title: Down-regulation of NF-κB expression by n-3 fatty acid-rich linseed oil is modulated by PPARγ activation, eicosanoid cascade and secretion of cytokines by macrophages in rats fed partially hydrogenated vegetable fat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) contains trans fatty acid mostly comprising of elaidic acid (18:1 ∆9t). PHVF is used as a cooking medium in Southeast Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of dietary PHVF on inflammatory mediators and possible ameliorative effects of n-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, ALA)-rich linseed oil (LSO) on the inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar weaning rats were fed AIN-93-purified diet supplemented with one of the following lipids for 60 days, groundnut oil (GNO, 10 wt%), PHVF (10 wt%), LSO (10 wt%), PHVF blended with LSO at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt% levels. The final fat level in the diet was maintained at 10 wt%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The macrophages from rats fed PHVF showed higher levels of total cholesterol and free cholesterol as compared to those from rats fed GNO and LSO. Macrophages from rats fed PHVF down-regulated the expression of PPARγ and up-regulated the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. The macrophages from rats fed PHVF secreted higher levels of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines. The rats fed PHVF blended with LSO at incremental amounts showed a significant reduction in the expressions of pro-inflammatory markers in dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detrimental effects of dietary PHVF in enhancing pro-inflammatory agents in rats could be significantly reduced by providing ALA (n-3 PUFA)-rich LSO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lipid Science, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 020, India.
authors.forename: Y Poorna Chandra
authors.initials: YPC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Lipid Science, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 020, India. lokesh_lipids@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lokesh
mesh_terms: D058927:5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D058927:5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins; C548594:Alox5ap protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D015777:Eicosanoids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D014280:Triglycerides; D008043:Linseed Oil; D002784:Cholesterol; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat
keywords: Elaidic acid; Inflammatory mediators; Linseed oil; Macrophages; Partially hydrogenated vegetable fat; α-Linolenic acid
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