title: Chemometric evaluation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and Pb (graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) concentrations in lipstick samples intended to be used by adults and children.
abstract: A method was developed for determining the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in lipstick samples intended to be used by adults and children using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) after treatment with dilute HNO3 and hot block. The combination of fractional factorial design and Desirability function was used to evaluate the ICP OES operational parameters and the regression models using Central Composite and Doehlert designs were calculated to stablish the best working condition for all analytes. Seventeen lipstick samples manufactured in different countries with different colors and brands were analyzed. Some samples contained high concentrations of toxic elements, such as Cr and Pb, which are carcinogenic and cause allergic and eczematous dermatitis. The maximum concentration detected was higher than the permissible safe limits for human use, and the samples containing these high metal concentrations were intended for use by children. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a chemometrics tool for exploratory analysis to observe the similarities between samples relative to the metal concentrations (a correlation between Cd and Pb was observed).
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Carlos, Chemistry Department, Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, P.O. Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érica Ferreira
authors.initials: ÉF
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Carlos, Chemistry Department, Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, P.O. Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda dos Santos
authors.initials: Ados S
authors.lastname: Augusto
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Carlos, Chemistry Department, Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, P.O. Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Electronic address: erpf@ufscar.br.
authors.forename: Edenir Rodrigues
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pereira-Filho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D048088:Informatics / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D003035:Cobalt; D017942:Nitric Acid; D006108:Graphite; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Cosmetics for children; Desirability function; Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; Lipsticks; Toxic metals