title: Dietary intake of cod and scallop reduces atherosclerotic burden in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western-type high fat diet for 13 weeks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is now increasingly recognized that the beneficial effects of seafood consumption is not limited to lipids and fatty acid, but that the protein part, i.e., peptides and amino acids, together with vitamins and even unknown bioactive constituents also are important for disease prevention. This study was designed to evaluate the putative anti-atherogenic effects of different protein sources (a lean seafood and a nonseafood) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four 5-week-old female apoE(-/-) mice were fed Western type diets containing chicken or a combination of cod and scallops as dietary protein sources for 13 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque burden, weight, serum levels of leptin, glucose and LDL cholesterol as well as gene expressions from liver and heart were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Differences between the variables were evaluated using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for normally and non-normally distributed variables, respectively. Normality was defined by the Shapiro-Wilk test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mice fed cod-scallop had a 24 % (p < 0.05) reduced total aorta atherosclerotic plaque burden compared to the chicken fed group, whereas the reduction in plaque in the less lesion prone thoracic and abdominal parts of the descending aorta were 46 % (p < 0.05) and 56 % (p < 0.05), respectively. In addition, mice fed cod-scallop gained less weight, and had lower serum levels of leptin, glucose and LDL cholesterol, compared to those fed chicken. Analysis of expression of the genes from liver and heart showed that hepatic endogenous antioxidant paraoxonase 2 (Pon2 gene) and the vascular cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1 (Vcam1 gene) were down regulated in mice fed cod-scallop compared to mice fed chicken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed a metabolic beneficial effect of lean seafood compared to chicken, as atherosclerotic plaque burden, serum glucose, leptin and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced in mice fed cod-scallop.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Ida-Johanne
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walquist
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liaset
authors.affiliation: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Edel O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Elvevoll
authors.affiliation: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Eilertsen
keywords: Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice; Atherosclerosis; Dietary intake; Gene expression; Lean seafood; Plaque burden; Scallop; cod
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 2004 Jul;43(4):283-301
references.pmid: 15234549
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Mar;63(3):315-21
references.pmid: 8602586
references.citation: Hypertens Res. 2001 Jul;24(4):453-7
references.pmid: 11510759
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2014 Jul;46(7):1659-71
references.pmid: 24658997
references.citation: Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Mar 03;10:41
references.pmid: 21371300
references.citation: JAMA. 2006 Oct 18;296(15):1885-99
references.pmid: 17047219
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32
references.pmid: 7984236
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Aug 31;122(9):876-83
references.pmid: 20713902
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Sep;102(3):582-92
references.pmid: 26224298
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;776:93-103
references.pmid: 23392874
references.citation: Ann Med. 1999 Oct;31(5):318-26
references.pmid: 10574504
references.citation: Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):468-71
references.pmid: 1411543
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2012 Apr;15(4):725-37
references.pmid: 21914258
references.citation: Cell. 1992 Oct 16;71(2):343-53
references.pmid: 1423598
references.citation: J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2003 Aug;87(7-8):251-62
references.pmid: 12864905
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2009 May;204(1):147-55
references.pmid: 18842266
references.citation: Immunol Today. 1993 Oct;14(10):506-12
references.pmid: 7506035
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Nov-Dec;19(6):745-53
references.pmid: 11194527
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 May;56(5):681-90
references.pmid: 22648615
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2009 Mar;48(2):92-100
references.pmid: 19142569
references.citation: J Nutr. 2007 Jul;137(7):1776-82
references.pmid: 17585030
references.citation: Histol Histopathol. 2008 Mar;23(3):381-90
references.pmid: 18072094
references.citation: Int J Mol Med. 2012 Mar;29(3):331-7
references.pmid: 22160183
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Nov 19;106(21):2747-57
references.pmid: 12438303
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;77(3):587-93
references.pmid: 12600847
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Jan 15;38(2):153-63
references.pmid: 15607899
references.citation: Circulation. 1995 Sep 1;92(5):1355-74
references.pmid: 7648691
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 12;286(32):28382-95
references.pmid: 21680746
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2006 Jul 14;1121(1):99-105
references.pmid: 16650428
references.citation: Biotechnol Adv. 2011 Sep-Oct;29(5):508-18
references.pmid: 21683131
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 May;1821(5):843-51
references.pmid: 22041134
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;93(2):243-52
references.pmid: 21159789
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Apr;1791(4):254-62
references.pmid: 19416649
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Oct 22;395(6704):763-70
references.pmid: 9796811
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Jun 8;109(22):2705-11
references.pmid: 15184295
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1957 May;226(1):497-509
references.pmid: 13428781
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2008 Oct;200(2):396-402
references.pmid: 18242615
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 May 1;30(9):e36
references.pmid: 11972351
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Apr;55(4):896-901
references.pmid: 1550074
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;916:i-viii, 1-149, backcover
references.pmid: 12768890
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2006 Jan;184(1):78-85
references.pmid: 15946668