title: Macroglossia in advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: An enlarged tongue (macroglossia) has been reported in advanced-stage patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  
  In this study we examined the prevalence of macroglossia and analyzed clinical correlations in 65 ALS patients on tracheostomy-invasive ventilation (TIV).
  
  
  
  Macroglossia was found in 22 patients (33.8%). Compared with those without macroglossia, patients with macroglossia had a younger age of onset, longer duration of disease and TIV use, lower ALS Functional Rating Scale score, higher body mass index, lower energy intake, more severe communication impairment, and lower oral function. Logistic multivariate analysis showed that body mass index (BMI; P = 0.007) and communication impairment (P = 0.029) were significantly correlated with macroglossia. The duration of TIV use was at the cut-off level of significance (P = 0.05).
  
  
  
  Macroglossia may be the result of overfeeding and replacement by fat during long-term TIV use in patients with advanced ALS. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: 386-390, 2016.
authors.affiliation: ALS Nursing Care Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.|Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: ALS Nursing Care Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: ALS Nursing Care Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Oral Health Care Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiyoko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hakuta
authors.affiliation: ALS Nursing Care Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itagaki
authors.affiliation: ALS Nursing Care Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neurobiology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sayama Neurological Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Numayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008260:Macroglossia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; body mass index; invasive ventilation; macroglossia; oral function; tracheostomy