title: Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer.
abstract: Exposure of newborns to the maternal vaginal microbiota is interrupted with cesarean birthing. Babies delivered by cesarean section (C-section) acquire a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and C-section delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and metabolic disorders. Here we conducted a pilot study in which infants delivered by C-section were exposed to maternal vaginal fluids at birth. Similarly to vaginally delivered babies, the gut, oral and skin bacterial communities of these newborns during the first 30 d of life was enriched in vaginal bacteria--which were underrepresented in unexposed C-section-delivered infants--and the microbiome similarity to those of vaginally delivered infants was greater in oral and skin samples than in anal samples. Although the long-term health consequences of restoring the microbiota of C-section-delivered infants remain unclear, our results demonstrate that vaginal microbes can be partially restored at birth in C-section-delivered babies.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Bello
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Kassandra M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: De Jesus-Laboy
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Amnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bokulich
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Se Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.|New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-9632
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Juana I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rivera-Vinas
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Keimari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-9019
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-9856
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Clemente
mesh_terms: D001439:Bacteroides / Q000235:genetics; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D064307:Microbiota; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*
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