title: Parents of terror victims. A longitudinal study of parental mental health following the 2011 terrorist attack on Utøya Island.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about parents' health following their children's exposure to trauma. We investigated the mental health of parents of young terrorist survivors and assessed parental distress and guilt as potential predictors of mental health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers and fathers (N=531) participated in two study waves 4-5 and 14-15 months after the shooting. Posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSS) and anxiety/depression were compared with age- and gender-adjusted expected scores that were calculated from a concurrent population study. Mixed effects models investigated the associations between parental distress, parental guilt, and mental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents' level of anxiety/depression was three times higher and PTSS was five times higher than that of the general population. Parental distress and guilt about their child's traumatic experience contributed uniquely to symptoms at both time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents of traumatized youth constitute a vulnerable group that has been overlooked in the literature. Intervention strategies following trauma should include both survivors and their parents.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Gullhaugvn 1-3, 5th floor, 0408 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: siri.thoresen@nkvts.no.
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thoresen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Harald Schjelderup House, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Gullhaugvn 1-3, 5th floor, 0408 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: tine.jensen@nkvts.no.
authors.forename: Tine K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Gullhaugvn 1-3, 5th floor, 0408 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Gullhaugveien 1-3, 0484 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: tore.wentzel-larsen@nkvts.no.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wentzel-Larsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Gullhaugvn 1-3, 5th floor, 0408 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: grete.dyb@nkvts.no.
authors.forename: Grete
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dyb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Guilt; PTSD; Parents; Terrorism