title: Systematic pain assessment in horses.
abstract: Accurate recognition and quantification of pain in horses is imperative for adequate pain management. The past decade has seen a much needed surge in formal development of systematic pain assessment tools for the objective monitoring of pain in equine patients. This narrative review describes parameters that can be used to detect pain in horses, provides an overview of the various pain scales developed (visual analogue scales, simple descriptive scales, numerical rating scales, time budget analysis, composite pain scales and grimace scales), and highlights their strengths and weaknesses for potential clinical implementation. The available literature on the use of each pain assessment tool in specific equine pain states (laminitis, lameness, acute synovitis, post-castration, acute colic and post-abdominal surgery) is discussed, including any problems with sensitivity, reliability or scale validation as well as translation of results to other clinical pain states. The review considers future development and further refinement of currently available equine pain scoring systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.c.degrauw@uu.nl.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Grauw
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P A M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005149:Facial Expression; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006736:Horses; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Equine; Pain; Scale