title: Fish Consumption and Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysphoric Disorder in Japanese Collegiate Athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the specific characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)/premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in Japanese collegiate athletes, with a focus on their fish consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university in Osaka, the largest city in western Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 312 female collegiate students. The study group was composed of 200 students who were members of sport clubs, and the control (nonathletes) group was composed of 112 members of cultural clubs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premenstrual symptoms and social activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of moderate to severe PMS and PMDD in the study group was the same as in nonathletes. The prominent feature of premenstrual symptoms in athletes was that the severities of 'physical symptoms' and 'performance in training or competition' were much greater than those of nonathletes (P = .003 and P = .002, Mann-Whitney U test). There was a greater effect of PMS and PMDD on athletes, affecting their physical symptoms and performance compared with nonathletes. In terms of dietary habits, 'fish or dried fish' consumption was associated with a decreased risk of poor performance in athletes (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study indicate that fish consumption might be positively associated with the relief of PMS/PMDD-induced athletic disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Women's Health, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: take@med.kindai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Women's Health, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Women's Health, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Women's Health, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Division of Women's Health, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065446:Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Athletic performance; Fish consumption; PMDD; PMS