title: Quantification of inorganic arsenic exposure and cancer risk via consumption of vegetables in southern selected districts of Pakistan.
abstract: Human exposures to arsenic (As) through different pathways (dietary and non-dietary) are considered to be one of the primary worldwide environmental health risks to humans. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of As in soil and vegetable samples collected from agricultural lands located in selected southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan. We examined the concentrations of total arsenic (TAs), organic species of As such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid (DMA), and inorganic species including arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV) in both soil and vegetables. The data were used to determine several parameters to evaluate human health risk, including bioconcentration factor (BCF) from soil to plant, average daily intake (ADI), health risk index (HRI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR), and hazard quotient (HQ). The total As concentration in soil samples of the five districts ranged from 3.0-3.9mgkg(-1), exhibiting minimal variations from site to site. The mean As concentration in edible portions of vegetable samples ranged from 0.03-1.38mgkg(-1). It was observed that As concentrations in 75% of the vegetable samples exceeded the safe maximum allowable limit (0.1mgkg(-1)) set by WHO/FAO. The highest value of ADI for As was measured for Momordica charantia, while the lowest was for Allium chinense. The results of this study revealed minimal health risk (HI<1) associated with consumption of vegetables for the local inhabitants. The ILTCR values for inorganic As indicated a minimal potential cancer risk through ingestion of vegetables. In addition, the HQ values for total As were <1, indicating minimal non-cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Zahir Ur
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan. Electronic address: sardar.khan2008@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sardar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an 271016, China. Electronic address: qinkun7907@163.com.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brusseau
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Tahir
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, FBAS, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Sector H-10, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Islamud
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Din
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Bioaccumulation; Cancer risk; Daily ingestion; Vegetable
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8108-13
references.pmid: 20936818
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2007;58(6):1333-8
references.pmid: 17283372
references.citation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Sep;22(18):13772-99
references.pmid: 26194234
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2008 Apr;152(3):686-92
references.pmid: 17720286
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 May 15;42(10):3856-60
references.pmid: 18546734
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002 Sep;69(3):323-9
references.pmid: 12177751
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Sep 15;527-528:540-51
references.pmid: 26004539
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2009 Aug 15;407(17):4972-4
references.pmid: 19525000
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 15;195:422-31
references.pmid: 21920666
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2010 May;158(5):1169-81
references.pmid: 19914753
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2011 Oct;102(20):9827-32
references.pmid: 21875791
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2011 Feb 15;186(1):516-25
references.pmid: 21145167
references.citation: Environ Geochem Health. 2009 Apr;31 Suppl 1:9-21
references.pmid: 19137402
references.citation: Analyst. 1998 May;123(5):791-6
references.pmid: 9709475
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:1140-50
references.pmid: 24246937
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2013 May 1;452-453:98-107
references.pmid: 23500403
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015 Dec;122:198-204
references.pmid: 26256055
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2015 Nov;138:1014-20
references.pmid: 25577694
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 Nov 1;497-498:448-458
references.pmid: 25150739
references.citation: Environ Int. 2011 Oct;37(7):1219-25
references.pmid: 21632110
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Jul 1;35(13):286A-291A
references.pmid: 11452623
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Mar 1;508:374-82
references.pmid: 25497677
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2014 Mar;186(3):1547-60
references.pmid: 24185814
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2009 Jan 15;407(3):1019-26
references.pmid: 19027142
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2003 Sep;52(9):1353-9
references.pmid: 12867164
references.citation: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004;84:1-477
references.pmid: 15645577
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jan 15;443:299-306
references.pmid: 23201696
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jul 1;456-457:95-103
references.pmid: 23584038
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Jan;387(2):627-35
references.pmid: 17171341
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:444-52
references.pmid: 24157478
references.citation: New Phytol. 2012 Feb;193(3):665-672
references.pmid: 22098145
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2014 Jan;184:187-92
references.pmid: 24056188
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;542(Pt A):238-46
references.pmid: 26519583
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2008 Oct;145(1-3):417-25
references.pmid: 18165906
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Oct 1;41(19):6854-9
references.pmid: 17969706
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2006 Jun 15;363(1-3):175-82
references.pmid: 16005048
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Apr 15;512-513:371-380
references.pmid: 25638652
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2015 Dec 30;300:243-253
references.pmid: 26188867
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jul 15;430:34-47
references.pmid: 22613465
references.citation: Environ Int. 2014 Jul;68:154-61
references.pmid: 24727070
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Feb 1;505:172-9
references.pmid: 25461019
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2003;122(3):323-42
references.pmid: 12547522
references.citation: Environ Res. 2007 Jul;104(3):367-73
references.pmid: 17459366
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:813206
references.pmid: 25276818
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):242-8
references.pmid: 19041679
references.citation: Environ Res. 2009 Jul;109(5):575-81
references.pmid: 19419713
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):531-41
references.pmid: 16624379
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 May 1;479-480:57-65
references.pmid: 24534699
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan;46(1):1-8
references.pmid: 17928121
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 Jan;75(1):27-32
references.pmid: 21962412
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2014 Jan;184:540-6
references.pmid: 24184375
references.citation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Aug;22(16):12114-23
references.pmid: 25877899
references.citation: Water Res. 2007 May;41(10):2079-88
references.pmid: 17399762
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2009 Jul 30;166(2-3):662-9
references.pmid: 19124197
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Feb 1;505:1248-58
references.pmid: 24613511
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2010 Nov 1;408(23):6032-41
references.pmid: 20855106
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Dec 1;536:189-197
references.pmid: 26204055
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 Jun;25(6):1663-70
references.pmid: 16764487
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):838-42
references.pmid: 12537467
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2004 Sep;9(9):415-7
references.pmid: 15337490
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):612-21
references.pmid: 20399016
references.citation: Environ Geochem Health. 2009 Apr;31 Suppl 1:125-32
references.pmid: 19105031
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Jan 15;37(2):229-34
references.pmid: 12564892
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 May;56(4):693-706
references.pmid: 18937006
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2012 Apr 1;421-422:220-9
references.pmid: 22356872
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jun 15;190(1-3):909-15
references.pmid: 21550718
references.citation: J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2003 Nov;21(2):165-97
references.pmid: 15845224
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Feb;69(2):317-24
references.pmid: 17346792
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Mar 15;45(6):2072-8
references.pmid: 21332196
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Sep 15;527-528:552-60
references.pmid: 26006052
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 15;45(22):9611-8
references.pmid: 21950729
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2009 May 30;164(2-3):904-10
references.pmid: 18929443
references.citation: Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1123-7
references.pmid: 20508123
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2008 Jul;154(2):169-71
references.pmid: 18448219
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 1994 Nov 25;156(2):151-8
references.pmid: 7992035
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010 Oct;73(7):1820-7
references.pmid: 20810165
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Feb 21;46(4):2163-8
references.pmid: 22295880
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 7;46(15):8090-6
references.pmid: 22724924
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jun 1;454-455:373-82
references.pmid: 23562690