title: Molecular and iridescent feather reflectance data reveal recent genetic diversification and phenotypic differentiation in a cloud forest hummingbird.
abstract: The present day distribution and spatial genetic diversity of Mesoamerican biota reflects a long history of responses to habitat change. The hummingbird Lampornis amethystinus is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling across the species range using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and nuclear microsatellites jointly analysed with phenotypic and climatic data, we (1) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (2) assess body size and plumage color differentiation of populations in geographic isolation, and (3) evaluate a set of divergence scenarios and demographic patterns of the hummingbird populations. Analysis of genetic variation revealed four main groups: blue-throated populations (Sierra Madre del Sur); two groups of amethyst-throated populations (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental); and populations east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) with males showing an amethyst throat. The most basal split is estimated to have originated in the Pleistocene, 2.39-0.57 million years ago (MYA), and corresponded to groups of populations separated by the IT. However, the estimated recent divergence time between blue- and amethyst-throated populations does not correspond to the 2-MY needed to be in isolation for substantial plumage divergence, likely because structurally iridescent colors are more malleable than others. Results of species distribution modeling and Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis fit a model of lineage divergence west of the Isthmus after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and that the species' suitable habitat was disjunct during past and current conditions. These results challenge the generality of the contraction/expansion glacial model to cloud forest-interior species and urges management of cloud forest, a highly vulnerable ecosystem to climate change and currently facing destruction, to prevent further loss of genetic diversity or extinction.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ornelas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Michoacán Mexico.
authors.forename: Clementina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Museo de Zoología Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México DF 04510 Mexico.
authors.forename: Blanca E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hernández-Baños
authors.affiliation: EsiLi Consultancy Het Haam 16 6846 KW Arnhem The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Moreno
keywords: Feather iridescence; Lampornis amethystinus; Mesoamerican highlands; glacial cycles
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