title: The Ancestral Carnivore Karyotype As Substantiated by Comparative Chromosome Painting of Three Pinnipeds, the Walrus, the Steller Sea Lion and the Baikal Seal (Pinnipedia, Carnivora).
abstract: Karyotype evolution in Carnivora is thoroughly studied by classical and molecular cytogenetics and supplemented by reconstructions of Ancestral Carnivora Karyotype (ACK). However chromosome painting information from two pinniped families (Odobenidae and Otariidae) is noticeably missing. We report on the construction of the comparative chromosome map for species from each of the three pinniped families: the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus, Odobenidae-monotypic family), near threatened Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus, Otariidae) and the endemic Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica, Phocidae) using combination of human, domestic dog and stone marten whole-chromosome painting probes. The earliest karyological studies of Pinnipedia showed that pinnipeds were characterized by a pronounced karyological conservatism that is confirmed here with species from Phocidae, Otariidae and Odobenidae sharing same low number of conserved human autosomal segments (32). Chromosome painting in Pinnipedia and comparison with non-pinniped carnivore karyotypes provide strong support for refined structure of ACK with 2n = 38. Constructed comparative chromosome maps show that pinniped karyotype evolution was characterized by few tandem fusions, seemingly absent inversions and slow rate of genome rearrangements (less then one rearrangement per 10 million years). Integrative comparative analyses with published chromosome painting of Phoca vitulina revealed common cytogenetic signature for Phoca/Pusa branch and supports Phocidae and Otaroidea (Otariidae/Odobenidae) as sister groups. We revealed rearrangements specific for walrus karyotype and found the chromosomal signature linking together families Otariidae and Odobenidae. The Steller sea lion karyotype is the most conserved among three studied species and differs from the ACK by single fusion. The study underlined the strikingly slow karyotype evolution of the Pinnipedia in general and the Otariidae in particular.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Violetta R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Beklemisheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Polina L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Perelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalya A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lemskaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Anastasia I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kulemzina
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Anastasia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Proskuryakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Higher Vertebrates Ecology, Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Geographical Institute of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, Russia.|National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Centre, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vladimir N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Burkanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Graphodatsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060435:Carnivory; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020223:Chromosome Painting; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D059785:Karyotype; D008297:Male; D045969:Mustelidae / Q000235:genetics; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000235:genetics*; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000235:genetics*; D014856:Walruses / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2011 Mar;60(2):175-87
references.pmid: 21252386
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2015 Mar;47(3):272-5
references.pmid: 25621460
references.citation: Cytogenet Genome Res. 2012;137(2-4):208-17
references.pmid: 22813844
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2006 Nov;41(2):345-54
references.pmid: 16815048
references.citation: Chromosoma. 1997 Jul;106(2):108-13
references.pmid: 9215560
references.citation: Mamm Genome. 2000 Oct;11(10):866-70
references.pmid: 11003701
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1979;23(3):157-62
references.pmid: 436448
references.citation: Science. 1982 Apr 16;216(4543):257-65
references.pmid: 7063884
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1998;83(3-4):182-92
references.pmid: 10072575
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 2008;16(8):1215-31
references.pmid: 19051045
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 23;105(38):14477-81
references.pmid: 18787123
references.citation: Evolution. 2000 Jun;54(3):1011-23
references.pmid: 10937273
references.citation: Cytogenet Genome Res. 2012;137(2-4):174-93
references.pmid: 22889959
references.citation: J Hered. 2008 May-Jun;99(3):241-53
references.pmid: 18339652
references.citation: Hereditas. 1972;70(1):113-8
references.pmid: 4680630
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1982;34(1-2):178-92
references.pmid: 7151489
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2011 Jul;60(4):439-50
references.pmid: 21527771
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 2002;10(3):209-22
references.pmid: 12067210
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2007;7:6
references.pmid: 17244368
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2001;92(3-4):243-7
references.pmid: 11435696
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2012 Jan;108(1):28-36
references.pmid: 22108627
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007 Dec;45(3):863-74
references.pmid: 17919938
references.citation: Hereditas. 1977;87(2):227-42
references.pmid: 608845
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 2009;17(3):419-36
references.pmid: 19350402
references.citation: Eur J Hum Genet. 1997 Sep-Oct;5(5):253-65
references.pmid: 9412781
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1998;81(1):18-25
references.pmid: 9691170
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1983;35(3):200-8
references.pmid: 6861525
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2015;15:8
references.pmid: 25648618
references.citation: Zoolog Sci. 2006 Feb;23(2):125-46
references.pmid: 16603806
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Dec;8(12):950-62
references.pmid: 18007651
references.citation: Hereditas. 1970;64(2):237-42
references.pmid: 5525744
references.citation: Hereditas. 1974;76(2):179-226
references.pmid: 4135821
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2012 Jan;108(1):17-27
references.pmid: 22086079
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2001;95(3-4):210-24
references.pmid: 12063402
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;88(3-4):296-304
references.pmid: 10828614
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2001;2(6):REVIEWS0005
references.pmid: 11423011
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 2004;12(1):55-63
references.pmid: 14984102
references.citation: Lancet. 1971 Oct 30;2(7731):971-2
references.pmid: 4107917
references.citation: Mol Cytogenet. 2015 Mar 20;8:19
references.pmid: 25810762
references.citation: Genomics. 1999 Oct 15;61(2):145-55
references.pmid: 10534400
references.citation: Genetika. 1987 Jan;23(1):93-103
references.pmid: 3469125
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 1997 Feb;5(1):5-11
references.pmid: 9088638
references.citation: Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1975;15(5):306-31
references.pmid: 1222587
references.citation: J Mammal. 1973 Aug;54(3):753-60
references.pmid: 4744937
references.citation: Genomics. 1999 Dec 1;62(2):189-202
references.pmid: 10610712