title: A "Love" Dart Allohormone Identified in the Mucous Glands of Hermaphroditic Land Snails.
abstract: Animals have evolved many ways to enhance their own reproductive success. One bizarre sexual ritual is the "love" dart shooting of helicid snails, which has courted many theories regarding its precise function. Acting as a hypodermic needle, the dart transfers an allohormone that increases paternity success. Its precise physiological mechanism of action within the recipient snail is to close off the entrance to the sperm digestion organ via a contraction of the copulatory canal, thereby delaying the digestion of most donated sperm. In this study, we used the common garden snailCornu aspersumto identify the allohormone that is responsible for this physiological change in the female system of this simultaneous hermaphrodite. The love dart allohormone (LDA) was isolated from extracts derived from mucous glands that coat the dart before it is stabbed through the partner's body wall. We isolated LDA from extracts using bioassay-guided contractility measurement of the copulatory canal. LDA is encoded within a 235-amino acid precursor protein containing multiple cleavage sites that, when cleaved, releases multiple bioactive peptides. Synthetic LDA also stimulated copulatory canal contractility. Combined with our finding that the protein amino acid sequence resembles previously described molluscan buccalin precursors, this indicates that LDA is partially conserved in helicid snails and less in other molluscan species. In summary, our study provides the full identification of an allohormone that is hypodermically injected via a love dart. More importantly, our findings have important consequences for understanding reproductive biology and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies.
authors.affiliation: From the Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: From the Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia.
authors.forename: Tianfang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: the Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and.
authors.forename: Joris M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Koene
authors.affiliation: the Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.affiliation: From the Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia, scummins@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cummins
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D057850:Hermaphroditic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012098:Reproduction; D012908:Snails / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D010455:Peptides; D010675:Pheromones
keywords: invertebrate; molecular biology; neuropeptide; peptide hormone; pheromone; proteomics
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