title: Decreased Fronto-Limbic Activation and Disrupted Semantic-Cued List Learning in Major Depressive Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate poorer learning and memory skills relative to never-depressed comparisons (NDC). Previous studies report decreased volume and disrupted function of frontal lobes and hippocampi in MDD during memory challenge. However, it has been difficult to dissociate contributions of short-term memory and executive functioning to memory difficulties from those that might be attributable to long-term memory deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult males (MDD, n=19; NDC, n=22) and females (MDD, n=23; NDC, n=19) performed the Semantic List Learning Task (SLLT) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The SLLT Encoding condition consists of 15 lists, each containing 14 words. After each list, a Distractor condition occurs, followed by cued Silent Rehearsal instructions. Post-scan recall and recognition were collected. Groups were compared using block (Encoding-Silent Rehearsal) and event-related (Words Recalled) models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDD displayed lower recall relative to NDC. NDC displayed greater activation in several temporal, frontal, and parietal regions, for both Encoding-Silent Rehearsal and the Words Recalled analyses. Groups also differed in activation patterns in regions of the Papez circuit in planned analyses. The majority of activation differences were not related to performance, presence of medications, presence of comorbid anxiety disorder, or decreased gray matter volume in MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with MDD exhibit memory difficulties during a task designed to reduce the contribution of individual variability from short-term memory and executive functioning processes, parallel with decreased activation in memory and executive functioning circuits. Ecologically valid long-term memory tasks are imperative for uncovering neural correlates of memory performance deficits in adults with MDD.
authors.affiliation: 1University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry,Chicago,Illinois.
authors.forename: Michelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kassel
authors.affiliation: 1University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry,Chicago,Illinois.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Briceño
authors.affiliation: 1University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry,Chicago,Illinois.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: 1University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry,Chicago,Illinois.
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Erich T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Brennan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peciña
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Ciaran M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Linas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bieliauskas
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Monica N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Starkman
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Jon-Kar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zubieta
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.affiliation: 1University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry,Chicago,Illinois.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Weisenbach
authors.affiliation: 2University of Michigan Medical Center,Department of Psychiatry,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003463:Cues; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Hippocampus; List learning; Memory; Serial position; fMRI
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