title: Genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen I gene in parasite population from the China-Myanmar border area.
abstract: To investigate the genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) gene in Southeast Asia, we determined PfAMA1 sequences from 135 field isolates collected from the China-Myanmar border area and compared them with 956 publically available PfAMA1 sequences from seven global P. falciparum populations. This analysis revealed high genetic diversity of PfAMA1 in global P. falciparum populations with a total of 229 haplotypes identified. The genetic diversity of PfAMA1 gene from the China-Myanmar border is not evenly distributed in the different domains of this gene. Sequence diversity in PfAMA1 from the China-Myanmar border is lower than that observed in Thai, African and Oceanian populations, but higher than that in the South American population. This appeared to correlate well with the levels of endemicity of different malaria-endemic regions, where hyperendemic regions favor genetic cross of the parasite isolates and generation of higher genetic diversity. Neutrality tests show significant departure from neutrality in the entire ectodomain and Domain I of PfAMA1 in the China-Myanmar border parasite population. We found evidence supporting a substantial continent-wise genetic structure among P. falciparum populations, with the highest genetic differentiation detected between the China-Myanmar border and the South American populations. Whereas no alleles were unique to a specific region, there were considerable geographical differences in major alleles and their frequencies, highlighting further necessity to include more PfAMA1 alleles in vaccine designs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
authors.forename: Xiaotong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Zhenjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
authors.forename: Yonghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Guiyun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China. Electronic address: ymcao@mail.cmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yaming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: luc2@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Liwang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002052:Myanmar; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C090077:apical membrane antigen I, Plasmodium
keywords: China–Myanmar border; Genetic diversity; Malaria; PfAMA1; Plasmodium falciparum
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