title: Pattern of Drug Resistance and Risk Factors Associated with Development of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major public health problem in developing countries such as Pakistan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was conducted to assess the frequency of drug resistant tuberculosis including multi drug resistance (MDR- TB) as well as risk factors for development of DR-TB, in Punjab, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed, using proportion method, for 2367 culture positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cases that were enrolled from January 2012 to December 2013 in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, against first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. The data was analyzed using statistical software; SPSS version 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 2367 isolates, 273 (11.5%) were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug, while 221 (9.3%) showed MDR- TB. Risk factors for development of MDR-TB were early age (ranges between 10-25 years) and previously treated TB patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DR-TB is a considerable problem in Pakistan. Major risk factors are previous history of TB treatment and younger age group. It emphasizes the need for effective TB control Program in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.|Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Pulmonology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Public Health, Jail Road Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zarfishan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Public Health, Jail Road Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Obaid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aamer Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fariha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Najma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ayub
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010154:Pakistan; D012307:Risk Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents
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