title: Tapia's syndrome: pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic management, and proper treatment: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tapia's syndrome is an uncommon disease described in 1904 by Antonio Garcia Tapia, a Spanish otolaryngologist. It is characterized by concomitant paralysis of the hypoglossal (XIIth) and pneumogastric (Xth) nerves. Only 69 cases have been described in the literature. Typically, the reported patients presented with a history of orotracheal intubation. Common symptoms are dysphonia, tongue deviation toward the affected side, lingual motility disturbance, and swallowing difficulty.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the report, we describe three cases of Tapia's syndrome in three Caucasian patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Two of these patients underwent neck abscess drainage, and the third had an open reduction of a shoulder fracture. The clinical symptoms of Tapia's syndrome appeared after extubation. All three of our patients recovered their lost function at 3 months after diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We underline the importance of performing airway endoscopy and a specific program of swallowing rehabilitation for the proper management of Tapia's syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, carretera de Jaen s/n, 18013, Granada, Andalucia, Spain. paolocariati1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cariati
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, carretera de Jaen s/n, 18013, Granada, Andalucia, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, carretera de Jaen s/n, 18013, Granada, Andalucia, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Galvez
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, carretera de Jaen s/n, 18013, Granada, Andalucia, Spain.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanchez Lopez
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, carretera de Jaen s/n, 18013, Granada, Andalucia, Spain.
authors.forename: Blas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garcia Medina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000209:etiology; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D020437:Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013577:Syndrome; D020421:Vagus Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
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