title: Electrospray Ionization on Solid Substrates.
abstract: Development of electrospray ionization on solid substrates (solid-substrate ESI) avoids the clogging problem encountered in conventional capillary-based ESI, allows more convenient sampling and permits new applications. So far, solid-substrate ESI with various materials, e.g., metals, paper, wood, fibers and biological tissue, has been developed, and applications ranging from analysis of pure compounds to complex mixtures as well as in vivo study were demonstrated. Particularly, the capability of solid-substrate ESI in direct analysis of complex samples, e.g., biological fluids and foods, has significantly facilitated mass spectrometric analysis in real-life applications and led to increasingly important roles of these techniques nowadays. In this review, various solid-substrate ESI techniques and their applications are summarized and the prospects in this field are discussed.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of  Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of  The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
authors.forename: Pui-Kin
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of  Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of  The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of  Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of  The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
authors.forename: Zhong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Yao
keywords: ambient ionization; direct analysis; electrospray ionization; in vivo study; solid substrate
references.citation: J Mass Spectrom. 2009 Oct;44(10):1469-77
references.pmid: 19685483
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2011 Dec 15;83(24):9221-5
references.pmid: 22103750
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2003 May 15;75(10):2493-8
references.pmid: 12918995
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17(15):1709-13
references.pmid: 12872275
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Mar 14;47(10):2811-3
references.pmid: 21286639
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21(18):3139-44
references.pmid: 17708527
references.citation: Forensic Sci Int. 1999 Jul 26;103(2):79-88
references.pmid: 10481261
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21(22):3677-82
references.pmid: 17957810
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2013 Oct 1;441(1):32-7
references.pmid: 23851340
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2013;3:2104
references.pmid: 23811725
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2013 Mar 30;27(6):713-21
references.pmid: 23418151
references.citation: J Phys Chem B. 2008 Sep 4;112(35):11164-70
references.pmid: 18698704
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1996 Jan 1;68(1):1-8
references.pmid: 8779426
references.citation: J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2009 Dec;20(12):2304-11
references.pmid: 19815427
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2011 Oct 15;417(2):195-201
references.pmid: 21741944
references.citation: J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep;22(9):1501-7
references.pmid: 21953253
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2013 Jan 15;27(1):68-74
references.pmid: 23239318
references.citation: Analyst. 2012 Mar 7;137(5):1082-4
references.pmid: 22249516
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Sep 19;702(1):1-15
references.pmid: 21819855
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2011 Feb 15;83(4):1197-201
references.pmid: 21247069
references.citation: J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2013 Jan;24(1):57-65
references.pmid: 23238949
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2005 Dec 15;77(24):8170-3
references.pmid: 16351172
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2010 Jun 15;24(11):1507-13
references.pmid: 20486246
references.citation: J Mass Spectrom. 2011 Oct;46(10):967-75
references.pmid: 22012662
references.citation: J Mass Spectrom. 2013 May;48(5):544-7
references.pmid: 23674278
references.citation: Analyst. 2012 Aug 21;137(16):3613-9
references.pmid: 22574311
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1999 Oct 1;71(19):4413-7
references.pmid: 21662868
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2011 Nov 1;83(21):8201-7
references.pmid: 21923155
references.citation: J Mass Spectrom. 2013 Jul;48(7):823-9
references.pmid: 23832938
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2011 Oct 15;83(20):7608-13
references.pmid: 21916420
references.citation: Analyst. 2013 Apr 21;138(8):2239-43
references.pmid: 23334728
references.citation: J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2000 May;11(5):464-7
references.pmid: 10790851
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2013 Nov 22;1317:246-53
references.pmid: 23932223
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2013 Apr 10;113(4):2269-308
references.pmid: 23301684
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010;49(5):877-80
references.pmid: 20049755
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2013 May;420:28-33
references.pmid: 23085205
references.citation: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Oct 15;25(19):2837-43
references.pmid: 21913262
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2003 Aug 1;75(15):3934-40
references.pmid: 14572066
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2013 Jun 27;785:82-90
references.pmid: 23764447
references.citation: J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep;22(9):1493-500
references.pmid: 21953252
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2004 Oct 7;(19):2204-5
references.pmid: 15467873
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2010 Mar 15;82(6):2463-71
references.pmid: 20158226
references.citation: Science. 1989 Oct 6;246(4926):64-71
references.pmid: 2675315
references.citation: Int J Mass Spectrom. 2012 Feb 15;312:201-207
references.pmid: 22350566
references.citation: Analyst. 2013 Aug 21;138(16):4443-7
references.pmid: 23774310
references.citation: Mol Biosyst. 2013 May;9(5):915-29
references.pmid: 23364350