title: Leakage-Penumbra effect in intensity modulated radiation therapy step-and-shoot dose delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the leakage-penumbra (LP) effect with a proposed correction method for the step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Leakage-penumbra dose profiles from 10 randomly selected prostate IMRT plans were studied. The IMRT plans were delivered by a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator equipped with a 120-leaf multileaf collimator (MLC). For each treatment plan created by the Pinnacle(3) treatment planning system, a 3-dimensional LP dose distribution generated by 5 coplanar photon beams, starting from 0(o) with equal separation of 72(o), was investigated. For each photon beam used in the step-and-shoot IMRT plans, the first beam segment was set to have the largest area in the MLC leaf-sequencing, and was equal to the planning target volume (PTV). The overshoot effect (OSE) and the segment positional errors were measured using a solid water phantom with Kodak (TL and X-OMAT V) radiographic films. Film dosimetric analysis and calibration were carried out using a film scanner (Vidar VXR-16). The LP dose profiles were determined by eliminating the OSE and segment positional errors with specific individual irradiations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A non-uniformly distributed leaf LP dose ranging from 3% to 5% of the beam dose was measured in clinical IMRT beams. An overdose at the gap between neighboring segments, represented as dose peaks of up to 10% of the total BP, was measured. The LP effect increased the dose to the PTV and surrounding critical tissues. In addition, the effect depends on the number of beams and segments for each beam. Segment positional error was less than the maximum tolerance of 1 mm under a dose rate of 600 monitor units per minute in the treatment plans. The OSE varying with the dose rate was observed in all photon beams, and the effect increased from 1 to 1.3 Gy per treatment of the rectal intersection. As the dosimetric impacts from the LP effect and OSE may increase the rectal post-radiation effects, a correction of LP was proposed and demonstrated for the central beam profile for one of the planned beams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that the measured dosimetric impact of the LP dose inaccuracy from photon beam segment in step-and-shoot IMRT can be corrected.
authors.affiliation: Grigor N Grigorov, Medical Physics Department, Grand River Regional Cancer Center, Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada.
authors.forename: Grigor N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Grigorov
authors.affiliation: Grigor N Grigorov, Medical Physics Department, Grand River Regional Cancer Center, Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada.
authors.forename: James Cl
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chow
keywords: Beam penumbra; Multileaf collimator leakage; Overshoot effect; Prostate intensity modulated radiation therapy planning
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