title: Modulation of Orthographic Decoding by Frontal Cortex.
abstract: Opinions are divided on whether word reading processes occur in a hierarchical, feedforward fashion or within an interactive framework. To critically evaluate these competing theories, we recorded electrocorticographic (ECoG) data from 15 human patients with intractable epilepsy during a word completion task and evaluated brain network dynamics across individuals. We used a novel technique of analyzing multihuman ECoG recordings to identify cortical regions most relevant to processing lexical information. The mid fusiform gyrus showed the strongest, earliest response after stimulus onset, whereas activity was maximal in frontal, dorsal lateral prefrontal, and sensorimotor regions toward articulation onset. To evaluate interregional functional connectivity, ECoG data from electrodes situated over specific cortical regions of interest were fit into linear multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) models. Spectral characteristics of the MVAR models were used to precisely reveal the timing and the magnitude of information flow between localized brain regions. This is the first application of MVAR for developing a comprehensive account of interregional interactions from a word reading ECoG dataset. Our comprehensive findings revealed both top-down and bottom-up influences between higher-level language areas and the mid fusiform gyrus. Our findings thus challenge strictly hierarchical, feedforward views of word reading and suggest that orthographic processes are modulated by prefrontal and sensorimotor regions via an interactive framework.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Word reading is a critical part of everyday life. When the ability to read is disrupted, it can lead to learning disorders, as well as emotional and academic difficulties. The neural mechanisms underlying word reading are not well understood due to limitations in the spatial and temporal specificity of prior word reading studies. Our research analyzed data recorded from sensors implanted directly from surface of human brains while these individuals performed a word reading task. Our research analyzed these recordings to infer how brain regions communicate during word reading. Our original results improve upon current models of word reading and can be used to develop treatment plans for individuals with reading disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.
authors.forename: Meagan Lee
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3747-7692
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.affiliation: Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, and.
authors.forename: Cihan Mehmet
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-372X
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kadipasaoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.
authors.forename: Steven James
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, and Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030 nitin.tandon@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: VWFA; electrocorticography; intracranial EEG; reading; subdural electrodes; words
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