title: In vivo comparative study of tissue reaction to bare and antimicrobial polymer coated transcutaneous implants.
abstract: We coated transcutaneous implants made of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with copolymer dimethyl (2-methacryloyloxy-ethyl) phosphonate and 4-vinylpyridine and investigated the tissue reaction with respect to its biocompatible and antimicrobial properties in vivo. We distinguished between clinically observable superficial inflammations and histologically detectable deep infections. The vinylpyridine moieties were transferred into cationic pyridinium groups by reaction with hexyl bromide. Thus polymers with both antimicrobial capacity and good biocompatibility were obtained. In a short-term study, we implanted specially designed bare or coated implants in hairless but immunocompetent mice and analyzed the tissue reaction histologically. No difference was found between bare and coated implants in the initial healing phase of up to 14 days; however, after 21 days the scar tissue formation was higher in the bare implant group. The degree of epithelial downgrowth was comparable in both groups at any time point. In a long-term study of up to 168 days, we analyzed resistance to infection. In the bare implant group, 7 of the 12 implantation sites became infected deep whereas in the coated implant group only two deep infections were observed. The other implantation sites showed only superficial signs of inflammation. These results generally accord with previous in-vitro studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Calliess
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivonne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reebmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiesch
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hans-Sommer-Straße 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pfaffenroth
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hans-Sommer-Straße 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sluszniak
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hans-Sommer-Straße 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wibke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dempwolf
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hans-Sommer-Straße 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: willbold.elmar@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willbold
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D062326:Re-Epithelialization / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium
keywords: Antimicrobial; Epithelialization; In vivo; Polymer coating; Transcutaneous implants