title: Potential biological efficacy of Pinus plant species against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, Pine has been used to treat oxidative and inflammatory disorders. The study was aimed to investigate biological potential of phytoconstituents of Pinus plant species: Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana and Pinus gerardiana using in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hydro-alcoholic extraction of dried plant: stem bark was done and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using free radical scavenging methods for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals, reducing power assays, and total antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assays. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities were also conducted using agar well diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The qualitative phytochemical analysis of hydro-alcoholic stem bark extracts of three plant species revealed the presence of various biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and saponins. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, beta-carotene and lycopene. Plant extracts of three pinus species showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH, nitric oxide and H2O2 radicals. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory investigation, Pinus roxburghii exhibited highest protection against albumin denaturation 86.54 ± 1.85 whereas Pinus gerardiana showed 82.03 ± 2.67. Moreover, plant extracts were found to prevent the growth of microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans showing promising antibacterial and antifungal activities againstCandida albicans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study derived the rational for the therapeutic usage of Pinus which is a highly timber yielding plant from Himalayan region, against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial diseases.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. rohit_pharm@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Lalit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D000077276:Lycopene; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D028223:Pinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene
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