title: The Evolution of Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers from Early to Modern Devices.
abstract: Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are sometimes viewed as old-fashioned and as having been superseded by dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Here, we review the technological advances that characterize modern pMDIs, and consider how they can influence the effectiveness of drug delivery for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Compared with old chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based inhalers, many hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-driven pMDIs have more favorable plume characteristics such as a reduced velocity and a higher fine particle fraction; together, these advances have resulted in the development of pMDIs with reduced oropharyngeal deposition and increased lung deposition. In addition, the plume from many HFA-pMDIs is warmer, which may facilitate their use by patients; moreover, devices are equipped with dose counters, which improves their reliability. As well as reviewing the technological advances of pMDIs, we also discuss the importance of individualizing inhaler therapies to each patient by accounting for their personal preferences and natural breathing patterns. Because pMDIs and DPIs differ considerably in their handling characteristics, matching the right inhaler to the right patient is key to ensuring effective therapy and good compliance. Finally, the majority of patients can be trained successfully in the correct use of their pMDI; training and regular monitoring of inhalation technique are essential prerequisites for effective therapy. While the 'ideal inhaler' may not exist, pMDIs are an effective device option suitable for many patients. pMDIs, together with other types of devices, offer opportunities for the effective individualization of treatments.
authors.affiliation: 1 University Paris Descartes , Paris, France .
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: 2 Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: P N Richard
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dekhuijzen
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D004867:Equipment Design; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D055118:Medication Adherence; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D010316:Particle Size; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D057240:Patient Preference; D011312:Pressure; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents
keywords: aerosol distribution; inhaled therapy; metered dose inhaler; modeling