title: Molecular and biochemical evidence on the protective effects of embelin and carnosic acid in isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute myocardial infarction is a serious acute cardiac disorder and heart disease is still a major public health problem in adults. We investigated the effects of embelin (EMB) and carnosic acid (CA) in animals with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, ISO, ISO with EMB, and ISO with CA. Before myocardial injury was induced, drugs were administered by oral gavage. Myocardial injury was induced by subcutaneous injection of ISO hydrochloride for 2 consecutive days. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart fatty acid binding protein (HFABP) levels and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, tissue total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured. Tissue mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. In addition, cardiac tissues were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested compounds reduced myocardial damage, apoptosis, cTnI, IMA, HFABP, TOS, and TNF-α levels, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (pJNK 1/2) expressions. All tested compounds increased SOD activity, GSH-Px activity, TAS levels, TT levels, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK 1/2), and Nrf2 expressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that EMB and CA pretreatment could reduce myocardial injury via antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey. Electronic address: drcengizkocak@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Emel
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Raziye
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akcilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Evliya Celebi Education and Research Hospital, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozben Ozden
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Isiklar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Havva
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taser
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Altuntas
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007545:Isoproterenol; C018381:salvin; C010945:embelin
keywords: 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (PubChem CID: 9283); Carnosic acid; Carnosic acid (PubChem CID: 65126); Embelin; Embelin (PubChem CID: 3218); Heart; Isoproterenol; Isoproterenol hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5807); Myocardial infarction; Myocardial ischemia; Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5281955)