title: Cardio-Metabolic Disease Risks and Their Associations with Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Omega-3 Levels in South Asian and White Canadians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared cardio-metabolic disease risk factors and their associations with serum vitamin D and omega-3 status in South Asian (SAC) and White Canadians (WC) living in Canada's capital region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting blood samples were taken from 235 SAC and 279 WC aged 20 to 79 years in Ottawa, and 22 risk factors were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAC men and women had significantly higher fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), ratios of total (TC) to HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and ApoB to ApoA1, leptin, E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1 and omega-3 (p < 0.05), but lower HDLC, ApoA1, vitamin D levels than WC (p < 0.05). SAC women had higher CRP and VEGF than WC women. Adequate (50-74.9 nmol/L) or optimal (≥ 75 nmol/L) levels of 25(OH)D were associated with lower BMI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, CRP, leptin, and higher HDLC, ApoA1, omega-3 index, L-selectin levels in WC, but not in SAC. Intermediate (>4%-<8%) or high (≥ 8%) levels of omega-3 indices were related to lower E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1 and higher HDLC, 25(OH)D levels in WC, but not in SAC. The BMIs of ≤ 25 kg/m2 were related to lower LDLC, ApoB, VEGF, creatinine and higher 25(OH)D in WC, but not in SAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations of vitamin D, omega-3 status, BMI and risk factors were more profound in the WC than SAC. Compared to WC, vitamin D status and omega-3 index may not be good predictive risk factors for the prevalence of CVD and diabetes in SAC.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.|Food and Nutrition Science Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Chao-Wu
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swist
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.|Food Chemistry and Functional Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, 5-7, Konan 4, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Kurtis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarafin
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faucher
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Hong-Xing
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Walisundera M N
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ratnayake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D019040:E-Selectin; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007328:Insulin; C546936:SELE protein, human; D019041:L-Selectin; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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