title: CEST theranostics: label-free MR imaging of anticancer drugs.
abstract: Image-guided drug delivery is of great clinical interest. Here, we explored a direct way, namely CEST theranostics, to detect diamagnetic anticancer drugs simply through their inherent Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI signal, and demonstrated its application in image-guided drug delivery of nanoparticulate chemotherapeutics. We first screened 22 chemotherapeutic agents and characterized the CEST properties of representative agents and natural analogs in three major categories, i.e., pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, and antifolates, with respect to chemical structures. Utilizing the inherent CEST MRI signal of gemcitabine, a widely used anticancer drug, the tumor uptake of the i.v.-injected, drug-loaded liposomes was successfully detected in CT26 mouse tumors. Such label-free CEST MRI theranostics provides a new imaging means, potentially with an immediate clinical impact, to monitor the drug delivery in cancer.
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Radiology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hanwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jiadi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nirbhay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kannie W Y
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Liangping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vogelstein
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Shibin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Guanshu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008081:Liposomes; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003287:Contrast Media; D008081:Liposomes; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine
keywords: CEST; MRI; chemotherapy; image-guided drug delivery; theranostics
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