title: Keeping Pace with Your Eating: Visual Feedback Affects Eating Rate in Humans.
abstract: Deliberately eating at a slower pace promotes satiation and eating quickly has been associated with a higher body mass index. Therefore, understanding factors that affect eating rate should be given high priority. Eating rate is affected by the physical/textural properties of a food, by motivational state, and by portion size and palatability. This study explored the prospect that eating rate is also influenced by a hitherto unexplored cognitive process that uses ongoing perceptual estimates of the volume of food remaining in a container to adjust intake during a meal. A 2 (amount seen; 300 ml or 500 ml) x 2 (amount eaten; 300 ml or 500 ml) between-subjects design was employed (10 participants in each condition). In two 'congruent' conditions, the same amount was seen at the outset and then subsequently consumed (300 ml or 500 ml). To dissociate visual feedback of portion size and actual amount consumed, food was covertly added or removed from a bowl using a peristaltic pump. This created two additional 'incongruent' conditions, in which 300 ml was seen but 500 ml was eaten or vice versa. We repeated these conditions using a savoury soup and a sweet dessert. Eating rate (ml per second) was assessed during lunch. After lunch we assessed fullness over a 60-minute period. In the congruent conditions, eating rate was unaffected by the actual volume of food that was consumed (300 ml or 500 ml). By contrast, we observed a marked difference across the incongruent conditions. Specifically, participants who saw 300 ml but actually consumed 500 ml ate at a faster rate than participants who saw 500 ml but actually consumed 300 ml. Participants were unaware that their portion size had been manipulated. Nevertheless, when it disappeared faster or slower than anticipated they adjusted their rate of eating accordingly. This suggests that the control of eating rate involves visual feedback and is not a simple reflexive response to orosensory stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferriday
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bosworth
authors.affiliation: Behavior and Perception group, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Godinot
authors.affiliation: Behavior and Perception group, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brunstrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010684:Philosophy; D055815:Young Adult
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