title: Gene expression profiling of rubella virus infected primary endothelial cells of fetal and adult origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rubella virus (RV) infection is usually a mild illness in children and adults. However, maternal infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the infant. Fetuses with CRS show damage to the endothelium of the heart and blood vessels; thus, it has been speculated that the clinical manifestations associated with CRS may be a result of endothelial cells persistently infected with RV. Here, we compared the effects of RV infection on gene expression in primary endothelial cells of fetal (HUVEC) and of adult (HSaVEC) origin by transcriptional profiling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 75 % of the genes differentially regulated following RV infection were identical in both cell types. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these commonly regulated genes showed an enrichment of terms involved in cytokine production and cytokine regulation. Increased accumulation of inflammatory cytokines following RV infection was verified by protein microarray. Interestingly, the chemokine CCL14, which is implicated in supporting embryo implantation at the fetal-maternal interface, was down-regulated following RV infection only in HUVEC. Most noticeably, when analyzing the uniquely regulated transcripts for each cell type, GO term-based cluster analysis of the down-regulated genes of HUVEC revealed an enrichment of the GO terms "sensory organ development", "ear development" and "eye development".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since impairment in vision and hearing are the most prominent clinical manifestations observed in CRS patients, the here detected down-regulated genes involved in the development of sensory organs sheds light on the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the teratogenic effect of RV.
authors.affiliation: Division 12, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. geyerh@rki.de.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. michael.bauer@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Unit "Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation", Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 12277, Berlin, Germany. jenni.neumann@web.de.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Division 12, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. meiera@rki.de.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lüdde
authors.affiliation: Division 12, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. rennertp@rki.de.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rennert
authors.affiliation: Division 12, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. friedrichn@rki.de.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. claudia.claus@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. ifw0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Ludmilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perelygina
authors.affiliation: Division 12, "Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients", Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. mankertza@rki.de.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mankertz
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D063990:Gene Ontology; D006801:Humans; D012409:Rubella / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000502:physiology*; D059467:Transcriptome; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines
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