title: Analysis of field-scale spatial correlations and variations of soil nutrients using geostatistics.
abstract: Spatial correlations and soil nutrient variations are important for soil nutrient management. They help to reduce the negative impacts of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Based on the sampled available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK), soil nutrient data from 2010, the spatial correlation, was analyzed, and the probabilities of the nutrient's abundance or deficiency were discussed. This paper presents a statistical approach to spatial analysis, the spatial correlation analysis (SCA), which was originally developed for describing heterogeneity in the presence of correlated variation and based on ordinary kriging (OK) results. Indicator kriging (IK) was used to assess the susceptibility of excess of soil nutrients based on crop needs. The kriged results showed there was a distinct spatial variability in the concentration of all three soil nutrients. High concentrations of these three soil nutrients were found near Anzhou. As the distance from the center of town increased, the concentration of the soil nutrients gradually decreased. Spatially, the relationship between AN and AP was negative, and the relationship between AP and AK was not clear. The IK results showed that there were few areas with a risk of AN and AP overabundance. However, almost the entire study region was at risk of AK overabundance. Based on the soil nutrient distribution results, it is clear that the spatial variability of the soil nutrients differed throughout the study region. This spatial soil nutrient variability might be caused by different fertilizer types and different fertilizing practices.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China. liurm@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Jianhan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Zhenyao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D005502:Food; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Geostatistics; Nonpoint source pollution; Soil nutrient; Spatial correlation coefficient; Spatial variability
references.citation: Mar Pollut Bull. 2012 Oct;64(10):2083-9
references.pmid: 22910333
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jul 15;430:59-67
references.pmid: 22634550
references.citation: Environ Manage. 2011 Sep;48(3):448-61
references.pmid: 21667317
references.citation: Environ Res. 2009 Apr;109(3):334-42
references.pmid: 19193368
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:1069-77
references.pmid: 24095969
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Dec;183(1-4):351-79
references.pmid: 21394434
references.citation: Geoderma. 2012 Jan 15;170:347-358
references.pmid: 25729090
references.citation: J Environ Manage. 2012 Jul 30;103:24-40
references.pmid: 22459068
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2014 Dec;186(12):9011-22
references.pmid: 25236958
references.citation: Water Air Soil Pollut. 2008 May;190(1-4):115-127
references.pmid: 25705061
references.citation: Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):926-9
references.pmid: 18703733
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2007 Oct 1;384(1-3):151-62
references.pmid: 17628636
references.citation: J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):826-33
references.pmid: 20923092
references.citation: J Environ Manage. 2011 Oct;92(10):2823-35
references.pmid: 21742430