title: Structural characterization of sulfated arabinans extracted from Cladophora glomerata Kützing and their macrophage activation.
abstract: Water-soluble sulfated heteropolysaccharides were extracted from Cladophora glomerata Kützing and fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, which yielded two subfractions, F1 and F2. The crude and fractionated polysaccharides (F1 and F2) mostly consisted of carbohydrates (62.8-74.5%) with various amounts of proteins (9.00-17.3%) and sulfates (16.5-23.5%), including different levels of arabinose (41.7-54.4%), galactose (13.5-39.0%), glucose (0.80-10.6%), xylose (6.84-13.4%), and rhamnose (0.20-2.83%). Based on the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profiles, the crude and fractions mainly contained one peak with shoulders having molecular weight (Mw) ranges of 358-1,501 × 10(3). The F1 fraction stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of nitric oxide and cytokines compared to the crude and F2 fraction. The backbone of the most potent immunostimulating fraction (F1) was α-(1→4)-L-arabinopyranoside with galactose and xylose residues as branches at O-2 position, and sulfates mainly at O-2 position as well.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Marine Food Science and Technology , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Utoomporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Surayot
authors.affiliation: b Marine Bio Regional Innovation Center , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hun Lee
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Agro-Industry, Department of Biotechnology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.
authors.forename: Chartchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kanongnuch
authors.affiliation: d Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.
authors.forename: Yuwadee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peerapornpisal
authors.affiliation: a Department of Marine Food Science and Technology , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: WooJung
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Department of Marine Food Science and Technology , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: SangGuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001089:Arabinose / Q000737:chemistry; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water; D014994:Xylose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D014867:Water; C030080:araban; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014994:Xylose; D001089:Arabinose; D005947:Glucose; D012210:Rhamnose; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Cladophora glomerata Kützing; immunomodulatory; structure; sulfated polysaccharides