title: Pulmonary vein stenosis: Etiology, diagnosis and management.
abstract: Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is rare condition characterized by a challenging diagnosis and unfavorable prognosis at advance stages. At present, injury from radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation has become the main cause of the disease. PVS is characterized by a progressive lumen size reduction of one or more pulmonary veins that, when hemodynamically significant, may raise lobar capillary pressure leading to signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis. Image techniques (transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance and perfusion imaging) are essential to reach a final diagnosis and decide an appropriate therapy. In this regard, series from referral centers have shown that surgical and transcatheter interventions may improve prognosis. The purpose of this article is to review the etiology, assessment and management of PVS.
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pazos-López
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guitián-González
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paredes-Galán
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: María Ángel De La Guarda
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Moure
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baz-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Elvis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teijeira-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco Eugenio
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Calvo-Iglesias
authors.affiliation: Pablo Pazos-López, Cristina García-Rodríguez, Alba Guitián-González, Emilio Paredes-Galán, José Antonio Baz-Alonso, Elvis Teijeira-Fernández, Francisco Eugenio Calvo-Iglesias, Andrés Íñiguez-Romo, Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, 36312 Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Íñiguez-Romo
keywords: Pulmonary vein stenosis; Pulmonary vein stenosis causes; Pulmonary vein stenosis diagnosis; Pulmonary vein stenosis etiology; Pulmonary vein stenosis management; Pulmonary vein stenosis treatment
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Feb;79(2):596-606; discussion 596-606
references.pmid: 15680843
references.citation: Thorax. 2009 Sep;64(9):827-8
references.pmid: 19717720
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1998 Nov;66(5):1514-20
references.pmid: 9875744
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Dec 21;122(25):2745-7
references.pmid: 21173363
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Oct;60(4):903-6; discussion 907
references.pmid: 7574992
references.citation: Clin Radiol. 2014 Jan;69(1):96-102
references.pmid: 24268510
references.citation: Lab Invest. 1960 Jan-Feb;9:46-66
references.pmid: 13819417
references.citation: Radiographics. 2013 Jul-Aug;33(4):999-1022
references.pmid: 23842969
references.citation: Circulation. 2011 Apr 5;123(13):1391-9
references.pmid: 21422386
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Nov;13(11):1076-81
references.pmid: 12475095
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001 Aug;12(8):887-92
references.pmid: 11513438
references.citation: J Thorac Imaging. 2007 Aug;22(3):268-70
references.pmid: 17721340
references.citation: Europace. 2011 Jan;13(1):57-61
references.pmid: 21088005
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Jan 2;115(1):103-8
references.pmid: 17200453
references.citation: JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Apr;2(4):267-76
references.pmid: 19463436
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Feb 8;111(5):546-54
references.pmid: 15699274
references.citation: J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2014 Jun;40(1):63-74
references.pmid: 24626996
references.citation: Circulation. 2011 Jan 25;123(3):349-50
references.pmid: 21263008
references.citation: Circ J. 2003 Mar;67(3):187-90
references.pmid: 12604863
references.citation: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010 Aug;23(8):904.e1-3
references.pmid: 20138470
references.citation: Echocardiography. 2010 Oct;27(9):1141-6
references.pmid: 20678129
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011 Mar;22(3):364-7
references.pmid: 21288274
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Dec 19;48(12):2493-9
references.pmid: 17174188
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Feb 18;107(6):845-50
references.pmid: 12591754
references.citation: Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2011 Jun;10(2):76-83
references.pmid: 21988947
references.citation: Echocardiography. 2006 Sep;23(8):685-8
references.pmid: 16970720
references.citation: Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):645-51
references.pmid: 15302759
references.citation: J Thorac Imaging. 2015 Jul;30(4):268-73
references.pmid: 25730555
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Mar;81(3):992-5; discussion 995-6
references.pmid: 16488708
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Jul;150(1):181-8
references.pmid: 25935589
references.citation: Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):428-37
references.pmid: 15302728