title: Temporal variability in trace metal solubility in a paddy soil not reflected in uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.).
abstract: Alternating flooding and drainage conditions have a strong influence on redox chemistry and the solubility of trace metals in paddy soils. However, current knowledge of how the effects of water management on trace metal solubility are linked to trace metal uptake by rice plants over time is still limited. Here, a field-contaminated paddy soil was subjected to two flooding and drainage cycles in a pot experiment with two rice plant cultivars, exhibiting either high or low Cd accumulation characteristics. Flooding led to a strong vertical gradient in the redox potential (Eh). The pH and Mn, Fe, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations increased with decreasing Eh and vice versa. During flooding, trace metal solubility decreased markedly, probably due to sulfide mineral precipitation. Despite its low solubility, the Cd content in rice grains exceeded the food quality standards for both cultivars. Trace metal contents in different rice plant tissues (roots, stem, and leaves) increased at a constant rate during the first flooding and drainage cycle but decreased after reaching a maximum during the second cycle. As such, the high temporal variability in trace metal solubility was not reflected in trace metal uptake by rice plants over time. This might be due to the presence of aerobic conditions and a consequent higher trace metal solubility near the root surface, even during flooding. Trace metal solubility in the rhizosphere should be considered when linking water management to trace metal uptake by rice over time.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.|Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yunyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. gerwin.koopmans@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Gerwin F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.affiliation: Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luc T C
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bonten
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erwin J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Temminghoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob N J
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Comans
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Bioavailability; Paddy soils; Redox potential; Trace metal contamination; Uptake; Water management
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