title: Xyloglucan Metabolism Differentially Impacts the Cell Wall Characteristics of the Endosperm and Embryo during Arabidopsis Seed Germination.
abstract: Cell wall remodeling is an essential mechanism for the regulation of plant growth and architecture, and xyloglucans (XyGs), the major hemicellulose, are often considered as spacers of cellulose microfibrils during growth. In the seed, the activity of cell wall enzymes plays a critical role in germination by enabling embryo cell expansion leading to radicle protrusion, as well as endosperm weakening prior to its rupture. A screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants affected in the hormonal control of germination identified a mutant, xyl1, able to germinate on paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. This mutant also exhibited reduced dormancy and increased resistance to high temperature. The XYL1 locus encodes an α-xylosidase required for XyG maturation through the trimming of Xyl. The xyl1 mutant phenotypes were associated with modifications to endosperm cell wall composition that likely impact on its resistance, as further demonstrated by the restoration of normal germination characteristics by endosperm-specific XYL1 expression. The absence of phenotypes in mutants defective for other glycosidases, which trim Gal or Fuc, suggests that XYL1 plays the major role in this process. Finally, the decreased XyG abundance in hypocotyl longitudinal cell walls of germinating embryos indicates a potential role in cell wall loosening and anisotropic growth together with pectin de-methylesterification.
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sechet
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Effroy-Cuzzi
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-9866
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perreau
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Gwendal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cueff
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charif
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rajjou
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Grégory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mouille
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-2603
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: North
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France annie.marion-poll@versailles.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1984
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marion-Poll
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D056625:Endosperm / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014990:Xylans / Q000378:metabolism*; D014995:Xylosidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005936:Glucans; D014230:Triazoles; D014990:Xylans; C029353:xyloglucan; C053370:paclobutrazol; C488782:XYL1 protein, Arabidopsis; D014995:Xylosidases
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