title: Allelobiosis in the interference of allelopathic wheat with weeds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants may chemically affect the performance of neighbouring plants through allelopathy, allelobiosis or both. In spite of increasing knowledge about allelobiosis, defined as the signalling interactions mediated by non-toxic chemicals involved in plant-plant interactions, the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the scientific literature. This study examined the role of allelobiosis in the interference of allelopathic wheat with weeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allelopathic wheat inhibited the growth of five weed species tested, and the allelochemical (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) production of wheat was elicited in the presence of these weeds, even with root segregation. The inhibition and allelochemical levels varied greatly with the mixed species density. Increased inhibition and allelochemical levels occurred at low and medium densities but declined at high densities. All the root exudates and their components of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid from five weeds stimulated allelochemical production. Furthermore, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were found in plants, root exudates and rhizosphere soils, regardless of weed species, indicating their participation in the signalling interactions defined as allelobiosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through root-secreted chemical signals, allelopathic wheat can detect competing weeds and respond by increased allelochemical levels to inhibit them, providing an advantage for its own growth. Allelopathy and allelobiosis are two probably inseparable processes that occur together in wheat-weed chemical interactions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Chao
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. kongch@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chui-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D064089:Allelopathy; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C011006:jasmonic acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid; C050733:2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one
keywords: allelobiosis; allelochemical production; allelopathy; belowground signalling interactions; jasmonic and salicylic acids; root segregation