title: [Time point and methods for emergency killing in cattle].
abstract: Emergency killing is defined as the killing of injured or ill animals to avoid excessive pain or harm. Decision-making for emergency killing or a prolonged therapy can be difficult and has to be based on the case history and results of the clinical examination contributing to the prognosis, particularly in downer cows. Evaluation of enzyme activities and total bilirubin can be used as additional factors pointing to a guarded prognosis; however, none of these parameters provides a clear cut-off value indicating a poor prognosis and mandatory emergency killing. Euthanasia by intravenous drug application is seen as the least stressful method of killing and should therefore always be the first method of choice for emergency killing in cattle. Drugs containing pentobarbital as well as a combination of three different drugs (T61-Injektionslösung, MSD Animal Health) are available for euthanasia in cattle. All drugs must be administered by a veterinarian. Before application of pentobarbital, an animal should be deeply sedated. The administration of T61 requires anaesthesia of the animal and it is not licensed for use in pregnant animals. Alternative methods for emeragency killing, including captive bolt stunning and the use of firearms, although not regularly performed by veterinarians, should be assessed concerning their correct application and performance. When captive bolt stunning or emergency killing using firearms is performed, the correct position of the device is crucial as well as a quick exsanguination or the application of a pithing rod for the actual killing of the animal after captive bolt stunning. In addition to medical considerations, economic and personal factors contribute to the decision about emergency killing in cattle. Therefore, veterinarians should aim to evaluate each case thoroughly based on personal knowledge and experience, case history, clinical findings and laboratory parameters to avoid prolonged suffering of the animal.
authors.affiliation: Johannes Lorenz Khol, Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Österreich, E-Mail: Johannes.Khol@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Khol
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schafbauer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wittek
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases; D003657:Decision Making; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D011247:Pregnancy; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: Euthanasia; bolt stunning; indication; pentobarbital; sedation