title: Carotenoids, carotenoid esters, and anthocyanins of yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.).
abstract: Pigment profiles of yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) apples were investigated. Among 15 identified carotenoids and carotenoid esters, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin palmitate were the most abundant in peels and pulp of all samples. Total carotenoid concentrations in the pulp of yellow- and red-peeled cashew apples were low (0.69-0.73 mg/100g FW) compared to that of orange-peeled samples (2.2mg/100g FW). The color difference between the equally carotenoid-rich yellow and red colored samples indicated the presence of a further non-carotenoid pigment type in red peels. Among four detected anthocyanins, the major anthocyanin was unambiguously identified as 7-O-methylcyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside by NMR spectroscopy. Red and yellow peel color was chiefly determined by the presence and absence of anthocyanins, respectively, while the orange appearance of the peel was mainly caused by increased carotenoid concentrations. Thus, orange-peeled fruits represent a rich source of provitamin A (ca. 124 μg retinol-activity-equivalents/100g pulp, FW).
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.schweiggert@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Ralf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schweiggert
authors.affiliation: CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica; Food Security Center, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: School of Food Technology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.affiliation: Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P. O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carle
mesh_terms: D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004952:Esters; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: 7-O-Methylcyanidin; 7-O-Methylcyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (PubChem CID: 101765178); Cashew; Lutein; Lutein (PubChem CID: 16061204); Vitamin A; Zeaxanthin; Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 5280899); α-Carotene (PubChem CID: 4369188); β-Carotene; β-Carotene (PubChem CID: 5280489); β-Cryptoxanthin; β-Cryptoxanthin (PubChem CID: 44554791)