title: Missing link between microRNA and prostate cancer.
abstract: MicroRNAs are the non-coding RNAs which regulate endogenous gene expression in animal and plant cells. Alterations in the level of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) involving the deletions, overexpression, mutations, epigenetic silencing, or dysregulation of transcription factors that target specific miRNAs may culminate in various diseases including cancer. Recent findings demonstrate the role of miRNAs in prostate cancer. Numerous discoveries of miRNAs have marked the research and development surrounding prostate cancer management, diagnosis, and therapy which has made prediction easy, but the effective treatment strategy remains a mystery. This review seeks to draw a link between miRNA and prostate cancer through an understanding of the numerous signaling pathways that these miRNAs control, which may prove to be helpful in identifying therapeutically interesting molecular targets.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
authors.forename: Balraj Singh
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
authors.forename: Jimi Marin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alex
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
authors.lastname: Navgeet
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India. sanjeevpuchd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis; D002465:Cell Movement; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm
keywords: Apoptosis; Biomarker; Prostate cancer (PCa); Signaling; miRNA
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jul 23;138(2):245-56
references.pmid: 19632176
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;68(11):4123-32
references.pmid: 18519671
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 15;69(16):6704-12
references.pmid: 19654291
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014 Dec 18;4:7546
references.pmid: 25519054
references.citation: RNA. 2008 May;14(5):844-52
references.pmid: 18375788
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jun 5;383(3):280-5
references.pmid: 19302977
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 1997 Jun;105 Suppl 4:791-9
references.pmid: 9255563
references.citation: FEBS J. 2012 Apr;279(7):1198-208
references.pmid: 22309233
references.citation: Arch Dermatol Res. 2012 Apr;304(3):195-202
references.pmid: 21968601
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Oct;40(18):9286-97
references.pmid: 22821565
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2011 Jul;121(7):2921-31
references.pmid: 21646721
references.citation: Methods. 2008 Jan;44(1):47-54
references.pmid: 18158132
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015 Mar 13;10(3):e0120159
references.pmid: 25768283
references.citation: Nucleic Acid Ther. 2012 Dec;22(6):380-90
references.pmid: 23181701
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jul;9(7):2734-43
references.pmid: 12855654
references.citation: Prostate. 2007 Feb 15;67(3):312-29
references.pmid: 17143882
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15;17(6):1297-305
references.pmid: 21138859
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2003 Oct;4(4):257-62
references.pmid: 14585353
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e22839
references.pmid: 21829658
references.citation: Blood. 2004 Jun 1;103(11):4036-42
references.pmid: 14976037
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2012 Jan 17;106(2):405-13
references.pmid: 22068816
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2011 Apr;38(4):1093-101
references.pmid: 21258769
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2015 Mar 20;6(8):6092-104
references.pmid: 25714029
references.citation: Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8(4):304-10
references.pmid: 16130015
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2010 Feb 15;126(4):1029-35
references.pmid: 19676043
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5923-30
references.pmid: 20570894
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2010 Nov;24(5):1363-9
references.pmid: 20878132
references.citation: Cell Res. 2009 Feb;19(2):156-72
references.pmid: 19153598
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Apr;40(8):3689-703
references.pmid: 22210864
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(9):2885-92
references.pmid: 17439965
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):56-61
references.pmid: 18548003
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2000 Mar-Jun;11(1-2):159-68
references.pmid: 10708963
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 25;5(2):e9429
references.pmid: 20195546
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Nov 24;33(20):6566-78
references.pmid: 16314317
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 11;284(37):24696-704
references.pmid: 19584056
references.citation: Rev Urol. 2003;5 Suppl 2:S53-9
references.pmid: 16986048
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Feb;17(2):211-5
references.pmid: 21240262
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 Jun;119(6):1420-8
references.pmid: 19487818
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Jan 16;456(3):804-9
references.pmid: 25511701
references.citation: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010 Jan 29;17(1):F1-17
references.pmid: 19779034
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Oct;9(10):810-5
references.pmid: 18698328
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2013 May 28;108(10):1925-30
references.pmid: 23632485
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2007 Sep;4(9):721-6
references.pmid: 17694064
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2011 May;32(5):772-8
references.pmid: 21349819
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 15;73(2):725-35
references.pmid: 23139211
references.citation: Cell Biol Int. 2015 Feb;39(2):164-8
references.pmid: 25052764
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2013 Apr 30;108(8):1659-67
references.pmid: 23538390
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2015 May 28;361(1):121-7
references.pmid: 25749421
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2014 May;111(2):219-21
references.pmid: 24290534
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Jul;2(7):489-501
references.pmid: 12094235
references.citation: Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2011 Sep;9(1):39-45
references.pmid: 21723797
references.citation: Genes Cancer. 2010 Apr 1;1(4):381-387
references.pmid: 20657750
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 13;5(1):e8697
references.pmid: 20084174
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 12;286(32):28097-110
references.pmid: 21673106
references.citation: Prostate. 2013 May;73(6):596-604
references.pmid: 23060044
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2012 Aug;13(10):890-8
references.pmid: 22785209
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(1):609-21
references.pmid: 24068553
references.citation: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2013 Jun;12(3):305-9
references.pmid: 23742776
references.citation: Oncogene. 2009 Apr 9;28(14):1714-24
references.pmid: 19252524
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Sep 15;161(6):2833-40
references.pmid: 9743343
references.citation: Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014 Sep 15;7(9):2519-29
references.pmid: 25356105
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 1;15(15):4792-8
references.pmid: 19638458
references.citation: Oncogene. 2013 Jan 3;32(1):127-34
references.pmid: 22310291
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2010 Sep;1(5):349-58
references.pmid: 20948989
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2012 Jun;27(6):1967-75
references.pmid: 22407299
references.citation: Cell Signal. 2015 Mar;27(3):510-8
references.pmid: 25578861
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jun 9;435(7043):834-8
references.pmid: 15944708
references.citation: J Control Release. 2014 Nov 28;194:228-37
references.pmid: 25220161
references.citation: Oncogene. 2009 Sep 24;28(38):3360-70
references.pmid: 19597470
references.citation: Front Genet. 2012 Jul 02;3:120
references.pmid: 22783274
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):1527-37
references.pmid: 22128178
references.citation: Cell Death Dis. 2013 Mar 14;4:e544
references.pmid: 23492775
references.citation: Oncogene. 2012 Oct 11;31(41):4460-71
references.pmid: 22266859
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2008 Oct;7(20):3112-8
references.pmid: 18927505
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 May;16(5):492-8
references.pmid: 19377482
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Aug 09;8(8):e70987
references.pmid: 23951060
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2012 Mar 12;13(3):664-75
references.pmid: 22288825
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2016 Nov;34(11):522-523
references.pmid: 27814883
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2015 Apr;13(4):681-8
references.pmid: 25587085
references.citation: Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1695-9
references.pmid: 19008416
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2014 Sep 08;12:244
references.pmid: 25196260
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2011 Feb 15;71(4):1313-24
references.pmid: 21212412
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2015 Apr;106(4):375-82
references.pmid: 25645686
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Jan;347(1):21-36
references.pmid: 21643690
references.citation: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011 Jun 07;8(8):467-77
references.pmid: 21647195
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Jul;31(7):577
references.pmid: 23839128
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 26;99(24):15524-9
references.pmid: 12434020
references.citation: Drug Deliv. 2016;23 (3):874-81
references.pmid: 24892627
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Dec 15;72(24):6435-46
references.pmid: 23074286
references.citation: Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2015 Apr 1;1(2):79-88
references.pmid: 25774339
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 Aug;22(8):1494-1503
references.pmid: 24791940
references.citation: J Immunother (1991). 1991 Dec;10(6):426-31
references.pmid: 1768676
references.citation: Oncogene. 2013 Jun 20;32(25):3071-9
references.pmid: 22824797
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 May;11(5):1166-73
references.pmid: 22402125
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;62(3):247-54
references.pmid: 23743768
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 15;66(24):11897-906
references.pmid: 17178887
references.citation: Oncogene. 2014 Jul 31;33(31):4097-106
references.pmid: 24037531
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Jan;19(1):92-105
references.pmid: 18955434
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jun;87(6):754-8
references.pmid: 20428111
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 1;72(13):3393-404
references.pmid: 22719071
references.citation: FEBS J. 2013 Sep;280(18):4531-8
references.pmid: 23815091
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2011 May;59(5):671-81
references.pmid: 21296484
references.citation: Tumour Biol. 2016 Mar;37(3):2789-804
references.pmid: 26715282
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 29;105(17):6415-20
references.pmid: 18434550
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2001 Oct;1(1):34-45
references.pmid: 11900250
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 3;106(9):3207-12
references.pmid: 19202062
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 May 19;275(20):14787-90
references.pmid: 10747848
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 1;76(3 Suppl):S145-50
references.pmid: 20171510
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):3927-37
references.pmid: 19509173
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):207-13
references.pmid: 21197560
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jan;93(1):98-104
references.pmid: 23212103
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 22;6(4):e19139
references.pmid: 21544242
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 11;104(50):19983-8
references.pmid: 18056640
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56592
references.pmid: 23451058
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Aug 1;20(15):3067-78
references.pmid: 21558425
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 26;109 (52):21360-5
references.pmid: 23236167
references.citation: Prostate. 2012 Aug 1;72(11):1171-8
references.pmid: 22161865
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2013 Jan;31(1):115-23
references.pmid: 21396852
references.citation: Curr Opin Urol. 2009 May;19(3):227-31
references.pmid: 19357513
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2011 Feb 1;128(3):608-16
references.pmid: 20473869
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2010 Jul 13;18(1):11-22
references.pmid: 20579941
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2006 Jul;208(1):23-38
references.pmid: 16331677
references.citation: J Cancer. 2015 Jan 21;6(3):292-301
references.pmid: 25663948
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52106
references.pmid: 23300597
references.citation: Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(7):964-78
references.pmid: 22811618
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 1;67(13):6130-5
references.pmid: 17616669
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 Aug;133(2):647-58
references.pmid: 17681183
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2009 Apr;55(4):623-31
references.pmid: 19246618
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 1;19(1):73-84
references.pmid: 23147995
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2013 Feb;34(2):454-63
references.pmid: 23125220
references.citation: J Mol Recognit. 2000 Jan-Feb;13(1):44-53
references.pmid: 10679896
references.citation: Prostate. 2012 Jul 1;72(10):1093-103
references.pmid: 22127852
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 28;4(8):e6816
references.pmid: 19714243
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2007 Jun 15;6(12):1455-9
references.pmid: 17581274
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Jan-Feb;65(1):5-29
references.pmid: 25559415
references.citation: Commun Integr Biol. 2010 Sep;3(5):478-81
references.pmid: 21057646
references.citation: Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):575-9
references.pmid: 17379774
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Oct 29;8(10):e76620
references.pmid: 24204647
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2010 Jul 13;103(2):256-64
references.pmid: 20588276
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 16;8(9):e74175
references.pmid: 24066116
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1999 Dec 15;216(2):671-80
references.pmid: 10642801
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Dec;1796(2):75-90
references.pmid: 19306912
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Jun 15;70(12):5184-93
references.pmid: 20501828
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Aug;13(8):1172-8
references.pmid: 17585049
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 May;2(5):389-96
references.pmid: 12044015
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2008 May;10 (5):593-601
references.pmid: 18376396
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29722
references.pmid: 22235332
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;72(14):3618-30
references.pmid: 22552290
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 15;67(22):10782-8
references.pmid: 18006822
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2012 Jan;56(1):167-75
references.pmid: 21749846
references.citation: Prostate. 2015 Jun;75(8):798-805
references.pmid: 25731699
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan;117(1):94-104
references.pmid: 17928059
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 May 1;184(9):4955-65
references.pmid: 20375304
references.citation: Oncogene. 2008 Jun 19;27(27):3845-55
references.pmid: 18246122
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Apr 09;8(4):e61064
references.pmid: 23585871
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Aug;21(8):1570-8
references.pmid: 23799535
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Apr 12;288(15):10241-53
references.pmid: 23447531
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2007 Feb 12;18(3):297-300
references.pmid: 17314675
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Dec 16;123(6):1133-46
references.pmid: 16337999
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2014 Aug 1;74(15):4183-95
references.pmid: 24903149
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2001 Jun;7(6):1267-78
references.pmid: 11430829
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Jul 1;17(13):4277-84
references.pmid: 21632853
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Jul;13(7):1952-63
references.pmid: 24817628
references.citation: EMBO J. 2011 Sep 23;30(20):4299-308
references.pmid: 21946562
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 26;107(4):1506-11
references.pmid: 20080624
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 27;102(39):13944-9
references.pmid: 16166262
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2014 Sep;95(Pt 9):1880-5
references.pmid: 24876306
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Aug 15;17(16):5287-98
references.pmid: 21159887
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2010 Jan;18(1):181-7
references.pmid: 19738602
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2011 Jan 15;71(2):583-92
references.pmid: 21224345
references.citation: Tumour Biol. 2015 Jun;36(6):4203-12
references.pmid: 25604141
references.citation: Drug Discov Today. 2007 Jun;12(11-12):452-8
references.pmid: 17532529
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2011 Jan;22(1):104-9
references.pmid: 20603437
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2001 Feb 15;52(4):411-9
references.pmid: 11170300
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 29;105(30):10513-8
references.pmid: 18663219
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 26;282(4):2135-43
references.pmid: 17135249
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2014 Apr 15;28(8):858-74
references.pmid: 24736844
references.citation: Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2011 Jul;50(7):499-509
references.pmid: 21472816
references.citation: Cancer J. 2012 May-Jun;18(3):253-61
references.pmid: 22647362
references.citation: Nat Med. 2008 Nov;14(11):1271-7
references.pmid: 18931683
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 15;288(11):7986-95
references.pmid: 23329838
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2015 Mar 3;112(5):777-82
references.pmid: 25611301
references.citation: Oncogene. 2012 Apr 12;31(15):1910-22
references.pmid: 21874046
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 31;358(5):502-11
references.pmid: 18234754
references.citation: Oncogene. 2009 Mar 12;28(10 ):1385-92
references.pmid: 19137007