title: Combined Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies the P3/P4 Transition as a Key Stage in Rice Leaf Photosynthetic Development.
abstract: Leaves are derived from heterotrophic meristem tissue that, at some point, must make the transition to autotrophy via the initiation of photosynthesis. However, the timing and spatial coordination of the molecular and cellular processes underpinning this switch are poorly characterized. Here, we report on the identification of a specific stage in rice (Oryza sativa) leaf development (P3/P4 transition) when photosynthetic competence is first established. Using a combined physiological and molecular approach, we show that elements of stomatal and vascular differentiation are coordinated with the onset of measurable light absorption for photosynthesis. Moreover, by exploring the response of the system to environmental perturbation, we show that the earliest stages of rice leaf development have significant plasticity with respect to elements of cellular differentiation of relevance for mature leaf photosynthetic performance. Finally, by performing an RNA sequencing analysis targeted at the early stages of rice leaf development, we uncover a palette of genes whose expression likely underpins the acquisition of photosynthetic capability. Our results identify the P3/P4 transition as a highly dynamic stage in rice leaf development when several processes for the initiation of photosynthetic competence are coordinated. As well as identifying gene targets for future manipulation of rice leaf structure/function, our data highlight a developmental window during which such manipulations are likely to be most effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7016-1366
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Campen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Muhammad N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Yaapar
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Supatthra
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-0920
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narawatthana
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-5802
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lehmeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Samart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanchana
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Caspar
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2058-2020
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chater
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Steve
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-5362
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-4707
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.).
authors.forename: W Paul
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.) a.fleming@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9703-0745
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005453:Fluorescence; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008027:Light; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll
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