title: Magnetic resonance imaging in lung: a review of its potential for radiotherapy.
abstract: MRI has superior soft-tissue definition compared with existing imaging modalities in radiation oncology; this has the added benefit of functional as well as anatomical imaging. This review aimed to evaluate the current use of MRI for lung cancer and identify the potential of a MRI protocol for lung radiotherapy (RT). 30 relevant studies were identified. Improvements in MRI technology have overcome some of the initial limitations of utilizing MRI for lung imaging. A number of commercially available and novel sequences have shown image quality to be adequate for the detection of pulmonary nodules with the potential for tumour delineation. Quantifying tumour motion is also feasible and may be more representative than that seen on four-dimensional CT. Functional MRI sequences have shown correlation with flu-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in identifying malignant involvement and treatment response. MRI can also be used as a measure of pulmonary function. While there are some limitations for the adoption of MRI in RT-planning process for lung cancer, MRI has shown the potential to compete with both CT and PET for tumour delineation and motion definition, with the added benefit of functional information. MRI is well placed to become a significant imaging modality in RT for lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: 1 South Western Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|2 Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|3 Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5095-4289
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: 1 South Western Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|2 Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|3 Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|4 Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liney
authors.affiliation: 2 Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|3 Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Robba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: 1 South Western Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|2 Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|3 Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|4 Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|5 Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.affiliation: 1 South Western Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|6 Department of Medical Imaging, Northern Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|7 Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.affiliation: 1 South Western Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|2 Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.|7 Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Shalini K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Vinod
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009038:Motion; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2012 Oct;81(10):2913-8
references.pmid: 22197090
references.citation: Med Phys. 2010 Mar;37(3):1254-60
references.pmid: 20384263
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 15;59(4):952-9
references.pmid: 15234028
references.citation: J Thorac Imaging. 2012 Nov;27(6):387-92
references.pmid: 21795993
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):435-48
references.pmid: 16198064
references.citation: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005 Dec;56(3):345-51
references.pmid: 15990331
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1432-41
references.pmid: 16125870
references.citation: J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2011;12(2):3357
references.pmid: 21587180
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Nov 15;72(4):1228-35
references.pmid: 18954717
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):218-26
references.pmid: 24931097
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jun 1;44(3):593-7
references.pmid: 10348289
references.citation: Radiology. 2003 Jan;226(1):242-9
references.pmid: 12511697
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):200-2
references.pmid: 24931093
references.citation: Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Jun;14(3):237-43
references.pmid: 12973131
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Aug;189(2):386-92
references.pmid: 17646465
references.citation: Diagn Interv Radiol. 2013 Nov-Dec;19(6):433-7
references.pmid: 24004973
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2006 Sep;16(9):1942-50
references.pmid: 16628438
references.citation: Diagn Interv Radiol. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(4):344-53
references.pmid: 22434450
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2005 Aug;46(8):1342-8
references.pmid: 16085592
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2014 Feb;24(2):502-11
references.pmid: 24275802
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2014 Nov;83(11):2087-92
references.pmid: 25174774
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov 15;63(4):1016-23
references.pmid: 15979817
references.citation: Lung Cancer. 2009 Apr;64(1):1-8
references.pmid: 18771814
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):287-95
references.pmid: 16904528
references.citation: Insights Imaging. 2012 Aug;3(4):355-71
references.pmid: 22695944
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):207-9
references.pmid: 24931095
references.citation: Clin Nucl Med. 2010 Apr;35(4):237-43
references.pmid: 20305410
references.citation: Invest Radiol. 2004 Apr;39(4):202-9
references.pmid: 15021323
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Dec 1;60(5):1473-83
references.pmid: 15590178
references.citation: Clin Imaging. 2011 Jul-Aug;35(4):259-65
references.pmid: 21724117
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 1998 Jun;71(846):587-94
references.pmid: 9849380
references.citation: Invest Radiol. 2007 Sep;42(9):605-13
references.pmid: 17700275
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jan;25(1):73-81
references.pmid: 17154370
references.citation: Med Phys. 2006 Oct;33(10):3874-900
references.pmid: 17089851
references.citation: J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Apr;3(4):358-64
references.pmid: 18379353
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 1997 Jan;42(1):1-15
references.pmid: 9132820
references.citation: Radiology. 2011 Nov;261(2):598-604
references.pmid: 21852569
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004 Jan;14(1):81-90
references.pmid: 14752736
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012 Jan;198(1):75-82
references.pmid: 22194481
references.citation: Insights Imaging. 2012 Aug;3(4):345-53
references.pmid: 22695952
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 Jul;40(1):200-5
references.pmid: 24923480
references.citation: Med Phys. 2003 Jan;30(1):88-97
references.pmid: 12557983
references.citation: J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2003 Autumn;4(4):352-64
references.pmid: 14604425
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 1;69(3):895-902
references.pmid: 17889270
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Dec;32(6):1388-97
references.pmid: 21105143
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 May 1;59(1):78-86
references.pmid: 15093902
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002 Jun;15(6):685-92
references.pmid: 12112519
references.citation: Insights Imaging. 2012 Aug;3(4):373-86
references.pmid: 22695943
references.citation: Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2013 Oct;3(5):269-78
references.pmid: 24273745
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2006 Sep;79 Spec No 1:S2-15
references.pmid: 16980682
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2006 Sep 7;51(17):4147-69
references.pmid: 16912374
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2009 Oct;93(1):32-6
references.pmid: 19552978
references.citation: Clin Lung Cancer. 2013 Mar;14(2):89-95
references.pmid: 22853981
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):151-9
references.pmid: 24931085
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Feb;29(2):167-72
references.pmid: 20951522
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 May 1;68(1):273-81
references.pmid: 17448880
references.citation: Invest Radiol. 2014 Jun;49(6):382-9
references.pmid: 24473368
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):203-6
references.pmid: 24931094
references.citation: Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:62
references.pmid: 20591179
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 May 1;62(1):70-5
references.pmid: 15850904
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1998 Apr;4(4):949-55
references.pmid: 9563889
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2014 Dec;27(12):1542-56
references.pmid: 24990096
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Dec 1;60(5):1459-72
references.pmid: 15590177
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2014 Aug;24(8):1914-22
references.pmid: 24788038
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2010 Nov;97(2):244-8
references.pmid: 20724011
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60279
references.pmid: 23593186
references.citation: Clin Imaging. 2012 Mar-Apr;36(2):98-103
references.pmid: 22370130
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2009 Apr;91(1):85-94
references.pmid: 19100641
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2010 Dec;76(3):329-36
references.pmid: 20627435
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2012 Jan;81(1):178-82
references.pmid: 20932700
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2000 Jun;34(3):196-207
references.pmid: 10927161
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014 Jul;24(3):175-80
references.pmid: 24931088
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Aug 1;36(1):167-74
references.pmid: 8823272
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99865
references.pmid: 24919055
references.citation: Semin Nucl Med. 2012 Sep;42(5):308-19
references.pmid: 22840596
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Nov 15;51(4):923-31
references.pmid: 11704312
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Apr 1;73(5):1560-5
references.pmid: 19231098
references.citation: Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014 Mar 20;4(2):202-12
references.pmid: 24753986