title: Gray Matter Features of Reading Disability: A Combined Meta-Analytic and Direct Analysis Approach(1,2,3,4).
abstract: Meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry dyslexia studies and direct analysis of 293 reading disability and control cases from six different research sites were performed to characterize defining gray matter features of reading disability. These analyses demonstrated consistently lower gray matter volume in left posterior superior temporal sulcus/middle temporal gyrus regions and left orbitofrontal gyrus/pars orbitalis regions. Gray matter volume within both of these regions significantly predicted individual variation in reading comprehension after correcting for multiple comparisons. These regional gray matter differences were observed across published studies and in the multisite dataset after controlling for potential age and gender effects, and despite increased anatomical variance in the reading disability group, but were not significant after controlling for total gray matter volume. Thus, the orbitofrontal and posterior superior temporal sulcus gray matter findings are relatively reliable effects that appear to be dependent on cases with low total gray matter volume. The results are considered in the context of genetics studies linking orbitofrontal and superior temporal sulcus regions to alleles that confer risk for reading disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195.
authors.forename: Virginia W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Berninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
authors.forename: Kenneth I
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3621-2043
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Vaden
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
authors.forename: Mulugeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebregziabher
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: dyslexia; multisite; orbitofrontal gyrus; reading disability; superior temporal sulcus; voxel-based gray matter
references.citation: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005 Dec;48(6):1378-96
references.pmid: 16478378
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(8):1285-92
references.pmid: 11931931
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2007 Apr;178(3):296-307
references.pmid: 17051378
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Nov 11;8:830
references.pmid: 25426043
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2011 Mar-Apr;44(2):167-83
references.pmid: 21383108
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2014 Jul;133(7):869-81
references.pmid: 24509779
references.citation: Brain. 2005 Oct;128(Pt 10):2453-61
references.pmid: 15975942
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Nov;76(11):1081-92
references.pmid: 11702896
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1;57(3):742-9
references.pmid: 20884362
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1985 Aug;18(2):222-33
references.pmid: 4037763
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43122
references.pmid: 22916214
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 May;36(5):1741-54
references.pmid: 25598483
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2012 Jan;97(1):49-51
references.pmid: 20921240
references.citation: Front Syst Neurosci. 2014 May 20;8:92
references.pmid: 24904314
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):280-3
references.pmid: 19608907
references.citation: J Child Neurol. 2009 Apr;24(4):438-48
references.pmid: 19211921
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;41(5):587-600
references.pmid: 10946751
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2015 Feb;10(2):293-304
references.pmid: 25591011
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 Mar 27;56(6):781-3
references.pmid: 11274316
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 Jul;15(4):501-8
references.pmid: 19573267
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77463
references.pmid: 24155959
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2014 Oct 30;224(1):8-13
references.pmid: 25085707
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Apr 15;35(3):1004-20
references.pmid: 17346990
references.citation: Brain. 2012 Mar;135(Pt 3):935-48
references.pmid: 22327793
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2001 Feb;11(2):148-57
references.pmid: 11208669
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2014 Apr;56:90-100
references.pmid: 24418156
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 15;49(2):1205-12
references.pmid: 19796695
references.citation: Brain Imaging Behav. 2016 Mar;10(1):272-82
references.pmid: 25953057
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Jan;31(1):192-203
references.pmid: 20027588
references.citation: Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1251-4
references.pmid: 24311693
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2004 Sep-Oct;37(5):411-20
references.pmid: 15460348
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Dec;35(12):5717-35
references.pmid: 25044828
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 22;102(47):17053-8
references.pmid: 16278297
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 15;38(1):95-113
references.pmid: 17761438
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;27(8):605-11
references.pmid: 21658917
references.citation: Brain Imaging Behav. 2013 Mar;7(1):15-27
references.pmid: 22669497
references.citation: J Commun Disord. 2002 Nov-Dec;35(6):501-31
references.pmid: 12443050
references.citation: Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2013 Oct;6:30-9
references.pmid: 23872197
references.citation: Cortex. 2015 Oct;71:291-305
references.pmid: 26283516
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2012 Nov-Dec;45(6):538-64
references.pmid: 21757683
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:283-306
references.pmid: 18652545
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):e788-95
references.pmid: 20876182
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Apr 15;60(3):1843-55
references.pmid: 22500925
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:67
references.pmid: 19555471
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan 1;75(1):65-72
references.pmid: 23890738
references.citation: Cerebellum. 2013 Dec;12(6):906-15
references.pmid: 23828023
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2013 Sep 17;248:585-93
references.pmid: 23831424
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 May 01;6:120
references.pmid: 22557962
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;48(6):609-18
references.pmid: 17537077
references.citation: Ann Dyslexia. 2015 Oct;65(3):121-41
references.pmid: 25908528
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 May;32(5):916-32
references.pmid: 19570593
references.citation: JAMA. 1990 Aug 22-29;264(8):998-1002
references.pmid: 2376893
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Feb 23;31(8):2878-87
references.pmid: 21414909
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996 Mar;55(3):320-8
references.pmid: 8786390
references.citation: Neurology. 2004 Aug 24;63(4):742-5
references.pmid: 15326259
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2005;43(3):324-31
references.pmid: 15707610
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 Nov;34(11):3055-65
references.pmid: 22711189
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 6;104(10):4234-9
references.pmid: 17360506
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Oct 22;34(43):14455-62
references.pmid: 25339756
references.citation: Brain Struct Funct. 2014 Sep;219(5):1697-707
references.pmid: 23775490
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Jul 3;33(27):11296-301
references.pmid: 23825432
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2008 Nov;46(13):3170-8
references.pmid: 18692514
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Jul 11;93(1):19-28
references.pmid: 23746548
references.citation: Brain Struct Funct. 2014 May;219(3):1041-54
references.pmid: 23625146
references.citation: Cogn Neuropsychol. 2013;30(1):1-24
references.pmid: 23614389
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2005 Dec;15(12):1848-54
references.pmid: 15758200
references.citation: Brain. 2006 Dec;129(Pt 12):3329-42
references.pmid: 17012292
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec;1145:237-59
references.pmid: 19076401
references.citation: Ann Dyslexia. 2007 Jun;57(1):3-32
references.pmid: 17849214
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 May;29(5):613-25
references.pmid: 17636558
references.citation: Brain. 2014 Dec;137(Pt 12):3136-41
references.pmid: 25125610
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):1486-92
references.pmid: 17015539
references.citation: Cortex. 2005 Jun;41(3):304-15
references.pmid: 15871596
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007 Sep;21 Suppl 2:97-105
references.pmid: 17803623
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Apr;23(2):261-8
references.pmid: 23312307
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 15;34(3):901-8
references.pmid: 24431448
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 15;62(2):816-47
references.pmid: 22584224
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec;1145:212-21
references.pmid: 19076399
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Oct 15;72(8):671-6
references.pmid: 22683091