title: Hip Joint Stresses Due to Cam-Type Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Systematic Review of Finite Element Simulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cam deformity causes the anterosuperior femoral head to obstruct with the acetabulum, resulting in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and elevated risks of early osteoarthritis. Several finite element models have simulated adverse loading conditions due to cam FAI, to better understand the relationship between mechanical stresses and cartilage degeneration. Our purpose was to conduct a systematic review and examine the previous finite element models and simulations that examined hip joint stresses due to cam FAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The systematic review was conducted to identify those finite element studies of cam-type FAI. The review conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and studies that reported hip joint contact pressures or stresses were included in the quantitative synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine articles studied FAI morphologies using finite element methods and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Four articles specifically examined contact pressures and stresses due to cam FAI and were included in the quantitative synthesis. The studies demonstrated that cam FAI resulted in substantially elevated contact pressures (median = 10.4 MPa, range = 8.5-12.2 MPa) and von Mises stresses (median 15.5 MPa, range = 15.0-16.0 MPa) at the acetabular cartilage; and elevated maximum-shear stress on the bone (median = 15.2 MPa, range = 14.3-16.0 MPa), in comparison with control hips, during large amplitudes of hip motions. Many studies implemented or adapted idealized, ball-and-cup, parametric models to predict stresses, along with homogeneous bone material properties and in vivo instrumented prostheses loading data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formulation of a robust subject-specific FE model, to delineate the pathomechanisms of FAI, remains an ongoing challenge. The available literature provides clear insight into the estimated stresses due to the cam deformity and provides an assessment of its risks leading to early joint degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K C Geoffrey
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamontagne
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Labrosse
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Beaulé
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000473:pathology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
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