title: Childhood Psychosocial Cumulative Risks and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adverse experiences in childhood may influence cardiovascular risk in adulthood. We examined the prospective associations between types of psychosocial adversity and having multiple adversities (e.g., cumulative risk) with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and its progression among young adults. Higher cumulative risk score in childhood was expected to be associated with higher IMT and its progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 2265 men and women (age range, 24-39 years in 2001) from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study whose carotid IMTs were measured in 2001 and 2007. A cumulative psychosocial risk score, assessed at the study baseline in 1980, was derived from four separate aspects of the childhood environment that may impose risk (childhood stressful life events, parental health behavior family, socioeconomic status, and childhood emotional environment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative risk score was associated with higher IMT in 2007 (b = 0.004, standard error [SE] = 0.001, p < .001) and increased IMT progression from 2001 to 2007 (b = 0.003, SE = 0.001, p = .001). The associations were robust to adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and adulthood, including adulthood health behavior, adulthood socioeconomic status, and depressive symptoms. Among the individual childhood psychosocial risk categories, having more stressful life events was associated with higher IMT in 2001 (b = 0.007, SE = 0.003, p = .016) and poorer parental health behavior predicted higher IMT in 2007 (b = 0.004, SE = 0.002, p = .031) after adjustment for age, sex, and childhood cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early life psychosocial environment influences cardiovascular risk later in life, and considering cumulative childhood risk factors may be more informative than individual factors in predicting progression of preclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: From the IBS, Unit of Personality, Work, and Health Psychology (Hakulinen, Pulkki-Råback, Elovainio, Jokela, Hintsanen, Josefsson, Keltikangas-Järvinen) and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies (Pulkki-Råback), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare (Elovainio), Helsinki, Finland; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Kubzansky), Boston, Massachusetts; Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu (Hintsanen), Oulu, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (Juonala, Raitakari), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kivimäki), University College London, London, UK; Department of Pediatrics (Hutri-Kähönen), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology (Kähönen), Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Medicine (Viikari), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (Raitakari), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkki-Råback
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elovainio
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kubzansky
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hintsanen
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Josefsson
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutri-Kähönen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: BMJ. 2000 Jan 29;320(7230):273-8
references.pmid: 10650022
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2014 Sep 21;35(36):2484-91
references.pmid: 24595866
references.citation: Circulation. 2015 Jan 20;131(3):245-53
references.pmid: 25583139
references.citation: JAMA. 2000 Aug 2;284(5):592-7
references.pmid: 10918705
references.citation: Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):19-40
references.pmid: 11928888
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2002 Mar;128(2):330-66
references.pmid: 11931522
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Sep 24;106(13):1634-9
references.pmid: 12270855
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Nov 23;360(9346):1640-5
references.pmid: 12457787
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2003 May;22(3):300-9
references.pmid: 12790258
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Aug 5;108(5):572-6
references.pmid: 12874190
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Nov 5;290(17):2271-6
references.pmid: 14600185
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Nov 5;290(17):2277-83
references.pmid: 14600186
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 May 12;291(18):2204-11
references.pmid: 15138242
references.citation: Ann Med. 1991 Feb;23(1):35-9
references.pmid: 2036203
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1993 Sep 27;153(18):2093-101
references.pmid: 8379800
references.citation: Circulation. 1995 Oct 1;92(7):1786-92
references.pmid: 7671362
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Sep 15;146(6):483-94
references.pmid: 9290509
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Feb;19(2):366-71
references.pmid: 9974420
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1999 May;103(5 Pt 2):1085-99
references.pmid: 10224196
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2005 Apr;28(3):267-73
references.pmid: 15766614
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2005 Jul-Aug;67(4):561-7
references.pmid: 16046368
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2005 Sep-Oct;67(5):740-7
references.pmid: 16204432
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2006 Feb;16(2):91-104
references.pmid: 16257232
references.citation: Heart. 2006 Apr;92(4):474-80
references.pmid: 16159979
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):1321-8
references.pmid: 16585330
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Jun;26(6):1376-82
references.pmid: 16614318
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:145-73
references.pmid: 16903808
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Jan 30;115(4):459-67
references.pmid: 17242284
references.citation: Stroke. 2007 Mar;38(3):900-5
references.pmid: 17272779
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2007 Jul 24;91(4):449-58
references.pmid: 17543357
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2007 Nov;69(8):748-55
references.pmid: 17942839
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:501-24
references.pmid: 19035829
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2008 Dec;37(6):1220-6
references.pmid: 18263651
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;123(2):e274-81
references.pmid: 19171580
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Mar 10;53(10):860-9
references.pmid: 19264243
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jun;204(2):e93-8
references.pmid: 19124122
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Jul 21;120(3):229-36
references.pmid: 19581494
references.citation: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009 Nov;6(11):712-22
references.pmid: 19770848
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2009 Nov;71(9):927-31
references.pmid: 19737856
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Dec;163(12):1135-43
references.pmid: 19996051
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Feb 2;121(4):586-613
references.pmid: 20089546
references.citation: Heart. 2010 Feb;96(4):298-303
references.pmid: 20194205
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2010 Jul;31(14):1745-51
references.pmid: 20501481
references.citation: Stat Med. 2011 Feb 20;30(4):377-99
references.pmid: 21225900
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 1;57(5):619-27
references.pmid: 21272754
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2011 Aug;40(4):904-13
references.pmid: 21441553
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2011 Sep;73(7):563-71
references.pmid: 21810898
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2011 Nov;137(6):959-97
references.pmid: 21787044
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Mar;32(3):815-21
references.pmid: 22223734
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2012 Apr 12;106(1):29-39
references.pmid: 21888923
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50841
references.pmid: 23226400
references.citation: Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:7-28
references.pmid: 23514315
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2013 Nov;139(6):1342-96
references.pmid: 23566018
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2013 Nov;43(11):2417-26
references.pmid: 23369583
references.citation: Stroke. 2014 Aug;45(8):2246-51
references.pmid: 25034715
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Nov;69(11):1109-17
references.pmid: 26082517