title: In vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of cellulose-based nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Research on synthetic bioactive bone graft materials has significantly expanded in the past decade. In this study, the nanocomposite scaffold of semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPN) cellulose-graft-polyacrylamide/nano-hydroxyapatite was synthesized through free radical polymerization. The scaffolds were fabricated by the freeze-drying technique. The prepared semi-IPN nanocomposite scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In addition, the mechanical properties (i.e., elastic modulus and compressive strength) of the scaffolds were investigated. The SEM images showed that the pores of the scaffolds were interconnected, and their sizes ranged from 120 μm to 190 μm. Under optimum conditions, the prepared scaffolds had a compressive strength of 4.80 MPa, an elastic modulus of 0.29 GPa and a value of 47.37% porosity. Furthermore, the apatite-forming ability of the scaffolds was determined using simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days. The results revealed that the new apatite particles could grow on the surface of the scaffolds after a 14-day immersion in SBF. Finally, this study suggests that the prepared semi-IPN nanocomposites that closely mimic the properties of bone tissue could be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, TRNC via Mersin 10, Turkey. Electronic address: samaneh.saber@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saber-Samandari
authors.affiliation: New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: saeedss@aut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saber-Samandari
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiyazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aghazadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D032701:Biomimetics; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Bone-like apatite formation; Cellulose; Hydroxyapatite; Scaffold; Tissue engineering