title: BMP signaling in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone formation.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-βsuperfamily and have diverse functions during development and organogenesis. BMPs play a major role in skeletal development and bone formation, and disruptions in BMP signaling cause a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal anomalies. Several knockout models have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes. Proper bone formation requires the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) precursors, a process mediated in part by BMP signaling. Multiple BMPs, including BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9, promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs bothin vitroandin vivo. BMP9 is one of the most osteogenic BMPs yet is a poorly characterized member of the BMP family. Several studies demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling BMP9-mediated osteogenesis differ from other osteogenic BMPs, but little is known about these specific mechanisms. Several pathways critical to BMP9-mediated osteogenesis are also important in the differentiation of other cell lineages, including adipocytes and chondrocytes. BMP9 has also demonstrated translational promise in spinal fusion and bone fracture repair. This review will summarize our current knowledge of BMP-mediated osteogenesis, with a focus on BMP9, by presenting recently completed work which may help us to further elucidate these pathways.
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authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lamplot
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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authors.lastname: Nan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ruidong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shui
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jiye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yuhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Sahitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denduluri
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Rose
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Rex C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Haydon
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Hue H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Luu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Jovito
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authors.lastname: Angeles
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Lewis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of the Key Laboratory for Pediatrics Co-Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Affiliated Hospitals and the Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Tong-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: He
keywords: BMP; BMP9; Bone Regeneration; IGF; MSCs; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction; TGF-β; Wnt
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