title: Self-reported temporomandibular joint disorder symptoms, oral health, and quality of life of children in kindergarten through grade 5: Do sex, race, and socioeconomic background matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors' objectives were to determine the percentage of children in kindergarten through grade 5 who reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD); to assess whether sex, race, and socioeconomic background mattered; and to explore the relationships between TMJD and children's oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team conducted face-to-face interviews with 8,302 children in kindergarten through grade 5 (51% female, 49% male; 53% African American, 42% white). They conducted oral health screenings with 7,439 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 23.6% of the children reported pain when chewing tough food, and 18.8% reported pain when opening their mouth wide; 23.2% reported hearing a sound (clicking) when opening their mouth wide. Female students were more likely than male students and African American children were more likely than white children to report TMJD symptoms. The prevalence of TMJD symptoms did not correlate with whether the children had a need for oral health care services or whether they had an abscess or carious teeth with pulpal involvement. TMJD symptoms were associated significantly with children's OHRQoL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable percentages of 4- to 12-year-old children reported TMJD symptoms, with girls and African American children being more likely than their counterparts to be affected. Experiencing TMJD symptoms was associated significantly with poorer OHRQoL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental practitioners need to be aware that substantial percentages of kindergarten and elementary school-aged children experience TMJD symptoms. Taking a dental history and conducting an oral examination, therefore, should include assessments of the signs and symptoms of TMJD; treatment recommendations should be provided for affected children.
authors.forename: Marita R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Inglehart
authors.forename: Manan H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Widmalm
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Briskie
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Temporomandibular joint; children; dental care for children; oral health; oral health–related quality of life; quality of life; sex; socioeconomic factors
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