title: Management of vitamin K deficiency after biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced serum vitamin K levels are frequently observed after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and BPD with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). The criteria for treatment are not precisely defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of standardized vitamin K supplementation in patients who develop vitamin K deficiency after BPD or BPD/DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital specializing in bariatric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum vitamin K levels, clotting times, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors were measured after an overnight fast at baseline and then at 4 days and 1, 4, and 52 weeks after the start of vitamin K supplementation in 10 consecutive patients who had developed severe vitamin K deficiency after BPD or BPD/DS. Vitamin K was administered in a dose of 5 mg/d for 1 week, followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg once a week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, all patients had serum vitamin K1 levels below the limit of detection, but none reported symptoms of easy bleeding. Minor prolongation of the prothrombin time and minimal decreases of some coagulation factors were observed in a minority of patients. During the first week of vitamin K loading, median serum vitamin K1 levels rose into the high normal range. During maintenance treatment, median vitamin K1 levels settled in the low normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin K1 deficiency in patients with BPD or BPD/DS is not commonly associated with bleeding or clinically relevant decreases in coagulation factor activity. We hypothesize that vitamin K2 production in the large intestine is usually sufficient to compensate for vitamin K1 deficiency and to maintain total liver vitamin K stores within the range required for (near) normal coagulation factor production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jhoman@rifnstate.nl.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Homan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruinemans-Koerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Aarts
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ignace M C
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frits J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Berends
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Boer
mesh_terms: D015904:Biliopancreatic Diversion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D019468:Disease Management; D004386:Duodenum / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014813:Vitamin K Deficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Bariatric surgery; Biliopancreatic diversion; Deficiency; Duodenal switch; Morbid obesity; Scopinaro; Supplementation; Vitamin K