title: Sperm concentration and forward motility are not correlated with age in adolescents with an idiopathic varicocele and symmetrical testicular volumes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Idiopathic varicocele is a common condition that may impair fertility. Its treatment in children and adolescents is reserved for those patients who develop symptoms or testicular growth arrest. We evaluated the trends in sperm parameters among adolescent varicocele patients with symmetrical testicular volumes who have not undergone varicocelectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected from a single institution (2009 to 2014). Post-pubertal patients aged 12 to 17years produced semen samples by masturbation. Outcomes measured were semen volume, sperm concentration, and forward motility. Additional variables recorded included: a) testicular volume (ultrasound measurement), b) clinical varicocele grade, c) venous Doppler grading. Linear regression analysis was performed using Fisher's transformation. P<0.05 was considered significant, and data are presented as median (IQ range).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one patients with a median age of 15.4 (15.0-15.9) years each provided a sperm sample during the study period. Thirty-five had grade 3 (visible) varicocele, and 6 had grade 2 (palpable) varicocele. All patients had spontaneous venous reflux on Doppler ultrasound, and none had undergone varicocelectomy prior to producing the sperm sample. Table 1 summarizes the sperm parameters according to patient age. The overall median sperm concentration was 37 (16-64) millions/ml and was not correlated with age. The overall median forward motility was 55% (44-64) and was not correlated with age. Thirty-four patients had normal sperm parameters, which remained within the WHO range of normality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following the European Association of Urology guidelines does not cause progressive deterioration of sperm parameters between the age of 12 and 17years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J B
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cheryl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Raimondo.cervellione@cmft.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Raimondo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cervellione
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002465:Cell Movement; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D013076:Sperm Count; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Adolescent; Sperm parameters; Symmetrical testicular volume; Varicocele