title: Post-prandial glucose and insulin responses of hummus alone or combined with a carbohydrate food: a dose-response study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulses are low glycemic index (GI) foods and have been associated with reduced risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. However the blood glucose and insulin responses of hummus, a food containing chickpea, have not been thoroughly tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy subjects each consumed 11 breakfast study meals in randomized order over a period of 15 weeks. Hummus was consumed alone at three doses (2.7 g, 10.8 g and 25 g available carbohydrate [avCHO] portions) and with 50 g avCHO from white bread at three doses (2.7 g, 5.4 g and 10.8 g avCHO portions). The responses elicited by hummus alone were compared with 25 g avCHO portions of white bread, while those after hummus plus white bread were compared with 50 g avCHO from white bread. Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses were monitored over two hours and the GI and insulin index (II) calculated using standard methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GI and II of hummus were 15 ± 3 and 52 ± 13, respectively, and were significantly lower than white bread (P < 0.05). The glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for hummus alone were significantly lower than white bread except for insulin IAUC of hummus 25 g avCHO. The peak rise of blood glucose and insulin after hummus were significantly lower than after white bread. Glucose and insulin IAUC after adding hummus to bread did not differ significantly from white bread alone. However the blood glucose 45 min after adding 25 g avCHO from hummus to white bread was significantly lower while at 120 min it was significantly higher than after white bread alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that, similar to chickpeas, hummus has a very low GI and II. Postprandial glucose responses were 4 times less than that of white bread and did not compromise insulin levels.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Livia S A
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.affiliation: Glycemic Index Laboratories Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiavaroli
authors.affiliation: Glycemic Index Laboratories Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Glycemic Index Laboratories Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Adish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ezatagha
authors.affiliation: Glycemic Index Laboratories Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esfahani
authors.affiliation: Glycemia Consulting, 32 Ridley Gardens, Toronto, ON, M6R 2T8, Canada. cyril.kendall@utoronto.ca.|College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. cyril.kendall@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Cyril W C
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin
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