title: Nasolacrimal duct office probing in children under the age of 12 months: Cure rate and cost evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists regarding the treatment of infants with symptomatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. One philosophy advocates "early" nasolacrimal duct probing, generally in the office - a relatively common approach in France, while others prefer to wait until the age of 12 months to offer a procedure under general anesthesia. The goal of this study is to report results of immediate office probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) under age 1 year in terms of efficacy and cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed on 329 patients (443 eyes) treated by probing for CNLDO under the age of 12 months age. A single probing was performed at the first visit in the office under topical anesthesia without sedation. In order to determine the factors associated with failure of probing, univariate analysis was performed using the Student t-test, Pearson's, homogeneity Chi(2) or Fisher's exact tests. For cost evaluation, hypothetical estimates of spontaneous resolution month by month were used according to data in the literature, along with health insurance reimbursement data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ages of the patients ranged from 2 to 11 months (mean 7.0 ± SD 2.3). The overall success rate for cure by immediate office probing was 76.7%. Unilateral CNLDO had an 80.4% success rate whereas bilateral CNLDO had a 73.2% success rate for each eye (P=0.09). Discharge during probing was associated with failed probing (P=0.02). The cost for the spontaneous resolution strategy was 1.56 times higher than for the immediate probing strategy. A strategy which would apply the spontaneous resolution strategy for children ≤ 5 months and the probing strategy to children>5 months would be the most cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate office probing between the ages of 5 to 12 months is a safe, effective method to relieve CNLDO and is the most cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Département d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Côte-de-Nacre, 14000 Caen, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Garrec
authors.affiliation: Département d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Côte-de-Nacre, 14000 Caen, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abadie-Koebele
authors.affiliation: Département de biostatistiques et recherche clinique, CHU de Côte-de-Nacre, 14000 Caen, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Medical school, 14000 Caen, France.
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Parienti
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche, centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie-recherche, hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Molgat
authors.affiliation: Département d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Côte-de-Nacre, 14000 Caen, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degoumois
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche, centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie-recherche, hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada; Service d'ophtalmologie, université Rennes 1, CHU de Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France; Faculté de médecine, 35043 Rennes, France. Electronic address: frederic.mouriaux@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouriaux
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010824:Physicians' Offices / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Canal lacrymo-nasal; Children; Cost; Coûts; Enfants; Nasolacrimal duct; Probing; Sondage