title: Effect of Breed on Plasma Endothelin-1 Concentration, Plasma Renin Activity, and Serum Cortisol Concentration in Healthy Dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are breed differences in several blood variables in healthy dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate breed variation in plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration, plasma renin activity, and serum cortisol concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-hundred and thirty-one healthy dogs of 9 breeds examined at 5 centers (2-4 breeds/center).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study. Circulating concentrations of ET-1 and cortisol, and renin activity, were measured using commercially available assays. Absence of organ-related or systemic disease was ensured by thorough clinical investigations, including blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, ECG, blood and urine analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median ET-1 concentration was 1.29 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.97-1.82) pg/mL, median cortisol concentration 46.0 (IQR, 29.0-80.8) nmol/L, and median renin activity 0.73 (IQR, 0.48-1.10) ng/mL/h in all dogs. Overall, breed differences were found in ET-1 and cortisol concentrations, and renin activity (P < .0001 for all). Pair-wise comparisons between breeds differed in 67% of comparisons for ET-1, 22% for cortisol, and 19% for renin activity, respectively. Within centers, breed differences were found at 5/5 centers for ET-1, 4/5 centers for cortisol, and 2/5 centers for renin activity. Newfoundlands had highest median ET-1 concentration, 3 times higher than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Doberman Pinschers, and Dachshunds. Median renin activity was highest in Dachshunds, twice the median value in Newfoundlands and Boxers. Median cortisol concentration was highest in Finnish Lapphunds, almost 3 times higher than in Boxers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breed variation might be important to take into consideration when interpreting test results in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: A-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lequarré
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ljungvall
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mc Entee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Merveille
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiberg
authors.affiliation: Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.|Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gouni
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundgren Willesen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.|Evidensia Animal Clinic, Västerås, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanås
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wess
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mejer Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.|Inserm, U955 IMRB, Equipe 10 BNMS, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tiret
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kierczak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: S K G
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindblad-Toh
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lohi
authors.affiliation: Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.|Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chetboul
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredholm
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Häggström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D012083:Renin; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Biomarker; Breed variation; Canine; Vasoactive
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