title: Willingness to use ADHD Self-Management: Mixed Methods Study of Perceptions by Adolescents and Parents.
abstract: Little is known about perceptions surrounding self-management for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although such interventions appear commonly used and are considered essential components of the chronic care model. Our research is part of a mixed methods study that followed students at high and low risk for ADHD over 11 years. During the final study years, area-representative samples of 148 adolescents (54.8% participation; 97 ADHD high-risk group; 51 low-risk peers) and 161 parents (59.4% participation; 108 parents of high-risk adolescent; 53 parents of low-risk peer) completed a cross-sectional survey on community-identified self-management interventions for ADHD (activity outlets, sleep regulation, dietary restriction, homework help, family rules, and prayer). Respondents also answered open-ended questions addressing undesirable self-management effects, which were analyzed using grounded theory methods. High-risk adolescents expressed significantly lower willingness towards all self-management interventions than did adult respondents, except for increased activity outlets. They also reported lower receptivity towards sleep regulation and dietary restriction than did their low-risk peer group. No gender or race differences in self-management willingness were found, except for higher receptivity to prayer in African American respondents. Cost, perceived ineffectiveness, disruptions to routines, causation of interpersonal conflicts, and reduced future self-reliance were seen as potential undesirable effects. Findings suggest that activity-based ADHD interventions appear particularly acceptable across all demographic and risk groups, unlike sleep regulation and dietary approaches. Further research on self-care effectiveness is needed to incorporate adolescents' viewpoints about ADHD self-management, as interventions may be acceptable to adults, but resisted by adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussing
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Environments and Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Cynthia Wilson
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Garvan
authors.affiliation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai St. Luke's, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gurnani
authors.affiliation: Mary Lou Fulton College, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ.
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koro-Ljungberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast, Long Beach, MS.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Psychology, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Business Administration, College of Business, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albarracin
keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; barriers to evidence-based treatment; intervention willingness; mixed methods research; perceptions; side effect perceptions
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