title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Classic descriptions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) centered on its impact on respiratory function. It is currently recognized that comorbidities contribute to the severity of symptoms and COPD progression. Understanding COPD-comorbidities associations could provide innovative treatment strategies and identify new mechanistic pathways to be targeted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some comorbidities are clustered with specific COPD phenotypes. There are stronger associations between airway-predominant disease and cardio-metabolic comorbidities, whereas in emphysema-predominant COPD sarcopenia and osteoporosis are frequent. These patterns suggest different inflammatory pathways acting by COPD phenotype. Osteoporosis is a major concern in COPD, particularly among men. Although β-blockers use for cardiac indications in COPD remains low, recent evidence suggests that this medication group could decrease COPD exacerbations. Gastroesophageal reflux is consistently associated with poor COPD outcomes, but mechanisms and impact of treatment are still unclear. Nontraditional comorbid conditions, such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression have significant impact in COPD outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should screen their COPD patients for the presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, sleep apnea, and sarcopenia, comorbidities for which specific treatments are available and associated with better COPD outcomes. The impact of interventions to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, anxiety and depression is still to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology