title: Functional and Topological Conditions for Explosive Synchronization Develop in Human Brain Networks with the Onset of Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness.
abstract: Sleep, anesthesia, and coma share a number of neural features but the recovery profiles are radically different. To understand the mechanisms of reversibility of unconsciousness at the network level, we studied the conditions for gradual and abrupt transitions in conscious and anesthetized states. We hypothesized that the conditions for explosive synchronization (ES) in human brain networks would be present in the anesthetized brain just over the threshold of unconsciousness. To test this hypothesis, functional brain networks were constructed from multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in seven healthy subjects across conscious, unconscious, and recovery states. We analyzed four variables that are involved in facilitating ES in generic, non-biological networks: (1) correlation between node degree and frequency, (2) disassortativity (i.e., the tendency of highly-connected nodes to link with less-connected nodes, or vice versa), (3) frequency difference of coupled nodes, and (4) an inequality relationship between local and global network properties, which is referred to as the suppressive rule. We observed that the four network conditions for ES were satisfied in the unconscious state. Conditions for ES in the human brain suggest a potential mechanism for rapid recovery from the lightly-anesthetized state. This study demonstrates for the first time that the network conditions for ES, formerly shown in generic networks only, are present in empirically-derived functional brain networks. Further investigations with deep anesthesia, sleep, and coma could provide insight into the underlying causes of variability in recovery profiles of these unconscious states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Minkyung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mashour
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie-Blain
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tarnal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Janke
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hudetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Uncheol
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: anesthesia; brain network; consciousness; explosive synchronization; state transition
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