title: The Hug-up Test: A New, Sensitive Diagnostic Test for Supraspinatus Tears.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The supraspinatus tendon is the most commonly affected tendon in rotator cuff tears. Early detection of a supraspinatus tear using an accurate physical examination is, therefore, important. However, the currently used physical tests for detecting supraspinatus tears are poor diagnostic indicators and involve a wide range of sensitivity and specificity values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new physical test for the diagnosis of supraspinatus tears and evaluate its accuracy in comparison with conventional tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2012 and January 2014, 200 consecutive patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy were prospectively evaluated preoperatively. The hug-up test, empty can (EC) test, full can (FC) test, Neer impingement sign, and Hawkins-Kennedy impingement sign were used and compared statistically for their accuracy in terms of supraspinatus tears, with arthroscopic findings as the gold standard. Muscle strength was precisely quantified using an electronic digital tensiometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of supraspinatus tears was 76.5%. The hug-up test demonstrated the highest sensitivity (94.1%), with a low negative likelihood ratio (NLR, 0.08) and comparable specificity (76.6%) compared with the other four tests. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the hug-up test was 0.854, with no statistical difference compared with the EC test (z = 1.438, P = 0.075) or the FC test (z = 1.498, P = 0.067). The hug-up test showed no statistical difference in terms of detecting different tear patterns according to the position (χ2 = 0.578, P = 0.898) and size (Fisher's exact test, P > 0.999) compared with the arthroscopic examination. The interobserver reproducibility of the hug-up test was high, with a kappa coefficient of 0.823.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hug-up test can accurately detect supraspinatus tears with a high sensitivity, comparable specificity, and low NLR compared with the conventional clinical tests and could, therefore, improve the diagnosis of supraspinatus tears in clinical settings.
authors.forename: Yu-Lei
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
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