title: Zebra finch males compensate in plumage ornaments at sexual maturation for a bad start in life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An individual's fitness in part depends on the characteristics of the mate so that sexually attractive ornaments, as signals of quality, are used in mate choice. Often such ornaments develop already early in life and thus are affected by nutritional conditions experienced then. Individuals thus should benefit by compensating as soon as possible for poor initial development of ornaments, to be attractive already at sexual maturity. Here, we tested whether early nutritional stress affects the cheek patch size of male Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are important in mate choice, and whether a small cheek patch size early on is compensated at sexual maturation. Furthermore we tested whether exploration behaviour is affected by such a compensation, as shown for other compensatory growth trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zebra finch males which were raised under poorer nutritional conditions initially expressed smaller cheek patches at day 50 post-hatching but then compensated in cheek patch size already at 65 days, i.e. when becoming sexually mature. Furthermore, compensatory growth in cheek patch during adolescence was negatively correlated with activity and exploration behaviour, measured in a novel environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This compensation in cheek patch size benefits male attractiveness but also was related to less exploration behaviour, an established proxy for avian personality traits. We discuss the possibility that compensatory priorities exist so that not all deficits from a bad start are caught-up at the same time. Resource allocation to compensate for poorly expressed traits is likely to have evolved to optimise traits by the time they are most beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Behaviour, University Bielefeld, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Animal Welfare and Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Doernbergstr. 25-27, 29223 Celle, Germany.
authors.forename: E Tobias
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Behaviour, University Bielefeld, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naguib
keywords: compensation; early developmental stress; exploration behaviour; fitness; nutritional stress; ornaments; personality; sexual selection
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