title: A novel non-invasive ventilation mask to prevent and manage respiratory failure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, gastroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (for difficult intubation, bronchoalveolar lavage or biopsies), gastric endoscopies and transesophageal echocardiography (for transfemoral aortic valve replacement, MitraClip or left atrial appendage closure), are widespread diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Non-invasive ventilation during upper endoscopies can be used to prevent or treat acute respiratory failure especially in high risk or sedated patients. We describe a novel full face mask specifically developed not only for "elective" non-invasive ventilation during upper endoscopies but also for emergent application without probe removal. The mask is formed by two halves fixed only at the upper extremity allowing opening and closure while the probe is in place. Position of the port and shape of the mask allow easy insertion (through the nose or the mouth) and handling of different sized probes. The mask, commercialized as "Janus", preserves arterial oxygenation during procedures in spontaneously breathing patients with or at risk of hypoxemia (mainly fiberoptic bronchoscopy for guided tracheal intubation or for bronchoalveolar lavage). In patients requiring a true ventilatory support (like patients with neuromuscular disease or those deeply sedated), Janus also allows effective manual or mechanical ventilation. Its use can improve safety, patient's comfort (as sedation can be titrated to the desired effect without fearing respiratory depression) and efficiency, avoiding time wasting and allowing procedure completion. Prospective trials are required to confirm its effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cabrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landoni
keywords: bronchoscopy; endoscopy; gastroscopy; non-invasive ventilation; transesophageal echocardiography
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