title: Ultrastructural comparison of porcine putative embryonic stem cells derived by in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
abstract: The ultrastructure of porcine putative embryonic stem cells and porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The aim of this study was to compare the features of organelles in in vitro fertilization (IVF) derived porcine embryonic stem cells (IVF-pESCs) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) derived pESCs (SCNT-pESCs). Also, the features of organelles in high-passage IVF-pESCs were compared with those in low-passage cells. The ultrastructure of PFFs showed rare microvilli on the cell surfaces, polygonal or irregular nuclei with one to two reticular-shaped nucleoli and euchromatin, low cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratios, rare ribosomes, rare rough endoplasmic reticulum, elongated mitochondria, rich lysosomes and rich phagocytic vacuoles. IVF-pESCs showed rare microvilli on the cell surfaces, round or irregular nuclei with one to two reticular-shaped nucleoli and euchromatin, low cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratios, rich ribosomes, long stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, elongated mitochondria, rare lysosomes and rare autophagic vacuoles. By contrast, SCNT-pESCs showed rich microvilli with various lengths and frequencies on the cell surfaces, polygonal nuclei with one reticular shaped nucleoli and heterochromatin, high cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratios, rare ribosomes, rare rough endoplasmic reticulum, round mitochondria, rich lysosomes and rich phagocytic vacuoles with clear intercellular junctions. Furthermore, high-passage IVF-pESCs showed irregularly shaped colonies, pyknosis and numerous lysosomes associated with autophagic vacuoles showing signs of apoptosis. In conclusion, this study confirms that the ultrastructural characteristics of pESCs differ depending on their origin. These ultrastructural characteristics might be useful in biomedical research using pESCs, leading to new insights regarding regenerative medicine and tissue repair.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Eunhye
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seon-Ung
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Junchul David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yubyeol
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Kyu-Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyu-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Chang-Kyu
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eunsong
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyunggee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gonhyung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018870:Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008871:Microvilli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013552:Swine
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2012 Jul 1;78(1):86-101
references.pmid: 22445189
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005 Dec 12;57(13):1894-903
references.pmid: 16271417
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2000 May;10(5):189-96
references.pmid: 10754561
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2000 Nov;85(6):645-51
references.pmid: 11187960
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Aug;25(4):365-451
references.pmid: 15302203
references.citation: J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1976 Dec;36(3):609-22
references.pmid: 1010982
references.citation: Int Rev Cytol. 1985;94:177-211
references.pmid: 3894273
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;3(11):E255-63
references.pmid: 11715037
references.citation: J Exp Zool. 1971 Feb;176(2):179-91
references.pmid: 5559227
references.citation: J Assist Reprod Genet. 1994 Nov;11(10):515-29
references.pmid: 7663108
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1973 Dec;35(2):262-82
references.pmid: 4363068
references.citation: Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7
references.pmid: 9804556
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2007 Nov;171(5):1431-40
references.pmid: 17872976
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;15(4):405-13
references.pmid: 12892780
references.citation: Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013 Jul;42(4):472-7
references.pmid: 24022939
references.citation: Zygote. 2007 Feb;15(1):55-63
references.pmid: 17391546
references.citation: Curr Top Dev Biol. 1998;38:133-65
references.pmid: 9399078
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2003 Oct;7(3):330-5
references.pmid: 14653895
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1981 Dec;25(5):1009-25
references.pmid: 7326294
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999 Jun;11(3):385-90
references.pmid: 10395554
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 1990 Apr;5(3):309-18
references.pmid: 2351714
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;9(6):780-6
references.pmid: 19796990
references.citation: Transplant Res. 2012 Aug 16;1(1):8
references.pmid: 23369409
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76
references.pmid: 16904174
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2002 Jan-Feb;4(1):56-61
references.pmid: 12470354
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2000 Dec;63(6):1848-56
references.pmid: 11090457
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev. 2008 Dec;4(4):275-82
references.pmid: 18770051
references.citation: Cell Reprogram. 2014 Apr;16(2):151-65
references.pmid: 24606239
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2013 Feb 1;22(3):473-82
references.pmid: 22889279
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 May;6(5):513-9
references.pmid: 10802706
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2001 Mar 15;55(5):1107-16
references.pmid: 11322238
references.citation: Theriogenology. 1999 Jul 15;52(2):195-212
references.pmid: 10734388
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Sep 15;589(Pt 18):4413-21
references.pmid: 21708903
references.citation: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1975 Jun 9;147(1):45-62
references.pmid: 1200396
references.citation: J Anat. 1978 May;126(Pt 1):209-20
references.pmid: 418052
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2015 Jul 15;84(2):226-36
references.pmid: 25913277
references.citation: Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):798-802
references.pmid: 12907790
references.citation: J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012 Jul;35(4):695-713
references.pmid: 22453682
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976 Feb;56(2):245-63
references.pmid: 1255758
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 1983 Mar-Apr;3(2):63-86
references.pmid: 6847133
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2011 Oct 15;76(7):1187-96
references.pmid: 21820720
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2001 Jun;8(6):569-81
references.pmid: 11536007
references.citation: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1991;43:255-60
references.pmid: 1843344
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2001 Jun;22(3):149-64
references.pmid: 11470141
references.citation: Anat Rec. 2001 Sep 1;264(1):101-13
references.pmid: 11505376
references.citation: Mol Reprod Dev. 2003 Aug;65(4):429-34
references.pmid: 12840816
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 1999;17:593-623
references.pmid: 10358769
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1994 Mar;124(6):903-13
references.pmid: 8132712
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Feb 15;128(6):2115-20
references.pmid: 16464114
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2014 Sep 15;127(Pt 18):4089-102
references.pmid: 25052093
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e18317
references.pmid: 21512578
references.citation: Reprod Fertil Dev. 1994;6(5):563-8
references.pmid: 7569034
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Apr;3(4):280-91
references.pmid: 12669019
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 May-Jun;1763(5-6):549-60
references.pmid: 16574258
references.citation: J Reprod Fertil. 1982 Nov;66(2):499-504
references.pmid: 7175804
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2002 Jul 1;265(1-2):3-20
references.pmid: 12072175
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;5(4):261-70
references.pmid: 15071551
references.citation: Mol Reprod Dev. 1991 May;29(1):22-8
references.pmid: 2054178
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Sep;57(9):2731-4
references.pmid: 16348556
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1984;235(2):347-56
references.pmid: 6705037
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Feb 7;88(3):347-54
references.pmid: 9039261
references.citation: J Reprod Dev. 2007 Dec;53(6):1137-49
references.pmid: 18198476
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2016 Mar 1;85(4):601-16
references.pmid: 26542134
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 2013 Oct;75(10):1277-86
references.pmid: 23698084