title: Unnecessary diagnostic imaging: a review of the literature on preoperative imaging for boys with undescended testes.
abstract: Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. Ultrasound is commonly ordered for boys with undescended testes prior to referral to a surgical specialist, but its sensitivity and specificity is insufficient to reliably localize non-palpable testes and thus confers unnecessary costs to the patient and the healthcare system. We review the ability of ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reliably locate undescended testes and emphasize whether diagnostic imaging should change the decision to operate or the surgical approach for boys with cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Division of Urological Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; 2 Division of Pediatric Urology, 3 Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Siobhán
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartigan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Division of Urological Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; 2 Division of Pediatric Urology, 3 Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tasian
keywords: Cryptorchidism; diagnostic imaging; ultrasound
references.citation: J Pediatr Urol. 2009 Aug;5(4):321-3
references.pmid: 19329362
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 2):1718-21
references.pmid: 17707015
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):119-28
references.pmid: 21149435
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1993 Jul;92(1):44-9
references.pmid: 8100060
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 5;360(10):1030-7
references.pmid: 19264694
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 1991 May;26(5):607-9
references.pmid: 1676414
references.citation: J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):337-45
references.pmid: 24857650
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1835-41
references.pmid: 17476009
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2002 Oct;110(4):748-51
references.pmid: 12359789
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1998 Nov;79(5):419-22
references.pmid: 10193255
references.citation: Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Feb;6(1):7-9
references.pmid: 8721168
references.citation: Int J Urol. 2005 Jul;12 (7):668-72
references.pmid: 16045560
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):534-42
references.pmid: 22698573
references.citation: J Urol. 1999 Sep;162(3 Pt 2):998-1002
references.pmid: 10458420
references.citation: Swiss Med Wkly. 2008 Aug 23;138(33-34):492-8
references.pmid: 18726735
references.citation: J Urol. 1986 May;135(5):936-8
references.pmid: 2870201
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2011 Dec;46(12 ):2406-13
references.pmid: 22152893
references.citation: Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Mar;31(3):391-7
references.pmid: 9506499
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1964 Dec;39:605-9
references.pmid: 14230757
references.citation: J Urol. 1994 Mar;151(3):728-31
references.pmid: 7905933
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 2007 Apr;37(4):374-9
references.pmid: 17325824
references.citation: J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 1):1440-6; discussion 1446
references.pmid: 17706709
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994 Jul;148(7):699-703
references.pmid: 7912611
references.citation: Int J Androl. 2008 Feb;31(1):1-11
references.pmid: 17488243
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Oct;195(4):W268-73
references.pmid: 20858788
references.citation: JAMA. 2010 Apr 28;303(16):1625-31
references.pmid: 20424253
references.citation: J Urol. 2009 Aug;182(2):704-9
references.pmid: 19539332
references.citation: J Urol. 1983 Jun;129(6):1204-6
references.pmid: 6133965
references.citation: World J Surg. 2001 Dec;25(12):1542-5
references.pmid: 11775188
references.citation: JSLS. 2004 Jan-Mar;8(1):39-42
references.pmid: 14974661
references.citation: Indian Pediatr. 2006 Aug;43(8):720-3
references.pmid: 16951436
references.citation: Radiology. 1980 Apr;135(1):121-5
references.pmid: 6102403
references.citation: Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2000;156:III-X, 1-98
references.pmid: 11008363
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Jun;131(6):e1908-16
references.pmid: 23690512
references.citation: Urol Clin North Am. 1982 Oct;9(3):397-404
references.pmid: 6128823
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2078-86
references.pmid: 20008690
references.citation: J Urol. 2011 May;185(5):1882-7
references.pmid: 21421239
references.citation: Lancet. 1985 Aug 24;2(8452):419-21
references.pmid: 2863447