title: Therapeutic physical exercise in neural injury: friend or foe?
abstract: [Purpose] The intensity of therapeutic physical exercise is complex and sometimes controversial in patients with neural injuries. This review assessed whether therapeutic physical exercise is beneficial according to the intensity of the physical exercise. [Methods] The authors identified clinically or scientifically relevant articles from PubMed that met the inclusion criteria. [Results] Exercise training can improve body strength and lead to the physiological adaptation of skeletal muscles and the nervous system after neural injuries. Furthermore, neurophysiological and neuropathological studies show differences in the beneficial effects of forced therapeutic exercise in patients with severe or mild neural injuries. Forced exercise alters the distribution of muscle fiber types in patients with neural injuries. Based on several animal studies, forced exercise may promote functional recovery following cerebral ischemia via signaling molecules in ischemic brain regions. [Conclusions] This review describes several types of therapeutic forced exercise and the controversy regarding the therapeutic effects in experimental animals versus humans with neural injuries. This review also provides a therapeutic strategy for physical therapists that grades the intensity of forced exercise according to the level of neural injury.
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Ju College, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kanghui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seunghoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunkyung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungnam University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sookyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeonghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yonggeun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
keywords: Neurological injury; Neuroprotective effect; Physical exercise
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