title: Two members of TaRLK family confer powdery mildew resistance in common wheat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminearum f.sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat. The exploration and utilization of new gene resources is the most effective approach for the powdery mildew control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the cloning and functional analysis of two wheat LRR-RLKs from T. aestivum c.v. Prins- T. timopheevii introgression line IGV1-465, named TaRLK1 and TaRLK2, which play positive roles in regulating powdery mildew resistance in wheat. The two LRR-RLKs contain an ORF of 3,045 nucleotides, encoding a peptide of 1014 amino acids, with seven amino acids difference. Their predicted proteins possess a signal peptide, several LRRs, a trans-membrane domain, and a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. In response to Bgt infection, the TaRLK1/2 expression is up-regulated in a developmental-stage-dependent manner. Single-cell transient over-expression and gene-silencing assays indicate that both genes positively regulate the resistance to mixed Bgt inoculums. Transgenic lines over-expressing TaRLK1 or TaRLK2 in a moderate powdery mildew susceptible wheat variety Yangmai 158 led to significantly enhanced powdery mildew resistance. Exogenous applied salicylic acid (SA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced the expression of both genes, and H2O2 had a higher accumulation at the Bgt penetration sites in RLK over-expression transgenic plants, suggesting a possible involvement of SA and altered ROS homeostasis in the defense response to Bgt infection. The two LRR-RLKs are located in the long arm of wheat chromosome 2B, in which the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm6 is located, but in different regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two members of TaRLK family were cloned from IGV1-465. TaRLK1 and TaRLK2 contribute to powdery mildew resistance of wheat, providing new resistance gene resources for wheat breeding.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. chentingting7039@126.com.|State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China. chentingting7039@126.com.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. xiaojin@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. 2012101132@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. 2014101005@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. qinbi126@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China. qinbi126@163.com.
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. caoaz@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Aizhong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. 2011201033@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. xingliping@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. duchen092@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. xgao@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. szzhang@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shouzhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. zrq@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruiqi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. wbshenh@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wenbiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. hywang@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. xiuew@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases
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