title: Simulating Human and Environmental Exposure from Hand-Held Knapsack Pesticide Application: Be-WetSpa-Pest, an Integrative, Spatially Explicit Modeling Approach.
abstract: This paper presents an integrative and spatially explicit modeling approach for analyzing human and environmental exposure from pesticide application of smallholders in the potato-producing Andean region in Colombia. The modeling approach fulfills the following criteria: (i) it includes environmental and human compartments; (ii) it contains a behavioral decision-making model for estimating the effect of policies on pesticide flows to humans and the environment; (iii) it is spatially explicit; and (iv) it is modular and easily expandable to include additional modules, crops, or technologies. The model was calibrated and validated for the Vereda La Hoya and was used to explore the effect of different policy measures in the region. The model has moderate data requirements and can be adapted relatively easily to other regions in developing countries with similar conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.|Department of Geography, LMU-University of Munich , Munich, Germany.|Institute for Environmental Engineering, ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claudia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt , Klagenfurt, Austria.
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Santos
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Boyacá , Tunja, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading , Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feola
authors.affiliation: Brugg 3, Trogen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittensoeldner
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research , Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D003105:Colombia; D000067565:Farmers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000254:growth & development; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: behavior; developing countries; environment; exposure; hydrology; integrative model; pesticide