title: Spearhead Nanometric Field-Effect Transistor Sensors for Single-Cell Analysis.
abstract: Nanometric field-effect-transistor (FET) sensors are made on the tip of spear-shaped dual carbon nanoelectrodes derived from carbon deposition inside double-barrel nanopipettes. The easy fabrication route allows deposition of semiconductors or conducting polymers to comprise the transistor channel. A channel from electrodeposited poly pyrrole (PPy) exhibits high sensitivity toward pH changes. This property is exploited by immobilizing hexokinase on PPy nano-FETs to give rise to a selective ATP biosensor. Extracellular pH and ATP gradients are key biochemical constituents in the microenvironment of living cells; we monitor their real-time changes in relation to cancer cells and cardiomyocytes. The highly localized detection is possible because of the high aspect ratio and the spear-like design of the nano-FET probes. The accurately positioned nano-FET sensors can detect concentration gradients in three-dimensional space, identify biochemical properties of a single living cell, and after cell membrane penetration perform intracellular measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clausmeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Babakinejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ainara López
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Córdoba
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tayyibah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shevchuk
authors.affiliation: Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lab
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiappini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R Charles
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorelik
authors.affiliation: Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsue
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klenerman
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Sviderskaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Korchev
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014173:Transistors, Electronic
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D011108:Polymers; D011758:Pyrroles; C067635:polypyrrole; D008982:Molybdenum; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006593:Hexokinase; C082964:molybdenum disulfide
keywords: ATP; FET; biosensor; nanoelectrode; nanopipette; nanosensor; scanning probe microscopy
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