title: The anthelmintic effects of the ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L. leaves against the ruminant gut parasite, Fischoederius cobboldi.
abstract: Presently, no effective anthelmintic drugs have been used to treat and control paramphistomosis, a severe disease of ruminants. In this study, we have investigated the in vitro anthelmintic effect of the leaves of Terminalia catappa L. crude extract (TcCE) and albendazole (ABZ) on adult Fischoederius cobboldi after incubating the flukes in RPMI-1640 medium containing the TcCE at various doses and times. The TcCE-treated flukes at all dosages exhibited rapid decrease of motility, and the relative motility (RM) values were decreased sharply from start to 3 h. Worms were killed after 6 and 12 h of treatment with 1000, 1500 and 2000 µg mL(-1) as well as 500 µg mL(-1) of TcCE, respectively. By light microscopy examination, the flukes exhibited the earliest alteration in a limited area of the tegument. At scanning electron microscopy level, the flukes' tegument showed similar sequence of morphological alterations after treatment with ABZ and TcCE that consisted of swelling of ridges and folds, followed by blebbing and rupturing of the blebs, leading to the erosion, lesion and disruption of the tegument. Hence, in vivo studies should be performed to examine whether the TcCE may serve as a powerful anthelmintic drug for treatment of paramphistomosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Science,Mahidol University,Kanchanaburi Campus,Saiyok,Kanchanaburi 71150,Thailand.
authors.forename: Panat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anuracpreeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Science,Mahidol University,Kanchanaburi Campus,Saiyok,Kanchanaburi 71150,Thailand.
authors.forename: Kanokwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chankaew
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Prince of Songkla University,Hat-Yai,Songkhla 90112,Thailand.
authors.forename: Panupong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puttarak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies,Mahidol University,Phuttamonthon District,NakhonPathom 73170,Thailand.
authors.forename: Preeyaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koedrith
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Bangkok 10400,Thailand.
authors.forename: Runglawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chawengkirttikul
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy,Faculty of Medicine,Srinakharinwirot University,Sukhumvit 23,Klongtoey Wattana,Bangkok 10110,Thailand.
authors.forename: Busaba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panyarachun
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Culture and Ecotourism,Srinakharinwirot University,Sukhumvit 23,Klongtoey Wattana,Bangkok 10110,Thailand.
authors.forename: Arin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ngamniyom
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Bangkok 10400,Thailand.
authors.forename: Sumalee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chanchai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy,Faculty of Science,Mahidol University,Rama VI Road,Bangkok 10400,Thailand.
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobhon
mesh_terms: D015766:Albendazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000469:parasitology; D002417:Cattle; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012417:Rumen / Q000469:parasitology; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*; D014200:Trematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D015766:Albendazole
keywords: Fischoederius cobboldi; Terminalia catappa L.; anthelmintic drug; light microscopy; motility; scanning electron microscopy; survival; tegument