title: Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02, a Novel Nematicidal Bacterium with an Extracellular Serine Protease Virulence Factor.
abstract: Root knot nematodes (RKNs) are the world's most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), and they can infect almost all crops. At present, harmful chemical nematicides are applied to control RKNs. Using microbial nematicides has been proposed as a better management strategy than chemical control. In this study, we describe a novel nematicidal bacterium named Alcaligenes faecalis ZD02. A. faecalis ZD02 was isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans cadavers and has nematostatic and nematicidal activity, as confirmed by C. elegans growth assay and life span assay. In addition, A. faecalis ZD02 fermentation broth showed toxicity against C. elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. To identify the nematicidal virulence factor, the genome of strain ZD02 was sequenced. By comparing all of the predicted proteins of strain ZD02 to reported nematicidal virulence factors, we determined that an extracellular serine protease (Esp) has potential to be a nematicidal virulence factor, which was confirmed by bioassay on C. elegans and M. incognita. Using C. elegans as the target model, we found that both A. faecalis ZD02 and the virulence factor Esp can damage the intestines of C. elegans. The discovery that A. faecalis ZD02 has nematicidal activity provides a novel bacterial resource for the control of RKNs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shouyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinshui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaoying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China m98sun@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D042481:Alcaligenes faecalis / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects; D010802:Phylogeny; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D057057:Serine Proteases
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