title: Effects and underlying mechanisms of endotoxemia on post-incisional pain in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on postoperative pain using a rat model of incisional pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were assigned to one of four groups using a 2×2 experimental design: a single intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg LPS versus vehicle, by plantar incision versus anesthesia alone. Spontaneous pain and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were evaluated using Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) and von Frey fibers, respectively. Analgesic effects of ketoprofen, morphine, and wound infiltration with ropivacaine, as well as the contribution of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway, were also evaluated. In vivo single fiber recordings were performed to assess the nociceptive afferent signals from the surgical site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic administration of LPS significantly increased the pain intensity at 2h after hind paw incision, but did not affect the PWT. The duration of post-incisional pain assessed by both scales did not significantly differ in the presence or absence of LPS. The analgesic efficiency of ketoprofen and morphine was reduced by LPS, while that of wound infiltration with ropivacaine was preserved. On the other hand, in vivo single fiber recording failed to demonstrate any significant effects of LPS on the activity of primary afferents due to mechanical stimuli. Pre-treatment with intrathecal LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a TLR-4 antagonist, almost completely inhibited LPS-induced exacerbated post-incisional pain, and decreased analgesic responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggested that LPS exacerbates post-incisional pain via the central TLR-4 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan. Electronic address: takashika@kochi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tateiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Fabricio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: Analgesics; Endotoxin; Postoperative pain