title: A systematic review of animal and clinical studies on the use of scaffolds for urethral repair.
abstract: Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in animal studies, but clinical studies on use of scaffolds for urethral repair are scarce. The aim of this study was to review recent animal and clinical studies on the use of different scaffolds for urethral repair, and to evaluate these scaffolds based on the evidence from these studies. PubMed and OVID databases were searched to identify relevant studies, in conjunction with further manual search. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated. Of 555 identified studies, 38 were included for analysis. It was found that in both animal and clinical studies, scaffolds seeded with cells were used for repair of large segmental defects of the urethra, such as in tubular urethroplasty. When the defect area was small, cell-free scaffolds were more likely to be applied. A lot of pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence showed that natural or artificial materials could be used as scaffolds for urethral repair. Urinary tissue engineering is still in the immature stage, and the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness of the scaffolds are needed for further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jiao
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. hzkjdxtjyc@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: animal models; clinical studies; material/scaffold; tissue engineering/regenerative medicine; urethral repair
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2003 Aug;44(2):266-71
references.pmid: 12875948
references.citation: J Endourol. 2012 May;26(5):427-32
references.pmid: 22191704
references.citation: Curr Opin Urol. 2008 Jul;18(4):404-7
references.pmid: 18520763
references.citation: J Urol. 1999 Sep;162(3 Pt 2):1148-51
references.pmid: 10458452
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2013 Oct;184(2):774-81
references.pmid: 23706393
references.citation: Urology. 1998 Jul;52(1):138-42
references.pmid: 9671888
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2008 Jun;53(6):1263-9
references.pmid: 18262717
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2003 Nov;44(5):600-2
references.pmid: 14572761
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Mar 14;9(3):e91592
references.pmid: 24632740
references.citation: BMJ. 2004 Feb 28;328(7438):514-7
references.pmid: 14988196
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2007 Jun;51(6):1695-701; discussion 1701
references.pmid: 17207913
references.citation: Urol Res. 2000 Jan;28(1):46-51
references.pmid: 10732695
references.citation: Med Sci Monit. 2014 Nov 26;20:2430-8
references.pmid: 25424000
references.citation: BJU Int. 2004 Nov;94(7):1132-5
references.pmid: 15541140
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2012 Jul;101(7):755-60
references.pmid: 22471328
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Jan;173(1):140-3
references.pmid: 15592056
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2014 Feb;20(3-4):774-84
references.pmid: 24329501
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2007 Jun;51(6):1702-8; discussion 1708
references.pmid: 17306922
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2007 Dec;13(12):2933-40
references.pmid: 17961002
references.citation: J Korean Med Sci. 2015 Mar;30(3):301-7
references.pmid: 25729254
references.citation: Injury. 2007 Mar;38 Suppl 1:S33-7
references.pmid: 17383484
references.citation: J Urol. 2008 Apr;179(4):1432-6
references.pmid: 18295282
references.citation: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015 Mar;9(3):257-64
references.pmid: 23172803
references.citation: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006 Apr;18(2):167-71
references.pmid: 16601497
references.citation: Circ Res. 2007 May 11;100(9):1249-60
references.pmid: 17495232
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2012 Oct;33(30):7447-55
references.pmid: 22795859
references.citation: BJU Int. 2007 May;99(5):1162-5
references.pmid: 17244284
references.citation: Lancet. 2011 Apr 2;377(9772):1175-82
references.pmid: 21388673
references.citation: Urology. 2014 Dec;84(6):1499-505
references.pmid: 25306480
references.citation: Curr Opin Urol. 2006 Jul;16(4):305-9
references.pmid: 16770133
references.citation: Ann Plast Surg. 2009 May;62(5):505-12
references.pmid: 19387150
references.citation: Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2009 Jan;29(1):124-7, 132
references.pmid: 19218131
references.citation: Plast Surg Nurs. 2012 Oct-Dec;32(4):156-64
references.pmid: 23188147
references.citation: Urology. 2013 May;81(5):1075-80
references.pmid: 23490528
references.citation: J Urol. 2004 Jan;171(1):453-6
references.pmid: 14665954
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 May;16(5):1769-79
references.pmid: 20020816
references.citation: Urology. 1999 Sep;54(3):407-10
references.pmid: 10475343
references.citation: J Urol. 2003 Jan;169(1):170-3; discussion 173
references.pmid: 12478128
references.citation: J Urol. 2001 Jun;165(6 Pt 1):2096-102
references.pmid: 11371935
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2013 Nov;45(9):3402-7
references.pmid: 24182824
references.citation: Urology. 2006 Aug;68(2):263-6
references.pmid: 16904431
references.citation: Asian J Androl. 2008 Sep;10(5):719-22
references.pmid: 18645674
references.citation: Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007 Feb;27(2):184-7
references.pmid: 17355932
references.citation: J Urol. 2000 Jun;163(6):1958-65
references.pmid: 10799239
references.citation: Curr Opin Urol. 2008 Nov;18(6):564-9
references.pmid: 18832940
references.citation: Urol Int. 2012;89(3):358-64
references.pmid: 22797559
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2013 Mar;63(3):531-8
references.pmid: 22877501
references.citation: Stroke. 2001 Oct;32(10):2433-8
references.pmid: 11588338
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2014 May 1;188(1):1-7
references.pmid: 24411303