title: Oral Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility, and Dermal Absorption of PAHs from Soil-State of the Science.
abstract: This article reviews the state of the science regarding oral bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and dermal absorption of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) in soil by humans, and discusses how chemical interactions may control the extent of absorption. Derived from natural and anthropomorphic origins, PAHs occur in a limited number of solid and fluid matrices (i.e., PAH sources) with defined physical characteristics and PAH compositions. Existing studies provide a strong basis for establishing that oral bioavailability of cPAHs from soil is less than from diet, and an assumption of 100% relative bioavailability likely overestimates exposure to cPAHs upon ingestion of PAH-contaminated soil. For both the oral bioavailability and dermal absorption studies, the aggregate data do not provide a broad understanding of how different PAH source materials, PAH concentrations, or soil chemistries influence the absorption of cPAHs from soil. This article summarizes the existing studies, identifies data gaps, and provides recommendations for the direction of future research to support new default or site-specific bioavailability adjustments for use in human health risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Integral Consulting Inc., Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States.
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ruby
authors.affiliation: Alloy, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
authors.forename: Yvette W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lowney
authors.affiliation: Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bunge
authors.affiliation: University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Maryland 20742, United States.|Integral Consulting Inc., Seattle, Washington 98104, United States.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gomez-Eyles
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Upal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kissel
authors.affiliation: Washington Department of Ecology, Seattle, Washington 98503, United States.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.affiliation: Exponent, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, United States.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menzie
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001682:Biological Availability; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants