title: The relationship between tics, OC, ADHD and autism symptoms: A cross- disorder symptom analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patients and family-members.
abstract: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) is a disorder in which obsessive-compulsive (OC), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autism symptoms occur in up to 60% of patients, suggesting shared etiology. We explored the phenotypic structure of tic, OC, ADHD, and autism symptoms as measured by the YGTSS,Y-BOCS,CAARS and AQ, in 225 GTS patients and 371 family members. First, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were performed on the symptom structure of each separate symptom scale. Second, the symptom dimensions derived from each scale were combined in one model, and correlations between them were calculated. Using the correlation matrix, Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed on the symptom dimensions across the scales. EFA revealed a five factor structure: tic/aggression/symmetry; OC symptoms/compulsive tics/ numbers and patterns; ADHD symptoms; autism symptoms; and hoarding/inattention symptoms. The results are partly in line with the traditional categorical boundaries of the symptom scales used, and partly reveal a symptom structure that cuts through the diagnostic categories. This phenotypic structure might more closely reflect underlying etiologies than a structure that classically describes GTS patients according to absence or presence of comorbid OCD, ADHD and autism, and might inform both future genetic and treatment studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: mathuisman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hilde M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Huisman-van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Methods & Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Optentia Research Program, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rens van de
authors.initials: Rv
authors.lastname: Schoot
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rijkeboer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California and San Francisco, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniëlle C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020323:Tics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ASD; CFA; Comorbidity; EFA; Etiology; Factor analysis; Tic-disorder
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