title: Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress, inhibit growth, and attenuate biofilm formation activity of Streptococcus mitis.
abstract: Streptococcus mitis from the oral cavity causes endocarditis and other systemic infections. Rising resistance against traditional antibiotics amongst oral bacteria further aggravates the problem. Therefore, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized and characterized during this study against S. mitis ATCC 6249 and Ora-20 were evaluated in search of alternative antimicrobial agents. ZnO and TiO2-NPs exhibited an average size of 35 and 13 nm, respectively. The IC50 values of ZnO and TiO2-NPs against S. mitis ATCC 6249 were 37 and 77 µg ml(-1), respectively, while the IC50 values against S. mitis Ora-20 isolate were 31 and 53 µg ml(-1), respectively. Live and dead staining, biofilm formation on the surface of polystyrene plates, and extracellular polysaccharide production show the same pattern. Exposure to these nanoparticles also shows an increase (26-83 %) in super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Three genes, namely bapA1, sodA, and gtfB like genes from these bacteria were identified and sequenced for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. An increase in sodA gene (1.4- to 2.4-folds) levels and a decrease in gtfB gene (0.5- to 0.9-folds) levels in both bacteria following exposure to ZnO and TiO2-NPs were observed. Results presented in this study verify that ZnO-NPs and TiO2-NPs can control the growth and biofilm formation activities of these strains at very low concentration and hence can be used as alternative antimicrobial agents for oral hygiene.
authors.affiliation: DNA Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. shamsalig75@gmail.com.|Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. shamsalig75@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shams Tabrez
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: DNA Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.|Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Maqusood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Musarrat
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Khedhairy
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D034361:Streptococcus mitis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Alternative antimicrobials; Nanoparticles; Oral hygiene; S. mitis; TiO2; ZnO
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