title: Mafutsuto-Ron: The First Anesthesia Textbook in the World. Bibliographic Review and English Translation.
abstract: On October 13, 1804, Seishu Hanaoka performed a mastectomy on Kan Aiya in Hirayama, Kii Province Japan, in what is considered to be the first operation under general anesthesia. She was anesthetized with a mixture of herbs known as Mafutsuto. Although Seishu did not record his anesthetic practices, his student, Gendai Kamada, documented the use of Mafutsuto in Mafutsuto-Ron. Written in 1839, Mafutsuto-Ron is 10 pages and covers six topics, including preoperative management, dosing and administering Mafutsuto, induction of general anesthesia, common errors, and postoperative precautions. Mafutsuto-Ron, therefore, meets the requirements to be considered the first extant anesthesia textbook. We present a complete English translation of Mafutsuto-Ron.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology, Ehime University Hospital, 791-0295, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu Medical University, 791-0295 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan. Electronic address: dotek@m.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dote
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology, Ehime University Hospital, 791-0295, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu Medical University, 791-0295 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikemune
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology, Ehime University Hospital, 791-0295, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu Medical University, 791-0295 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Desaki
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology, Ehime University Hospital, 791-0295, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu Medical University, 791-0295 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Tosihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorozuya
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology, Ehime University Hospital, 791-0295, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu Medical University, 791-0295 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
keywords: Gendai Kamada; Mafutsuto-Ron; Seishu Hanaoka