title: A Genome-Wide mRNA Expression Profile in Caenorhabditis elegans under Prolonged Exposure to 1750MHz Radiofrequency Fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  C. elegans has been used as a biomonitor for microwave-induced stress. However, the RF (radiofrequency) fields that have been used in previous studies were weak (≤1.8W/kg), and the bio-effects on C. elegans were mostly negative or ambiguous. Therefore, this study used more intense RF fields (SAR = 3W/kg) and longer time course of exposure (60h at 25°C, L1 stage through adult stage) to investigate the biological consequences of 1750 MHz RF fields in wild-type worms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The growth rates and lifespans of RF-exposure group and the control group were carefully recorded. RNA samples were collected at L4 (35h) and gravid adult (50h) stages for further high-throughput sequencing, focusing on differences between the RF-exposure and the sham control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RF-exposed and sham control groups developed at almost the same rate and had similar longevity curves. In L4 stage worms, 94 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated genes were identified, while 186 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated genes were identified in adult stage worms. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes at 35h were associated with growth, body morphogenesis and collagen and cuticle-based development. Genes that were linked to growth rate and reproductive development were differentially expressed at 50h. Some embryonic and larval development genes in the offspring were also differentially expressed at 50h. Ten genes were differentially expressed at both 35h and 50h, most of which were involved in both embryonic and larval developmental processes. Although prolonged RF fields did not induce significant temperature increase in RF exposure groups, the temperature inside worms during exposure was unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No harmful effects were observed in prolonged exposure to 1750 MHz RF fields at SAR of 3W/kg on development and longevity of C. elegans. Although some differentially expressed genes were found after prolonged RF exposure, these differences were ascribed to oscillating gene expression patterns in L4 and gravid adult worms. It was also difficult to rule out a weak thermal effect caused by prolonged RF exposure inside the worms.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Dawen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Zhoulong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, No. 52 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
authors.forename: Tongning
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Chenggang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D016678:Genome; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008136:Longevity / Q000528:radiation effects; D008872:Microwaves; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D018510:RNA, Helminth
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