title: Levo-Tetrahydropalmatine Attenuates Bone Cancer Pain by Inhibiting Microglial Cells Activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study is to investigate the analgesic roles of L-THP in rats with bone cancer pain caused by tumor cell implantation (TCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were measured at different time points before and after operation. L-THP (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) were administrated intragastrically at early phase of postoperation (before pain appearance) and later phase of postoperation (after pain appearance), respectively. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in spinal cord were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot was used to test the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells in spinal cord after TCI treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCI treatment induced significant thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Administration of L-THP at high doses significantly prevented and/or reversed bone cancer-related pain behaviors. Besides, TCI-induced activation of microglial cells and the increased levels of TNF-α and IL-18 were inhibited by L-THP administration. However, L-THP failed to affect TCI-induced astrocytes activation and IL-1β increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests the possible clinical utility of L-THP in the treatment of bone cancer pain. The analgesic effects of L-THP on bone cancer pain maybe underlying the inhibition of microglial cells activation and proinflammatory cytokines increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
authors.forename: Mao-Yin
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Yi
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
authors.forename: Dun-Yi
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
authors.forename: Gong-Jian
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D020382:Interleukin-18; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C014215:tetrahydropalmatine
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