title: Sexual Anatomy and Function in Women With and Without Genital Mutilation: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female genital mutilation (FGM), the partial or total removal of the external genitalia for non-medical reasons, can affect female sexuality. However, only few studies are available, and these have significant methodologic limitations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand the impact of FGM on the anatomy of the clitoris and bulbs using magnetic resonance imaging and on sexuality using psychometric instruments and to study whether differences in anatomy after FGM correlate with differences in sexual function, desire, and body image.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study on sexual function and sexual anatomy was performed in women with and without FGM. Fifteen women with FGM involving cutting of the clitoris and 15 uncut women as a control group matched by age and parity were prospectively recruited. Participants underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging with vaginal opacification by ultrasound gel and completed validated questionnaires on desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), body image (Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle [Body Image Satisfaction Scale]), and sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were clitoral and bulbar measurements on magnetic resonance images. Secondary outcomes were sexual function, desire, and body image scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with FGM did not have significantly decreased clitoral glans width and body length but did have significantly smaller volume of the clitoris plus bulbs. They scored significantly lower on sexual function and desire than women without FGM. They did not score lower on Female Sexual Function Index sub-scores for orgasm, desire, and satisfaction and on the Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle but did report significantly more dyspareunia. A larger total volume of clitoris and bulbs did not correlate with higher Female Sexual Function Index and Sexual Desire Inventory scores in women with FGM compared with uncut women who had larger total volume that correlated with higher scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with FGM have sexual erectile tissues for sexual arousal, orgasm, and pleasure. Women with sexual dysfunction should be appropriately counseled and treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: jasmine.abdulcadir@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abdulcadir
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Radiology, Department of Imaging, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Diomidis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Botsikas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolmont
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bilancioni
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Imaging, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dahila Amal
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Djema
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bianchi Demicheli
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaron
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petignat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D002987:Clitoris / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009948:Orgasm; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Clitoral Reconstruction; Clitoral Size; Clitoris; Female Genital Cutting; Female Genital Mutilation; Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting; Sexual Function/Dysfunction