title: Clinical and investigative applications of Raman spectroscopy in Urology and Andrology.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an optical technique that allows for real-time interrogation of biologic tissues with chemical specificity. Using a diode laser, incident photons are scattered on the tissue of interest and the spectral wavelength output is a reflection of the tissues' molecular fingerprint. Naturally, this technology has come into clinical usage to evaluate benign versus malignant tissue. Within the field of Urology, RS has seen tremendous growth as an optical biopsy tool for the real-time evaluation of diseases of the bladder, prostate, kidney, and testis. With such growing fervor for this emerging spectroscopic modality, we present a current summary of clinical studies utilizing RS within Urology and Andrology to highlight its potential applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: E Charles
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Osterberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Laudano
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Raman spectroscopy (RS); Urology; diagnostics
references.citation: Time. 2013 Jun 10;181(22):50-4
references.pmid: 24044239
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2011 Mar;16(3):037002
references.pmid: 21456875
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2006 Nov 15;78(22):7761-9
references.pmid: 17105169
references.citation: BJU Int. 2003 Sep;92(4):400-7
references.pmid: 12930429
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2007 Jun;22(6):1597-602
references.pmid: 17369294
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2010 Oct;58(4):602-8
references.pmid: 20579802
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2013 Mar 1;99(3):684-689.e4
references.pmid: 23148927
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1983 Jun;23(6):842-50
references.pmid: 6887696
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2010 Jul 15;82(14):5993-9
references.pmid: 20524627
references.citation: J Urol. 2013 Nov;190(5):1895-900
references.pmid: 23770149
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2011 Jan;59(1):106-12
references.pmid: 21035247
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2005 Jun 20;92(12):2166-70
references.pmid: 15928665
references.citation: J Urol. 2004 Jan;171(1):92-6
references.pmid: 14665852
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2009 Aug;56(2):287-96
references.pmid: 19285787
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2013 Jul;28(7):1863-73
references.pmid: 23503944
references.citation: BJU Int. 2004 Jun;93(9):1232-6
references.pmid: 15180613
references.citation: Appl Spectrosc. 2013 Oct;67(10):1205-9
references.pmid: 24067578
references.citation: Urology. 2005 Jun;65(6):1126-30
references.pmid: 15913721
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Dec;404(10):3091-9
references.pmid: 23052868
references.citation: J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 2):1771-8
references.pmid: 12352357