title: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract: A murmansk county birth registry study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract (CAKUTs) are relatively common birth defects. The combined prevalence in Europe was 3.3 per 1000 in 2012. The risk factors for these anomalies are not clearly identified. The aims of our study were to calculate the birth prevalences of urinary malformations in Murmansk County during 2006 to 2011 and to investigate related prenatal risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Murmansk County Birth Registry was the primary source of information and our study included 50,936 singletons in the examination of structure, prevalence and proportional distribution of CAKUTs. The multivariate analyses of risk factors involved 39,322 newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CAKUTs was 4.0 per 1000 newborns (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-4.5) and did not change during the study period. The most prevalent malformation was congenital hydronephrosis (14.2% of all cases). Diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 4.77; 95% CI, 1.16-19.65), acute infections while pregnant (OR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.14-2.94), the use of medication during pregnancy (OR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.44-2.82), and conception during the summer (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.15-2.66) were significantly associated with higher risk of CAKUTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall fourfold enhancement of the occurrence of urinary malformations in Murmansk County for the 2006 to 2011 period showed little annual dependence. During pregnancy, use of medications, infections, pre-existing diabetes mellitus, or gestational diabetes were associated with increased risk of these anomalies, as was conception during summer. Our findings have direct applications in improving prenatal care in Murmansk County and establishing targets for prenatal screening and women's consultations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|International School of Public Health, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Vitaly A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Postoev
authors.affiliation: International School of Public Health, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.|Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan.|North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrej M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grjibovski
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|International School of Public Health, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Anton A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kovalenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik Eik
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Anda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieboer
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jon Øyvind
authors.initials: JØ
authors.lastname: Odland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000150:complications; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Russia; congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract; risk factors; the Murmansk County Birth Registry