title: Measurement of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables to improve human exposure assessments: field study of soil-plant-atmosphere transfers in urban areas, South China.
abstract: The quality of cultivated consumed vegetables in relation to environmental pollution is a crucial issue for urban and peri-urban areas, which host the majority of people at the global scale. In order to evaluate the fate of metals in urban soil-plant-atmosphere systems and their consequences on human exposure, a field study was conducted at two different sites near a waste incinerator (site A) and a highway (site B). Metal concentrations were measured in the soil, settled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and vegetables. A risk assessment was performed using both total and bioaccessible metal concentrations in vegetables. Total metal concentrations in PM were (mg kg-1): (site A) 417 Cr, 354 Cu, 931 Zn, 6.3 Cd and 168 Pb; (site B) 145 Cr, 444 Cu, 3289 Zn, 2.9 Cd and 396 Pb. Several total soil Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded China's Environmental Quality Standards. At both sites, there was significant metal enrichment from the atmosphere to the leafy vegetables (correlation between Pb concentrations in PM and leaves: r = 0.52, p < 0.05) which depended on the plant species. Total Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables were therefore above or just under the maximum limit levels for foodstuffs according to Chinese and European Commission regulations. High metal bioaccessibility in the vegetables (60-79 %, with maximum value for Cd) was also observed. The bioaccessible hazard index was only above 1 for site B, due to moderate Pb and Cd pollution from the highway. In contrast, site A was considered as relatively safe for urban agriculture.
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: TianTian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université Toulouse J. Jaurès - Toulouse II, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058, Toulouse, France. camille.dumat@ensat.fr.|UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INP-Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France. camille.dumat@ensat.fr.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumat
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierart
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INP-Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laplanche
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001682:Biological Availability; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D017745:Incineration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Bioaccessibility; Human exposure; Metals; Roads; Settled particulate matter; Urban areas; Vegetable quality; Waste incinerator
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