title: Migraine, Osmophobia, and Anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between osmophobia and the characteristics of patients and their headaches, among migraine patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study. Patients who consecutively sought medical attendance in a primary care unit were asked about their headaches over the last 12 months. Those who had migraine were included. A semi-structured interview, the Headache Impact Test and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  147 patients had migraine; 78 had osmophobia; 60 had significant anxiety symptoms; and 78 had significant depression symptoms. The mean age of these patients was 43.2 years (± 13.7); 91.2% were women. The mean length of time with complaints of headache was 13.8 years (± 12). Among the migraine patients, those with anxiety, more years of headache history, and phonophobia presented significantly more osmophobia (multivariate logistic regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osmophobia in migraine patients is associated with significant anxiety symptoms, length of headache history, and phonophobia.
authors.affiliation: *Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Department of Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil pasrf@ig.com.br.
authors.forename: Pedro Augusto Sampaio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Filho
authors.affiliation: *Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine Sobral
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: *Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Scientific Initiation Fellowships Institutional Program (CNPq).
authors.forename: Rinailda Cascia Santos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: *Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Scientific Initiation Fellowships Institutional Program (CNPq).
authors.forename: Kamila Nazare Ribas
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Leal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D009812:Odorants; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Affective Symptoms; Anxiety; Limbic System; Migraine Disorders; Odors; Osmophobia