title: [Preneoplastic lesions and precursors of urothelial cancer].
abstract: As even a mere thickening of the urothelium can harbor genetic changes identical to that of low grade papillary urothelial tumors, it is not always possible to clearly recognize a precursor lesion of urothelial carcinoma by routine histological diagnostics. Complementary immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic methods assist the recognition of these entities. These methods especially help to identify clinically important genetically unstable cells as the hallmark of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Little is known about the clinical significance of the morphological subtypes of CIS, which range from large cell to micropapillary variants. For a better understanding of special types of bladder cancer (e.g. adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), it seems to be important to define the phenotype and the molecular pattern of non-urothelial lesions, such as intestinal metaplasia and squamous metaplasia, better and more precisely.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland. rknuechel-clarke@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knüchel-Clarke
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Gaisa
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Carcinoma in situ; Hyperplasia; Intestinal metaplasia; Precancerous lesion; Squamous cell neoplasms
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