title: Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No treatments have been approved for primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod, an oral sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, is effective in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis, but has not been assessed in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. We assessed the safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In INFORMS, a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study, patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis recruited across 148 centres in 18 countries were randomly allocated (1:1) with computer-generated blocks to receive oral fingolimod or placebo for at least 36 months and a maximum of 5 years. Patients were initially assigned to fingolimod 1·25 mg per day or placebo (cohort 1); however, after a protocol amendment on Nov 19, 2009, patients were switched in a masked manner to fingolimod 0·5 mg, whereas those on placebo continued on matching placebo. From then onwards, patients were assigned to receive fingolimod 0·5 mg/day or placebo (cohort 2). Key inclusion criteria were age 25-65 years, clinical diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis, 1 year or more of disease progression, and two of the following criteria: positive brain MRI; positive spinal cord MRI; or positive cerebrospinal fluid. Additional eligibility criteria included disease duration of 2-10 years and objective evidence of disability progression in the previous 2 years. Patients and study investigators were masked to group assignment. We used a novel primary composite endpoint based on change from baseline in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 25' Timed-Walk Test, or Nine-Hole Peg Test to assess time to 3-month confirmed disability progression in study participants treated for at least 3 years. All randomised patients took at least one dose of study drug. The primary efficacy analysis included all patients in cohort 2 and those assigned to placebo in cohort 1. The safety analysis included all patients in cohorts 1 and 2. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00731692. The study is now closed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  970 patients were randomly assigned between Sept 3, 2008, and Aug 30, 2011 (147 to fingolimod 1·25 mg and 133 to placebo in cohort 1; 336 to fingolimod 0·5 mg and 354 to placebo in cohort 2). The efficacy analysis set (n=823) consisted of 336 patients randomly allocated to fingolimod 0·5 mg and 487 to placebo. Baseline characteristics were similar across groups and representative of a primary progressive multiple sclerosis population (48% women, mean age 48·5 years [SD 8·4], mean EDSS 4·67 [SD 1·03], 87% free of gadolinium-enhancing lesions). By end of study, 3-month confirmed disability progression had occurred in 232 and 338 patients in the fingolimod and placebo groups, respectively, resulting in Kaplan-Meier estimates of 77·2% (95% CI 71·87-82·51) of patients in the fingolimod group versus 80·3% (73·31-87·25) of patients in the placebo group (risk reduction 5·05%; hazard ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·80-1·12; p=0·544). Safety results were generally consistent with those of studies of fingolimod in patients with relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. Lymphopenia occurred in 19 (6%) patients in the fingolimod group versus none in the placebo group, bradycardia in five (1%) versus one (<1%), and first-degree atrioventricular block in three (1%) versus six (1%). Serious adverse events occurred in 84 (25%) patients in the fingolimod group and 117 (24%) in the placebo group, including macular oedema in six (2%) versus six (1%), and basal-cell carcinoma in 14 (4%) versus nine (2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod did not slow disease progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic strategies for primary progressive multiple sclerosis might need different approaches to those used for relapse-onset multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Novartis Pharma AG.
authors.affiliation: The Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: fred.lublin@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lublin
authors.affiliation: Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce A C
authors.initials: BAC
authors.lastname: Cree
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: University Paris 6, Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Center of Clinical Investigation, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lubetzki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernard M J
authors.initials: BMJ
authors.lastname: Uitdehaag
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merschhemke
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Bingbing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Putzki
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Fonda C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dieter A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Häring
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappos
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride