title: Treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy -a cross-sectional study among 712 Norwegian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to investigate the treatments used for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) according to NVP severity among Norwegian women and to assess whether maternal characteristics and attitudes were related to the use of pharmacological treatment of NVP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional Web-based study. Pregnant women and mothers with children ≤1 year of age were eligible to participate. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire accessible from November 10th, 2014 to January 31st, 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 712 women were included in the study, of which 62 (8.7 %), 439 (61.7 %) and 210 (29.5 %) had mild, moderate and severe NVP, respectively, according to the Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) classification. A total of 277 (38.9 %) women had used one or more antiemetics, of which meclizine, closely followed by metoclopramide, was the most commonly used. Different drug utilisation patterns were found between the groups of women with mild, moderate and severe NVP. Many with moderate or severe symptoms did not use any pharmacological treatment (70.2 and 32.9 %, respectively). Sick leave was given without initiating medical treatment in 266 (62.1 %) women. The women's beliefs about medicines had an important impact on their use of medicines for NVP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of women suffered from moderate to severe symptoms of NVP, many of whom did not receive any pharmacological treatment. Many women, who had been on sick leave due to NVP, were not prescribed medicines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, P-Box 7804, N-5018, Bergen, Norway. kristine.heitmann@igs.uib.no.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, P-Box 7804, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solheimsnes
authors.affiliation: Regional Medicines Information and Pharmacovigilance Centre (RELIS), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gro C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Havnen
authors.affiliation: PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hedvig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, P-Box 7804, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014839:Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics
keywords: Drug therapy; Hyperemesis gravidarum; Meclizine; Metoclopramide; Morning sickness; Pregnancy
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