title: Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 on Equine Synovial Fluid Chondroprogenitor Expansion and Chondrogenesis.
abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells have been identified in the synovial fluid of several species. This study was conducted to characterize chondroprogenitor (CP) cells in equine synovial fluid (SF) and to determine the effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) on SF-CP monolayer proliferation and subsequent chondrogenesis. We hypothesized that FGF-2 would stimulate SF-CP proliferation and postexpansion chondrogenesis. SF aspirates were collected from adult equine joints. Colony-forming unit (CFU) assays were performed during primary cultures. At first passage, SF-cells were seeded at low density, with or without FGF-2. Following monolayer expansion and serial immunophenotyping, cells were transferred to chondrogenic pellet cultures. Pellets were analyzed for chondrogenic mRNA expression and cartilage matrix secretion. There was a mean of 59.2 CFU/mL of SF. FGF-2 increased the number of population doublings during two monolayer passages and halved the population doubling times. FGF-2 did not alter the immunophenotype of SF-CPs during monolayer expansion, nor did FGF-2 compromise chondrogenesis. Hypertrophic phenotypic markers were not expressed in control or FGF-2 groups. FGF-2 did prevent the development of a "fibroblastic" cell layer around pellet periphery. FGF-2 significantly accelerates in vitro SF-CP expansion, the major hurdle to clinical application of this cell population, without detrimentally affecting subsequent chondrogenic capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianchessi
authors.affiliation: QPS Taiwan, Center of Toxicology and Preclinical Sciences, No. 103, Lane 169, Kangning Street, Xizhi District, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Sushmitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durgam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pondenis
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3254-66
references.pmid: 17009260
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev. 2013 Feb;9(1):32-43
references.pmid: 22529014
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 May 09;9(5):e96615
references.pmid: 24816923
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Aug;52(8):2521-9
references.pmid: 16052568
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 24;275(12):8695-702
references.pmid: 10722711
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Aug 07;16(8):18507-21
references.pmid: 26262616
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Dec;80(12):1745-57
references.pmid: 9875932
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2013 Oct 1;22(19):2606-18
references.pmid: 23676112
references.citation: Cells Tissues Organs. 2012;196(3):231-40
references.pmid: 22947769
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Aug;47(8):1137-43
references.pmid: 18390894
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Mar;14(3):166-80
references.pmid: 23403721
references.citation: Methods. 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8
references.pmid: 11846609
references.citation: Cytotherapy. 2014 Jun;16(6):776-88
references.pmid: 24529553
references.citation: Mech Dev. 1999 Feb;80(2):159-70
references.pmid: 10072783
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001;9 Suppl A:S102-8
references.pmid: 11680673
references.citation: Histol Histopathol. 2013 Jan;28(1):23-42
references.pmid: 23233057
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2015 May 1;333(2):273-88
references.pmid: 25819273
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun;58(6):1731-40
references.pmid: 18512779
references.citation: Connect Tissue Res. 1982;9(4):247-8
references.pmid: 6215207
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 14;5(10):e13246
references.pmid: 20976230
references.citation: Cells Tissues Organs. 2003;174(3):101-9
references.pmid: 12835573
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22887
references.pmid: 21818404
references.citation: Cytometry A. 2012 Apr;81(4):312-23
references.pmid: 22411893
references.citation: Biomed Mater Eng. 2007;17(5):269-76
references.pmid: 17851169
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Mar;16(3):1009-19
references.pmid: 19842915
references.citation: Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012 Nov;1(11):771-82
references.pmid: 23197689
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2012 Jun;30(6):943-9
references.pmid: 22147634
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2007 Mar;327(3):449-62
references.pmid: 17053900
references.citation: Int J Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb 1;13(1):68-74
references.pmid: 20374387
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1988 Oct;174(1):168-76
references.pmid: 2464289
references.citation: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Jan;11(1):21-34
references.pmid: 25247412
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 1998 Winter;4(4):415-28
references.pmid: 9916173
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2003 Jul 1;287(1):98-105
references.pmid: 12799186
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2008 Aug;69(8):1013-21
references.pmid: 18672964
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2001 Aug 15;268(2):189-200
references.pmid: 11478845
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Jan;59(1):5-18
references.pmid: 11846033
references.citation: Maturitas. 2014 Jul;78(3):188-98
references.pmid: 24855933
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Apr 3;4(4):324-35
references.pmid: 19341622
references.citation: J Supramol Struct. 1980;13(3):339-72
references.pmid: 6451772
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43616
references.pmid: 22952721
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Mar;50(3):817-27
references.pmid: 15022324
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 May;63(5):1289-300
references.pmid: 21538315
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 1999 Apr;214(4):279-90
references.pmid: 10213384
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2007 Mar;12(3):377-89
references.pmid: 17336904
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Jul;(412):196-212
references.pmid: 12838072
references.citation: Folia Biol (Praha). 2011;57(3):119-24
references.pmid: 21888835
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Jan;15(1):166-74
references.pmid: 10646126
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2005 May;203(2):398-409
references.pmid: 15521064
references.citation: Vet Surg. 2008 Dec;37(8):713-24
references.pmid: 19121166
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2008 Oct;26(10):1413-8
references.pmid: 18418888
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015 Mar;23(3):443-53
references.pmid: 25464167
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Oct 26;288(2):413-9
references.pmid: 11606058
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2007 Sep;68(9):941-5
references.pmid: 17764407
references.citation: Equine Vet J. 2013 Jul;45(4):518-22
references.pmid: 23206252
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Aug;21(8):1092-8
references.pmid: 23680879
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012 Aug;18(4):301-11
references.pmid: 22429320