title: Does source matter? Nurses' and Physicians' perceptions of interprofessional feedback.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Receptiveness to interprofessional feedback, which is important for optimal collaboration, may be influenced by 'in-group or out-group' categorisation, as suggested by social identity theory. We used an experimental design to explore how nurses and resident physicians perceive feedback from people within and outside their own professional group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric residents and nurses participated in a simulation-based team exercise. Two nurses and two physicians wrote anonymous performance feedback for each participant. Participants each received a survey containing these feedback comments with prompts to rate (i) the usefulness (ii) the positivity and (iii) their agreement with each comment. Half of the participants received feedback labelled with the feedback provider's profession (two comments correctly labelled and two incorrectly labelled). Half received unlabelled feedback and were asked to guess the provider's profession. For each group, we performed separate three-way anovas on usefulness, positivity and agreement ratings to examine interactions between the recipient's profession, actual provider profession and perceived provider profession.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five out of 50 participants completed the survey. There were no significant interactions between profession of the recipient and the actual profession of the feedback provider for any of the 3 variables. Among participants who guessed the source of the feedback, we found significant interactions between the profession of the feedback recipient and the guessed source of the feedback for both usefulness (F1,48 = 25.6; p < 0.001; η(2) = 0.35) and agreement ratings (F1,48 = 8.49; p < 0.01; η(2) = 0.15). Nurses' ratings of feedback they guessed to be from nurses were higher than ratings of feedback they guessed to be from physicians, and vice versa. Among participants who received labelled feedback, we noted a similar interaction between the profession of the feedback recipient and labelled source of feedback for usefulness ratings (F1,92 = 4.72; p < 0.05; η(2) = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that physicians and nurses are more likely to attribute favourably perceived feedback to the in-group than to the out-group. This finding has potential implications for interprofessional feedback practices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sandrijn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: van Schaik
authors.affiliation: Office of Medical Education and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Education Scholarship, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Eva
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Irby
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Education Scholarship, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regehr
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D010372:Pediatrics; D010465:Perception