title: Neurodevelopment in Early Childhood Affected by Prenatal Lead Exposure and Iron Intake.
abstract: No safe threshold level of lead exposure in children has been recognized. Also, the information on shielding effect of maternal dietary iron intake during pregnancy on the adverse effects of prenatal lead exposure on children's postnatal neurocognitive development is very limited. We examined the association of prenatal lead exposure and neurodevelopment in children at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months and the protective action of maternal dietary iron intake against the impact of lead exposure. The study participants comprise 965 pregnant women and their subsequent offspring of the total participants enrolled in the Mothers and Children's environmental health study: a prospective birth cohort study. Generalized linear model and linear mixed model analysis were performed to analyze the effect of prenatal lead exposure and mother's dietary iron intake on children's cognitive development at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Maternal late pregnancy lead was marginally associated with deficits in mental development index (MDI) of children at 6 months. Mothers having less than 75th percentile of dietary iron intake during pregnancy showed significant increase in the harmful effect of late pregnancy lead exposure on MDI at 6 months. Linear mixed model analyses showed the significant detrimental effect of prenatal lead exposure in late pregnancy on cognitive development up to 36 months in children of mothers having less dietary iron intake during pregnancy. Thus, our findings imply importance to reduce prenatal lead exposure and have adequate iron intake for better neurodevelopment in children.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul (SS-K, B-MK, EK, HP, E-HH); Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan (MH); Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul (Y-CH); Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan (YK); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University (B-NK); Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University (NC); Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University (S-YO); Department of Obstetrics Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul (YJK); and Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea (BL).
authors.forename: Surabhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah-Kulkarni
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Byung-Mi
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eunjeong
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yangho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bung-Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Se-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Boeun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D007854:Lead
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