title: Retrograde flexible ureteroscopy-assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy for refractory ureteral stricture: A case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy (UU) is a preferred and valid minimally invasive procedure for treatment of benign ureteral strictures. In some cases with chronic inflammation or after repeated endoscopic ureteral surgery, it is difficult to identify the location of a ureteral stricture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of 48-year-old man with an impacted stone after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Although transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) was performed, the ureteral stricture did not improve by subsequent endoscopic ureteral Holmium laser incision and balloon dilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To simultaneously identify the exact location of the constriction, we performed retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy with intraoperative observations via super-slim flexible fiberoptic ureteroscopy retrograde.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate identification of the ureteral stricture via observation by laparoscopy and observation by ureteroscopy was feasible. In contrast to the use of a rigid ureteroscopy, flexible fiberoptic ureteroscopy did not require placing the patient in an unnatural position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Endoscopic Surgery Center, Suzukake Central Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. Electronic address: tsuru@suzukake.or.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuru
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Endoscopic Surgery Center, Suzukake Central Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. Electronic address: mugiya@suzukake.or.jp.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mugiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Endoscopic Surgery Center, Suzukake Central Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. Electronic address: sige999sige000@msj.biglobe.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Shigenori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
keywords: Laparoscopy; Retroperitoneal approach; Ureteral stricture; Ureteroscopy; Ureteroureterostomy
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