title: Pollination of lark daisy on roadsides declines as traffic speed increases along an Amazonian highway.
abstract: Ecological disturbances caused by roadways have previously been reported, but traffic speed has not been addressed. We investigate effects of traffic speed on pollination of Centratherum punctatum (Asteraceae) along an Amazonian highway roadside. We hypothesised that frequency of flower visitors, duration of single visits and pollen deposition on stigmas will vary negatively as traffic speed increases. After measuring vehicle velocities, we classified three road sections as low-, mid- and high-velocity traffic. The main pollinator bee, Augochlora sp., visited C. punctatum inflorescences with decreasing frequency from low- to high-velocity roadside sections, whereas the nectar thief butterflies did the opposite. Duration of single visits by bees and butterflies was shorter, and arrival of pollen on C. punctatum stigmas was lower, in high- than in low-velocity roadside. Air turbulence due to passing vehicles increases with velocity and disturbed the flower visitors. Overall, results support that traffic velocity negatively affects foraging of flower visitors and the pollination of C. punctatum on roadsides.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
authors.forename: J H F
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dargas
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000502:physiology*; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004463:Ecology; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: Centratherum punctatum; conservation; pollination success; traffic disturbance; turbulence impact