title: Current trends in outwitting resistance development in Candida infections through photodynamic and short peptide therapies: a strategic-shift from conventional antifungal agents.
abstract: Disequilibrium in the human debilitated immune system favors proliferation of invasive Candida species, a major therapeutic challenge due to development of resistance to several conventional antifungal agents (CAA) worldwide. Multiple mutations observed at specific loci that are targets for CAA are recognized as sources of drug resistance. This has prompted a shift from CAA, to diverse combination therapies, photodynamic and short peptide therapies capable of triggering specific apoptotic reactions within candidal cells. In this review, new designs and combination of short peptide (SP) with CAA as well as current application of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against Candida species geared at generating reactive species of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) are discussed. It is observed that oxidative and nitrosative stresses provides a superior broad candidacidal effects for eradication of drug-resistant Candida species. The mechanism and limitations in these strategic approaches over CAA is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: a School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences (SBBS) , The University of Health and Allied Sciences , Ho , Volta Region , Ghana.
authors.forename: Bengyella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: a School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences (SBBS) , The University of Health and Allied Sciences , Ho , Volta Region , Ghana.
authors.forename: Sayanika Devi
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Waikhom
authors.affiliation: a School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences (SBBS) , The University of Health and Allied Sciences , Ho , Volta Region , Ghana.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Atadja
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010455:Peptides
keywords: Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; amphotericin B; azoles; candidacidal peptides; drug antagonism; β-peptides