title: Determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in Finnish children: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study.
abstract: We studied vitamin D intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) concentration, determinants of S-25(OH)D and risk factors for S-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l in a population sample of Finnish children. We studied 184 girls and 190 boys aged 6-8 years, analysed S-25(OH)D by chemiluminescence immunoassay and assessed diet quality using 4-d food records and other lifestyle factors by questionnaires. We analysed the determinants of S-25(OH)D using linear regression and risk factors for S-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l using logistic regression. Mean dietary intake of vitamin D was 5·9 (sd 2·1) µg/d. Altogether, 40·8 % of children used no vitamin D supplements. Of all children, 82·4 % did not meet the recommended total vitamin D intake of 10 µg/d. Milk fortified with vitamin D was the main dietary source of vitamin D, providing 48·7 % of daily intake. S-25(OH)D was <50 nmol/l in 19·5 % of children. Consumption of milk products was the main determinant of S-25(OH)D in all children (standardised regression coefficient β=0·262; P<0·001), girls (β=0·214; P=0·009) and boys (β=0·257; P=0·003) in multivariable models. Vitamin D intake from supplements (β=0·171; P=0·035) and age (β=-0·198; P=0·015) were associated with S-25(OH)D in girls. Children who drank ≥450 g/d of milk, spent ≥2·2 h/d in physical activity, had ≥13·1 h/d of daylight time or were examined in autumn had reduced risk for S-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l. Insufficient vitamin D intake was common among Finnish children, one-fifth of whom had S-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l. More attention should be paid to the sufficient intake of vitamin D from food and supplements, especially among children who do not use fortified milk products.
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Aino-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Eloranta
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindi
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Taisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venäläinen
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaproudina
authors.affiliation: 5Institute of Biomedicine,Medical Biochemistry,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Anitta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahonen
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Biomedicine,Physiology,University of Eastern Finland,Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Timo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lakka
mesh_terms: D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D009043:Motor Activity; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; D002112:Calcifediol
keywords: 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Children; Determinants; Vitamin D