title: [The pharmaceutical industry in France: the turning point of 1915].
abstract: For several convergent reasons, 1915 was a key period for the pharmaceutical industry in France. The overall realization that France was dependent on Germany for chemical and pharmaceutical products came from shortages of key drugs but also from massive use of poison gas for which France was not able to face this unexpected event. France's shortage for chemists properly trained to answer the needs of industry, the weak relationship between industry and faculty, the uncomfortable situation of specialty drugs, the regulations on patents and trademarks were many subjects of controversies which will contribute to the analysis of the source of this French dependence to Germany. It will be at the origin of new orientations after the war for the pharmaceutical industry and the French society. The objective was to be independent for drugs and consequently to resolve the identified issues, as well as to have a dynamic industrial research. The creation and development of several pharmaceutical companies after the war was a more or less direct benefit from the considerations starting in 1915.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonnemain
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000266:history* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012106:Research / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations