title: Assessment of tetracycline contamination in surface and groundwater resources proximal to animal farming houses in Tehran, Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics have been increasingly used for veterinary and medical purposes. The overuse of these compounds for these purposes can pollute the environment, water resources in particular. Tetracycline, among other forms of antibiotics, is one of the most applied antibiotic in aquaculture and veterinary medicine. The present study aimed to tack the traces of tetracycline in the effluents of municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants, surface and groundwater resources and finally the drinking water provided from these water resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples were taken from Fasha-Foyeh Dam, wells located at Varamin Plain, and Yaftabad; and also, wastewater samples were collected from the wastewater treatment plant effluents of Emam Khomeini Hospital and a municipal wastewater treatment plant which its effluent is being released to the surface water of the area covered in this work. 24 samples were collected in total during July 2012 to December 2012. The prepared samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the results, mean tetracycline levels in surface and ground water at nearby of animal farms was found to vary from 5.4 to 8.1 ng L(-1). Furthermore, the maximum TC concentration of 9.3 ng L(-1) was found to be at Yaft-Abad sampling station. Although tetracycline traces could not be detected in any investigated Hospital WWTP effluents, it was tracked in MWWTP effluent samples, in the concentration range of 280 to 540 ng l(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that the concentration of TC in water resource near the animal farms is higher than the other sampling stations. This is related to the usage of antibiotic for animals. In fact, it caused the contamination of water resources and could contribute to radical changes in the ecology of these regions.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
authors.forename: Allahbakhsh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javid
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mesdaghinia
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasseri
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mahvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimohammadi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gharibi
keywords: Animal farms; Drinking water; Groundwater resources; Surface water resources; Tetracycline
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