title: The Influence of Vagus Nerve and Spinal Cord Stimulation on the Ictal Fast Ripple Activity in a Spike-and-Wave Rat Model of Seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fast ripple (FR) activity has received increasing attention as a potential epileptic marker. The current knowledge on how neurostimulation affects FRs is, however, very limited. In this study, we assess the influence of the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) frequency on ictal FRs associated with spike-and-wave (SW) seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  SW discharges were induced and maintained by an infusion of pentylenetetrazol in rat. During ongoing SW seizures, SCS was conducted at 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz and VNS at 10, 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz. The FRs were derived from intracortical recordings and the FR rate was used for quantifying the level of FR activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FR rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.81) with the level of total pentylenetetrazol dose. Compared with no stimulation intervals, SCS conducted at 80, 130, and 180 Hz significantly reduced the normalized FR rate by 24, 38, and 44%, respectively. Similarly, VNS conducted at 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz significantly reduced the normalized FR rate by 23, 40, 61, and 65%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present model of sustained SW seizures, the FR rate was proportional with the severity of the SW seizures. Both SCS and VNS attenuated the FR rate and this attenuation was consistently strongest at the higher stimulation frequencies. Our results suggest that SCS may induce some of the same antiepileptic effects as VNS.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jianhang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sevcencu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Hospital, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Harreby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D008297:Male; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: Epilepsy; fast ripples; high frequency oscillations; spinal cord stimulation; vagus nerve stimulation