title: Inflammation-driven bone formation in a mouse model of ankylosing spondylitis: sequential not parallel processes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune-mediated arthritis particularly targeting the spine and pelvis and is characterised by inflammation, osteoproliferation and frequently ankylosis. Current treatments that predominately target inflammatory pathways have disappointing efficacy in slowing disease progression. Thus, a better understanding of the causal association and pathological progression from inflammation to bone formation, particularly whether inflammation directly initiates osteoproliferation, is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proteoglycan-induced spondylitis (PGISp) mouse model of AS was used to histopathologically map the progressive axial disease events, assess molecular changes during disease progression and define disease progression using unbiased clustering of semi-quantitative histology. PGISp mice were followed over a 24-week time course. Spinal disease was assessed using a novel semi-quantitative histological scoring system that independently evaluated the breadth of pathological features associated with PGISp axial disease, including inflammation, joint destruction and excessive tissue formation (osteoproliferation). Matrix components were identified using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease initiated with inflammation at the periphery of the intervertebral disc (IVD) adjacent to the longitudinal ligament, reminiscent of enthesitis, and was associated with upregulated tumor necrosis factor and metalloproteinases. After a lag phase, established inflammation was temporospatially associated with destruction of IVDs, cartilage and bone. At later time points, advanced disease was characterised by substantially reduced inflammation, excessive tissue formation and ectopic chondrocyte expansion. These distinct features differentiated affected mice into early, intermediate and advanced disease stages. Excessive tissue formation was observed in vertebral joints only if the IVD was destroyed as a consequence of the early inflammation. Ectopic excessive tissue was predominantly chondroidal with chondrocyte-like cells embedded within collagen type II- and X-rich matrix. This corresponded with upregulation of mRNA for cartilage markers Col2a1, sox9 and Comp. Osteophytes, though infrequent, were more prevalent in later disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inflammation-driven IVD destruction was shown to be a prerequisite for axial disease progression to osteoproliferation in the PGISp mouse. Osteoproliferation led to vertebral body deformity and fusion but was never seen concurrent with persistent inflammation, suggesting a sequential process. The findings support that early intervention with anti-inflammatory therapies will be needed to limit destructive processes and consequently prevent progression of AS.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. h.tseng2@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hsu-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. miranda.pitt@imb.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Miranda E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. tibor_glant@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Tibor T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Glant
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. a.mcrae@uq.edu.au.|The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, QBI Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. a.mcrae@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. t.kenna@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Tony J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kenna
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. matt.brown@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland-Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. allison.pettit@mater.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pettit
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. gethin.thomas@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gethin P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*
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