title: Absorption and Clearance of Pharmaceutical Aerosols in the Human Nose: Development of a CFD Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict the deposition, dissolution, clearance, and absorption of pharmaceutical particles in the human nasal cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-dimensional nasal cavity geometry was converted to a surface-based model, providing an anatomically-accurate domain for the simulations. Particle deposition data from a commercial nasal spray product was mapped onto the surface model, and a mucus velocity field was calculated and validated with in vivo nasal clearance rates. A submodel for the dissolution of deposited particles was developed and validated based on comparisons to existing in vitro data for multiple pharmaceutical products. A parametric study was then performed to assess sensitivity of epithelial drug uptake to model conditions and assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The particle displacement distance (depth) in the mucus layer had a modest effect on overall drug absorption, while the mucociliary clearance rate was found to be primarily responsible for drug uptake over the timescale of nasal clearance for the corticosteroid mometasone furoate (MF). The model revealed that drug deposition in the nasal vestibule (NV) could slowly be transported into the main passage (MP) and then absorbed through connection of the liquid layer in the NV and MP regions. As a result, high intersubject variability in cumulative uptake was predicted, depending on the length of time the NV dose was left undisturbed without blowing or wiping the nose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has developed, for the first time, a complete CFD model of nasal aerosol delivery from the point of spray formation through absorption at the respiratory epithelial surface. For the development and assessment of nasal aerosol products, this CFD-based in silico model provides a new option to complement existing in vitro nasal cast studies of deposition and in vivo imaging experiments of clearance.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rygg
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.|2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
keywords: dosimetry modeling; drug particle dissolution; microdosimetry; nasal clearance; nasal drug absorption; nasal spray suspensions; post-deposition particle tracking
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