title: Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation for tuberculosis-associated tracheal stenosis: a two case report and a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation (BBD) is a common strategy in the treatment of bronchostenosis. However, the longer dilating time in each inflation cycle (approximately 3-5 min) without mechanical ventilation is not possible for the treatment of tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we reported our experience of BBD with shorter dilating time (10 s or 1 min) and intermittent ventilation for the repair of tuberculous-associated tracheal stenosis in two cases of our hospital. After the surgeries, the physical examinations and pulmonary function were tested. In case 1, the cough and dyspnea syndromes subsided, wheeze and strid or in lungs were remarkably reduced, tracheal lumen was considerably expanded and pulmonary function was improved following the treatment. For the case 2, her chest tightness, shortness of breath symptoms were alleviated after the treatment. The middle and lower trachea stenosis was dilated and patent, but the right main bronchus stenosis was slightly improved. No restenosis occurred in the two patients in 1 year outpatient follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that our modification in BBD is safe and effective for treating this patient with tracheal stenosis caused by tuberculosis, but the longer-term effect of the surgery in a large number of patients with longer follow-up remains to be seen.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, No.507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, No.507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, No.507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, No.507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China. hepingxiaoxiaod@163.com.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007385:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Intern Med J. 2001 Dec;31(9):512-6
references.pmid: 11767864
references.citation: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002 Sep;22(3):352-6
references.pmid: 12204722
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002 Sep;13(9 Pt 1):909-14
references.pmid: 12354825
references.citation: Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002 Oct;50(5):310-1
references.pmid: 12375191
references.citation: Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Jul;76(1):167-72; discussion 173-4
references.pmid: 12842534
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2004 Sep;24(3):345-7
references.pmid: 15358688
references.citation: Chest. 1982 Mar;81(3):278-84
references.pmid: 7056101
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Mar;142(3):477-8
references.pmid: 6607627
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1993 Jan;68(1 Spec No):37-40
references.pmid: 8439197
references.citation: Chest. 1997 Oct;112(4):1136-40
references.pmid: 9377935
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2006 Jun;79(942):529-35
references.pmid: 16714758
references.citation: Respir Med. 2007 Jan;101(1):27-33
references.pmid: 16774820
references.citation: J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;5:2
references.pmid: 20078894
references.citation: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Aug;38(2):198-202
references.pmid: 20153661
references.citation: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2012 Jan-Mar;54(1):41-3
references.pmid: 22779122
references.citation: Thorac Surg Clin. 2014 Feb;24(1):59-65
references.pmid: 24295660
references.citation: J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:225
references.pmid: 24965049