title: Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Recovered from Faeces of Dairy Cattle in the High Plains Region of the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A study was conducted to recover carbapenem-resistant bacteria from the faeces of dairy cattle and identify the underlying genetic mechanisms associated with reduced phenotypic susceptibility to carbapenems.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-nine faecal samples from dairy cattle were screened for carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Phenotypic screening was conducted on two media containing ertapenem. The isolates from the screening step were characterised via disk diffusion, Modified Hodge, and Carba NP assays. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria and carbapenemase-producing isolates were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical testing to include Gram-negative bacilli. Whole genome sequencing was performed on bacteria that exhibited either a carbapenemase-producing phenotype or were not susceptible to ertapenem and were presumptively Enterobacteriaceae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 323 isolates collected from the screening media, 28 were selected for WGS; 21 of which were based on a carbapenemase-producing phenotype and 7 were presumptively Enterobacteriaceae and not susceptible to ertapenem. Based on analysis of WGS data, isolates included: 3 Escherichia coli harbouring blaCMY-2 and truncated ompF genes; 8 Aeromonas harbouring blacphA-like genes; 1 Acinetobacter baumannii harbouring a novel blaOXA gene (blaOXA-497); and 6 Pseudomonas with conserved domains of various carbapenemase-producing genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbapenem resistant bacteria appear to be rare in cattle. Nonetheless, carbapenem-resistant bacteria were detected across various genera and were found to harbour a variety of mechanisms conferring reduced susceptibility. The development and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in livestock would have grave implications for therapeutic treatment options in human medicine; thus, continued monitoring of carbapenem susceptibility among enteric bacteria of livestock is warranted.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hattie E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugarel
authors.affiliation: International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Henk C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: den Bakker
authors.affiliation: International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kendra K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.affiliation: Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sophie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Granier
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: H Morgan
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Guy H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Loneragan
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000235:genetics; D000333:Aeromonas / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015780:Carbapenems; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
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