title: Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamin C transporter gene (SLC23A2) polymorphisms in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is currently no convincing epidemiological evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption, the primary source of vitamin C, plays a role in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) aetiology. We hypothesized that variations in vitamin C dietary intake as well as in genetic variability in vitamin C transporter gene SLC23A2 could explain some inconsistencies in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fruit/vegetable/vitamin C consumption from food frequency questionnaires and six low-penetrance genetic susceptibility polymorphisms in vitamin C transporter gene SLC23A2 (rs1715364, rs6133175, rs1776948, rs6139587, rs369270 and rs6052937) were examined in 434 CLL cases and 1257 randomly selected controls from primary care centres with genetic data of whom 275 cases and 1094 controls having both diet and genetic information. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLL patients were more likely to have a higher fruit consumption than controls (highest versus lowest quartile in g/day OR: 1.48; 95 % CI: 1.00 to 2.18; P = 0.03), whereas no associations were found with vegetable or total vitamin C intake. Based on log-additive models, rs6133175_A > G (OR: 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.41; P = 0.05) and rs1776948_T > A (OR: 1.20; 95 %CI: 1.01 to 1.41; P = 0.04) were associated with CLL. The haplogenotype analysis (rs1715364, rs6133175) supported the genotype results. No gene-diet interactions in CLL remained statistically significant after correction for multiple testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that both fruit intake and genetic marker in SLC23A2 may play an independent role in CLL biology.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via 199 - 203, 2º, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. dcasabonne@iconcologia.net.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain. dcasabonne@iconcologia.net.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casabonne
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracia
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002, Barcelona, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.|Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via 199 - 203, 2º, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benavente
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via 199 - 203, 2º, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via 199 - 203, 2º, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Hematology, IDIBELL, Institut Català d' Oncologia, 08907, L' Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Barca
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Oncology Institute (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Austria.
authors.forename: Adonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardón
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria- IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Trinidad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dierssen-Sotos
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospital del Mar, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Grup de Recerca Aplicada en Neoplasies Hematològiques-PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva Gimeno
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Hematopathology Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aymerich
authors.affiliation: Hematopathology Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elies
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Servicio Andaluz de Salud/Universidad de Granada, 18012, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Moleón
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit and Girona Cancer Registry, Oncology Coordination Plan, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdiBGi), 17007, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcos-Gragera
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002, Barcelona, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaño-Vinyals
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), 28222, Puerta De Hierro Majadahonda, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aragones
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), 28222, Puerta De Hierro Majadahonda, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollan
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002, Barcelona, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.|National School of Public Health, 115 21, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Health Department, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urtiaga
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Basque Health Department, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amiano
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Prevention and Control Program, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Gran Via 199 - 203, 2º, 08907, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Sanjose
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005819:Genetic Markers; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C555163:SLC23A2 protein, human; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; Fruit intake; Polymorphism; SLC23A2; Vegetable intake; Vitamin C intake
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