title: Biodegradation of carbamazepine using freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus and the determination of its metabolic fate.
abstract: This study evaluated the toxicity and cellular stresses of carbamazepine (CBZ) on Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus, and its biodegradation by both microalgal species. The growth of both microalgal species decreased with increase of CBZ concentration. The growth of S. obliquus was significantly inhibited (97%) at 200 mg CBZ L(-1), as compared to the control after 10days; whereas, C. mexicana showed 30% inhibition at the same experimental conditions. Biochemical characteristics including total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents and enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) for both species were affected by CBZ at relatively high concentration. C. mexicana and S. obliquus could achieve a maximum of 35% and 28% biodegradation of CBZ, respectively. Two metabolites (10,11-dihydro-10,11-expoxycarbamazepine and n-hydroxy-CBZ) were identified by UPLC-MS, as a result of CBZ biodegradation by C. mexicana. This study demonstrated that C. mexicana was more tolerant to CBZ and could be used for treatment of CBZ contaminated wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jiu-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mayur B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kurade
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
authors.forename: Reda A I
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Abou-Shanab
authors.affiliation: Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jaeyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea. Electronic address: bhjeon@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byong-Hun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D002338:Carotenoids; D002374:Catalase; D002734:Chlorophyll; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biodegradation; Bioremediation; C. mexicana; Carbamazepine; Emerging contaminants