title: In-plane and out-of-plane motions of the human tympanic membrane.
abstract: Computer-controlled digital holographic techniques are developed and used to measure shape and four-dimensional nano-scale displacements of the surface of the tympanic membrane (TM) in cadaveric human ears in response to tonal sounds. The combination of these measurements (shape and sound-induced motions) allows the calculation of the out-of-plane (perpendicular to the surface) and in-plane (tangential) motion components at over 1,000,000 points on the TM surface with a high-degree of accuracy and sensitivity. A general conclusion is that the in-plane motion components are 10-20 dB smaller than the out-of-plane motions. These conditions are most often compromised with higher-frequency sound stimuli where the overall displacements are smaller, or the spatial density of holographic fringes is higher, both of which increase the uncertainty of the measurements. The results are consistent with the TM acting as a Kirchhoff-Love's thin shell dominated by out-of-plane motion with little in-plane motion, at least with stimulus frequencies up to 8 kHz.
authors.affiliation: Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics (CHSLT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khaleghi
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics (CHSLT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA.
authors.forename: Cosme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furlong
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rosowski
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000502:physiology; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
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