title: Evaluation of kidney injury biomarkers in rat amniotic fluid after gestational exposure to cadmium.
abstract: Cadmium is a well-characterized nephrotoxic agent that is also capable of accumulating and diffusing across the placenta; however, only a few studies have addressed its effects over fetal kidneys and none of them has used a panel of sensitive and specific biomarkers for the detection of kidney injury. The goal of this study was to determine cadmium renal effects in rat fetuses by the quantification of early kidney injury biomarkers. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation to an isotonic saline solution or to CdCl2 solution (DDel =1.48 mg Cd kg(-1) day(-1) ) during gestational days (GD) 8-20. On GD 21, dams were euthanized and samples obtained. Kidney injury biomarkers were quantified in amniotic fluid samples and fetal kidneys were microscopically evaluated to search for histological alterations. Our results showed that cadmium exposure significantly raised albumin, osteopontin, vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 levels in amniotic fluid, whereas it decreased creatinine. Clusterin, calbindin and IFN-inducible protein 10 did not show any change. Accordingly, histological findings showed tubular damage and precipitations in the renal pelvis. In conclusion, gestational exposure to cadmium induces structural alterations in fetal renal tissue that can be detected by some kidney injury biomarkers in amniotic fluid samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacobo-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardenas-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Mitzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoyo-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parada-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uria-Galicia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s/n, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, CP 07340, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arreola-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbier
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D064092:Calbindin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051152:Clusterin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C576500:Calb1 protein, rat; D064092:Calbindin 1; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; C498500:Clu protein, rat; D051152:Clusterin; C091326:Cxcl10 protein, rat; D007527:Isoenzymes; C506897:Spp1 protein, rat; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D002104:Cadmium; D053495:Osteopontin; D003404:Creatinine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C119995:glutathione S-transferase alpha; D045726:Metalloproteases
keywords: TIMP-1; VEGF; fetal nephrotoxicity; in utero exposure; metals; osteopontin