title: Potential natural exposure of endangered red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) to mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A.
abstract: A survey was conducted to determine whether mycotoxins were present in the foods consumed by red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China. Collected in the reserve's core, buffer, and experimental zones during overwintering periods of 2013 to 2015, a total of 113 food samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contamination incidences vary among different zones and the mycotoxins levels of different food samples also presented disparity. Average mycotoxin concentration from rice grain was greater than that from other food types. Among mycotoxin-positive samples, 59.3% were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. This study demonstrated for the first time that red-crowned cranes were exposed to mycotoxins in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and suggested that artificial wetlands could not be considered good habitats for the birds in this reserve, especially rice fields.
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.|Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, Yancheng 224057, China.
authors.forename: Da-wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
authors.forename: Hong-yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Hai-bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing 210042, China.
authors.forename: Ming-chang
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Wen-da
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
authors.forename: Chang-hu
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D056727:Endangered Species; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000032:analysis; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C025589:ochratoxin A; D015025:Zearalenone; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Food; Mycotoxin; Red-crowned crane; Yancheng Biosphere Reserve
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