title: pH modulation and salivary sugar clearance of different chocolates in children: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sugars that occur naturally in foods and those added in processed foods may act as the source for fermentable carbohydrates and may initiate caries process. Among all the foods consumed by children, chocolates form an important constituent. A wide variety of chocolates are available in the Indian market and very few studies have compared their acidogenicity and salivary sugar clearance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the acidogenicity and salivary sugar clearance of 6 different commercially available chocolates in the Indian market.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty subjects aged 10-15 years were selected randomly from one of the available public schools in Nellore city. Six commercially available chocolates in the Indian market were divided into three groups, unfilled (dark and milk chocolate), filled (wafer and fruit and nuts chocolate), and candy (hard milk and mango-flavored candy) groups. Plaque pH values and salivary sugar clearance rates are assessed at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min after consumption. All the data obtained were statistically evaluated using independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA for multiple group comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mango-flavored candy had maximum fall in plaque pH and least fall in plaque pH was recorded with milk chocolate. Fruit and nuts chocolate had a maximum clearance of salivary sugar and least fall in the salivary sugar clearance was recorded with dark chocolate. When the plaque pH and salivary sugar clearance of all the chocolates were assessed, it was seen that the values were statistically significant at all the time intervals (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dark chocolate had a high fall in pH and milk chocolate had low salivary sugar clearance which signifies that unfilled chocolates are more cariogenic than other chocolates. Even though mango-flavored candy had maximum fall in plaque pH, its salivary sugar clearance was high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Svsg
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nirmala
authors.forename: Mohammed Akhil
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quadar
authors.forename: Sindhuri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veluru
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002326:Cariogenic Agents; D013395:Sucrose