title: Variations in task constraints shape emergent performance outcomes and complexity levels in balancing.
abstract: This study investigated the extent to which specific interacting constraints of performance might increase or decrease the emergent complexity in a movement system, and whether this could affect the relationship between observed movement variability and the central nervous system's capacity to adapt to perturbations during balancing. Fifty-two healthy volunteers performed eight trials where different performance constraints were manipulated: task difficulty (three levels) and visual biofeedback conditions (with and without the center of pressure (COP) displacement and a target displayed). Balance performance was assessed using COP-based measures: mean velocity magnitude (MVM) and bivariate variable error (BVE). To assess the complexity of COP, fuzzy entropy (FE) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) were computed. ANOVAs showed that MVM and BVE increased when task difficulty increased. During biofeedback conditions, individuals showed higher MVM but lower BVE at the easiest level of task difficulty. Overall, higher FE and lower DFA values were observed when biofeedback was available. On the other hand, FE reduced and DFA increased as difficulty level increased, in the presence of biofeedback. However, when biofeedback was not available, the opposite trend in FE and DFA values was observed. Regardless of changes to task constraints and the variable investigated, balance performance was positively related to complexity in every condition. Data revealed how specificity of task constraints can result in an increase or decrease in complexity emerging in a neurobiological system during balance performance.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del Deporte, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad s/n, CP: 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain. ccaballero@umh.es.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caballero Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del Deporte, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad s/n, CP: 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barbado Murillo
authors.affiliation: Centre of Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davids
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del Deporte, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad s/n, CP: 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Moreno Hernández
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biofeedback; Center of pressure; Movement variability; Nonlinear analyses; Postural control; Task constraints
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