title: ISMRM Raw data format: A proposed standard for MRI raw datasets.
abstract: This work proposes the ISMRM Raw Data format as a common MR raw data format, which promotes algorithm and data sharing.
  
  
  
  A file format consisting of a flexible header and tagged frames of k-space data was designed. Application Programming Interfaces were implemented in C/C++, MATLAB, and Python. Converters for Bruker, General Electric, Philips, and Siemens proprietary file formats were implemented in C++. Raw data were collected using magnetic resonance imaging scanners from four vendors, converted to ISMRM Raw Data format, and reconstructed using software implemented in three programming languages (C++, MATLAB, Python).
  
  
  
  Images were obtained by reconstructing the raw data from all vendors. The source code, raw data, and images comprising this work are shared online, serving as an example of an image reconstruction project following a paradigm of reproducible research.
  
  
  
  The proposed raw data format solves a practical problem for the magnetic resonance imaging community. It may serve as a foundation for reproducible research and collaborations. The ISMRM Raw Data format is a completely open and community-driven format, and the scientific community is invited (including commercial vendors) to participate either as users or developers. Magn Reson Med 77:411-421, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Souheil J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Inati
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Naegele
authors.affiliation: Keller Center for Imaging Innovation, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Zwart
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Vinai
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roopchansingh
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurologic Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lizak
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Chia-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kellman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozerke
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Adrienne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Campbell-Washburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016208:Databases, Factual; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012984:Software
keywords: image reconstruction; magnetic resonance imaging; open source; raw data format
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