title: Using the simple sample count to estimate the frequency of prescription drug neuroenhancement in a sample of Jordan employees.
abstract: Epidemiological research indicates that the use of prescription drugs to enhance cognitive functioning is prevalent in Western countries, however, research on this phenomenon in Arab countries is lacking. Our study aimed to investigate the frequency of neuroenhancement (NE) using prescription drugs in a sample of employees in Jordan.
  
  
  
  A sample of 1186 employees (37.11±8.37 years old, 495 female), of whom 723 (35.65±7.53 years old, 396 female) served as teachers, completed a paper-pencil questionnaire. The single sample count technique (SSC) was used in order to secure confidential, self-reporting of prescription drug NE.
  
  
  
  The 12-month prevalence of NE, estimated with the SSC was 15.43%. At 26.16%, the prevalence estimate was markedly higher in the subsample of teachers compared to non-teachers, 0.29%. Surprisingly, 336 participants did not use the SSC and directly affirmed or denied prescription drug NE. These direct responses yielded a prevalence of 11.57% for the full sample, 9.73% for the teachers and 15.60% for the non-teachers.
  
  
  
  This is the first study of the frequency of NE in an Arab sample. Results indicate that the use of prescription drug NE is not limited to Western countries and that teachers in Jordan might constitute a high-risk population. Further, participants seem to differ in their use of indirect estimation methods for reporting prescription drug NE. For future research, it might be useful to triangulate standard self-reports and indirect estimation methods to assess NE. Possible cultural differences and specific high-risk populations for NE should be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Wanja
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Yaser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sandouqa
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.brand@uni-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D000071296:Government Employees / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007587:Job Description; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000009:adverse effects; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012651:Self Medication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Jordan; Neuroenhancement; Single sample count