title: Gut microbiome as a novel cardiovascular therapeutic target.
abstract: Over the last two decades, our understanding of gut microbiotal composition and its association with intra-intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases including risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) namely metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, have been increased exponentially. A pertinent question which often arises in researchers' community is on how to manipulate the gut microbial ecology to 'cure' the cardiovascular risk factors. Accordingly, in this review we summarized the potential strategies, based on our current knowledge on gut microbiota in modulating CVD, how gut microbiota can be therapeutically exploited by targeting their metabolic activity to alleviate the risk factors of CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Beng San
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. Electronic address: mvk13@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Matam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijay-Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
references.citation: Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):105-8
references.pmid: 21885731
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):446-50
references.pmid: 24226770
references.citation: Life Sci. 2014 Nov 11;117(2):84-92
references.pmid: 25301199
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2010 Jun;68(6):323-32
references.pmid: 20536777
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;124(8):3391-406
references.pmid: 24960158
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):621-6
references.pmid: 22914093
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14691-6
references.pmid: 20679230
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2015 Feb 27;290(9):5647-60
references.pmid: 25550161
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Nov;66(11):1234-41
references.pmid: 22990854
references.citation: Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2015 Sep 12;7:75
references.pmid: 26366205
references.citation: Gut Microbes. 2014 Jan-Feb;5(1):5-10
references.pmid: 24247281
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;106(4):741-7
references.pmid: 21386828
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1575-84
references.pmid: 23614584
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2012 Oct;143(4):913-6.e7
references.pmid: 22728514
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;107(7):1079-87
references.pmid: 22450732
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1027-31
references.pmid: 17183312
references.citation: ILAR J. 2015;56(2):169-78
references.pmid: 26323627
references.citation: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012 Aug;65(3):467-80
references.pmid: 22524476
references.citation: Nutr Diabetes. 2014 Jun 30;4:e121
references.pmid: 24979150
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Sep 15;22(6):495-512
references.pmid: 16167966
references.citation: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010 Aug 31;17(8):796-804
references.pmid: 20379054
references.citation: Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):228-31
references.pmid: 20203013
references.citation: Diabetes. 2015 Jul;64(7):2398-408
references.pmid: 25695945
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2014 Feb;87(2):357-67
references.pmid: 24117923
references.citation: Altern Med Rev. 2008 Dec;13(4):315-29
references.pmid: 19152479
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Aug 16;12(2):139-52
references.pmid: 22863420
references.citation: J Mol Endocrinol. 2013 Oct;51(2):R51-64
references.pmid: 23943858
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Aug;11(8):1036-8
references.pmid: 23669309
references.citation: Drug Metab Dispos. 2015 Oct;43(10):1505-21
references.pmid: 26261286
references.citation: Surgery. 1958 Nov;44(5):854-9
references.pmid: 13592638
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):97-101
references.pmid: 23803760
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2015 Dec 1;22(6):983-96
references.pmid: 26525535
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):967-70
references.pmid: 24264989
references.citation: Cell. 2013 Dec 19;155(7):1451-63
references.pmid: 24315484
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 2014 May;73(2):172-85
references.pmid: 24495527
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1236-43
references.pmid: 19776140
references.citation: Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):831-5
references.pmid: 21051639
references.citation: J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Dec;8(12):1569-81
references.pmid: 25223604
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126931
references.pmid: 25992554
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2014;5:3611
references.pmid: 24781306
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):559-63
references.pmid: 24336217
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jun;75(6):1023-30
references.pmid: 12036809
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):57-63
references.pmid: 21475195
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2013 Mar 14;109(5):914-9
references.pmid: 23200109
references.citation: Nat Med. 2013 May;19(5):576-85
references.pmid: 23563705
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4592-8
references.pmid: 20937873
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Jan;37(1):16-23
references.pmid: 22907693
references.citation: Diabetes. 2007 Jul;56(7):1761-72
references.pmid: 17456850
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;108(8):1367
references.pmid: 23912408
references.citation: Trends Biotechnol. 2015 Sep;33(9):496-503
references.pmid: 26210164
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):971-6
references.pmid: 24264990
references.citation: Can J Cardiol. 2015 Sep;31(9):1139-50
references.pmid: 26321436