title: Eave Screening and Push-Pull Tactics to Reduce House Entry by Vectors of Malaria.
abstract: Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying have contributed to a decline in malaria over the last decade, but progress is threatened by the development of physiological and behavioral resistance of mosquitoes against insecticides. Acknowledging the need for alternative vector control tools, we quantified the effects of eave screening in combination with a push-pull system based on the simultaneous use of a repellent (push) and attractant-baited traps (pull). Field experiments in western Kenya showed that eave screening, whether used in combination with an attractant-baited trap or not, was highly effective in reducing house entry by malaria mosquitoes. The magnitude of the effect varied for different mosquito species and between two experiments, but the reduction in house entry was always considerable (between 61% and 99%). The use of outdoor, attractant-baited traps alone did not have a significant impact on mosquito house entry but the high number of mosquitoes trapped outdoors indicates that attractant-baited traps could be used for removal trapping, which would enhance outdoor as well as indoor protection against mosquito bites. As eave screening was effective by itself, addition of a repellent was of limited value. Nevertheless, repellents may play a role in reducing outdoor malaria transmission in the peridomestic area.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Philemon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Omusula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Karlijn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oketch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Ana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Derycke
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Dorothy E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Beatrice H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Wolfgang R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mukabana
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Collins K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mweresa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Joop J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Devan-Micropolis, Tecmaia-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia, Maia, Portugal; Devan Chemicals NV, Ronse, Belgium; Utexbel NV, Ronse, Belgium; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya hiscoxalexandra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiscox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001108:Architecture / Q000379:methods*; D003465:Culex; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
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