title: Variations in the Use of Perioperative Multimodal Analgesic Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practice guidelines for perioperative pain management recommend that multimodal analgesic therapy should be used for all postsurgical patients. However, the proportion of patients who actually receive this evidence-based approach is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe hospital-level patterns in the utilization of perioperative multimodal analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for the study were obtained from the Premier Research Database. Patients undergoing below-knee amputation, open lobectomy, total knee arthroplasty, and open colectomy between 2007 and 2014 were included in the analysis. Patients were considered to have multimodal therapy if they received one or more nonopioid analgesic therapies. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to estimate the hospital-specific frequency of multimodal therapy use while adjusting for the case mix of patients and hospital characteristics and accounting for random variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort consisted of 799,449 patients who underwent a procedure at 1 of 315 hospitals. The mean probability of receiving multimodal therapy was 90.4%, with 95% of the hospitals having a predicted probability between 42.6 and 99.2%. A secondary analysis examined whether patients received two or more nonopioid analgesics, which gave an average predicted probability of 54.2%, with 95% of the hospitals having a predicted probability between 9.3 and 93.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large nationwide sample of surgical admissions in the United States, the authors observed tremendous variation in the utilization of multimodal therapy not accounted for by patient or hospital characteristics. Efforts should be made to identify why there are variations in the use of multimodal analgesic therapy and to promote its adoption in appropriate patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.L., E.P., K.F.H., J.L., B.T.B.); Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.L., B.T.B.); Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.S.L.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.P.R).
authors.forename: Karim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ladha
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patorno
authors.forename: Krista F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rathmell
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Bateman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
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