title: Effect of microgrooves and fibronectin conjugation on the osteoblast marker gene expression and differentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of fibronectin (FN)-conjugated, microgrooved titanium (Ti) on osteoblast differentiation and gene expression in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Photolithography was used to fabricate the microgrooved Ti, and amine functionalization (silanization) was used to immobilize fibronectin on the titanium surfaces. Osteoblast differentiation and osteoblast marker gene expression were analyzed by means of alkaline phosphatase activity assay, extracellular calcium deposition assay, and quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conjugation of fibronectin on Ti significantly increased osteoblast differentiation in MSCs compared with non-conjugated Ti substrates. On the extracellular calcium deposition assays of MSCs at 21 days, an approximately two-fold increase in calcium concentration was observed on the etched 60-µm-wide/10-µm-deep microgrooved surface with fibronectin (E60/10FN) compared with the same surface without fibronectin (E60/10), and a more than four-fold increase in calcium concentration was observed on E60/10FN compared with the non-etched control (NE0) and etched control (E0) surfaces. Through a series of analyses to determine the expression of osteoblast marker genes, a significant increase in all the marker genes except type I collagen α1 mRNA was seen with E60/10FN more than with any of the other groups, as compared with NE0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FN-conjugated, microgrooved Ti substrate can provide an effective surface to promote osteoblast differentiation and osteoblast marker gene expression in MSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Jung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4111-2231
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8381-723X
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leesungbok
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2128-1561
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5661-2258
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: ED Dental Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do Yun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8638-7423
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2526-4005
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, National Health Insurance Medical Center Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon-Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4571-7342
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taixing
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9528-7299
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Cheon
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8560-0173
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suk Won
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2726-3567
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Fibronectin conjugation; Gene expression; Microgrooves; Osteoblast differentiation; Titanium
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