title: Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Problems: Contextual Effects in a Sample of Female Twins.
abstract: Studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) suggest increased risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether these associations are the direct result of MSDP or related to confounding familial variables associated with MSDP. The current study employed propensity score analysis to examine the effects of MSDP on offspring EXT using data from a large sample of 979 unrelated mothers. Logistic regression models were used to determine the propensity that the offspring of these mothers were likely to be exposed to MSDP [i.e., smoked during only the first trimester (MSDP-EARLY[E]) or smoked throughout their pregnancy (MSDP-THROUGHOUT[T])] given known familial confounders. Analyses focused on the effect of MSDP-E/T on the EXT behavior in offspring of these mothers (N = 1616) were conducted across the distribution of liability for MSDP-E/T and at different levels of risk for MSDP-E/T. MSDP-E/T was associated with offspring EXT problems, but the effects were partly confounded by the familial liability for MSDP. Further, the observed effects were not consistent across all levels of the MSDP risk distribution. These findings suggest a direct association between MSDP and offspring EXT behaviors, and that varied associations observed across studies may be the result of differences in the level of familial confounders that also have an effect on offspring EXT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. rohan_palmer@brown.edu.|Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. rohan_palmer@brown.edu.|Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center Coro West, 1 Hoppin St, Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. rohan_palmer@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Rohan H C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6809-9962
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cognitive Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: L Cinnamon
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bidwell
authors.affiliation: Midwestern Alcohol Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brick
authors.affiliation: Midwestern Alcohol Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela A F
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.|Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Valerie S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Knopik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014427:Twins / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: ADHD; Alcohol dependence; Conduct disorder; Smoking during pregnancy; Tobacco dependence
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Jun;38(3):680-9
references.pmid: 18775874
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;160(6):1028-40
references.pmid: 12777257
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;63(12):1410-6
references.pmid: 17146015
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2016 May;46(3):416-30
references.pmid: 27098899
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;200(3):202-9
references.pmid: 22322457
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 1992 Sep-Oct;29(3-4):363-8
references.pmid: 1393609
references.citation: Neuropsychol Rev. 2000 Mar;10(1):1-40
references.pmid: 10839311
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2015 Jan 30;225(1-2):164-8
references.pmid: 25481018
references.citation: Int J Environ Health Res. 2011 Aug;21(4):248-59
references.pmid: 21598153
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34(1):1-36
references.pmid: 19142764
references.citation: Twin Res. 2003 Apr;6(2):85-8
references.pmid: 12723994
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Winter;20(1):139-64
references.pmid: 18211732
references.citation: Front Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 11;1:21
references.pmid: 21423432
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):124-33
references.pmid: 11752107
references.citation: Biometrics. 1968 Jun;24(2):295-313
references.pmid: 5683871
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 Jan;18(1):73-9
references.pmid: 14738549
references.citation: Eur J Epidemiol. 2014 Jul;29(7):499-506
references.pmid: 24840229
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 May 1;138:130-6
references.pmid: 24647368
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2002 Jun;92(6):966-74
references.pmid: 12036791
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1994 Mar;55(2):149-58
references.pmid: 8189735
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jun;36(6):737-44
references.pmid: 9183127
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;69(11):1140-50
references.pmid: 23117635
references.citation: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;70(9):901-2
references.pmid: 23884399
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2007;7:81
references.pmid: 17506887
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2006 Oct;36(10):1461-71
references.pmid: 16734942
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117453
references.pmid: 25658357
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;44(8):1130-44
references.pmid: 14626455
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009 Sep;93(3):313-21
references.pmid: 19341765
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;61(8):836-43
references.pmid: 15289282
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2016 May;46(3):353-64
references.pmid: 26494459
references.citation: Twin Res. 2003 Aug;6(4):297-301
references.pmid: 14511436
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;55(1):61-8
references.pmid: 25359172
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Oct 15;66(8):722-7
references.pmid: 19596120
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2005 May;35(5):625-35
references.pmid: 15918339
references.citation: Multivariate Behav Res. 2011 May;46(3):399-424
references.pmid: 21818162
references.citation: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2015 Jan;75(1):64-71
references.pmid: 25684788
references.citation: J Perinat Med. 2010 Nov;38(6):683-7
references.pmid: 20707625
references.citation: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Jan;7(1):146-63
references.pmid: 20195438
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2014 Jan;133(1):e14-22
references.pmid: 24298003
references.citation: Twin Res. 2002 Apr;5(2):107-12
references.pmid: 11931688
references.citation: Epidemiology. 2012 Sep;23(5):713-20
references.pmid: 22781362
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Nov;31(11):2462-75
references.pmid: 16341021
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Mar;186(3):531-7
references.pmid: 11904619
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15;198(2):132-51
references.pmid: 15236950
references.citation: Int J Pediatr. 2010;2010:401323
references.pmid: 20981293
references.citation: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Dec;116(12):1621-9
references.pmid: 19696961
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;30(5):562-8
references.pmid: 25843027
references.citation: Addiction. 1999 Sep;94(9):1361-70
references.pmid: 10615721
references.citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(6):675-81
references.pmid: 16752258
references.citation: Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2014 Sep;44(8):219-41
references.pmid: 25106748
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Oct;11(10):1166-74
references.pmid: 19640836