title: Formation of reactive aldehydes (MDA, HHE, HNE) during the digestion of cod liver oil: comparison of human and porcine in vitro digestion models.
abstract: In this work, we investigated lipid oxidation of cod liver oil during gastrointestinal (GI) digestion using two types of in vitro digestion models. In the first type of model, we used human GI juices, while we used digestive enzymes and bile from porcine origin in the second type of model. Human and porcine models were matched with respect to factors important for lipolysis, using a standardized digestion protocol. The digests were analysed for reactive oxidation products: malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-hexenal (HHE) by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS), and for free fatty acids (FFA) obtained during the digestion by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The formation of the oxidation products MDA, HHE, and HNE was low during the gastric digestion, however, it increased during the duodenal digestion. The formation of the oxidation products reached higher levels when digestive juices of human origin were used (60 μM of MDA, 9.8 μM of HHE, and 0.36 μM of HNE) [corrected] compared to when using enzymes and bile of porcine origin (0.96, and 1.6 μM of MDA; 0.16, and 0.23 μM of HHE; 0.026, [corrected] and 0.005 μM of HNE, respectively, in porcine models I and II). In all models, FFA release was only detected during the intestinal step, and reached up to 31% of total fatty acids (FA). The findings in this work may be of importance when designing oxidation oriented lipid digestion studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.tullberg@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tullberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.tullberg@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.tullberg@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Nils-Gunnar
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.tullberg@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scheers
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vegarud
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. cecilia.tullberg@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Undeland
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; C045934:4-hydroxy-2-hexenal; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003060:Cod Liver Oil; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal