title: Dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in Japanese employees: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary fiber may play a favorable role in mood through gut microbiota, but epidemiologic evidence linking mood to dietary fiber intake is scarce in free-living populations. We investigated cross-sectionally the associations of dietary intakes of total, soluble, insoluble, and sources of fiber with depressive symptoms among Japanese workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1977 employees ages 19-69 y. Dietary intake was assessed via a validated, brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of depressive symptoms adjusted for a range of dietary and non-dietary potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary fiber intake from vegetables and fruits was significantly inversely associated with depressive symptoms. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the lowest through the highest tertile of vegetable and fruit fiber were 1.00 (reference), 0.80 (0.60-1.05), and 0.65 (0.45-0.95), respectively (P for trend = 0.03). Dietary intake of total, soluble, insoluble, and cereal fiber was not associated with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher dietary fiber intake from vegetables and fruits may be associated with lower likelihood of having depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: takakomiki-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurotani
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kochi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuruoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shamima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akter
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kashino
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012995:Solubility; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cross-sectional studies; Depression; Diet; Dietary fiber; Japanese