title: Nutrition therapy for critically ill and injured patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrition support has undergone significant advances in recent decades, revolutionizing the care of critically ill and injured patients. However, providing adequate and optimal nutrition therapy for such patients is very challenging: it requires careful attention and an understanding of the biology of the individual patient's disease or injury process, including insight into the consequent changes in nutrients needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to review the current principles and practices of providing nutrition therapy for critically ill and injured patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature and evidence-based guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence demonstrates the need to understand the biology of nutrition therapy for critically ill and injured patients, tailored to their individual disease or injury, age, and comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrition therapy for critically ill and injured patients has become an important part of their overall care. No longer should we consider nutrition for critically ill and injured patients just as "support" but, rather, as "therapy", because it is, indeed, a key therapeutic modality.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Afifi
authors.affiliation: National Center of Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elazzazy
authors.affiliation: Trauma Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abdulrahman
authors.affiliation: Trauma Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. rlatifi@email.arizona.edu.|Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. rlatifi@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latifi
keywords: Critically ill patients; Immune nutrition; Immune-enhancing diet; Immune-modulating diet; Intensive care unit; Nutrition therapy
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1997 Mar;25(3):418-24
references.pmid: 9118656
references.citation: Br Med Bull. 1985 Jul;41(3):265-73
references.pmid: 3896382
references.citation: J Surg Res. 1990 Apr;48(4):383-91
references.pmid: 2187115
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1989 Aug;17(8):741-7
references.pmid: 2502363
references.citation: Intensive Care Med. 2005 Mar;31(3):327-37
references.pmid: 15605227
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Mar;107(3):393-401
references.pmid: 17324656
references.citation: Arch Surg. 1987 Jul;122(7):784-9
references.pmid: 3109352
references.citation: Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(3):129-36
references.pmid: 8315119
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Oct;74(4):534-42
references.pmid: 11566654
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Aug;78(2):241-9
references.pmid: 12885704
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;25(2):210-23
references.pmid: 16697087
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;27(8):1409-20
references.pmid: 10470743
references.citation: Surgery. 1983 Aug;94(2):342-50
references.pmid: 6879448
references.citation: Intensive Care Med. 1999 Jan;25(1):95-101
references.pmid: 10051085
references.citation: Intensive Care Med. 2005 Aug;31(8):1079-86
references.pmid: 15973519
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 2005 Oct;81(960):629-36
references.pmid: 16210458
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 May;49(5):371-8
references.pmid: 7664724
references.citation: Arch Surg. 2002 Feb;137(2):174-80
references.pmid: 11822956
references.citation: Br J Surg. 1997 Dec;84(12):1665-9
references.pmid: 9448611
references.citation: Arch Surg. 1999 Jan;134(1):36-42
references.pmid: 9927128
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2444-9
references.pmid: 14530749
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1992 May;215(5):503-11; discussion 511-3
references.pmid: 1616387
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003 Jan-Feb;27(1):74-83
references.pmid: 12549603
references.citation: Surg Clin North Am. 1991 Jun;71(3):449-57
references.pmid: 1904636
references.citation: Clin Chest Med. 2008 Dec;29(4):617-25, viii
references.pmid: 18954697
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):772-6
references.pmid: 9737282
references.citation: J Trauma. 1997 Jul;43(1):52-8; discussion 58-60
references.pmid: 9253908
references.citation: J Nutr. 1994 Aug;124(8 Suppl):1442S-1446S
references.pmid: 8064400
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;27(12):2799-805
references.pmid: 10628629
references.citation: Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(8):704-7
references.pmid: 18522635
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):118-26
references.pmid: 17095947
references.citation: J Trauma. 1990 Oct;30(10):1181-7; discussion 1187-8
references.pmid: 1698990
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1972 Aug;91(2):549-55
references.pmid: 4644233
references.citation: Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):716-21
references.pmid: 12297203
references.citation: Pharmacotherapy. 2004 Dec;24(12):1659-67
references.pmid: 15585435
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;26(7):1164-72
references.pmid: 9671364
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1988 Oct;208(4):512-23
references.pmid: 3140744
references.citation: Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(8):708-11
references.pmid: 18847452
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1995 Mar;23(3):436-49
references.pmid: 7874893
references.citation: Arch Surg. 1999 Apr;134(4):428-33
references.pmid: 10199318
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1088-97
references.pmid: 19741230
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 1992 Aug;11(4):187-92
references.pmid: 16839997
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987 Mar-Apr;11(2):135-9
references.pmid: 3108531
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1998 May-Jun;22(3):167-82
references.pmid: 9586795
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1997 Dec;25(12):1962-8
references.pmid: 9403743
references.citation: Nutrition. 1996 Jan;12(1):23-9
references.pmid: 8838832
references.citation: New Biol. 1991 Jan;3(1):63-70
references.pmid: 1710143
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003 Sep-Oct;27(5):355-73
references.pmid: 12971736
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):857-863
references.pmid: 15333422
references.citation: Gut. 1998 Mar;42(3):431-5
references.pmid: 9577354
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2001 Jan;29(1):8-12
references.pmid: 11176150
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1982 Jan-Feb;6(1):50-8
references.pmid: 6804655
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1978 Jul;37(9):2291-300
references.pmid: 350635
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov;29(11):2075-80
references.pmid: 11700398
references.citation: New Horiz. 1994 May;2(2):139-46
references.pmid: 7922438
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1757-61
references.pmid: 19373044
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1996 Oct;224(4):531-40; discussion 540-3
references.pmid: 8857857
references.citation: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 May-Jun;33(3):277-316
references.pmid: 19398613
references.citation: Nutr Clin Pract. 2005 Apr;20(2):276-80
references.pmid: 16207663
references.citation: Crit Care Clin. 2004 Jan;20(1):135-57
references.pmid: 14979334
references.citation: J Trauma. 2006 Dec;61(6):1436-40
references.pmid: 17159687
references.citation: Nutr Clin Pract. 2003 Dec;18(6):489-96
references.pmid: 16215084
references.citation: Nutr Hosp. 2001 Jul-Aug;16(4):141-3; discussion 140-1
references.pmid: 11680474
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):127-31
references.pmid: 17095940
references.citation: Nutrition. 1999 Apr;15(4):305-20
references.pmid: 10319365
references.citation: Nutrition. 1999 May;15(5):384-8
references.pmid: 10355852
references.citation: Br J Surg. 1998 Jul;85(7):884-90
references.pmid: 9692557
references.citation: Burns. 1990 Feb;16(1):53-6
references.pmid: 1691000
references.citation: Surgery. 1979 Aug;86(2):307-15
references.pmid: 111363