title: Yolk testosterone affects growth and promotes individual-level consistency in behavioral lateralization of yellow-legged gull chicks.
abstract: Behavioral lateralization is common in animals and may be expressed at the individual- and at the population-level. The ontogenetic processes that control lateralization, however, are largely unknown. Well-established sex-dependence in androgen physiology and sex-dependent variation in lateralization have led to the hypothesis that testosterone (T) has organizational effects on lateralization. The effects of T exposure in early life on lateralization can be efficiently investigated by manipulating T levels in the cleidoic eggs of birds, because the embryo is isolated from maternal and sibling physiological interference, but this approach has been adopted very rarely. In the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) we increased yolk T concentration within the physiological limits and tested the effects on the direction of lateralization in two functionally fundamental behaviors (begging for parental care and escape to cover) of molecularly sexed hatchlings. We also speculated that T may intervene in regulating consistency, rather than direction of lateralization, and therefore tested if T affected the 'repeatability' of lateral preference in consecutive behavioral trials. T treatment had no effect on the direction of lateralization, but enhanced the consistency of lateral preference in escape responses. Sex did not predict lateralization. Neither behavior was lateralized at the population-level. We therefore showed for the first time in any species an effect of egg T on consistency in lateralization. The implications of the effect of T for the evolution of trade-offs in maternal allocation of egg hormones, and the evolutionary interpretations of findings from our studies on lateralization among unmanipulated birds are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina Daniela
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Possenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.romano@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubolini
authors.affiliation: Research and Conservation Department, Parco Natura Viva, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spiezio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marco.parolini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parolini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Larus michahellis; Lateralization; Maternal effect; Population-level lateralization; Testosterone