title: Prevention and treatment of cancers by immune modulating nutrients.
abstract: Epidemiological and laboratory data support the protective effects of bioactive nutrients in our diets for various diseases. Along with various factors, such as genetic history, alcohol, smoking, exercise, and dietary choices play a vital role in affecting an individual's immune responses toward a transforming cell, by either preventing or accelerating a neoplastic transformation. Ample evidence suggests that dietary nutrients control the inflammatory and protumorigenic responses in immune cells. Immunoprevention is usually associated with the modulation of immune responses that help in resolving the inflammation, thus improving clinical outcome. Various metabolic pathway-related nutrients, including glutamine, arginine, vitamins, minerals, and long-chain fatty acids, are important components of immunonutrient mixes. Epidemiological studies related to these substances have reported different results, with no or minimal effects. However, several studies suggest that these nutrients may have immune-modulating effects that may lower cancer risk. Preclinical studies submit that most of these components may provide beneficial effects. The present review discusses the available data, the immune-modulating functions of these nutrients, and how these substances could be used to study immune modulation in a neoplastic environment. Further research will help to determine whether the mechanistic signaling pathways in immune cells altered by nutrients can be exploited for cancer prevention and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Naveena B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Janakiram
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Venkateshwar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Madka
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Chinthalapally V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017705:Lignans / Q000494:pharmacology; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000494:pharmacology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D017705:Lignans; D018977:Micronutrients; D064209:Phytochemicals; D059808:Polyphenols; D013267:Stilbenes; D005973:Glutamine; D002392:Catechin; D001120:Arginine; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate
keywords: Bioactive agents; Cancer; Immune modulation; Macronutrients; Phytochemicals
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