title: Why Don't We Move Slower? The Value of Time in the Neural Control of Action.
abstract: To want something now rather than later is a common attitude that reflects the brain's tendency to value the passage of time. Because the time taken to accomplish an action inevitably delays task achievement and reward acquisition, this idea was ported to neural movement control within the "cost of time" theory. This theory provides a normative framework to account for the underpinnings of movement time formation within the brain and the origin of a self-selected pace in human and animal motion. Then, how does the brain exactly value time in the control of action? To tackle this issue, we used an inverse optimal control approach and developed a general methodology allowing to squarely sample infinitesimal values of the time cost from experimental motion data. The cost of time underlying saccades was found to have a concave growth, thereby confirming previous results on hyperbolic reward discounting, yet without making any prior assumption about this hypothetical nature. For self-paced reaching, however, movement time was primarily valued according to a striking sigmoidal shape; its rate of change consistently presented a steep rise before a maximum was reached and a slower decay was observed. Theoretical properties of uniqueness and robustness of the inferred time cost were established for the class of problems under investigation, thus reinforcing the significance of the present findings. These results may offer a unique opportunity to uncover how the brain values the passage of time in healthy and pathological motor control and shed new light on the processes underlying action invigoration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Movement time is a fundamental characteristic of neural motor control, but the principles underlying its formation remain little known. This work addresses that question within the inverse optimal control framework where the challenge is to uncover what optimality criterion underlies a system's behavior. Here we rely on the "cost of time" theory that finds its roots into the brain's tendency to discount the actual value of future reward. It asserts that the time elapsed until action completion entails a cost, thereby making slow moves nonoptimal. By means of a thorough theoretical analysis, the present article shows how to sample the infinitesimal values of the time cost without prior assumption about its hypothetical nature and emphasizes its sigmoidal shape for reaching.
authors.affiliation: Complexité innovation et activités motrices et sportives (CIAMS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France, and bastien.berret@u-psud.fr.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berret
authors.affiliation: Unité de Mathématiques Appliquées (UMA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées, ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: action vigor; cost of time; movement time; optimal control; reaching; saccade
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