title: Comorbidity of Adult ADHD and Its Subtypes With Substance Use Disorder in a Large Population-Based Epidemiological Study.
abstract: Objective:The objective of the study is to explore the role and possible substance preference in ADHD and subtypes in substance use disorder (SUD).Method:Using self-report data on ADHDDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed.;DSM-IV) symptoms and SUD (alcohol, illicit drugs, and nicotine) in 18,167 Swedish twins, aged 20 to 45 years, we obtained odds ratios (OR) from mixed effect logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, education, and nonindependence of twin data.Results: Increased ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with increased odds for all SUD. ORs ranged between 1.33 for regular nicotine (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.12, 1.59]); 2.54 for multiple drug use (95% CI = [2.00, 3.23]), and 3.58 for alcohol dependence (95% CI = [2.86, 4.49]).Conclusion:ADHD symptoms and subtypes in the population are associated with increased risks for all SUD outcomes, with no difference between ADHD subtypes, no substance preference, and no sex differences for the comorbidity. Clinicians need to consider ADHD evaluation and treatment as part of management of SUD in adults.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Capusan
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medical Specialist and Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Motala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bendtsen
authors.affiliation: 3 Centre for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: 4 Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD subtypes; adult ADHD; alcohol; comorbidity; substance-related disorders