title: Effect of Solanum surattense on mitochondrial enzymes in diabetic rats and in vitro glucose uptake activity in L6 myotubes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S. surattense is widely used in Siddha medicine for various ailments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the impact of alcoholic leaf-extract of S. surattense on mitochondrial enzymes in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats and to study the in vitro muscle glucose uptake activity on L6 myotubes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). After being confirmed the diabetic rats were treated with alcoholic leaf-extract of S. surattense (100 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days. The biochemical estimations (liver mitochondrial enzymes, antioxidants, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and histopathological studies were performed. Further, the in vitro muscle glucose uptake activity in L6 myotubes and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic rats, the activities of liver mitochondrial enzymes were found to be significantly lowered. The mitochondrial TBARS level increased, whereas the activities/level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants decreased in diabetic rats. Administration of S. surattense to diabetic rats significantly reversed the above parameters toward normalcy. Furthermore in diabetic rats, the histopathological studies showed growth of adipose tissue and shrinkage of islets in the pancreas, liver showed fatty change with mild inflammation of portal triad, and kidney showed messangial capillary proliferation of glomeruli and fatty infiltration of tubules. Treatment with S. surattense brought back these changes to near normalcy. The extract was analyzed for in vitro muscle glucose uptake activity in L6 myotubes and mRNA expression of GLUT-4 by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. One nano gram per millilitre of S. surattense leaf-extract gave 115% glucose uptake on L6 myotubes. It also showed elevated levels of GLUT-4 mRNA transcripts, when compared with control cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies strongly support the anti-diabetic nature of S. surattense.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions University, Ariyanoor, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muruhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sridevi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Valliammal College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Pannerselvam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalaiarasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kodukkur Viswanathan
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Pugalendi
keywords: Glucose uptake; Solanum surattense; glucose transporter-4; mitochondrial enzymes; streptozotocin; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:200-9
references.pmid: 16803986
references.citation: Life Sci. 2007 Jun 6;80(26):2397-402
references.pmid: 17512017
references.citation: Biochem J. 1952 Oct;52(2):185-96
references.pmid: 13018205
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2653-8
references.pmid: 16477035
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):821-7
references.pmid: 11742415
references.citation: Chem Biol. 2008 Mar;15(3):263-73
references.pmid: 18355726
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:359-407
references.pmid: 16285865
references.citation: J Toxicol Sci. 2008 May;33(2):209-17
references.pmid: 18544912
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2006 Jun;13(6):434-41
references.pmid: 16716914
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Apr 15;212(2):167-78
references.pmid: 16490224
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 2;566(1-3):231-9
references.pmid: 17477917
references.citation: Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001;56:175-93
references.pmid: 11237212
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1998 Sep;66(9):4425-30
references.pmid: 9712797
references.citation: Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2010 May;69(2):92-100
references.pmid: 20512759
references.citation: Physiol Res. 2000;49(4):411-8
references.pmid: 11072800
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1999 Dec;67(12):6418-23
references.pmid: 10569758
references.citation: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984 Apr;21(2):130-2
references.pmid: 6490072
references.citation: Diabetes. 2001 Jan;50(1):12-7
references.pmid: 11147776
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1948 Jul;174(3):961-77
references.pmid: 18871256
references.citation: J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2009 Sep-Oct;49 Suppl 1:S3-9
references.pmid: 19801365
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 Feb 5;584(3):537-42
references.pmid: 19968987
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959 May;82(1):70-7
references.pmid: 13650640
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Apr 13;404(6779):787-90
references.pmid: 10783895
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2002 Jan;13(1):21-26
references.pmid: 11834216
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 5;266(4):2615-21
references.pmid: 1990010
references.citation: Biochem J. 2008 Jul 15;413(2):201-15
references.pmid: 18570632
references.citation: Science. 1973 Feb 9;179(4073):588-90
references.pmid: 4686466
references.citation: Biochem J. 2005 Mar 15;386(Pt 3):471-8
references.pmid: 15469417
references.citation: Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 Apr;2(4):281-6
references.pmid: 23569914
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:486047
references.pmid: 23662138
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Jan;53(1):185-94
references.pmid: 14693714
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1962 Feb;237:569-76
references.pmid: 14474263
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1992;54:911-30
references.pmid: 1562197
references.citation: Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2009 Oct;29(4):170-3
references.pmid: 20336200
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1968 Oct 17;6(1):126-30
references.pmid: 4387188
references.citation: Diabetes. 2001 May;50(5):1093-101
references.pmid: 11334413