title: The monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of essential oils obtained from Eryngium species and their chemical composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Eryngium, the most representative of the Apiaceae family, is well known for the presence of essential oils (EOs), which have already demonstrated MAO inhibitory potential.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to evaluate the MAO inhibitory capacity of the EOs obtained from Eryngium floribundum Cham. & Schlecht. (EF), E. eriophorum Cham. & Schlecht. (EE), E. nudicaule Lam. (EN), E. horridum Malme (EH), and E. pandanifolium Cham. & Schlecht. (EP).
  
  
  METHODS
  EOs were obtained from fresh whole plants by hydrodistillation (3 h). Chemical analyses were performed by GC/MS using apolar and polar columns, with oven temperature from 60 to 300 °C at 3 °C/min. The MAO-A and -B activities were evaluated in vitro by an end-point method using kynuramine as the substrate and mitochondrial suspension or human recombinant enzymes as the enzymatic source. DMSO 2%, clorgyline 10(-7) M, and pargyline 10(-6) M were used as controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EFEO, EEEO, ENEO, EHEO, and EPEO GC/MS analysis showed (E)-caryophyllene (4.9-10.8%), germacrene D (0.6-35.1%), bicyclogermacrene (10.4-17.2), spathulenol (0.4-36.0%), and globulol (1.4-18.6%) as main constituents. None of the EOs inhibited MAO-A activity (4 and 40 μg/mL). However, EHEO inhibited MAO-B activity with an IC50 value of 5.65 μg/mL (1-200 μg/mL). Pentadecane (10 μM), its major constituent (53.5%), did not display significant MAO-B inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the promising application of Eryngium species as a source of potential central nervous system bioactive secondary metabolites, specially related to neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Klein-Júnior
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: dos Santos Passos
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Tiago Juliano
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Tasso de Souza
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gobbi de Bitencourt
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salton
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Applied Biology, Centro Universitário La Salle - UNILASALLE , Canoas , Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio Augusto
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: de Loreto Bordignon
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Amélia Teresinha
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Henriques
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D031049:Eryngium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase
keywords: Neurodegeneration; Parkinson's disease; pentadecane
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Sep 25;113(3):363-81
references.pmid: 17720341
references.citation: BMC Neurol. 2011 Sep 22;11:112
references.pmid: 21939547
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2008 Mar;46(3):1129-50
references.pmid: 18178486
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Aug 11;107(1):32-7
references.pmid: 16529889
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011 Feb 20;54(3):619-22
references.pmid: 21036502
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Apr 24;597(3):445-63
references.pmid: 6892885
references.citation: Molecules. 2011 Aug 19;16(8):7115-24
references.pmid: 25134776
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2004 Apr 30;564(3):225-8
references.pmid: 15111100
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Nov 15;13(22):6212-7
references.pmid: 16054369
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Jul;11(7):563-8
references.pmid: 8399530
references.citation: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2013 Jun;28(3):611-8
references.pmid: 22424181
references.citation: Methods Biochem Anal. 2005;46:1-265
references.pmid: 16350889
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2005 May 13;1074(1-2):235-9
references.pmid: 15941061
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2005 Nov 11;1094(1-2):179-82
references.pmid: 16202420
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Aug 1;13(15):4777-88
references.pmid: 15936201
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Mar 22;939(1):64-78
references.pmid: 3349082
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Apr;7(4):295-309
references.pmid: 16552415
references.citation: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2011;100:169-90
references.pmid: 21971008
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2001 Sep;8(5):401-9
references.pmid: 11695885
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2007 Dec 21;1175(2):289-93
references.pmid: 18022631
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;147 Suppl 1:S287-96
references.pmid: 16402116
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Feb 3;127(2):319-24
references.pmid: 19913082
references.citation: Mini Rev Med Chem. 2012 Sep 1;12(10):907-19
references.pmid: 22420569