title: Combined eating behaviors and overweight: Eating quickly, late evening meals, and skipping breakfast.
abstract: Various eating behaviors have been linked with body weight management. However, combined effects of major eating behaviors are not fully understood. This study aimed to clarify the association of the combination of eating quickly (EQ), late evening meals (LEM), and skipping breakfast (SB) with being overweight.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study with standardized questions for EQ, LEM, and SB was conducted. Stratified random sampling of 5% of residents aged 20 to 80years was surveyed in a city in northeast Japan in 2011, and 4249 (84.9%) residents were analyzed. Association of combinations of eating behaviors on being overweight (BMI (kg/m(2)≥25.0)) was estimated by using logistic analysis, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval were calculated after adjustment for potential covariates.
  
  
  
  LEM, SB, or a combination of LEM and SB was not significantly associated with being overweight. However, the combination of EQ or only EQ was significantly associated with being overweight. As the number of eating behavior practices increased, there was a linear increase in OR for being overweight. The OR of all three combined eating behaviors was higher than that of any combined two behaviors or of each behavior.
  
  
  
  This study result supports the evidence that EQ increases the risk of being overweight whether by itself or in combinations with LEM and/or SB. However, only LEM or only SB did not increase the risk of being overweight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: jslee@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jung Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Sciences & Nutrition, Kyoritsu Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Combination of eating behaviors; Eating speed; Epidemiology; Late evening meals; Overweight; Skipping breakfast