title: Attenuation Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Neuropathic and Postoperative Pain Through Activating Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 10 in Rat Spinal Cord.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate roles of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in spinal manipulation-induced analgesic effects of neuropathic and postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropathic and postoperative pain were mimicked by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (CCD) and decompression (de-CCD) in adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Behavioral pain after CCD and de-CCD was determined by the increased thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity of the affected hindpaw. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiological recordings, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to examine the neural inflammation, neural excitability, and expression of c-Fos and PKC as well as levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in blood plasma, DRG, or the spinal cord. We used the activator adjusting instrument, a chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy tool, to deliver force to the spinous processes of L5 and L6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After CCD and de-CCD treatments, the animals exhibited behavioral and neurochemical signs of neuropathic pain manifested as mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, DRG inflammation, DRG neuron hyperexcitability, induction of c-Fos, and the increased expression of PKCγ in the spinal cord as well as increased level of IL-1β and TNF-α in DRG and the spinal cord. Repetitive Activator-assisted spinal manipulative therapy significantly reduced simulated neuropathic and postoperative pain, inhibited or reversed the neurochemical alterations, and increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the spinal cord.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that spinal manipulation may activate the endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the spinal cord and thus has the potential to alleviate neuropathic and postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX. Electronic address: song@parker.edu.
authors.forename: Xue-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Research Scientist, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: (Volunteer) Research Assistant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Research Scientist, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Xue-Song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Arlan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.affiliation: Research Consultant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Harrison
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ndtan
authors.affiliation: Research Consultant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rupert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Ganglia; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Nervous System; Pain; Spinal; Spinal manipulation; Trauma