title: Trace Mineral Overload Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Pigs with Long-Term High-Level Dietary Mineral Exposure.
abstract: The present study investigated the effects of dietary trace mineral (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) supplemental strategies on liver oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of pigs. A total of 96 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) piglets were randomly divided into four groups: considered or not considered the trace mineral concentrations in basal diet, and then added to the requirements proposed by NRC (2012) (+B/NR or -B/NR); and considered or not considered the basal diet's trace mineral concentrations and then added to the level of commercial trace mineral supplement (+B/PL or -B/PL). Pigs were fed from 6.5 to 115 kg. Compared with +B/NR diets, -B/PL diets increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations (P < 0.05), resulted in high levels of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn accumulation in liver (P < 0.05), as well as led to hepatic oxidative damage with the high concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), protein carbonylation (PCO), and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) in liver (P < 0.05). Furthermore, pigs fed -B/PL diets increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF-2a), interleukin-6(IL-6), B-cell lymphoma leukemia-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 gene expression (P < 0.05) in liver. -B/PL diets also up-regulated hepatic mRNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1 (PEPCK1), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) (P < 0.05) and down-regulated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) mRNA expression (P < 0.05) when compared with those of the + B/NR diet group. Taken together, the results indicated that long-term dietary mineral exposure with the commercial supplement level could cause harm to the structure and metabolic function of liver in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Junning
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Daiwen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xiangbing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: apoptosis; endoplasmic reticulum stress; inflammation; metabolic dysfunction; oxidative stress; pig; trace minerals