title: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) growth and adhesion in six different bone graft substitutes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several different synthetic and allograft bone graft substitutes are used clinically to treat large bone defects. In contrast to the "gold standard" of autologous bone grafts, these do not contain bone-forming (MSC) or vessel-forming (EPC) cells. In order to achieve the same level of success enjoyed by autologous bone grafts, they must be compatible with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). In a previous study, we seeded MSC onto six different bone graft substitutes and then measured the cell adhesion, viability, differentiation, and morphology. In the present study, we seeded both MSC and EPC onto the same six bone graft substitutes and measured the same parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, 125,000 MSC and 125,000 EPC were seeded onto Chronos(®), Vitoss(®), Actifuse(®), Biobase(®), Cerabone(®), and Tutoplast(®). Cell adhesion (fluorescence microscopy) and viability (MTT assay) were measured on days 2, 6, and 10. Osteogenic (cbfa-1, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin, collagen-1 alpha [Col1A]) and endothelial (von Willebrand factor [vWF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], kinase domain receptor [KDR]) gene expression were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Morphology was described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at day 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSC adhered significantly better to Tutoplast(®), Chronos(®), Actifuse(®), and Biobase(®). EPC adhered better to Actifuse(®), Chronos(®), Biobase(®), and Tutoplast(®). Viability increased over time when seeded on Tutoplast(®) and Chronos(®). Osteogenic and endothelial gene expression were detectable at day 10 in cells seeded on Chronos(®), Actifuse(®), and Tutoplast(®). The best morphology of MSC and EPC was found on Tutoplast(®), Chronos(®), Actifuse(®), and Biobase(®).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When bone graft substitutes are used to help fill large defects, it is important that their interaction with these cells be supportive of bone healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany. ccseebach@aol.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seebach
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frank
keywords: Biomaterials; Bone graft substitutes; Bone tissue engineering; Cell adhesion; Ceramics; Endothelial progenitor cell; Mesenchymal stem cell; Osteoconduction; Scaffolds
references.citation: Eur Spine J. 2004 Mar;13(2):152-6
references.pmid: 14648307
references.citation: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2004;14(4-6):325-32
references.pmid: 15319536
references.citation: Injury. 2010 Jul;41(7):731-8
references.pmid: 20233614
references.citation: Cytotherapy. 2007;9(1):69-79
references.pmid: 17361488
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Apr;353 Suppl 1:SI28-9
references.pmid: 10319931
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Sep;18(9):959-63
references.pmid: 10973216
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2006 Oct;169(4):1440-57
references.pmid: 17003498
references.citation: Int Orthop. 1996;20(3):147-52
references.pmid: 8832316
references.citation: Cell Res. 2006 Jun;16(6):577-84
references.pmid: 16775629
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2007 Jul;13(7):1549-60
references.pmid: 17518756
references.citation: Cell Adh Migr. 2008 Jan-Mar;2(1):9-16
references.pmid: 19262124
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004 Jan 1;68(1):187-200
references.pmid: 14661264
references.citation: Matrix Biol. 1998 Feb;16(7):409-25
references.pmid: 9524361
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2002 Jan;23(2):569-76
references.pmid: 11761177
references.citation: Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):964-7
references.pmid: 9020076
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2009 Dec;15(4):551-60
references.pmid: 19199563
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jan;13(1):87-102
references.pmid: 19067770
references.citation: Shock. 2004 Jan;21(1):13-6
references.pmid: 14676678
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1164-9
references.pmid: 12615796
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003 Oct 1;67(1):191-9
references.pmid: 14517876
references.citation: Platelets. 2006 Nov;17(7):462-9
references.pmid: 17074722
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 2007 Apr;80(4):294-300
references.pmid: 17431529
references.citation: Injury. 2007 Mar;38 Suppl 1:S33-7
references.pmid: 17383484
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2008 Dec;26(12):1660-4
references.pmid: 18524004
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 2001 Jan;80(1):99-110
references.pmid: 11211940
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2005 Jun;26(17):3631-8
references.pmid: 15621253
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009 Sep 1;90(3):730-41
references.pmid: 18570318
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Dec 10;106(24):3009-17
references.pmid: 12473544
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1992 Fall;7(3):302-10
references.pmid: 1289255
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2008 Apr;29(12):1776-84
references.pmid: 18222536
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 Jul;(232):127-38
references.pmid: 2838207
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 May;19(5):645-56
references.pmid: 19827952
references.citation: Injury. 2007 Sep;38 Suppl 4:S3-6
references.pmid: 18224731
references.citation: Biomaterials. 1990 Jul;11:86-7
references.pmid: 2397267
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2004 Mar;25(6):987-94
references.pmid: 14615163
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 1994 Nov;56(3):283-94
references.pmid: 7876320
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2009 Feb 15;106(3):390-8
references.pmid: 19127540
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Jul;15(7):1533-42
references.pmid: 19086805
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Jun;16(6):1961-70
references.pmid: 20088701
references.citation: Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7
references.pmid: 10102814
references.citation: Biomaterials. 1987 Jul;8(4):275-84
references.pmid: 3663805
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008 Jun 1;85(3):777-86
references.pmid: 17896777
references.citation: Int Orthop. 1996;20(3):142-6
references.pmid: 8832315
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1992 Jan;101 ( Pt 1):209-17
references.pmid: 1569125
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Aug;15(8):2015-27
references.pmid: 19196146
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 1995 Feb;56(2):123-9
references.pmid: 7736320
references.citation: Orthod Craniofac Res. 2005 Nov;8(4):277-84
references.pmid: 16238608
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Nov;15(11):3669-77
references.pmid: 19499998
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Jan;86-A(1):70-9
references.pmid: 14711948