title: Pediatric lymphatic malformations: evolving understanding and therapeutic options.
abstract: Multimodal treatment of lymphatic malformations continues to expand as new information about the biology and genetics of these lesions is discovered, along with knowledge gained from clinical practice. A patient-centered approach, ideally provided by a multidisciplinary medical and surgical team, should guide timing and modality of treatment. Current treatment options include observation, surgery, sclerotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and laser therapy. New medical and surgical therapies are emerging, and include sildenafil, propranolol, sirolimus, and vascularized lymph node transfer. The primary focus of management is to support and optimize these patients' quality of life. Researchers continue to study lymphatic malformations with the goal of increasing therapeutic options and developing effective clinical pathways for these complicated lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5839 S. Maryland, Suite A-426, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Defnet
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5839 S. Maryland, Suite A-426, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Naina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bagrodia
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5839 S. Maryland, Suite A-426, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5839 S. Maryland, Suite A-426, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gwilliam
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, 5839 S. Maryland, Suite A-426, MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. jkandel@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kandel
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Lymphatic malformation; New therapies; Sclerotherapy; Surgery; Treatment
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