title: NerveCheck: An inexpensive quantitative sensory testing device for patients with diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sensory neuropathy is central to the development of painful neuropathy, and foot ulceration in patients with diabetes. Currently, available QST devices take considerable time to perform and are expensive. NerveCheck is the first inexpensive ($500), portable QST device to perform both vibration and thermal testing and hence evaluate diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This study was undertaken to establish the reproducibility and diagnostic validity of NerveCheck for detecting neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  130 subjects (28 with DPN, 46 without DPN and 56 control subjects) underwent QST assessment with NerveCheck; vibration perception and thermal testing. DPN was defined according to the Toronto criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NerveCheck's intra correlation coefficient for vibration, cold and warm sensation testing was 0.79 (95% LOA: -4.20 to 6.60), 0.86 (95% LOA: -1.38 to 2.72) and 0.71 (95% LOA: -2.36 to 3.83), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy (AUC) for vibration, cold and warm sensation testing was 86% (SE: 0.038, 95% CI 0.79-0.94), 79% (SE: 0.058, 95% CI 0.68-0.91) and 72% (SE: 0.058, 95% CI 0.60-0.83), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that NerveCheck has good reproducibility and comparable diagnostic accuracy to established QST equipment for the diagnosis of DPN.
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Research Division, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponirakis
authors.affiliation: Phi Med Europe Barcelona, Department of Electronics Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: Phi Med Europe Barcelona, Department of Electronics Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Research Division, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fadavi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Phi Med Europe Barcelona, Department of Electronics Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kheyami
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmar
authors.affiliation: Phi Med Europe Barcelona, Department of Electronics Engineering, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: ICEN, Catalonian Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Endocrinology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitario de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Research Division, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. Electronic address: ram2045@qatar-med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014732:Vibration
keywords: Diabetes; Diagnostic device; NerveCheck; Neuropathy; Quantitative sensory testing
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