title: Comparison of potential preventive effects of pomegranate flower, peel and seed oil on insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obesity mice model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potentially beneficial effects of pomegranate peel (PPE), flower (PFE) and seed oil (PSO) extracts, in comparison with rosiglitazone, on adiposity, lipid profile, glucose homoeostasis, as well as on the underlying inflammatory mechanisms, were examined in high-fat and high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet-induced obese (DIO) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body weight, body fat, energy expenditure, food and liquid intake, blood glucose, and plasma levels of insulin, lipids and cytokines were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After two weeks, PSO (2 ml/kg/day) and rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/day) had not improved glucose intolerance. After 4 weeks, both treatments significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and an insulin tolerance test showed that they also improved insulin sensitivity. Treatment with PPE, PFE and PSO, reduced the plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and PFE increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPE, PFE and PSO have anti-inflammatory properties. PSO also improved insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: a Biochemistry Laboratory, Research Laboratory LR12ES05: Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.
authors.forename: Arij
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harzallah
authors.affiliation: a Biochemistry Laboratory, Research Laboratory LR12ES05: Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.affiliation: b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK.
authors.forename: Malgorzata A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kępczyńska
authors.affiliation: b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hislop
authors.affiliation: b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan R S
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Arch
authors.affiliation: b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cawthorne
authors.affiliation: b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zaibi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D059808:Polyphenols; D014280:Triglycerides; D013395:Sucrose
keywords: High-fat/high-sucrose diet; inflammation; insulin sensitivity; pomegranate flower; pomegranate seed oil