title: Submucosal tunnel endoscopy: Peroral endoscopic myotomy and peroral endoscopic tumor resection.
abstract: Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an innovative, minimally invasive, endoscopic treatment for esophageal achalasia and other esophageal motility disorders, emerged from the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery procedures, and since the first human case performed by Inoue in 2008, showed exciting results in international level, with more than 4000 cases globally up to now. POEM showed superior characteristics than the standard 100-year-old surgical or laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM), not only for all types of esophageal achalasia [classical (I), vigorous (II), spastic (III), Chicago Classification], but also for advanced sigmoid type achalasia (S1 and S2), failed LHM, or other esophageal motility disorders (diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus or Jackhammer esophagus). POEM starts with a mucosal incision, followed by submucosal tunnel creation crossing the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and myotomy. Finally the mucosal entry is closed with endoscopic clip placement. POEM permitted relatively free choice of myotomy length and localization. Although it is technically demanding procedure, POEM can be performed safely and achieves very good control of dysphagia and chest pain. Gastroesophageal reflux is the most common troublesome side effect, and is well controllable with proton pump inhibitors. Furthermore, POEM opened the era of submucosal tunnel endoscopy, with many other applications. Based on the same principles with POEM, in combination with new technological developments, such as endoscopic suturing, peroral endoscopic tumor resection (POET), is safely and effectively applied for challenging submucosal esophageal, EGJ and gastric cardia tumors (submucosal tumors), emerged from muscularis propria. POET showed up to know promising results, however, it is restricted to specialized centers. The present article reviews the recent data of POEM and POET and discussed controversial issues that need further study and future perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eleftheriadis
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onimaru
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maselli
authors.affiliation: Nikolas Eleftheriadis, Haruhiro Inoue, Haruo Ikeda, Manabu Onimaru, Roberta Maselli, Grace Santi, Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University, Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santi
keywords: Achalasia; EndoFLIP; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Heller myotomy; LES; Laparoscopic myotomy; Minimally invasive surgery; Natural orifice transluminal endoscopy surgery; Per-oral endoscopic myotomy; Peroral endoscopic tumorectomy; Submucosal endoscopy; Transluminal technique
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