title: Unusual morphology of scapulae: incidence and dimensions of ossified ligaments and supraspinous bony tunnels for clinical consideration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of morphological variations of the suprascapular region is important in the management of entrapment neuropathy and interventional procedures. The objective of this study was to collect data on the morphological features and dimensions of ossified ligaments and unusual bony tunnels of scapulae from a North Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 268 adult human scapulae of unknown gender were obtained from the bone bank of the Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The scapulae were evaluated for the incidence of ossified superior transverse scapular ligaments (STSLs), ossified inferior transverse scapular ligaments (ITSLs) and bony tunnels (i.e. the bony canal between the suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch), found along the course of the suprascapular nerve (SSN). The dimensions of these structures were measured and noted down. Ossified STSLs were classified based on their shape (i.e. fan- or band-shaped) and the dimensions of the ossified suprascapular openings (SSOs) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ossified STSLs were present in 26 (9.7%) scapulae. Among the 26 scapulae, 16 (61.5%) were fan-shaped (mean area of SSO 16.6 mm(2)) and 10 (38.5%) were band-shaped (mean area of SSO 34.2 mm(2)). Bony tunnels were observed in 2 (0.75%) specimens, while an ossified ITSL was observed in 1 (0.37%) specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data obtained in the present study augments the reference literature for SSN decompression and the existing anatomical databases, especially those on Indian populations. This data is useful to clinicians, radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sonia Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kharay
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: bony tunnel; inferior transverse scapular ligament; superior transverse scapular ligament; suprascapular nerve entrapment; suprascapular notch
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