title: The Therapeutic Potential of the Ketogenic Diet in Treating Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: Until recently, multiple sclerosis has been viewed as an entirely inflammatory disease without acknowledgment of the significant neurodegenerative component responsible for disease progression and disability. This perspective is being challenged by observations of a dissociation between inflammation and neurodegeneration where the neurodegenerative component may play a more significant role in disease progression. In this review, we explore the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. We review evidence that the ketogenic diet can improve mitochondrial function and discuss the potential of the ketogenic diet in treating progressive multiple sclerosis for which no treatment currently exists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 93, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Mithu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Storoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 93, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Plant
references.citation: Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):211-4
references.pmid: 23223453
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2015 Jul;56(7):e95-8
references.pmid: 26011473
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Jul;53(7):658-63
references.pmid: 21501156
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2013 Feb;125(2):231-43
references.pmid: 23073717
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2009 Mar;66(3):352-61
references.pmid: 19273754
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2003 May;2(3):119-25
references.pmid: 12848952
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2015 ;43(4):1343-53
references.pmid: 25147107
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2008 Aug;106(3):1044-51
references.pmid: 18466343
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Dec;1832(12):2322-31
references.pmid: 24055980
references.citation: Micron. 2010 Feb;41(2):143-8
references.pmid: 19879153
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;112(6):892-901
references.pmid: 12975474
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jun;69:96-104
references.pmid: 22659085
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2008 Sep;64(3):255-65
references.pmid: 18661561
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Apr;55(4):576-80
references.pmid: 15048898
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 Nov 5;8(11):647-56
references.pmid: 23007702
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2009 Oct;66(4):460-71
references.pmid: 19847908
references.citation: Glia. 2014 Jul;62(7):1125-41
references.pmid: 24692237
references.citation: Lancet. 2012 Nov 24;380(9856):1829-39
references.pmid: 23122650
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Apr;17(4):495-9
references.pmid: 21441916
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2014 Apr;275(4):350-63
references.pmid: 24444048
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2006 Aug;60(2):223-35
references.pmid: 16807920
references.citation: Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):907-11
references.pmid: 8780061
references.citation: J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2004 Aug;36(4):353-6
references.pmid: 15377871
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2010 Oct;68(4):477-93
references.pmid: 20976767
references.citation: Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2014 Sep;7(5):232-8
references.pmid: 25342977
references.citation: Radiology. 2000 Mar;214(3):665-70
references.pmid: 10715027
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Oct;82:78-85
references.pmid: 26054436
references.citation: Neurology. 2005 Feb 22;64(4):728-30
references.pmid: 15728303
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):681-91
references.pmid: 17251466
references.citation: J Pathol. 2009 Oct;219(2):193-204
references.pmid: 19591199
references.citation: Brain. 2008 Jul;131(Pt 7):1759-75
references.pmid: 18535080
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 May 9;32(19):6665-9
references.pmid: 22573688
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Oct 19;443(7113):787-95
references.pmid: 17051205
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2000 Aug 15;177(2):95-103
references.pmid: 10980305
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013 Aug;33(8):1307-11
references.pmid: 23736643
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(1):8-20
references.pmid: 15193340
references.citation: Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009 Aug 10;6:31
references.pmid: 19664276
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):292-302
references.pmid: 21387374
references.citation: Lancet. 2012 Nov 24;380(9856):1819-28
references.pmid: 23122652
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Oct;40(1):238-44
references.pmid: 20594978
references.citation: High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015 Dec;22(4):389-94
references.pmid: 25986079
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 May;36(5):811-22
references.pmid: 19142633
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2014 Aug;128(2):247-66
references.pmid: 24622774
references.citation: Neurol Clin. 2011 May;29(2):423-34
references.pmid: 21439451
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1978 Apr;3(4):331-37
references.pmid: 666275
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 1993 Apr;16(4):125-31
references.pmid: 7682343
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2007 Aug 15;259(1-2):7-15
references.pmid: 17397873
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Jul;1813(7):1269-78
references.pmid: 20933024
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 May;55(5):440-7
references.pmid: 23448551
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2003 Dec;28(12):1793-7
references.pmid: 14649719
references.citation: Neurotherapeutics. 2013 Apr;10(2):307-19
references.pmid: 23361264
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Mar;134(Pt 3):678-92
references.pmid: 21354971
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005 Apr;32(4):486-510
references.pmid: 15747152
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2014 Mar;20(3):179-87
references.pmid: 24369898
references.citation: Can J Neurol Sci. 2010 Sep;37 Suppl 2:S16-23
references.pmid: 21246931
references.citation: Nutr Neurosci. 2015 May;18(4):169-76
references.pmid: 24621064
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2008 Dec 15;275(1-2):106-12
references.pmid: 18783801
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2008 Dec 03;9 Suppl 2:S16
references.pmid: 19090989
references.citation: Adv Enzyme Regul. 1966;4:339-54
references.pmid: 4865971
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2014 May;129(3):426-33
references.pmid: 24383952
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5440-4
references.pmid: 10805800
references.citation: Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012 Aug;63(3):401-8
references.pmid: 22561291
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 6;101(1):284-9
references.pmid: 14688411
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2013 Sep 15;262(1-2):66-71
references.pmid: 23871488
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(5):1316-26
references.pmid: 17403035
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2006 Mar;59(3):478-89
references.pmid: 16392116
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Feb 18;9:84
references.pmid: 25741275
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;75(4):643-4
references.pmid: 15026517
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Feb;89(2):225-40
references.pmid: 24485135
references.citation: Rejuvenation Res. 2008 Jun;11(3):631-40
references.pmid: 18593281
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 31;6(1):e16172
references.pmid: 21297955
references.citation: Nat Med. 2015 Mar;21(3):263-9
references.pmid: 25686106
references.citation: Ultrastruct Pathol. 1994 Jan-Apr;18(1-2):3-13
references.pmid: 8191643
references.citation: PLoS One. 2015 Apr 07;10(4):e0119316
references.pmid: 25848768
references.citation: Epilepsy Res. 2015 Jan;109:81-9
references.pmid: 25524846
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 27;104(48):19067-72
references.pmid: 18003925
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2010 Jul;114(1):130-41
references.pmid: 20374433
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 29;338(5):278-85
references.pmid: 9445407
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2014 Apr;275(4):364-81
references.pmid: 24444084
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1967 Oct;46(10):1589-95
references.pmid: 6061736
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 May 12;30(19):6658-66
references.pmid: 20463228
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2011 Mar;69(3):481-92
references.pmid: 21446022
references.citation: Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;87(2):143-50
references.pmid: 11700013
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 2005;54(1):49-53
references.pmid: 16103678
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 20;281(42):31950-62
references.pmid: 16920708
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2014 Jun;35(6):1386-95
references.pmid: 24388785
references.citation: Neurology. 1997 Jun;48(6):1566-71
references.pmid: 9191767
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2008 Apr;14(3):428-30
references.pmid: 18208890
references.citation: Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(3):138-43
references.pmid: 25603363
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35476
references.pmid: 22567104
references.citation: Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):606-16
references.pmid: 16415308
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Jun 20;13(7):507-14
references.pmid: 22714021
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2007 Apr;17(2):210-8
references.pmid: 17388952