title: Does the gender of parent or child matter in child maltreatment in China?
abstract: Child maltreatment is a public health problem worldwide, and China is no exception. However, the pattern of child maltreatment remains unknown, including whether the gender of children and their parents has an impact on the occurrence of maltreatment. This study aims at examining the rates and frequency of child maltreatment, including physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect perpetrated by mothers and fathers. We also test whether the interaction between parents' gender and their child's gender affects the occurrence of child maltreatment in China. 997 children from the China Jintan Child Cohort Study participated in the present study and reported their maltreatment experience perpetrated by their mothers and fathers using the questionnaire, Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC_CA). Generalized linear model analyses show that boys were more likely than girls to report physical abuse, and, in particular, boys were more likely than girls to be physically abused by their fathers. On the other hand, mothers were more likely than fathers to exhibit psychological aggression and use corporal punishment for both boys and girls. There was no difference based on the child's or parent's gender in the occurrence of neglect. The findings present empirical evidence that enhances the understanding of the pattern of child maltreatment in China, provide implications for social workers and health professionals to identify children at risk of child maltreatment, and shed light on future research studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Naixue
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Child maltreatment; China; Gender; Parent
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2009 Jul;33(7):441-50
references.pmid: 19586660
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2006 May;38(5):544-9
references.pmid: 16635765
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2013 Oct;37(10):852-60
references.pmid: 23958110
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2015 May;43:61-72
references.pmid: 25498804
references.citation: World J Pediatr. 2011 Aug;7(3):217-23
references.pmid: 21822989
references.citation: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;26(4):258-62
references.pmid: 15941532
references.citation: Stat Med. 2004 Sep 30;23(18):2911-33
references.pmid: 15344194
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2015 Mar 1;93(3):176-85C
references.pmid: 25838613
references.citation: J Fam Violence. 2012 Jan;27(1):11-21
references.pmid: 22389552
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;67(7):712-9
references.pmid: 20603452
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2011 Oct;25(5):699-708
references.pmid: 21823794
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Aug 12;8(8):e71898
references.pmid: 23951265
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132(5):e1118-25
references.pmid: 24144718
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Jun;39(3):668-74
references.pmid: 19433517
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;256(3):174-86
references.pmid: 16311898
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2013 Nov;37(11):986-96
references.pmid: 23899534
references.citation: J Pers Disord. 2010 Dec;24(6):800-11
references.pmid: 21158601
references.citation: Int J Educ Dev. 2009 Sep 1;29(5):474-486
references.pmid: 20161037
references.citation: JAMA. 2001 Dec 26;286(24):3089-96
references.pmid: 11754674
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 1997 Winter;9(1):131-49
references.pmid: 9089128
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Aug;156(8):824-30
references.pmid: 12144375
references.citation: Int J Nurs Stud. 2011 Jul;48(7):904-13
references.pmid: 21601204
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;35(8):1419-35
references.pmid: 7868637
references.citation: Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011;23(1):100-12
references.pmid: 21338305
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2004 Nov;28(11):1171-86
references.pmid: 15567022
references.citation: Int J Pediatr. 2010;2010:672780
references.pmid: 20976255
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2013 Sep;37(9):613-22
references.pmid: 23643201
references.citation: Int J Psychol. 2013;48(2):81-94
references.pmid: 23597008
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Oct;44(5):1548, 1548a-1548al
references.pmid: 26323725
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Sep-Oct;40(5):347-52
references.pmid: 10509616
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2014 Jun;103(6):665-70
references.pmid: 24527673
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2002 Jul;128(4):539-79
references.pmid: 12081081
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1998 May;22(5):381-91
references.pmid: 9631250
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1998 Apr;22(4):249-70
references.pmid: 9589178
references.citation: Child Maltreat. 2011 May;16(2):79-101
references.pmid: 21511741
references.citation: J Psychol. 1998 Sep;132(5):527-37
references.pmid: 9729846
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):68-81
references.pmid: 19056114
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2006 Aug;30(8):893-907
references.pmid: 16930696
references.citation: Child Dev. 2010 Mar-Apr;81(2):487-502
references.pmid: 20438455
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2014 Jun;38(6):1128-37
references.pmid: 24661692
references.citation: BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014 Mar 25;14:8
references.pmid: 24661722
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2010 Apr;46(4):359-65
references.pmid: 20307825