title: A Preliminary Study to Forecast Japanese Encephalitis Vector Abundance in Paddy Growing Area, with the Aid of Radar Satellite Images.
abstract: Vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) breed mostly in rice fields, and human cases occur scattered over extended rural rice-growing areas. From this, one may surmise an ecological connection with the irrigation facilities and paddy cultivation. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that a particular stage of paddy growth is a premonitory sign that can lead to a markedly increased population of the vector mosquitoes. The present study aimed to forecast the vector abundance by monitoring the paddy growth using remote sensing and geographical information systems. The abundance of the JE vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus peaked when the paddy crop was at its heading stage and dipped when the crop reached the maturing stage. A significant positive correlation was observed between paddy growth and adult density (r = 0.73, p < 0.008). The sigma naught values (σ0) derived from satellite images of paddy fields ranged from -18.3 (during transplantation stage) to approximately -10 (during the noncultivation period). A significant positive correlation was observed between σ0 and paddy growth stages (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) and adult vector density (r = 0.74, p = 0.04). The σ0 value observed during the vegetative and flowering stages of paddy growth ranged from -17.6 to -17.16, at which period the vector density started building up. This could be the spectral signature that denotes the "risk," following which a high vector abundance is expected during heading stage of the paddy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: K Hari Kishan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Shanmugavelu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabesan
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Aladu Ramakrishnan
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rajavel
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Swaminathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Ramalingam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.affiliation: 2 Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR) , Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India .
authors.forename: Velayutham
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thenmozhi
authors.affiliation: 2 Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR) , Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India .
authors.forename: Brij Kishore
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: 1 Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) , Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Purushothaman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jambulingam
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000635:transmission*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D012275:Oryza; D011825:Radar; D063809:Satellite Imagery / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Forecasting; GIS; Japanese encephalitis; Paddy cultivation; Remote sensing; Vector abundance