title: A panel of glycoproteins as candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment evaluation of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common malignant cancer in childhood. The signs and symptoms of childhood cancer are difficult to recognize, as it is not the first diagnosis to be considered for nonspecific complaints, leading to potential uncertainty in diagnosis. The aim of this study was to perform proteomic analysis of serum from pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) to identify candidate biomarker proteins, for use in early diagnosis and evaluation of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were obtained from ten patients at the time of diagnosis (B-ALL group) and after induction therapy (AIT group). Sera from healthy children were used as controls (Control group). The samples were subjected to immunodepletion, affinity chromatography with α-d-galactose-binding lectin (from Artocarpus incisa seeds) immobilized on a Sepharose(TM) 4B gel, concentration, and digestion for subsequent analysis with nano-UPLC tandem nano-ESI-MS(E). The program Expression (E) was used to quantify differences in protein expression between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 96 proteins were identified. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), Clusterin (CLU), thrombin (F2), heparin cofactor II (SERPIND1), alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), alpha-2-antiplasmin (SERPINF2), Alpha-1 antitrypsin (SERPINA1), Complement factor B (CFB) and Complement C3 (C3) were identified as candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of B-ALL, as they were upregulated in the B-ALL group relative to the control and AIT groups. Expression levels of the candidate biomarkers did not differ significantly between the AIT and control groups, providing further evidence that the candidate biomarkers are present only in the disease state, as all patients achieved complete remission after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A panel of protein biomarker candidates has been developed for pre-diagnosis of B-ALL and also provided information that would indicate a favorable response to treatment after induction therapy.
authors.affiliation: Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio de Souza
authors.initials: Mde S
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: José Camilo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Torres-Romero
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Duarte Pinto
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Primo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: Development and Technological Innovation in Drug Program, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Silva
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Reference Center at Children's Cancer Diagnosis and Adolescents Dr. Murilo Martins, Albert Sabin Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Jesamar Correia
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato de Azevedo
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Biology (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina de Oliveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Monteiro-Moreira
keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Biomarker; Frutalin; Lectin; Mass spectrometry
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