title: Core promoter-specific gene regulation: TATA box selectivity and Initiator-dependent bi-directionality of serum response factor-activated transcription.
abstract: Gene-specific activation by enhancers involves their communication with the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery at the core promoter. Core promoters are diverse and may contain a variety of sequence elements such as the TATA box, the Initiator (INR), and the downstream promoter element (DPE) recognized, respectively, by the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors of the TFIID complex. Core promoter elements contribute to the gene selectivity of enhancers, and INR/DPE-specific enhancers and activators have been identified. Here, we identify a TATA box-selective activating sequence upstream of the human β-actin (ACTB) gene that mediates serum response factor (SRF)-induced transcription from TATA-dependent but not INR-dependent promoters and requires the TATA-binding/bending activity of TBP, which is otherwise dispensable for transcription from a TATA-less promoter. The SRF-dependent ACTB sequence is stereospecific on TATA promoters but activates in an orientation-independent manner a composite TATA/INR-containing promoter. More generally, we show that SRF-regulated genes of the actin/cytoskeleton/contractile family tend to have a TATA box. These results suggest distinct TATA-dependent and INR-dependent mechanisms of TFIID-mediated transcription in mammalian cells that are compatible with only certain stereospecific combinations of activators, and that a TBP-TATA binding mechanism is important for SRF activation of the actin/cytoskeleton-related gene family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Muyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; MARC U-STAR Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Elsie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Hurtado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; MARC U-STAR Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: ernest.martinez@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D016385:TATA Box / Q000235:genetics; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035181:TATA-Box Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D026362:Serum Response Factor; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors; D035181:TATA-Box Binding Protein; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D012319:RNA Polymerase II
keywords: Core promoter-selective transcription activation; Gene regulation; RNA polymerase II; TATA box; TATA-binding protein
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