title: Risk of Psychiatric Disorders following Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Nationwide Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory rheumatic disease. A higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, including depressive disorder, has been proven in patients with AS. However, a clear temporal causal relationship between AS and psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to analyze the relationship between AS and the subsequent development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified subjects who were newly diagnosed with AS between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2008, in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database. A comparison cohort was constructed of patients without AS who were matched according to age and sex. All patients with AS and control patients were observed until diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, or until death or withdrawal from the NHI system, or until December 31, 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AS cohort consisted of 2331 patients and the comparison cohort consisted of 9324 matched control patients without AS. The adjusted HR for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders in subjects with AS were higher than those of the controls during followup (HR 1.718, 95% CI 1.303-2.265; HR 1.848, 95% CI 1.369-2.494; and HR 1.494, 95% CI 1.031-2.162, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AS might increase the risk of a subsequent newly diagnosed depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or sleep disorder, but not schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. These observations highlight the need for psychiatric evaluation and intervention for patients with AS.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital.
authors.forename: Cheng-Che
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital.
authors.forename: Li-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital.
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital.
authors.forename: Benjamin Ing-Tiau
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital.
authors.forename: Yung-Yen
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University; Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi; Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.C.C. Shen, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Information Management, National Chung-Cheng University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; L.Y. Hu, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; A.C. Yang, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; B.I. Kuo, MD, PhD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Research and Medication, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Y.Y. Chiang, DMD, Department of Dental Technology and Materials, Science Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; S.J. Tsai, MD, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital. tsai610913@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shih-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000150:complications*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ANXIETY DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY; SLEEP DISORDER