title: Superoxide dismutase activity and gene expression levels in Saudi women with recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: The antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2, as well as the levels of the oxidant superoxide anion (SOA) and the micronutrients zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn), were assayed in plasma, whole blood and placental tissue of non‑pregnant (NP), healthy pregnant (HP) women and recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients. The results showed that SOD1 and SOD2 activities and the levels of Zn, Cu and Mn in plasma and whole blood of HP women were slightly, but significantly lower, and even more significantly decreased in RM patients compared to those observed in NP women (P<0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). Additionally, whereas plasma SOD1 and SOD2 activities and Zn, Cu and Mn levels were significantly lower in RM patients, those of whole blood and placental tissue were significantly lower when compared to HP women (P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively). Concurrently, there were consistent increases of equal magnitude and statistical significance in SOA levels in all the assayed samples as identified by a comparison between the subjects. The findings thus supported oxidative metabolism and excessive reactive oxygen species generation. The resultant oxidative stress, identified in whole blood and placental tissues of RM patients, may have been a primary cause of RM. Dietary supplementation of Zn, Cu and Mn may be beneficial to these patients pre- and post-conception.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hazem K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ghneim
authors.affiliation: Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Yazeed A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Al-Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mashael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Alshebly
authors.affiliation: Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mourad A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aboul-Soud
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D008345:Manganese; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D015032:Zinc; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human
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