title: Paracrine Neuroprotective Effects of Neural Stem Cells on Glutamate-Induced Cortical Neuronal Cell Excitotoxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian central nervous system. Excessive glutamate releasing overactivates its receptors and changes calcium homeostasis that in turn leads to a cascade of intracellular events causing neuronal degeneration. In current study, we used neural stem cells conditioned medium (NSCs-CM) to investigate its neuroprotective effects on glutamate-treated primary cortical neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryonic rat primary cortical cultures were exposed to different concentrations of glutamate for 1 hour and then they incubated with NSCs-CM. Subsequently, the amount of cell survival in different glutamate excitotoxic groups were measured after 24 h of incubation by trypan blue exclusion assay and MTT assay. Hoechst and propidium iodide were used for determining apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways proportion and then the effect of NSCs-CM was investigated on this proportion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSCs conditioned medium increased viability rate of the primary cortical neurons after glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Also we found that NSCs-CM provides its neuroprotective effects mainly by decreasing apoptotic cell death rate rather than necrotic cell death rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that adult neural stem cells could exert paracrine neuroprotective effects on cortical neurons following a glutamate neurotoxic insult.
authors.affiliation: Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Geranmayeh
authors.affiliation: Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baghbanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barin
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Jamileh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salar-Amoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mehdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rahbarghazi
authors.affiliation: Neural Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Neural Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Shiraz Stem Cell Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azari
keywords: Cell viability; Glutamate; Neural stem cells; Neurons; Primary cell culture; Rat
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