title: Surgical management of male infertility: an update.
abstract: Male factor infertility is common, affecting 7% of the total population and up to half of couples who are trying to conceive. Various surgical and reconstructive options allow biological paternity depending on the etiology of the male factor issues. This article describes historical treatments and newer approaches, discussing the role for traditional open surgery, microsurgery and robotic surgery, as well as interventional radiologic procedures in the management of male infertility.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; 2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; 2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanrikut
keywords: Male infertility; azoospermia; microsurgery; nonobstructive; sperm retrieval; varicocele; vasovasostomy (VV)
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