title: Concentrations and health risk assessment of metal(loid)s in indoor dust from two typical cities of China.
abstract: Eleven trace metal(loid)s were determined in the household dust samples from Chengdu and Tianjin, China, and related human exposure and health risk to metal(loid)s via indoor dust intake were evaluated. The trace metal(loid)s were found to be highly concentrated and polluted in the indoor environment of Chengdu and Tianjin, especially for Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Pb, of which the enrichment factors exceeding 5. Metal(loid) levels in the indoor dust samples exhibited no statistical differences between the two cities, with the exception of Sb, which was detected higher in the Chengdu samples. Bioaccessibilities in stomach phase of each element were estimated, Cd, Pb, and Sr exhibited higher bioaccessibility, and Sb showed the lowest bioaccessibility in both Chengdu and Tianjin. Dust ingestion was the main metal(loid) exposure pathway for Chengdu and Tianjin inhabitants, followed by dermal contact, dust inhalation accounted for less than 1 % of the total daily metal(loid) intakes and thus could be negligible. Children suffered more risk when exposure to metal(loid)s via indoor dust intake due to their higher frequency of hand to mouth activities. Risk evaluation indicated that, for most Chengdu and Tianjin inhabitants, there is little non-cancer and carcinogen risk when exposure to indoor dust. However, there is a potential non-cancer and carcinogen risk for children and adults in Chengdu, in the case of highly exposed scenario based on the current study.
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Yiwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Mengqin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Shijun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China. ganzhiwei.nk@gmial.com.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China. dingsl@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Sanglan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006801:Humans; D058955:Metalloids / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014131:Trace Elements
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D058955:Metalloids; D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Bioaccessibility; China; Heavy metal(loid)s; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Risk assessment
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