title: Reorganization of Respiratory Descending Pathways following Cervical Spinal Partial Section Investigated by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Rat.
abstract: High cervical spinal cord injuries lead to permanent respiratory deficits. One preclinical model of respiratory insufficiency in adult rats is the C2 partial injury which causes unilateral diaphragm paralysis. This model allows the investigation of a particular population of respiratory bulbospinal axons which cross the midline at C3-C6 spinal segment, namely the crossed phrenic pathway. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to study supraspinal descending respiratory pathways in the rat. Interestingly, a lateral C2 injury does not affect the amplitude and latency of the largest motor-evoked potential recorded from the diaphragm (MEPdia) ipsilateral to the injury in response to a single TMS pulse, compared to a sham animal. Although the rhythmic respiratory activity on the contralateral diaphragm is preserved at 7 days post-injury, no diaphragm activity can be recorded on the injured side. However, a profound reorganization of the MEPdia evoked by TMS can be observed. The MEPdia is reduced on the non-injured rather than the injured side. This suggests an increase in ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons excitability. Moreover, correlations between MEPdia amplitude and spontaneous contralateral diaphragmatic activity were observed. The larger diaphragm activity correlated with a larger MEPdia on the injured side, and a smaller MEPdia on the non-injured side. This suggests, for the first time, the occurrence of a functional neuroplasticity process involving changes in motoneuron excitability balance between the injured and non-injured sides at a short post-lesional delay.
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Inserm U1179, End:icap, Laboratoire de Physiologie TITAN, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinit
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Inserm U1179, End:icap, Laboratoire de Physiologie TITAN, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keomani
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Inserm U1179, End:icap, Laboratoire de Physiologie TITAN, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|LIA-BAHN (Laboratoire International Associé - Biologie Appliquée Handicap Neuromusculaire), CSM (Centre Scientifique de Monaco), 8 Quai Antoine Ier - 98000, Monaco.
authors.forename: Therese B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Deramaudt
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Inserm U1179, End:icap, Laboratoire de Physiologie TITAN, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|LIA-BAHN (Laboratoire International Associé - Biologie Appliquée Handicap Neuromusculaire), CSM (Centre Scientifique de Monaco), 8 Quai Antoine Ier - 98000, Monaco.|Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonay
authors.affiliation: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UFR des Sciences de la Santé - Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Inserm U1179, End:icap, Laboratoire de Physiologie TITAN, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.|Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petitjean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001 Oct;85(6):560-6
references.pmid: 11718285
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2015 Feb 15;241:137-45
references.pmid: 25555356
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2006 Aug;200(2):486-95
references.pmid: 16631169
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113251
references.pmid: 25406091
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1998 Nov;114(2):109-17
references.pmid: 9865585
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Mar 14;32(11):3591-600
references.pmid: 22423083
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2012 Jul;236(1):88-102
references.pmid: 22542946
references.citation: Brain Res. 2007 May 7;1148:96-104
references.pmid: 17379194
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2003 Mar 15;23(6):2494-501
references.pmid: 12657710
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1986;61(2):280-90
references.pmid: 3005015
references.citation: Front Behav Neurosci. 2013 Sep 27;7:128
references.pmid: 24098277
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2001 Sep;140(1):112-21
references.pmid: 11500803
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Nov 30;169(2):123-32
references.pmid: 19698805
references.citation: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Oct;82(10):803-14
references.pmid: 14508412
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991 Nov;443:105-21
references.pmid: 1822523
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2014;(87). doi: 10.3791/51235
references.pmid: 24894020
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Nov 30;169(2):210-7
references.pmid: 19651247
references.citation: Neural Plast. 2013;2013:429815
references.pmid: 24089642
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2014 Nov;261:190-5
references.pmid: 24910201
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1993 Apr;120(2):233-44
references.pmid: 7684001
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Jul 14;475(7355):196-200
references.pmid: 21753849
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jan;112(1):96-105
references.pmid: 22033536
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2006 Jul;23(7):1137-46
references.pmid: 16866626
references.citation: J Spinal Cord Med. 2015 Mar;38(2):224-30
references.pmid: 24969369
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Oct 15;179(1):3-13
references.pmid: 21782981
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2015 Apr;266:1-10
references.pmid: 25687551
references.citation: J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;58 Suppl 5(Pt 1):17-23
references.pmid: 18204111
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jul;124(2):204-7
references.pmid: 7964872
references.citation: J Physiol. 1987 Mar;384:109-18
references.pmid: 3656144
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 May 31;176(3):130-5
references.pmid: 21334467
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2004 Aug;16(3):638-53
references.pmid: 15262276
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1996 Nov;106(2):127-35
references.pmid: 8971986
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Nov 30;169(2):85-93
references.pmid: 19539790
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Nov 30;169(2):115-22
references.pmid: 19682608
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 16;25(11):2925-32
references.pmid: 15772352
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Feb 28;165(2-3):245-53
references.pmid: 19150658
references.citation: Neural Regen Res. 2014 Nov 15;9(22):1949-51
references.pmid: 25598774
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012 Jan 15;180(1):61-8
references.pmid: 22041654
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jul;95(1):26-34
references.pmid: 12639850
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Feb;94(2):795-810
references.pmid: 12531916
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Mar;100(3):800-6
references.pmid: 16269524