title: Mapping Cd²⁺-induced membrane permeability changes of single live cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy.
abstract: Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is a powerful, non-invasive, analytical methodology that can be used to investigate live cell membrane permeability. Depth scan SECM imaging allowed for the generation of 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x-z or y-z plane. Depending on resolution, one depth scan image can contain hundreds of probe approach curves (PACs). Individual PACs were obtained by simply extracting vertical cross-sections from the 2D image. These experimental PACs were overlaid onto theoretically generated PACs simulated at specific geometry conditions. Simulations were carried out using 3D models in COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the cell membrane permeability coefficients at different locations on the surface of the cells. Common in literature, theoretical PACs are generated using a 2D axially symmetric geometry. This saves on both compute time and memory utilization. However, due to symmetry limitations of the model, only one experimental PAC right above the cell can be matched with simulated PAC data. Full 3D models in this article were developed for the SECM system of live cells, allowing all experimental PACs over the entire cell to become usable. Cd(2+)-induced membrane permeability changes of single human bladder (T24) cells were investigated at several positions above the cell, displaced from the central axis. The experimental T24 cells under study were incubated with Cd(2+) in varying concentrations. It is experimentally observed that 50 and 100 μM Cd(2+) caused a decrease in membrane permeability, which was uniform across all locations over the cell regardless of Cd(2+) concentration. The Cd(2+) was found to have detrimental effects on the cell, with cells shrinking in size and volume, and the membrane permeability decreasing. A mapping technique for the analysis of the cell membrane permeability under the Cd(2+) stress is realized by the methodology presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Fraser P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Filice
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Michelle S M
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. Electronic address: zfding@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
keywords: COMSOL 3D simulation; Cd toxicity; Depth imaging; Membrane permeability mapping; Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM); Single live cells