title: Isoflavones and Prostate Cancer: A Review of Some Critical Issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to discuss some critical issues of isoflavones protective against the development of prostate cancer (PCa).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data cited in this review were obtained primarily from PubMed and Embase from 1975 to 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were selected with the search terms "isoflavone", "Phytoestrogen", "soy", "genistin", and "PCa ".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflavones do not play an important role on prostate-specific antigen levels reduction in PCa patients or healthy men. The effect of isoflavones on sex hormone levels and PCa risk may be determined by equol converting bacteria in the intestine, specific polymorphic variation and concentrations of isoflavones. The intake of various types of phytoestrogens with lower concentrations in the daily diet may produce synergistic effects against PCa. Moreover, prostate tissue may concentrate isoflavones to potentially anti-carcinogenic levels. In addition, it is noteworthy that isoflavones may act as an agonist in PCa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflavones play a protective role against the development of PCa. However, careful consideration should be given when isoflavones are used in the prevention and treatment of PCa.
authors.forename: Hong-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen-Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens
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