title: Sacral nerve stimulation--hidden costs (uncovered).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence of surgical revision in a cohort of patients treated with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence and constipation and to establish the types of procedures performed and indications for surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the years 2002 to 2014, 125 patients were identified who had undergone permanent SNS therapy with 36 (28.8 %) patients requiring surgical intervention postimplantation. These cases were retrospectively reviewed (range of follow-up 1-99 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a total of 1512 months of SNS treatment, 51 unplanned surgical procedures were required in 36 patients. At present, 48 procedures have been performed at an average of 2.6 years following implantation and three patients are awaiting surgery. Lead-related problems accounted for 30 (58.8 %) procedures at an average of 1.7 years affecting 22 patients. Battery and implantable pulse generator-related problems attributed to 13 procedures (25.5 %) in 12 patients at an average of 5.0 years. Battery depletion occurred in seven patients at an average of 5.4 years. Surgical revision was required to replace, remove, or resite various components of the SNS system. Indications for surgery included lead damage, pain and loss or lack of SNS efficacy. Explantation was warranted in six patients due to poor SNS efficacy, pain, infection and facilitation of a magnetic resonance imaging scan. This was performed at an average of 1.6 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considerable proportion of patients treated with SNS therapy require surgical revision. These unplanned procedures are associated with substantial unexpected costs that financially burden SNS services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeiton
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faily
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.|University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.|University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Telford
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK. abhisurgery@gmail.com.|University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. abhisurgery@gmail.com.|Department of Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester and MAHSC, University of Manchester, Acute Block, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, M239LT, UK. abhisurgery@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abhiram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003710:Demography; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000473:pathology*; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: Complications; Hidden costs; Sacral nerve stimulation
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