title: Anorexia of Aging: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Potential Treatments.
abstract: Older people frequently fail to ingest adequate amount of food to meet their essential energy and nutrient requirements. Anorexia of aging, defined by decrease in appetite and/or food intake in old age, is a major contributing factor to under-nutrition and adverse health outcomes in the geriatric population. This disorder is indeed highly prevalent and is recognized as an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in different clinical settings. Even though anorexia is not an unavoidable consequence of aging, advancing age often promotes its development through various mechanisms. Age-related changes in life-style, disease conditions, as well as social and environmental factors have the potential to directly affect dietary behaviors and nutritional status. In spite of their importance, problems related to food intake and, more generally, nutritional status are seldom attended to in clinical practice. While this may be the result of an "ageist" approach, it should be acknowledged that simple interventions, such as oral nutritional supplementation or modified diets, could meaningfully improve the health status and quality of life of older persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. francesco.landi@rm.unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. riccardo.calvani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calvani
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. matteo.tosato@rm.unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tosato
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. annamariamartone@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martone
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. eleort@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortolani
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. giulia.savera@libero.it.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savera
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. alexsisto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy. emarzetti@live.com.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marzetti
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001066:Appetite; D004435:Eating; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009752:Nutritional Status; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: appetite; food intake; frailty; geriatric syndrome; ghrelin; malnutrition; nutrition; protein; sarcopenia; supplementation
references.citation: Appetite. 1993 Dec;21(3):255-72
references.pmid: 8141597
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Mar;56(3):M146-56
references.pmid: 11253156
references.citation: Nutrients. 2013 Oct;5(10):4126-33
references.pmid: 24128975
references.citation: Aging Dis. 2014 Feb 05;6(1):48-55
references.pmid: 25657852
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 Mar;11(3):188-93
references.pmid: 20188316
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;29(2):154-9
references.pmid: 20060626
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2012 Jan;16(1):79-83
references.pmid: 22238005
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 May;9(4):219-36
references.pmid: 18457797
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1996 Feb 26;156(4):425-9
references.pmid: 8607728
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Nov;62(5 Suppl):1072S-1080S
references.pmid: 7484924
references.citation: Nutrition. 1999 Jun;15(6):499-503
references.pmid: 10378207
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Mar;63(3):308-13
references.pmid: 18375880
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2005 Mar;2(3):158-65
references.pmid: 16264909
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):542-59
references.pmid: 23867520
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):1074-81
references.pmid: 16280441
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 May;11(4):268-74
references.pmid: 20439047
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Feb;14(2):119-24
references.pmid: 23218843
references.citation: Clin Geriatr Med. 2007 Nov;23(4):735-56, v
references.pmid: 17923335
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;83(5):1149-52
references.pmid: 16685059
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2013 Apr;52(3):1261-8
references.pmid: 22923016
references.citation: Nutrition. 2000 Oct;16(10):983-95
references.pmid: 11054605
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;18(3):437-52
references.pmid: 15261848
references.citation: Dig Dis. 2007;25(2):129-37
references.pmid: 17468548
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;294(2):E392-400
references.pmid: 18056791
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Jun;26(3):203-19
references.pmid: 15811435
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 Mar;11(3):153-6
references.pmid: 20188310
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;66(4):760-73
references.pmid: 9322549
references.citation: Front Aging Neurosci. 2014 Nov 19;6:269
references.pmid: 25477815
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Jan;16(1):27-32
references.pmid: 23041615
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Jun;57(6):1073-9
references.pmid: 19460090
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:417-38
references.pmid: 12055352
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Feb;14(2):77-9
references.pmid: 23287733
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2012 May;16(5):422-5
references.pmid: 22555783
references.citation: Drugs Aging. 2014 Jan;31(1):33-45
references.pmid: 24234805
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Jan;13(1):31-4
references.pmid: 21700503
references.citation: J Physiol. 2006 Aug 15;575(Pt 1):305-15
references.pmid: 16777941
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 Jul;11(6):391-6
references.pmid: 20627179
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2000;9(10):1137-46
references.pmid: 11401046
references.citation: Biogerontology. 2002;3(1-2):67-71
references.pmid: 12014845