title: Focal Epilepsy: MR Imaging of Nonhemodynamic Field Effects by Using a Phase-cycled Stimulus-induced Rotary Saturation Approach with Spin-Lock Preparation.
abstract: Purpose To investigate whether nonhemodynamic resonant saturation effects can be detected in patients with focal epilepsy by using a phase-cycled stimulus-induced rotary saturation (PC-SIRS) approach with spin-lock (SL) preparation and whether they colocalize with the seizure onset zone and surface interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). Materials and Methods The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and all subjects gave written informed consent. Eight patients with focal epilepsy undergoing presurgical surface and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 3 T with a whole-brain PC-SIRS imaging sequence with alternating SL-on and SL-off and two-dimensional echo-planar readout. The power of the SL radiofrequency pulse was set to 120 Hz to sensitize the sequence to high gamma oscillations present in epileptogenic tissue. Phase cycling was applied to capture distributed current orientations. Voxel-wise subtraction of SL-off from SL-on images enabled the separation of T2* effects from rotary saturation effects. The topography of PC-SIRS effects was compared with the seizure onset zone at intracranial EEG and with surface IED-related potentials. Bayesian statistics were used to test whether prior PC-SIRS information could improve IED source reconstruction. Results Nonhemodynamic resonant saturation effects ipsilateral to the seizure onset zone were detected in six of eight patients (concordance rate, 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.40, 0.94) by means of the PC-SIRS technique. They were concordant with IED surface negativity in seven of eight patients (0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.51, 1.00). Including PC-SIRS as prior information improved the evidence of the standard EEG source models compared with the use of uninformed reconstructions (exceedance probability, 0.77 vs 0.12; Wilcoxon test of model evidence, P < .05). Nonhemodynamic resonant saturation effects resolved in patients with favorable postsurgical outcomes, but persisted in patients with postsurgical seizure recurrence. Conclusion Nonhemodynamic resonant saturation effects are detectable during interictal periods with the PC-SIRS approach in patients with epilepsy. The method may be useful for MR imaging-based detection of neuronal currents in a clinical environment. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroimaging (C.K., E.A., R.W.), and Department of Neurology (K.S.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.affiliation: From the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroimaging (C.K., E.A., R.W.), and Department of Neurology (K.S.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abela
authors.affiliation: From the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroimaging (C.K., E.A., R.W.), and Department of Neurology (K.S.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.affiliation: From the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroimaging (C.K., E.A., R.W.), and Department of Neurology (K.S.), University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiest
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult