title: The role of microbiota in cancer therapy.
abstract: The relationship between the host and the commensal microbiota regulates physiological functions including inflammation and immunity and it has been scrutinized in the context of cancer. While viruses and bacterial species have been implicated in oncogenesis, commensal microbes also have a beneficial role in the fight against cancer. Therapy efficacy, including adoptive T cell transfer, alkylating agents and immune checkpoint blockers, relies on immunity that receives its education from the gut microbiota. In cancer therapy with immunostimulating oligonucleotides and platinum salts, the microbiota also modulates the response by priming for the release of pro-inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species, respectively. This new information offers promising clinical possibilities of modulating cancer therapy and its toxic side effects by targeting the microbiota.
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez-Chanona
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: trinchig@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trinchieri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D013559:Symbiosis
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Jun 14;486(7402):207-14
references.pmid: 22699609
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2011 Oct 20;10(4):324-35
references.pmid: 22018233
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013 Apr;11(4):227-38
references.pmid: 23435359
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:51-72
references.pmid: 23157435
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2013 Aug 26;210(9):1695-710
references.pmid: 23897981
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2013 Nov;13(11):800-12
references.pmid: 24132111
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):967-70
references.pmid: 24264989
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):971-6
references.pmid: 24264990
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e83744
references.pmid: 24421902
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Mar 12;15(3):317-28
references.pmid: 24629338
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(6):1449-58
references.pmid: 24486050
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):152-6
references.pmid: 24739972
references.citation: Oncology (Williston Park). 2014 Nov;28 Suppl 3:30-8
references.pmid: 25384885
references.citation: Vaccine. 2014 Nov 12;32(48):6377-89
references.pmid: 24975812
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2015 Jan;45(1):17-31
references.pmid: 25328099
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2015 Jan 12;27(1):27-40
references.pmid: 25533336
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jun;13(6):607-15
references.pmid: 22575588
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Res. 2015 Feb;3(2):103-9
references.pmid: 25660553
references.citation: Science. 2015 Apr 3;348(6230):56-61
references.pmid: 25838373
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2015 Apr 20;6(11):9387-96
references.pmid: 25831236
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2015 May 21;372(21):2006-17
references.pmid: 25891304
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 2;373(1):23-34
references.pmid: 26027431
references.citation: Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1084-9
references.pmid: 26541606
references.citation: Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1079-84
references.pmid: 26541610
references.citation: Cancer Treat Rev. 2016 Jan;42:3-9
references.pmid: 26620820
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Aug 19;196(4):541-9
references.pmid: 12186845
references.citation: Oncogene. 2003 Oct 20;22(47):7265-79
references.pmid: 14576837
references.citation: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1994;61:1-241
references.pmid: 7715068
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;65(8):3437-46
references.pmid: 15833879
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug;117(8):2197-204
references.pmid: 17657310
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5233-9
references.pmid: 18809613
references.citation: Immunity. 2012 Jul 27;37(1):171-86
references.pmid: 22749822