title: Olfactory memory in the old and very old: relations to episodic and semantic memory and APOE genotype.
abstract: The neuroanatomical organization that underlies olfactory memory is different from that of other memory types. The present work examines olfactory memory in an elderly population-based sample (Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen) aged 60-100 years (n = 2280). We used structural equation modeling to investigate whether olfactory memory in old age is best conceptualized as a distinct category, differentiated from episodic and semantic memory. Further, potential olfactory dedifferentiation and genetic associations (APOE) to olfactory function in late senescence were investigated. Results are in support of a 3-factor solution where olfactory memory, as indexed by episodic odor recognition and odor identification, is modeled separately from episodic and semantic memory for visual and verbal information. Increasing age was associated with poorer olfactory memory performance, and observed age-related deficits were further exacerbated for carriers of the APOE ε4 allele; these effects tended to be larger for olfactory memory compared to episodic and semantic memory pertaining to other sensory systems (vision, auditory). Finally, stronger correlations between olfactory and episodic memory, indicating dedifferentiation, were observed in the older age groups.
authors.affiliation: Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedner
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papenberg
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seubert
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bäckman
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Erika.Jonsson.Laukka@ki.se.
authors.forename: Erika J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Laukka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000483:Alleles; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008875:Middle Aged; D012903:Smell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E
keywords: APOE; Aging; Dedifferentiation; Memory; Olfaction