title: Need of cost-effective vaccines in developing countries: What plant biotechnology can offer?
abstract: To treat current infectious diseases, different therapies are used that include drugs or vaccines or both. Currently, the world is facing an increasing problem of drug resistance from many pathogenic microorganisms. In majority of cases, when vaccines are used, formulations consist of live attenuated microorganisms. This poses an additional risk of infection in immunocompromised patients and people suffering from malnutrition in developing countries. Therefore, there is need to improve drug therapy as well as to develop next generation vaccines, in particular against infectious diseases with highest mortality rates. For patients in developing countries, costs related to treatments are one of the major hurdles to reduce the disease burden. In many cases, use of prophylactic vaccines can help to control the incidence of infectious diseases. In the present review, we describe some infectious diseases with high impact on health of people in low and middle income countries. We discuss the prospects of plants as alternative platform for the development of next-generation subunit vaccines that can be a cost-effective source for mass immunization of people in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Tahir
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Waheed
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Golkoy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sameeullah
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory for Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Faheem Ahmed
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tahira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan.
authors.forename: Manzoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilahi
authors.affiliation: NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gottschamel
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria ; AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Donau-City-Straße 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas Günter
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lössl
keywords: Adjuvants; Biopharmaceuticals; Drug resistant microorganisms; Infectious diseases; Next generation vaccines; Plant-based vaccines
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