title: The effects of chronic cadmium exposure on repeat swimming performance and anaerobic metabolism in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis).
abstract: This study investigates the effect of chronic Cd exposure on the ability to perform repeat swim challenges in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Fish were exposed to waterborne Cd (18nM) in moderately hard water (120mgL(-1) CaCO3) for 30 days. This level of exposure has been shown to cause sublethal physiological disruption and acclimation responses but no impairment of sustained swimming capacity (Ucrit) in single swim challenges. Swim trials were done over the course of the exposure and each one consisted of an initial swim to 85% of the Ucrit of control fish, a 30min recovery period and finally a second swim challenge to determine Ucrit. Plasma and tissue samples were collected before and after each of the swim periods. As expected from previous studies, Cd exposure resulted in significant accumulation of Cd in gills, liver and kidney but not in white muscle. Exposure also induced a loss of plasma Ca followed by subsequent recovery (in lake whitefish but not brown trout) with few mortalities (100% survival for lake whitefish and 93% for brown trout). Both control and exposed fish swam to 85% of the single swim Ucrit and no differences in performance were seen. The Ucrit of unexposed controls in the second swim challenges were not different from the single swim Ucrit. However, second swim performance was significantly reduced in Cd exposed fish, particularly after a week of exposure where 31% and 38% reductions were observed for brown trout and lake whitefish respectively. Swimming to 85% Ucrit resulted in metabolic expenditure with little recovery after 30min. Few differences were observed between control and Cd exposed fish with the exception of a reduction in resting white muscle ATP stores of Cd exposed fish after 1 week of exposure. The results show that chronic sublethal Cd exposure results in an impairment of swimming ability in repeat swim challenges but this impairment is generally not related to metabolic processes in white muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: jmcgeer@wlu.ca.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McGeer
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry; D012487:Salmonidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014337:Trout / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Chronic; Glycogen; Metabolism; Metals; Repeat swimming; Salmonids; Swim performance