title: Recurrent wheezing in children.
abstract: Recurrent wheezing have a significant morbidity and it's estimated that about one third of school-age children manifest the symptom during the first 5 years of life. Proper identification of children at risk of developing asthma at school age may predict long-term outcomes and improve treatment and preventive approach, but the possibility to identify these children at preschool age remains limited. For many years authors focused their studies to identify early children with recurrent wheezing at risk to develop asthma at school age. Different phenotypes have been proposed for a more precise characterization and a personalized plan of treatment. The main criticism concerns the inability to define stable phenotypes with the risk of overestimating or underestimating the characteristics of symptoms in these children. The aim of this review is to report the recent developments on the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent paediatric wheezing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Pediatrics Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tenero
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Pediatrics Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Pediatrics Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piacentini
keywords: Recurrent wheezing; children; classification; diagnosis; treatment
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Aug 14;354(9178):541-5
references.pmid: 10470697
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;162(4 Pt 1):1403-6
references.pmid: 11029352
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2008 Oct;32(4):1096-110
references.pmid: 18827155
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010 Aug;21(5):878-88
references.pmid: 20444158
references.citation: Thorax. 2010 Nov;65(11):1004-9
references.pmid: 20855440
references.citation: Lancet. 2014 May 3;383(9928):1593-604
references.pmid: 24792856
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jan;133(1):111-8.e1-13
references.pmid: 23891353
references.citation: Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002 Sep;3(3):193-7
references.pmid: 12376055
references.citation: Minerva Pediatr. 2002 Jun;54(3):217-20
references.pmid: 12070480
references.citation: Thorax. 1997 Feb;52(2):166-70
references.pmid: 9059479
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 19;332(3):133-8
references.pmid: 7800004
references.citation: Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jun;11(3):157-61
references.pmid: 21464709
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2002 Dec;110(6):e77
references.pmid: 12456944
references.citation: Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(3):235-8
references.pmid: 16113440
references.citation: Gig Sanit. 2013 Nov-Dec;(6):9-14
references.pmid: 24624813
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Jul;134(1):170-7
references.pmid: 24568840
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Oct;120(4):842-8
references.pmid: 17716718
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr;114(4):627-33
references.pmid: 16581557
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 22;360(4):339-53
references.pmid: 19164187
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Aug;130(2):325-31
references.pmid: 22704537
references.citation: J Asthma Allergy. 2010 Dec 09;3:177-86
references.pmid: 21437052
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 24;365(21):1990-2001
references.pmid: 22111718
references.citation: Hum Immunol. 2013 Jun;74(6):796-802
references.pmid: 23376082
references.citation: J Asthma Allergy. 2015 Jul 13;8:63-73
references.pmid: 26203265
references.citation: Allergy. 2009 Oct;64(10):1463-71
references.pmid: 19772514
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014 Nov-Dec;2(6):709-15
references.pmid: 25439361
references.citation: Thorax. 2015 Mar;70(3):237-43
references.pmid: 25572596
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1172-7
references.pmid: 24525447
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 Dec;22(8):784-93
references.pmid: 21929603
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jun;127(6):1466-72.e6
references.pmid: 21453960
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Nov;134(5):1057-62.e5
references.pmid: 24985402
references.citation: Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec;215(1):1-18
references.pmid: 21889403
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):e519-25
references.pmid: 19254986
references.citation: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2014 Jun;32(2):103-10
references.pmid: 25003723