title: Age-related effects of job characteristics on burnout and work engagement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In light of an ageing and age-diverse workforce, it is imperative to understand how psychosocial aspects of work might influence health throughout working life. Recently, there has been an implicit call to differentiate job characteristics beyond the two factors of job demands and job resources. As needs, abilities and motivation fluctuate with age, different job characteristics might yield differential benefits. Additionally, markers beyond chronological age should be considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore systematically interactions between different job characteristics, age and age covariates (i.e. job tenure and position type) and their relationship with work-related health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online survey of workers in Switzerland, Austria and Germany, recruited through a panel data service provider. We excluded participants working fewer than 30 hours a week, trainees, self-employed people and senior managers. We assessed seven areas of psychosocial risks at work, burnout, work engagement and demographics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6000 workers contacted, 1916 responded (31%). After applying exclusion criteria, we analysed data from 1417 respondents. We found that age barely had a moderating effect between psychosocial factors and health outcomes, but its three-way interaction with age covariates had more explanatory potential. Young workers with high job tenure showed particular vulnerability to job demands and the lack of certain job resources. Older workers with managerial positions were more resilient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and its covariates, such as job tenure and position type, should be considered in developing age-sensitive occupational health models.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public and Organizational Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Hirschgraben 84, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland. romualdo.fernandesramos@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Division of Public and Organizational Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Hirschgraben 84, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.affiliation: Division of Public and Organizational Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Hirschgraben 84, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007587:Job Description; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016272:Occupational Health; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Age; Management Standards; age covariates; burnout; job characteristics; job demands; job resources; lifespan; psychosocial factors at work; work engagement.