title: Combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride on chloroplast structure and functional elements in rice.
abstract: Acid rain and rare earth element (REE) pollution exist simultaneously in many agricultural regions. However, how REE pollution and acid rain affect plant growth in combination remains largely unknown. In this study, the combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on chloroplast morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure, functional element contents, chlorophyll content, and the net photosynthetic rate (P n) in rice (Oryza sativa) were investigated by simulating acid rain and rare earth pollution. Under the combined treatment of simulated acid rain at pH 4.5 and 0.08 mM LaCl3, the chloroplast membrane was smooth, proteins on this membrane were uniform, chloroplast structure was integrated, and the thylakoids were orderly arranged, and simulated acid rain and LaCl3 exhibited a mild antagonistic effect; the Mg, Ca, Mn contents, the chlorophyll content, and the P n increased under this combined treatment, with a synergistic effect of simulated acid rain and LaCl3. Under other combined treatments of simulated acid rain and LaCl3, the chloroplast membrane surface was uneven, a clear "hole" was observed on the surface of chloroplasts, and the thylakoids were dissolved and loose; and the P n and contents of functional elements (P, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo) and chlorophyll decreased. Under these combined treatments, simulated acid rain and LaCl3 exhibited a synergistic effect. Based on the above results, a model of the combined effects of simulated acid rain and LaCl3 on plant photosynthesis was established in order to reveal the combined effects on plant photosynthesis, especially on the photosynthetic organelle-chloroplast. Our results would provide some references for further understanding the mechanism of the combined effects of simulated acid rain and LaCl3 on plant photosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Coorperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
authors.forename: Huiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Coorperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Coorperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. qingzhou510@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China. huangxiaohuanjnu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D015258:Acid Rain / Q000633:toxicity*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000633:toxicity*; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015258:Acid Rain; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C028521:lanthanum chloride; D002734:Chlorophyll; D007811:Lanthanum
keywords: Chloroplast structure; Combined pollution; Functional elements; Lanthanum; Simulated acid rain
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