title: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Pregnancies of Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: Both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; lupus) and pregnancy individually have significant racial disparities, with black women experiencing higher rates of complications, yet no large studies have focused on the impact of race/ethnicity on pregnancy outcomes among women with lupus.
  
  
  
  Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for 2008-2010, pregnancy delivery discharges were identified and pregnancy outcomes were compared for women with lupus by maternal race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios were used to compare pregnancy outcomes between black and white or Hispanic and white women with lupus.
  
  
  
  In this period, the NIS included 13,553 deliveries with lupus and 12,510,565 deliveries without lupus. Compared to white women with lupus, black and Hispanic women had higher rates of chronic hypertension, chronic renal failure, pneumonia, and acute renal failure. There was a high degree of pregnancy complication in all women with lupus, but especially in black and Hispanic women, with more than 40% cesarean-section delivery; preterm labor in 14.3% of white, 24.7% of black (odds ratio [OR] 1.97), and 20.6% of Hispanic (OR 1.56) deliveries; and preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in almost 20% of black and Hispanic pregnancies. After adjustment for predictors of pregnancy outcomes and racial differences in nonlupus pregnancy, black and Hispanic women with lupus had higher than expected rates of preeclampsia, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction.
  
  
  
  Black and Hispanic women with lupus have disproportionately poor pregnancy outcomes. This study suggests that identifying the key causes of these differences and targeting interventions to the women of greatest need is an essential next step.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. megan.clowse@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Megan E B
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clowse
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grotegut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data