title: Testicular shielding in penile brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Penile cancer, although rare, is one of the common genitourinary cancers in India affecting mostly aged uncircumcised males. For patients presenting with small superficial lesions < 3 cm restricted to glans, surgery, radical external radiation or brachytherapy may be offered, the latter being preferred as it allows organ and function preservation. In patients receiving brachytherapy, testicular morbidity is not commonly addressed. With an aim to minimize and document the doses to testis after adequate shielding during radical interstitial brachytherapy for penile cancers, we undertook this study in 2 patients undergoing brachytherapy and forms the basis of this report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with early stage penile cancer limited to the glans were treated with radical high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy using interstitial implant. A total of 7-8 tubes were implanted in two planes, parallel to the penile shaft. A total dose of 44-48 Gy (55-60 Gy EQD2 doses with α/β = 10) was delivered in 11-12 fractions of 4 Gy each delivered twice daily. Lead sheets adding to 11 mm (4-5 half value layer) were interposed between the penile shaft and scrotum. The testicular dose was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. For each patient, dosimetry was done for 3 fractions and mean calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative testicular dose to left and right testis was 31.68 cGy and 42.79 cGy for patient A, and 21.96 cGy and 23.28 cGy for patient B. For the same patients, the mean cumulative dose measured at the posterior aspect of penile shaft was 722.15 cGy and 807.72 cGy, amounting to 16.4% and 16.8% of the prescribed dose. Hence, the application of lead shield 11 mm thick reduced testicular dose from 722-808 cGy to 21.96-42.57 cGy, an "absolute reduction" of 95.99 ± 1.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of a simple lead shield as described, we were able to effectively reduce testicular dose from "spermicidal" range to "oligospermic" range with possible reversibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bindal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahantshetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekhar M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tambe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Vedang
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Shyam Kishore
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
keywords: HDR brachytherapy; penile brachytherapy; radiation; shielding; testicular cancer
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