title: Association between probiotic and yogurt consumption and kidney disease: insights from NHANES.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from experimental animals suggest that probiotic supplements may retard CKD progression. However, the relationship between probiotic use, frequent yogurt consumption (as a natural probiotic source), and kidney parameters have not been evaluated in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We utilized NHANES data, and analyzed the association of probiotic alone (1999-2012) and yogurt/probiotic (2003-2006) use with albuminuria and eGFR after adjustment for demographic and clinical parameters. Frequent yogurt consumption was defined as thrice or more weekly over the year prior to the interview. Frequent yogurt/probiotic consumers had lower adjusted odds of developing combined outcome (albuminuria and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) compared to infrequent consumers (OR = 0.76; 95 % CI = 0.61-0.94). When evaluated separately, frequent consumers had lower odds of albuminuria and nonsignificant trend towards decreased odds of low eGFR compared to infrequent consumers. In the probiotic cohort, probiotic consumers were found to have a lower adjusted odds of albuminuria compared to nonusers (OR = 0.59; 95 % CI = 0.37-0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent yogurt and/or probiotics use is associated with decreased odds of proteinuric kidney disease. These hypothesis-generating results warrant further translational studies to further delineate the relationship between yogurt/probiotics with kidney dysfunction, as well as microbiome and dysbiosis as potential mediators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. rabiyaco@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Rabi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. deepak.kaji@icahn.mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. shaanpatel88@yahoo.in.
authors.forename: Shanti N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. priya.simoes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Priya K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Simoes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Deepthi.b@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deepthi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Busayavalasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. girish.nadkarni@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Girish N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Cijiang.he@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. steven.coca@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Coca
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. jaime.uribarri@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uribarri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018401:Sample Size; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015014:Yogurt
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