title: Parasites as Drivers and Passengers of Human-Mediated Biological Invasions.
abstract: We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of parasites in biological invasions by alien species. Parasites have frequently been invoked as drivers of invasions, but have received less attention as invasion passengers. The evidence to date that parasites drive invasions by hosts is weak: while there is abundant evidence that parasites have effects in the context of alien invasions, there is little evidence to suggest that parasites have differential effects on alien species that succeed versus fail in the invasion process. Particular case studies are suggestive but not yet informative about general effects. What evidence there is for parasites as aliens suggests that the same kind of factors determine their success as for non-parasites. Thus, availability is likely to be an important determinant of the probability of translocation. Establishment and spread are likely to depend on propagule pressure and on the environment being suitable (all necessary hosts and vectors are present); the likelihood of both of these dependencies being favourable will be affected by traits relating to parasite life history and demography. The added complication for the success of parasites as aliens is that often this will depend on the success of their hosts. We discuss how these conclusions help us to understand the likely effects of parasites on the success of establishing host populations (alien or native).
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. t.blackburn@ucl.ac.uk.|Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK. t.blackburn@ucl.ac.uk.|School of Earth & Environmental Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. t.blackburn@ucl.ac.uk.|Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia. t.blackburn@ucl.ac.uk.|Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. t.blackburn@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ewen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003710:Demography; D058865:Introduced Species; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010271:Parasites
keywords: biotic resistance; enemy release; establishment; non-native species; novel weapons; spread
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2010 Nov;40(13):1525-30
references.pmid: 20600073
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2015 Apr 09;11(4):e1004714
references.pmid: 25856550
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2005 May;20(5):223-8
references.pmid: 16701373
references.citation: Oecologia. 2014 May;175(1):417-28
references.pmid: 24566638
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2008 Sep 23;18(18):R853-4
references.pmid: 18812076
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2015 May;24(9):1942-53
references.pmid: 25641210
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 17;102(20):7198-202
references.pmid: 15849267
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105 Suppl 1:11482-9
references.pmid: 18695218
references.citation: J Fish Biol. 2010 May;76(7):1770-85
references.pmid: 20557630
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 1996;11(1):33-7
references.pmid: 21237757
references.citation: Conserv Biol. 2015 Apr;29(2):602-4
references.pmid: 25370175
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 8;105(1):9-10
references.pmid: 18172193
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):628-30
references.pmid: 12571595
references.citation: Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):406-12
references.pmid: 25061203
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2004 Jul;19(7):385-90
references.pmid: 16701290
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2010 Aug 1;13(8):947-58
references.pmid: 20576028
references.citation: Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2014 Apr 24;3(2):171-7
references.pmid: 25180161
references.citation: Science. 1982 Feb 26;215(4536):1053-60
references.pmid: 7063839
references.citation: Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):580-3
references.pmid: 22859488
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2012 Oct;15(10):1112-9
references.pmid: 22788956
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):625-7
references.pmid: 12571594
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2015 May;31(5):189-99
references.pmid: 25613560
references.citation: Ambio. 2013 Sep;42(5):541-8
references.pmid: 23456779
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2011 Jul;26(7):333-9
references.pmid: 21601306
references.citation: Oecologia. 2010 Apr;162(4):977-86
references.pmid: 20063170
references.citation: Am Nat. 1997 May;149(5):903-15
references.pmid: 18811254
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 29;110(44):17915-20
references.pmid: 24127587
references.citation: Adv Parasitol. 2009;68:161-84
references.pmid: 19289194
references.citation: Funct Ecol. 2012 Dec;26(6):1275-1287
references.pmid: 32313353
references.citation: Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):443-9
references.pmid: 10642539
references.citation: Ecology. 2009 Aug;90(8):2047-56
references.pmid: 19739367
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 2003 Nov 7;270 Suppl 2:S133-5
references.pmid: 14667361
references.citation: Vet Rec. 1995 Oct 7;137(15):367-70
references.pmid: 8578648
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2010 Apr;13(4):516-27
references.pmid: 20455925
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2008 Jul;11(7):674-81
references.pmid: 18400019