title: Angiogenic factors, bladder neuroplasticity and interstitial cystitis-new pathobiological insights.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for normal embryonic development, and maintenance of adult vascular function. Originally described as a vascular permeability factor, VEGF alters tight cell junctions and contributes to maintenance of bladder permeability. VEGF and its receptors are not only expressed in bladder blood vessels but also in apical cells and intramural ganglia. VEGF receptors are fundamentally altered by inflammation and bladder diseases such as interstitial cystitis (IC). Experimental results indicate that VEGF exerts direct effects on bladder nerve density and function. Regardless of the etiology or initiating cause for IC, it is hypothesized that the urinary bladder responds to injury by increasing the production of VEGF that acts initially as a survival mechanism. However, VEGF also has the capacity to increase vascular permeability leading to glomerulations, edema, and inflammation. Moreover, due to elevated numbers of VEGF receptors in the urothelium, the increased levels of VEGF further increase bladder permeability and establish a vicioCus cycle of disease pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: 1 University Anhembi Morumbi, S.Paulo, SP 03164-000, Brazil ; 2 Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saban
keywords: Neuropilins (NRPs); hormones; neuroplasticity; pregnancy; soluble VEGF receptors; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr;67(4):511-7
references.pmid: 17644552
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2007 Jul;171(1):53-67
references.pmid: 17591953
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Mar 20;92(6):735-45
references.pmid: 9529250
references.citation: Protein Expr Purif. 2001 Oct;23(1):1-7
references.pmid: 11570839
references.citation: J Urol. 2005 Nov;174(5):1832-6
references.pmid: 16217302
references.citation: Int J Urol. 2003 Oct;10 Suppl:S11-5
references.pmid: 14641407
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2001 Sep;188(3):359-68
references.pmid: 11473363
references.citation: Neurol India. 2009 Jul-Aug;57(4):387-94
references.pmid: 19770537
references.citation: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;373(5):349-59
references.pmid: 16832691
references.citation: Urology. 2001 Jun;57(6 Suppl 1):132
references.pmid: 11378134
references.citation: Magy Seb. 2012 Aug;65(4):184-90
references.pmid: 22940386
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Jan;22(1):93-7
references.pmid: 14661026
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2009 Apr;89(2):607-48
references.pmid: 19342615
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Sep 22;437(7058):497-504
references.pmid: 16177780
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2007 Oct;17(4):399-406
references.pmid: 17784876
references.citation: J Urol. 2000 Jun;163(6):2014-21
references.pmid: 10799249
references.citation: BJU Int. 2010 Nov;106(9):1394-9
references.pmid: 20201838
references.citation: Am J Surg. 2006 Nov;192(5):640-3
references.pmid: 17071199
references.citation: Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983;398(3):347-55
references.pmid: 6402844
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2004 Aug;41(2):274-83
references.pmid: 15288477
references.citation: Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Oct;12(5):405-10
references.pmid: 11111883
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2001 Apr 02;5(3):147-60
references.pmid: 11285368
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2007 Aug;124(2):158-64
references.pmid: 17560831
references.citation: Cell Adh Migr. 2012 Nov-Dec;6(6):554-60
references.pmid: 23076131
references.citation: Immunology. 2008 Jan;123(1):129-38
references.pmid: 18028372
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12294-9
references.pmid: 15304657
references.citation: Neuron. 1997 Sep;19(3):547-59
references.pmid: 9331348
references.citation: Int Urogynecol J. 2012 Oct;23(10):1361-6
references.pmid: 22398828
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Sep;4(9):1423-9
references.pmid: 16170035
references.citation: Cytokine. 2007 Nov;40(2):144-50
references.pmid: 17959386
references.citation: Development. 2002 Oct;129(20):4797-806
references.pmid: 12361971
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1983 Jun;40(6):1542-7
references.pmid: 6343558
references.citation: Urology. 2011 Mar;77(3):570-5
references.pmid: 21215994
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2008 Oct;64(4):370-4
references.pmid: 18535483
references.citation: Neurophotonics. 2014 Jul;1(1):011005
references.pmid: 25133200
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Mar;35(3):277-86
references.pmid: 12676542
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2002 Feb;13(1):39-53
references.pmid: 11969370
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2006 Jan;323(1):117-25
references.pmid: 16163490
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2007 Nov;13(11):781-9
references.pmid: 18006538
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2014 Nov;124(11):4941-52
references.pmid: 25329693
references.citation: J Nippon Med Sch. 2007 Jun;74(3):223-9
references.pmid: 17625371
references.citation: J Urol. 2009 Dec;182(6):2944-50
references.pmid: 19846148
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2003 Oct;7(5):626-34
references.pmid: 14580568
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2015 Mar 2;125(3):1319-28
references.pmid: 25689256
references.citation: Urology. 2001 Jun;57(6 Suppl 1):112
references.pmid: 11378082
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb 4;280(5):3493-9
references.pmid: 15572379
references.citation: Mol Imaging. 2002 Apr-Jun;1(2):82-8
references.pmid: 12920848
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jul 14;436(7048):193-200
references.pmid: 16015319
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2002 Oct;6(5):642-50
references.pmid: 12413549
references.citation: Blood. 2007 Nov 1;110(9):3158-67
references.pmid: 17625067
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1361-8
references.pmid: 15465634
references.citation: Science. 1983 Feb 25;219(4587):983-5
references.pmid: 6823562
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2004 Mar;34(3):623-30
references.pmid: 14991591
references.citation: Biochem J. 2008 Apr 15;411(2):211-26
references.pmid: 18363553
references.citation: J Urol. 2006 Sep;176(3):1208-13
references.pmid: 16890727
references.citation: Urology. 2006 Feb;67(2):242-5
references.pmid: 16442603
references.citation: J Anat. 2000 Nov;197 Pt 4:591-605
references.pmid: 11197533
references.citation: Urology. 2013 Dec;82(6):1452.e1-6
references.pmid: 24295265
references.citation: BMC Physiol. 2011 Nov 07;11:16
references.pmid: 22059553
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 May;141(5):1667-74
references.pmid: 10803575
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2014 Nov;124(11):4690-2
references.pmid: 25329689
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2008 Apr;13(4):331-42
references.pmid: 18394556
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 May;284(5):F966-76
references.pmid: 12527557
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Aug 1;177(3):1460-9
references.pmid: 16849452
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Apr;13(4):504-9
references.pmid: 17351626
references.citation: Urology. 2002 Nov;60(5 Suppl 1):13-20; discussion 20-1
references.pmid: 12493344
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2005 May 1;19(9):1013-21
references.pmid: 15879551
references.citation: Urology. 2006 Aug;68(2):253-6
references.pmid: 16904429
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Jun;278(6):F905-15
references.pmid: 10836978
references.citation: Brain Res. 2015 Oct 14;1623:166-73
references.pmid: 25736182
references.citation: Circ Res. 1999 May 28;84(10 ):1194-202
references.pmid: 10347094
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011 Oct;37(6):600-12
references.pmid: 21208251
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2001 Aug 1;61(15):5736-40
references.pmid: 11479209
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Jun 14;109(6):693-705
references.pmid: 12086669
references.citation: Urology. 2001 Jun;57(6 Suppl 1):67-81
references.pmid: 11378053
references.citation: Respir Res. 2007 Jul 15;8:53
references.pmid: 17631682
references.citation: J Urol. 1999 Jun;161(6):1865-70
references.pmid: 10332455
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1995 Sep 15;55(18):4140-5
references.pmid: 7545086
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Jul 20;122(3):273-81
references.pmid: 20606119
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 1989 Sep;33(3):379-87
references.pmid: 2702122
references.citation: J Urol. 2004 Sep;172(3):945-8
references.pmid: 15311005
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012 May 15;302(10 ):F1342-50
references.pmid: 22357917
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004 Oct;15(5):297-324
references.pmid: 15450248
references.citation: BJU Int. 2009 Sep;104(6):826-31; discussion 831
references.pmid: 19298410
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Dec;295(6):F1613-23
references.pmid: 18815217
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):F60-72
references.pmid: 18463314
references.citation: FASEB J. 2011 May;25(5):1461-73
references.pmid: 21248239
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Sep;295(3):F826-36
references.pmid: 18632792
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:947513
references.pmid: 24987705
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2003 Jan;13(1):195-208
references.pmid: 12541130
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Jun;160(6):2095-110
references.pmid: 12057914
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1998 Dec 18;111 ( Pt 24):3621-31
references.pmid: 9819353