title: MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines.
abstract: In patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome, MRI can support and substitute clinical information in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by showing disease dissemination in space and time and by helping to exclude disorders that can mimic multiple sclerosis. MRI criteria were first included in the diagnostic work-up for multiple sclerosis in 2001, and since then several modifications to the criteria have been proposed in an attempt to simplify lesion-count models for showing disease dissemination in space, change the timing of MRI scanning to show dissemination in time, and increase the value of spinal cord imaging. Since the last update of these criteria, new data on the use of MRI to establish dissemination in space and time have become available, and MRI technology has improved. State-of-the-art MRI findings in these patients were discussed in a MAGNIMS workshop, the goal of which was to provide an evidence-based and expert-opinion consensus on proposed modifications to MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: filippi.massimo@hsr.it.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), UCL/UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ciccarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappos
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sastre-Garriga
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tintorè
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jette L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gasperini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palace
authors.affiliation: Translational Neuroradiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banwell
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
authors.affiliation: MS Centre Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
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