title: A comparison of neuropsychiatric adverse events during early treatment with varenicline or a nicotine patch.
abstract: We compared the risk of mental health episodes requiring hospitalization (primary aim) or out-patient clinic visits (secondary aim) associated with varenicline versus the nicotine patch (NP) in an era prior to psychiatric boxed warnings.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort.
  
  
  
  Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), USA.
  
  
  
  VA patients with or without psychiatric comorbidities and a new prescription for varenicline (15 255) were propensity score-matched (1 : 2) to new users of NP (123 054) between 1 May 2006 and 30 September 2007, resulting in 11 774 and 23 548 patients in the varenicline and NP groups, respectively.
  
  
  
  The primary outcomes were hospitalizations with a primary discharge diagnosis of a range of mental health disorders: depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, suicide attempt, post-traumatic stress disorder, other psychosis and drug-induced mental disorders. Secondary outcomes were out-patient clinic visits with a primary diagnosis of the above list of mental health disorders.
  
  
  
  Background characteristics of the treatment groups were similar after matching. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of hospitalization for any of the studied mental health disorders with varenicline compared with NP. Among secondary outcomes there was an increased risk of out-patient clinic visits for schizophrenia among patients who received varenicline [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07, 1.51], this increase being evident only in those with a pre-existing mental health disorder.
  
  
  
  In US VA patients studied prior to the boxed warning being implemented, use of varenicline for smoking cessation was not associated with a detectable increase compared with nicotine patches in hospitalization for any mental health outcomes. There was an increased rate of out-patient attendances with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia amounting to five per 100 person years of treatment. This increase was found only in patients with a pre-existing mental health disorder.
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Francesca E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Center for Health Quality Outcomes and Economic Research, Bedford, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Rongping
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarren
authors.affiliation: US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mosholder
authors.affiliation: US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.|VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sherrie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Aspinall
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Medication Safety, Hines, IL, USA.|VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Chester B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Good
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057216:Propensity Score; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D000068580:Varenicline / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D000068580:Varenicline
keywords: Adverse drug events; mental health disorder; nicotine replacement therapy; varenicline