title: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among pre-clinical and clinical medical students in a Tanzanian University.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage is a potential niche for spread and a risk factor for subsequent infections. Despite the fact that medical students are exposed to patients in the hospital during their training, information on S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among medical students in Tanzania remains to be dearth so as to guide appropriate infection control and preventive measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study involving 314 medical students, pre-clinical (n = 166) and clinical (n = 148), at Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS) was conducted from February to June 2013. Nasal swabs from eligible students were taken and processed using standard operating procedures so as to identify S. aureus, MRSA and their respective antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age (interquartile range) of the study participants was 24 (22-27) years with approximately 69.4% being males. S. aureus accounted for 21.0% (66/314) of which 1.5% (1/66) was MRSA; giving an overall MRSA nasal carriage prevalence of 0.3% (1/314). Staphylococcus aureus carriage among pre-clinical and clinical students were 19.9% (33/166) and 22.3% (33/148) respectively. MRSA carriage was found in one preclinical student with history of working in hospital for years prior to join CUHAS. Staphylococcus aureus carriage was significantly more in older median age group among clinical students compared to preclinical students (p < 0.001). Majority of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (87.9%, 58/66) while all were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Vancomycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is high prevalence of S. aureus carriage among medical students at CUHAS. Fortunately, MRSA was found in only one student. In the light of these findings, focused MRSA surveillance to other potential sources like health care workers, patients and environment should be carried out in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, P.O Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. bernoka2000@yahoo.com.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania. bernoka2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Benard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Okamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, P.O Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. nyamburasogone@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nyambura
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moremi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, P.O Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. senijj80@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seni
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, P.O Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. mmmirambo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mirambo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania. benkidenya@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Benson R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kidenya
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, P.O Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. mshana72@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mshana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D015995:Prevalence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013337:Students, Medical; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014495:Universities; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D014640:Vancomycin; D000667:Ampicillin
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