title: Becoming pure: identifying generational classes of admixed individuals within lesser and greater scaup populations.
abstract: Estimating the frequency of hybridization is important to understand its evolutionary consequences and its effects on conservation efforts. In this study, we examined the extent of hybridization in two sister species of ducks that hybridize. We used mitochondrial control region sequences and 3589 double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequences (ddRADseq) to identify admixture between wild lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and greater scaup (A. marila). Among 111 individuals, we found one introgressed mitochondrial DNA haplotype in lesser scaup and four in greater scaup. Likewise, based on the site-frequency spectrum from autosomal DNA, gene flow was asymmetrical, with higher rates from lesser into greater scaup. However, using ddRADseq nuclear DNA, all individuals were assigned to their respective species with >0.95 posterior assignment probability. To examine the power for detecting admixture, we simulated a breeding experiment in which empirical data were used to create F1 hybrids and nine generations (F2-F10) of backcrossing. F1 hybrids and F2, F3 and most F4 backcrosses were clearly distinguishable from pure individuals, but evidence of admixed histories was effectively lost after the fourth generation. Thus, we conclude that low interspecific assignment probabilities (0.011-0.043) for two lesser and nineteen greater scaup were consistent with admixed histories beyond the F3 generation. These results indicate that the propensity of these species to hybridize in the wild is low and largely asymmetric. When applied to species-specific cases, our approach offers powerful utility for examining concerns of hybridization in conservation efforts, especially for determining the generational time until admixed histories are effectively lost through backcrossing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavretsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bahn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology and Soil Science FEB RAS, 159 Stoletiya Ave, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kulikova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology and Soil Science FEB RAS, 159 Stoletiya Ave, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia.
authors.forename: Yuri N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Zhuravlev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.|Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, 99701, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gurney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.|Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: McCracken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004372:Ducks / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: ddRADseq; diving duck; evolution; hybridization; introgression; population genetics