title: Fungal biotransformation of chlorogenic and caffeic acids by Fusarium graminearum: New insights in the contribution of phenolic acids to resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation in cereals.
abstract: Fusarium Head Blight and Gibberella Ear Rot, mainly caused by the fungi Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, are two of the most devastating diseases of small-grain cereals and maize. In addition to yield loss, these diseases frequently result in contamination of kernels with toxic type B trichothecenes. The potential involvement of chlorogenic acid in cereal resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Gibberella Ear Rot and to trichothecene accumulation was the focus of this study. The effects of chlorogenic acid and one of its hydrolyzed products, caffeic acid, on fungal growth and type B trichothecenes biosynthesis were studied using concentrations close to physiological amounts quantified in kernels and a set of F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains. Both chlorogenic and caffeic acids negatively impact fungal growth and mycotoxin production, with caffeic acid being significantly more toxic. Inhibitory efficiencies of both phenolic acids were strain-dependent. To further investigate the antifungal and anti "mycotoxin" effect of chlorogenic and caffeic acids, the metabolic fate of these two phenolic acids was characterized in supplemented F. graminearum broths. For the first time, our results demonstrated the ability of F. graminearum to degrade chlorogenic acid into caffeic, hydroxychlorogenic and protocatechuic acids and caffeic acid into protocatechuic and hydroxycaffeic acids. Some of these metabolic products can contribute to the inhibitory efficiency of chlorogenic acid that, therefore, can be compared as a "pro-drug". As a whole, our data corroborate the contribution of chlorogenic acid to the chemical defense that cereals employ to counteract F. graminearum and its production of mycotoxins.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Euralis, Domaine Sandreau, 6 chemin de Panedeautes, Mondonville CS 60224, 31705 Blagnac Cedex, France. Electronic address: lea.gauthier@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: mnverdal@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Noelle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bonnin-Verdal
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: marchega@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Gisèle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchegay
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: lpinson@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinson-Gadais
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: christine.ducos@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducos
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: fforget@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richard-Forget
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. Electronic address: vessela.atanasova-penichon@bordeaux.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Vessela
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Atanasova-Penichon
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; C017616:phenolic acid; C007262:deoxynivalenol; C040048:caffeic acid
keywords: 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (PubChem CID: 10382483); 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (PubChem CID: 5458510); Biotransformation; Caffeic acid; Caffeic acid (PubChem CID: 689043); Chlorogenic acid; Chlorogenic acid (PubChem CID: 1794427); Deoxynivalenol (PubChem CID: 40024); Fusarenon X (PubChem CID: 24832112); Fusarium; Nivalenol (PubChem CID: 5284433); Protocatechuic acid (PubChem CID: 72); Type B trichothecenes