title: Induction of systemic disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana by the cyclodipeptides cyclo (l-Pro-l-Pro) and cyclo (d-Pro-d-Pro).
abstract: Cyclodipeptides, formed from two amino acids by cyclodehydration, are produced naturally by many organisms, and are known to possess a large number of biological activities. In this study, we found that cyclo (l-Pro-l-Pro) and cyclo (d-Pro-d-Pro) (where Pro is proline) could induce defence responses and systemic resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Treatment with the two cyclodipeptides led to a reduction in disease severity by Phytophthora nicotianae and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infections compared with controls. Both cyclopeptides triggered stomatal closure, induced reactive oxygen species production and stimulated cytosolic calcium ion and nitric oxide production in guard cells. In addition, the application of cyclodipeptides significantly up-regulated the expression of the plant defence gene PR-1a and the PR-1a protein, and increased cellular salicylic acid (SA) levels. These results suggest that the SA-dependent defence pathway is involved in cyclodipeptide-mediated pathogen resistance in N. benthamiana. We report the systemic resistance induced by cyclodipeptides, which sheds light on the potential of cyclodipeptides for the control of plant diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Hongyue
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xuewen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D014027:Tobacco Mosaic Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C448039:prolyl-proline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048271:Chitosan; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Nicotiana benthamiana; SAR; cyclo (d-Pro-d-Pro); cyclo (l-Pro-l-Pro); cyclodipeptides; disease resistance; salicylic acid
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