title: Liver transplantation for viral hepatitis in 2015.
abstract: Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease and for patients with liver cell cancer related to liver disease. Acute and chronic liver diseases related to hepatitis viruses are between the main indications for liver transplantation. The risk of viral reinfection after transplantation is the main limiting factor in these indications. Before the availability of antiviral prophylaxis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence was universal in patients who were HBV DNA-positive before transplantation. The natural history of recurrent HBV was accelerated by immunosuppression, and it progressed rapidly to graft failure and death. Introduction of post-transplant prophylaxis with immunoglobulin alone first, and associated to antiviral drugs later, drastically reduced HBV recurrence, resulting in excellent long-term outcomes. On the contrary, recurrence of hepatitis C is the main cause of graft loss in most transplant programs. Overall, patient and graft survival after LT for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cirrhosis is inferior compared with other indications. However, successful pretransplant or post transplant antiviral therapy has been associated with increased graft and overall survival. Until recently, the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin was the standard of care for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Highly active antiviral compounds have been developed over the past decade, thanks to new in vitro systems to study HCV entry, replication, assembly, and release.
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrarese
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanetto
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gambato
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bortoluzzi
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germani
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senzolo
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burra
authors.affiliation: Alberto Ferrarese, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Ilaria Bortoluzzi, Elena Nadal, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Patrizia Burra, Francesco Paolo Russo, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 PD Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Paolo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Russo
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Antiviral therapy; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Liver transplantation; Prophylactic therapy; Recurrence post-transplantation
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