title: Vitamin D and Memory Decline: Two Population-Based Prospective Studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with dementia risk, cognitive decline, and executive dysfunction. However, the association with memory remains largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are associated with memory decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data on 1,291 participants from the US Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and 915 participants from the Dutch Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) who were dementia-free at baseline, had valid vitamin D measurements, and follow-up memory assessments. The Benton Visual Retention Test (in the CHS) and Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (in the LASA) were used to assess visual and verbal memory, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CHS, those moderately and severely deficient in serum 25(OH)D changed -0.03 SD (95% CI: -0.06 to 0.01) and -0.10 SD (95% CI: -0.19 to -0.02) per year respectively in visual memory compared to those sufficient (p = 0.02). In the LASA, moderate and severe deficiency in serum 25(OH)D was associated with a mean change of 0.01 SD (95% CI: -0.01 to 0.02) and -0.01 SD (95% CI: -0.04 to 0.02) per year respectively in verbal memory compared to sufficiency (p = 0.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest an association between severe vitamin D deficiency and visual memory decline but no association with verbal memory decline. They warrant further investigation in prospective studies assessing different memory subtypes.
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuźma
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.|Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Littlejohns
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ranson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Natasja M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Schoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorly J H
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hannie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Comijs
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Florida International University, Miami, USA.
authors.forename: Paulo H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Institute for Social Research, and Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, all in Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Langa
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Obioha C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ukoumunne
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Cognition; memory; prospective studies; vitamin D
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