title: Fouling on ion-exchange membranes: Classification, characterization and strategies of prevention and control.
abstract: The environmentally friendly ion-exchange membrane (IEM) processes find more and more applications in the modern industries in order to demineralize, concentrate and modify products. Moreover, these processes may be applied for the energy conversion and storage. However, the main drawback of the IEM processes is a formation of fouling, which significantly decreases the process efficiency and increases the process cost. The present review is dedicated to the problematic of IEM fouling phenomena. Firstly, the major types of IEM fouling such as colloidal fouling, organic fouling, scaling and biofouling are discussed along with consideration of the main factors affecting fouling formation and development. Secondly, the review of the possible methods of IEM fouling characterization is provided. This section includes the methods of fouling visualization and characterization as well as methods allowing investigations of characteristics of the fouled IEMs. Eventually, the reader will find the conventional and modern strategies of prevention and control of different fouling types.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Dairy Research Center (STELA), Department of Food Sciences, Pavillon Comtois, Université Laval, Québec (Qc) G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikhaylin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Dairy Research Center (STELA), Department of Food Sciences, Pavillon Comtois, Université Laval, Québec (Qc) G1V 0A6, Canada. Electronic address: Laurent.Bazinet@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bazinet
mesh_terms: D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007474:Ion Exchange; D008567:Membranes, Artificial
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial
keywords: Fouling; Fouling characterization; Fouling prevention and control; Ion-exchange membrane