title: Central and Peripheral Fatigue During Resistance Exercise - A Critical Review.
abstract: Resistance exercise is a popular form of conditioning for numerous sport disciplines, and recently different modes of strength training are being evaluated for health benefits. Resistance exercise differs significantly in nature, and several variables determine the direction and range of adaptive changes that occur in the muscular and skeletal system of the body. Some modes of resistance training can also be effective in stimulating the cardiovascular system. These variables include exercise selection (general, specific, single or multi joint, dynamic, explosive), type of resistance (free weights, variable resistance, isokinetics), order of exercise (upper and lower body or push and pull exercises), and most of all the training load which includes intensity expressed as % of 1RM, number of repetitions, number of sets and the rest interval between sets. Manipulating these variables allows for specific adaptive changes which may include gains in muscle mass, muscle strength or muscle endurance. It has been well established that during resistance exercise fatigue occurs, regardless of the volume and intensity of work applied. The peripheral mechanisms of fatigue have been studied and explained in more detail than those related to the CNS. This review is an attempt to bring together the latest knowledge regarding fatigue, both peripheral and central, during resistance exercise. The authors of this review concentrated on physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying fatigue in exercises performed with maximal intensity, as well as those performed to exhaustion with numerous repetitions and submaximal load.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zając
authors.affiliation: The Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chalimoniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maszczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gołaś
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lngfort
keywords: excitability; fatigue; metabolites; muscle contraction; resistance exercise
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991 Jan;70(1):371-4
references.pmid: 2010396
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 1991 Apr;19(2):358-62
references.pmid: 1679730
references.citation: Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Sep 23;3:33
references.pmid: 16995950
references.citation: Biol Sport. 2015 Mar;32(1):35-40
references.pmid: 25729148
references.citation: J Sports Sci. 2006 Jul;24(7):665-74
references.pmid: 16766496
references.citation: Nature. 1978 Aug 31;274(5674):861-6
references.pmid: 308189
references.citation: Sports Med. 2007;37(3):225-64
references.pmid: 17326698
references.citation: Sports Health. 2012 Mar;4(2):128-38
references.pmid: 23016079
references.citation: Br Med Bull. 2007;81-82:209-30
references.pmid: 17569697
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Aug;87(2):545-53
references.pmid: 10444611
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2001 Oct;81(4):1725-89
references.pmid: 11581501
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Feb;290(2):R365-75
references.pmid: 16166208
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2015;125(10):765-73
references.pmid: 25271801
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Jan 15;587(1):271-83
references.pmid: 19015193
references.citation: Auton Neurosci. 2015 Mar;188:19-23
references.pmid: 25458423
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Aug;245(2):F204-9
references.pmid: 6881337
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1985 Jan;248(1 Pt 1):C37-42
references.pmid: 3966541
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2013 May;109(9):2374-81
references.pmid: 23427306
references.citation: J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2011 Dec 14;8:23
references.pmid: 22168756
references.citation: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014 Apr 24;6:17
references.pmid: 24818009
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Aug;25(8):960-5
references.pmid: 8396707
references.citation: Can J Neurol Sci. 2003 May;30(2):91-7
references.pmid: 12778889
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Jul;42(7):1370-4
references.pmid: 20019640
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Apr;30(4):1050-8
references.pmid: 26340470
references.citation: J Athl Train. 1992;27(4):352-4
references.pmid: 16558192
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Dec;105(6):1714-24
references.pmid: 18787091
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Oct;301(4):H1191-204
references.pmid: 21841019
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;65(2):135-7
references.pmid: 1396636
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 2002 Sep;176(1):65-9
references.pmid: 12193220
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1992 Aug;13(6):471-5
references.pmid: 1428378
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 May;96(5):1613-8
references.pmid: 15075307
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 1987 Aug;7(4):337-45
references.pmid: 3621871
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 2008 May;22(5):320-8
references.pmid: 18273040
references.citation: Exerc Immunol Rev. 1999;5:5-21
references.pmid: 10519060
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Jul;57(1):135-9
references.pmid: 6469774
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):R598-606
references.pmid: 16959862
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):R585-93
references.pmid: 18056980
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1995;70(1):70-4
references.pmid: 7729442
references.citation: J Physiol. 2015 Sep 1;593(17):4043-54
references.pmid: 26104881
references.citation: Metab Brain Dis. 2009 Mar;24(1):147-57
references.pmid: 19067141
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Oct;83(4):1159-63
references.pmid: 9338424
references.citation: Front Neurol. 2013 Feb 08;3:183
references.pmid: 23403923
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Feb 15;563(Pt 1):285-90
references.pmid: 15611036
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2001 May;86(3):411-5
references.pmid: 11471535
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1980 Dec;49(6):1037-41
references.pmid: 7440292
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jun;64(6):2306-13
references.pmid: 3136123
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Feb;104(2):542-50
references.pmid: 18032577
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2015 Apr 2;290:543-51
references.pmid: 25659344
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 May;42(5):962-70
references.pmid: 19997002
references.citation: PM R. 2010 May;2(5):347-58
references.pmid: 20656616
references.citation: Brain Res. 2015 Aug 27;1618:29-40
references.pmid: 26006108
references.citation: Sports Med. 1991 Jul;12(1):32-65
references.pmid: 1925188
references.citation: Sports Med. 2009;39(9):779-95
references.pmid: 19691366
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;755:335-42
references.pmid: 22826084
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Feb;110(2):309-17
references.pmid: 21030674
references.citation: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Oct;32(5):857-64
references.pmid: 18059610
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Mar;80(3):765-72
references.pmid: 8964735
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):11-23
references.pmid: 17702815
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;67(2):115-20
references.pmid: 8223515
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2005 Nov;28(11):574-82
references.pmid: 16165227
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2013 Feb;34(2):116-22
references.pmid: 22960989
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jul;113(2):199-205
references.pmid: 22628373
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1979 Sep;42(1):41-50
references.pmid: 499196
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1987;15:95-151
references.pmid: 3297731
references.citation: Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007 Aug;17 Suppl:S37-46
references.pmid: 18577773
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jun;24(6):1657-62
references.pmid: 20508471
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2010 Apr;95(4):528-40
references.pmid: 20028850
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 May;97(1):89-95
references.pmid: 16485104
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Feb;28(2):204-9
references.pmid: 8775155
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Jun;48(6):757-67
references.pmid: 20518645
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1987;92(2):236-40
references.pmid: 3110847
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1986;55(4):362-6
references.pmid: 3758035
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2001 Jun;442(3):467-74
references.pmid: 11484780
references.citation: Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008 Mar;105(12):214-9
references.pmid: 19629211
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2009 Feb;94(2):197-8
references.pmid: 19144747
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1990 May;11 Suppl 2:S78-84
references.pmid: 2361783
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Jan;104(1):296-305
references.pmid: 17962573
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1994 Jan;15 Suppl 1:S56-9
references.pmid: 8157385
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2003 Jun;13(1):1-14
references.pmid: 12758062
references.citation: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009 Jun;55(3):288-91
references.pmid: 19602839
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2012 Apr 11;3:82
references.pmid: 22514538
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1991 Jan;39(1):9-26
references.pmid: 1706001
references.citation: J Physiol. 2000 Jun 15;525 Pt 3:793-801
references.pmid: 10856130
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1990 May;11 Suppl 2:S129-42
references.pmid: 2193891
references.citation: J Sports Sci. 1997 Jun;15(3):247-56
references.pmid: 9232550
references.citation: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012 Nov 08;13:218
references.pmid: 23136874
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(3):253-9
references.pmid: 3569234
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2004 May;18(2):260-5
references.pmid: 15142017
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Feb 15;587(Pt 4):873-82
references.pmid: 19103679
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2010 Mar 17;208(1):189-93
references.pmid: 19941907
references.citation: J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2014 Mar;14(1):68-77
references.pmid: 24583542
references.citation: Sports Med. 2006;36(10):881-909
references.pmid: 17004850
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 Dec;25(6):754-63
references.pmid: 25603897
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Apr;294(4):R1347-55
references.pmid: 18305024