title: PTSD and Daily Co-Occurrence of Drug and Alcohol Use Among Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at high risk for substance use, and PTSD is common among women experiencing intimate partner violence. Considering the effects of both PTSD and substance use, such as poorer treatment outcomes and greater health/behavior problems, women experiencing intimate partner violence are a high-risk, under-researched group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a micro-longitudinal study design to assess daily drug and alcohol use over 21 days among 41 women experiencing intimate partner violence recruited from the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were about 45 years old (M = 45.1, SD = 8.5) and mostly African American (n = 32, 78%). Co-occurrence of drug and alcohol use was reported on 19.0% of days, while drug use alone occurred on 13.4% of days and alcohol use on 12.1%. Fifteen percent of participants met current PTSD criteria, with a mean symptom severity rating of 15.90 (SD = 10.94, range 0 to 47). Women with PTSD, compared to those without, were nearly 15 times more likely to have days of co-occurrence of drug and alcohol use (p = .037) and nearly 7 times more likely to have days of drug use alone (p = .044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that the combination of intimate partner violence and PTSD may make women especially prone to daily co-occurring drug and alcohol use or drug use alone. Further research is needed to explore this association and examine the need for integrated programs to support victims' health, prevent the development of substance use problems, and facilitate recovery from PTSD and substance use.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Tami P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Nicole H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Julianne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: c Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, School of Public Health, Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Tiara C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Willie
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Fairleigh Dickenson University , Teaneck , New Jersey , USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armeli
authors.affiliation: e Department of Community Medicine and Health Care , University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine , Farmington , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tennen
mesh_terms: D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D013179:Spouse Abuse; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcohol and drug use; PTSD; community; daily data; intimate partner violence; women
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