title: Anatomy of Good Prenatal Care: Perspectives of Low Income African-American Women on Barriers and Facilitators to Prenatal Care.
abstract: Although early, consistent prenatal care (PNC) can be helpful in improving poor birth outcomes, rates of PNC use tend to be lower among African-American women compared to Whites. This study examines low-income African-American women's perspectives on barriers and facilitators to receiving PNC in an urban setting.
  
  
  
  We conducted six focus groups with 29 women and individual structured interviews with two women. Transcripts were coded to identify barriers and facilitators to obtaining PNC; codes were reviewed to identify emergent themes.
  
  
  
  Barriers to obtaining PNC included structural barriers such as transportation and insurance, negative attitudes towards PNC, perceived poor quality of care, unintended pregnancy, and psychosocial stressors such as overall life stress and chaos. Facilitators of PNC included positive experiences such as trusting relationships with providers, respectful staff and providers, and social support.
  
  
  
  Findings suggest important components in an ideal PNC model to engage low-income African-American women.
authors.affiliation: Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-04133, USA. mcmazul@uwm.edu.|Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare, 400 W. River Woods Parkway, Glendale, WI, 53209, USA. mcmazul@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mazul
authors.affiliation: The University of Georgia, 279 Williams St, Athens, GA, 306053, USA.|Center for Urban Population Health, 1020 N. 12th Street, Suite 4180, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
authors.forename: Trina C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Salm Ward
authors.affiliation: Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-04133, USA.|Center for Urban Population Health, 1020 N. 12th Street, Suite 4180, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
authors.forename: Emmanuel M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ngui
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000208:ethnology; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Infant mortality; Prenatal care; Qualitative study; Racial disparity
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