title: Cross-cultural adaption of the German Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: an exposure-specific measurement for back pain patients.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-cultural translation and psychometric testing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to examine reliability and validity of a cross-cultural adaption of the German Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) in a context of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of graded in vivo exposure in chronic low back pain patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The QBPDS is one of the most widely used disease-specific disability questionnaires. In particular, for cognitive behavioral treatments with a clear focus on behavioral aspects such as graded in vivo exposure, the QBPDS provides an ascertained strategy with a sound conceptual basis and excellent quality criteria. Nevertheless, there is conflicting evidence concerning factor structure and a German adaption is missing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-cultural adaption followed international guidelines. Psychometric testing was performed using data from 180 participants with chronic low back pain. The psychometric analyses included internal consistency, convergent, and divergent validity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the underlying factor structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The QBPDS showed strong psychometric properties, with high internal consistency for the full scale (α=0.94) and good convergent and divergent validity. The factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution (bending, ambulation, brief effortful movements, and long-lasting postures).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The translation and cross-cultural adaption of the QBPDS into German was successful. The German version proved to be a valid and reliable instrument and is well suited for use in the context of an exposure-based psychological treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riecke
authors.affiliation: Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
authors.affiliation: Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rief
authors.affiliation: Department for Associative Learning, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lachnit
authors.affiliation: Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Glombiewski
keywords: Chronic pain; German; back pain; functional disability; questionnaire; validation
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