title: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back; Xeno-MicroRNAs Reported in Breast Milk Are Artifacts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA sequences that guide post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via complementarity to their target mRNAs. Discovered only recently, miRNAs have drawn a lot of attention. Multiple protein complexes interact to first cleave a hairpin from nascent RNA, export it into the cytosol, trim its loop, and incorporate it into the RISC complex which is important for binding its target mRNA. This process works within one cell, but circulating miRNAs have been described suggesting a role in cell-cell communication.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Viruses and intracellular parasites like Toxoplasma gondii use miRNAs to manipulate host gene expression from within the cellular environment. However, recent research has claimed that a rice miRNA may regulate human gene expression. Despite ongoing debates about these findings and general reluctance to accept them, a recent report claimed that foodborne plant miRNAs pass through the digestive tract, travel through blood to be incorporated by alveolar cells excreting milk. The miRNAs are then said to have some immune-related function in the newborn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We acquired the data that supports their claim and performed further analyses. In addition to the reported miRNAs, we were able to detect almost complete mRNAs and found that the foreign RNA expression profiles among samples are exceedingly similar. Inspecting the source of the data helped understand how RNAs could contaminate the samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viewing these findings in context with the difficulties foreign RNAs face on their route into breast milk and the fact that many identified foodborne miRNAs are not from actual food sources, we can conclude beyond reasonable doubt that the original claims and evidence presented may be due to artifacts. We report that the study claiming their existence is more likely to have detected RNA contamination than miRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Caner
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bağcı
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.|Bionia Incorporated, IZTEKGEB A8, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allmer
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D018749:RNA, Plant
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