title: Cavitation of intercellular spaces is critical to establishment of hydraulic properties of compression wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When the orientation of the stems of conifers departs from the vertical as a result of environmental influences, conifers form compression wood that results in restoration of verticality. It is well known that intercellular spaces are formed between tracheids in compression wood, but the function of these spaces remains to be clarified. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of these spaces in artificially induced compression wood in Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We monitored the presence or absence of liquid in the intercellular spaces of differentiating xylem by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. In addition, we analysed the relationship between intercellular spaces and the hydraulic properties of the compression wood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, we detected small intercellular spaces with liquid in regions in which the profiles of tracheids were not rounded in transverse surfaces, indicating that the intercellular spaces had originally contained no gases. In the regions where tracheids had formed secondary walls, we found that some intercellular spaces had lost their liquid. Cavitation of intercellular spaces would affect hydraulic conductivity as a consequence of the induction of cavitation in neighbouring tracheids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest that cavitation of intercellular spaces is the critical event that affects not only the functions of intercellular spaces but also the hydraulic properties of compression wood.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakaba
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Asami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, Institute of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 11-1 Kaieisaka, Noshiro, Akita 016-0876, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia and.
authors.forename: Widyanto Dwi
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Nugroho
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kitin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, funada@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Funada
mesh_terms: D029780:Chamaecyparis / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D036226:Seedlings / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014934:Wood / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Cavitation; Chamaecyparis obtusa; compression wood; cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM); intercellular space
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