title: Pain and Functionality Following Sternotomy: A Prospective 12-Month Observational Study.
abstract: To document pain levels, functionality, and analgesic use in the 12 months following a sternotomy to identify factors associated with the development of persistent post-sternotomy pain.
  
  
  
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  
  Royal Hobart Hospital, Australia.
  
  
  
  Patients undergoing a sternotomy between January and November 2013.
  
  
  
  One hundred and ten patients were recruited and followed for 12 months, with telephone calls at 10 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months. An initial survey was completed at the point of recruitment including patient history, depression and anxiety scales, self-rated health, and pain catastrophizing scale.
  
  
  
  The mean age of participants was 69.6 years, with the majority of participants being male (84.5%). The proportion of patients reporting pain in the early post-discharge period was high, with 30% of patients experiencing on average moderate-severe pain in the 10 days following discharge and 11% experiencing on average moderate-severe pain at 6 weeks. At 12 months, 15.5% of participants reported on average mild pain and 0.9% an average of moderate-severe pain in the preceding week at their sternotomy site. Pain of neuropathic origin was reported by 41.2% of those with on average daily pain at 12 months.
  
  
  
  This study highlights the need for further research to investigate whether more intensive pain management in the post-discharge period following sternotomy as well as the early identification of patients with neuropathic pain symptoms can reduce the incidence of persistent post-operative pain at 12 months.
authors.affiliation: *Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia; felicity.veal@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Felicity C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Veal
authors.affiliation: *Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia;
authors.forename: Luke R E
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bereznicki
authors.affiliation: *Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia;
authors.forename: Angus J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: *Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia;
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Persistent Pain Service, Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Orlikowski
keywords: Persistent Post-Operative Pain; Post-Discharge Pain; Sternotomy Pain; Subacute Pain