title: The Responders' Gender Stereotypes Modulate the Strategic Decision-Making of Proposers Playing the Ultimatum Game.
abstract: Despite the wealth of studies investigating factors affecting decisions, not much is known about the impact of stereotypical beliefs on strategic economic decision-making. In the present study, we used the ultimatum game paradigm to investigate how participants playing as proposer modulate their strategic economic behavior, according to their game counterparts' stereotypical identity (i.e., responders). The latter were introduced to the participants using occupational role nouns stereotypically marked with gender paired with feminine or masculine proper names (e.g., linguist-Anna; economist-David; economist-Cristina; linguist-Leonardo). When playing with male-stereotyped responders, proposers quickly applied the equity rule, behaving fairly, while they adopted a strategic behavior with responders characterized by female stereotypes. They were also longer to make their offers to female than to male responders but both kinds of responders received comparable offers, suggesting a greater cognitive effort to treat females as equally as males. The present study explicitly demonstrates that gender stereotypical information affect strategic economic decision-making and highlights a possible evolution of gender discrimination into a more insidious discrimination toward individuals with female characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'EspaceToulouse, France.
authors.forename: Eve F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Causse
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pesciarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cacciari
keywords: gender stereotypes; proposer; strategic decision-making; ultimatum game
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