title: Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus observed in Swiss Duroc boars.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease in humans and animals, which is caused by the lack of production, malfunction or dysfunction of the distal nephron to the antidiuretic effect of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Diagnosis requires a thorough medical history, clinical examination and further laboratory confirmation. This case report describes the appearance of DI in five Duroc boars in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two purebred intact Duroc boars at the age of 8 months and 1.5 years, respectively, with a history of polyuric and polydipsic symptoms had been referred to the Swine Clinic in Berne. Based on the case history, the results of clinical examination and the analysis of blood and urine, a tentative diagnosis of DI was concluded. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed by findings from a modified water deprivation test, macroscopic examinations and histopathology. Following the diagnosis, three genes known to be involved in inherited DI in humans were analyzed in order to explore a possible genetic background of the affected boars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology of DI in pigs is supposed to be the same as in humans, although this disease has never been described in pigs before. Thus, although occurring only on rare occasions, DI should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pigs with polyuria and polydipsia. It seems that a modified water deprivation test may be a helpful tool for confirming a diagnosis in pigs. Since hereditary forms of DI have been described in humans, the occurrence of DI in pigs should be considered in breeding programs although we were not able to identify a disease associated mutation.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. alexander.grahofer@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grahofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. natalie.wiedemar@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wiedemar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. corinne.gurtner@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gurtner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. cord.droegemueller@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Cord
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drögemüller
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. heiko.nathues@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nathues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013557:Switzerland
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