper therefore, is to present a review of selected recent improvements and challenges in the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples. Special attention has been paid to the strategies used and the current challenges (also in terms of Green Analytical Chemistry) that exist in the analysis of these chemicals in soils, marine environments and drinking waters. There is a particular focus on the applicability of modern sorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in sample preparation techniques, to overcome some of the problems that exist in the analysis of pharmaceuticals in different environmental samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: a.bialk-bielinska@ug.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Białk-Bielińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumirska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caban
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
authors.forename: Ksenia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pazdro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepnowski
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Analysis; Carbon nanotubes; Environmental samples; Pharmaceuticals