title: Potential use of edible crops in the phytoremediation of endosulfan residues in soil.
abstract: Endosulfan is a persistent and toxic organochlorine pesticide of banned or restricted use in several countries. It has been found in soil, water, and air and is bioaccumulated and magnified in ecosystems. Phytoremediation is a technology that promises effective and inexpensive cleanup of contaminated hazardous sites. The potential use of tomato, sunflower, soybean and alfalfa species to remove endosulfan from soil was investigated. All species were seeded and grown in endosulfan-spiked soils (8000 ng g(-1) dry weight) for 15 and 60 days. The phytoremediation potential was evaluated by studying the endosulfan levels and distribution in the soil-plant system, including the evaluation of soil dehydrogenase activity and toxic effects on plants. Plant endosulfan uptake leads to lower insecticide levels in the rhizosphere with regards to bulk soil or near root soil at 15 days of growth. Furthermore, plant growth-induced physical-chemical changes in soil were evidenced by differences in soil dehydrogenase activity and endosulfan metabolism. Sunflower showed differences in the uptake and distribution of endosulfan with regard to the other species, with a distribution pesticide pattern of aerial tissues > roots at 15 days of growth. Moreover, at 60 days, sunflower presented the highest pesticide levels in roots and leaves along with the highest phytoextraction capacity. Lipid peroxidation levels correlated positively with endosulfan accumulation, reflecting the negative effect of this insecticide on plant tissues. Considering biomass production and accumulation potential, in conjunction with the reduction of soil pesticide levels, sunflower plants seem to be the best phytoremediation candidate for endosulfan residues in soils.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina. Electronic address: franchimitton@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mitton
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Carreiros Cx. Postal 474, Av. Itália km 8 s/8, 96200-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Monserrat
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
authors.forename: Karina S B
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Miglioranza
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000378:metabolism*; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004726:Endosulfan
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Endosulfan; Lipid peroxidation; Phytoremediation; Soil pollution