title: Sample preparation for an optimized extraction of localized metabolites in lichens: Application to Pseudevernia furfuracea.
abstract: Lichens are symbiotic organisms known for producing unique secondary metabolites with attractive cosmetic and pharmacological properties. In this paper, we investigated three standard methods of preparation of Pseudevernia furfuracea (blender grinding, ball milling, pestle and mortar). The materials obtained were characterized by electronic microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and compared from the point of view of extraction. Their microscopic structure is related to extraction efficiency. In addition, it is shown using thalline reactions and mass spectrometry mapping (TOF-SIMS) that these metabolites are not evenly distributed throughout the organism. Particularly, atranorin (a secondary metabolite of interest) is mainly present in the cortex of P. furfuracea. Finally, using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) we obtained evidence that an appropriate preparation can increase the extraction efficiency of atranorin by a factor of five.
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komaty
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Letertre
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Huyen Duong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jungnickel
authors.affiliation: The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.affiliation: The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luch
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carrié
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Merdrignac-Conanec
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bazureau
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gauffre
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, PNSCM, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.affiliation: Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, ICMV, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France. Electronic address: ludovic.paquin@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paquin
mesh_terms: D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000592:standards*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C026304:atranorin
keywords: Grinding process; Lichen; Microwave extraction; Secondary metabolite; TOF-SIMS