title: Merozoite surface proteins in red blood cell invasion, immunity and vaccines against malaria.
abstract: Malaria accounts for an enormous burden of disease globally, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the majority of malaria, and P. vivax being a second important cause, especially in Asia, the Americas and the Pacific. During infection with Plasmodium spp., the merozoite form of the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside them. It is during the blood-stage of infection that malaria disease occurs and, therefore, understanding merozoite invasion, host immune responses to merozoite surface antigens, and targeting merozoite surface proteins and invasion ligands by novel vaccines and therapeutics have been important areas of research. Merozoite invasion involves multiple interactions and events, and substantial processing of merozoite surface proteins occurs before, during and after invasion. The merozoite surface is highly complex, presenting a multitude of antigens to the immune system. This complexity has proved challenging to our efforts to understand merozoite invasion and malaria immunity, and to developing merozoite antigens as malaria vaccines. In recent years, there has been major progress in this field, and several merozoite surface proteins show strong potential as malaria vaccines. Our current knowledge on this topic is reviewed, highlighting recent advances and research priorities.
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia beeson@burnet.edu.au.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Damien R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Gaoqian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Freya J I
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jack S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D052940:Merozoites / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins
keywords: Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; antibodies; immunity; invasion; merozoites; vaccines
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