title: Effect of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide concentrations on the mechanical and biological characteristics of cross-linked collagen fibres for tendon repair.
abstract: Reconstituted type I collagen fibres have received considerable interest as tendon implant materials due to their chemical and structural similarity to the native tissue. Fibres produced through a semi-continuous extrusion process were cross-linked with different concentrations of the zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) in combination with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Tensile properties of the fibres were considered, along with imaging of both surface structure and fibrillar alignment. Resistance of the fibres to bacterial collagenase was investigated and fibre sections seeded with human tendon cells for biological characterization, including cell adhesion and proliferation. The work clearly demonstrated that whilst the concentration of EDC and NHS had no significant effect on the mechanics, a higher concentration was associated with higher collagenase resistance, but also provided a less attractive surface for cell adhesion and proliferation. A lower cross-linking concentration offered a more biocompatible material without reduction in mechanics and with a potentially more optimal degradability.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghose
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Serena M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardale
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Tigenix Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FY, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rushton
keywords: biopolymer; scaffolds; soft tissue
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