title: Patterned, tubular scaffolds mimic longitudinal and radial mechanics of the neonatal trachea.
abstract: Tracheal damage, abnormality or absence can result from the growth of tumors or from Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome. No optimal or routine treatment has been established for tracheal repair, despite numerous attempts with natural and artificial prostheses. The fetal trachea is comprised of cartilaginous rings connected by an elastomeric tissue. In an effort to design an engineered trachea replacement, we have synthesized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogels with moduli of 67 ± 3.1 kPa (soft) and 13.0 ± 1.8 MPa (hard). Given the criteria for longitudinal extensibility and lateral rigidity applied during respiration, we evaluated a series of patterned hydrogels with different sizes of hard and soft segments to mimic fetal tracheas. A 1:2 ratio of soft:hard segments resulted in a construct capable of 11.0 ± 1% extension within the elastic range. Tubular constructs with this ratio required similar load/length for cyclic compression as ovine trachea samples. Achieving biomimetic mechanical properties in a trachea replacement may be essential for achieving normal respiration in recipient patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal abnormalities or tumors can result in tracheal absence or damage. Despite numerous attempts with natural and artificial replacements, there is still no routine treatment for tracheal repair. The literature recognizes the importance of tracheal lateral rigidity and longitudinal extensibility for normal respiration. Achieving closely matched mechanical properties may provide proper function and help decrease implant fibrosis and subsequent occlusion. In this study, we evaluated the mechanics of a series of patterned, tubular hydrogels with different ratios of hard and soft segments to mimic alternating cartilage and ligament sections in fetal tracheas. We compared our results to that of sheep trachea. This is the first report to assess both radial rigidity and longitudinal extensibility in an engineered trachea construct.
authors.affiliation: The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Steinman Hall Room 508, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA. Electronic address: lmansfield1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.affiliation: The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Steinman Hall Room 508, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA. Electronic address: vaughn.greenejr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vaughn K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Steinman Hall Room 508, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA. Electronic address: dauguste@ccny.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Debra T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Auguste
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012756:Sheep; D013696:Temperature; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: HEMA; Hybrid; Hydrogel; Pattern; Tissue engineering; Trachea