title: Patient and disease characteristics associated with late tumour stage at presentation of cervical cancer in northwestern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About two thirds of patients with cervical cancer in Tanzania present with advanced tumor stage, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. We designed a study to determine the factors associated with the late tumour stage at presentation among patients with cervical cancer in Mwanza.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study recruited women at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) with histologically confirmed cervical cancer from November 2013 to April 2014. Patients were recruited serially until the sample size was reached.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 202 women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer were recruited. The mean age of the patients was 50.5 ± 13.3 years. The majority of patients (n = 129, 63.9%) were diagnosed with late stage disease (IIB-IVB). Patients also presented with severe anemia (n = 78, 38.6%), urinary tract infections (n = 74, 36.6%), hydronephrosis (n = 43, 21.2%), elevated serum creatinine levels (n = 33, 16.3%), vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), (n = 13, 6.4%), lung metastasis (n = 5, 2.4%), metastasis to the urinary bladder (n = 4, 1.9%), rectovaginal fistula (RVF) (n = 3, 1.4%), liver metastasis (n = 2, 0.9%) and hydroureter (n = 2, 0.9%). In multivariate logistic regression, factors associated with late stage at presentation were attending to alternative health practitioners and lack of personal initiative to seek care to formal health facilities (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.2, p = 0.011 and OR 2.0; 95 % CI 1.0-3.8, p = 0.028) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Communities should be sensitized to women's empowerment, provide community education on early symptoms of cervical cancer, and the importance of early hospital attendance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Catholic University of Health & Allied Sciences, P.O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Ramadhani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mlange
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Catholic University of Health & Allied Sciences, P.O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. magonza77@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Dismas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matovelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health & Allied Sciences, P.O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rambau
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health & Allied Sciences, P.O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Benson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kidenya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012006:Rectovaginal Fistula / Q000150:complications; D013577:Syndrome; D013636:Tanzania; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000150:complications
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