title: Development of a CO2-releasing coformulation based on starch, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Beauveria bassiana attractive towards western corn rootworm larvae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CO2is known as an attractant for many soil-dwelling pests. To implement an attract-and-kill strategy for soil pest control, CO2-emitting formulations need to be developed. The aim of the present work was to develop a slow-release bead system in order to bridge the gap between application and hatching of western corn rootworm larvae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared different Ca-alginate beads containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for their potential to release CO2over a period of several weeks. The addition of starch improved CO2release, resulting in significantly higher CO2concentrations in soil for at least 4 weeks. The missing amylase activity was compensated for either by microorganisms present in the soil or by coencapsulation of Beauveria bassiana. Formulations containing S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana were attractive for western corn rootworm larvae within the first 4 h following exposure; however, when considering the whole testing period, the maize root systems remained more attractive for the larvae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coencapsulation of S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana is a promising approach for the development of attractive formulations for soil applications. For biological control strategies, the attractiveness needs to be increased by phagostimuli to extend contact between larvae and the entomopathogenic fungus growing out of these formulations. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vemmer
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Entomology, Department for Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.affiliation: BIOCARE Gesellschaft für Biologische Schutzmittel mbH, Einbeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beitzen-Heineke
authors.affiliation: North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Entomology, Department for Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany. anant.patel@fh-bielefeld.de.
authors.forename: Anant V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000737:chemistry*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013213:Starch
keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; alginate; attract-and-kill; carbon dioxide; encapsulation