title: The genomic basis of parasitism in the Strongyloides clade of nematodes.
abstract: Soil-transmitted nematodes, including the Strongyloides genus, cause one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases. Here we compare the genomes of four Strongyloides species, including the human pathogen Strongyloides stercoralis, and their close relatives that are facultatively parasitic (Parastrongyloides trichosuri) and free-living (Rhabditophanes sp. KR3021). A significant paralogous expansion of key gene families--families encoding astacin-like and SCP/TAPS proteins--is associated with the evolution of parasitism in this clade. Exploiting the unique Strongyloides life cycle, we compare the transcriptomes of the parasitic and free-living stages and find that these same gene families are upregulated in the parasitic stages, underscoring their role in nematode parasitism.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Vicky L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.|Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Isheng J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Avril
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coghlan
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Bernardo J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Foth
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: James A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-3583
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Eleanor J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Hayley M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Bhavana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harsha
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kajitani
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harbecke
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagayasu
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quail
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Randle
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Brattig
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hanns
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soblik
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Diogo M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.|Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Intergrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Dee R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Denver
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Warwick
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stoltzfus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Keele, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wastling
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viney
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9581-0377
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berriman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000235:genetics; D013321:Strongyloides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013322:Strongyloidiasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics
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