title: Gender Affirmation and Body Modification Among Transgender Persons in Bogotá, Colombia.
abstract: This paper examined structural, social, and personal characteristics that shape the processes of gender affirmation and body modification among transgender persons (assigned male at birth) in Bogotá, Colombia. Qualitative data from life-history interviews (N=14) and a focus group (N=11) explored research questions concerning the ways in which the internal psychological and external contextual processes influence individuals' decisions and behaviors concerning hormonal treatment, injections, or surgery. Research questions concerning practices and consequences of treatment performed without medical supervision were addressed through qualitative data, as well as quantitative data from 58 transgender participants. Findings indicated variation in ways participants conceptualized gender (e.g., binary or fluid), but an increased feminine presentation was a strong personal desire expressed by many and often encouraged by romantic partners and transgender friends. Transgender individuals within participants' social networks were frequently instrumental not only in providing information about hormones and contouring injections, but also in carrying out procedures-sometimes with negative consequences. Body modification procedures occurred primarily outside the health care system, due to limited access to or awareness of medical care, societal stigma, social norms within the transgender community, and personal decision-making. Public health approaches to protect the health of transgender persons undergoing body modification were suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Aguayo-Romero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Maria Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zea
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Fernanda T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Poppen
keywords: Colombia; Gender affirmation; body modification; gender non-conforming; transgender
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