title: Betel quid dependence is associated with functional connectivity changes of the anterior cingulate cortex: a resting-state fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is generally acknowledged that drug dependence is connected with abnormal functional organization in the individual's brain. The present study aimed to identify the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) abnormality with the cerebral networks involved in betel quid dependence (BQD) by resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  With fMRI data measured from 33 resting-state BQD individuals and 32 non-addicted and age-, sex-, education-matched healthy controls, we inquired into the BQD-related changes in FC between the regions of ACC with the whole brain involved in BQD individuals using a region of interest vised method, and to identify the relation of the alteration with the severity of BQD and duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, the BQD group showed increased connectivity from ACC to the regions of the reward network (brainstem including midbrain regions such as the ventral tegmental area and pons, caudate, thalamus) and cerebellum. Decreased connectivity was observed in the BQD group in regions from ACC to the default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus) and para Hippocampal/hypothalamus. Specifically, the BQD scale was positively correlated with increased FC of right ACC to left thalamus and left ACC to pons; the durations were negatively correlated with FC of right ACC to left precuneus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These disturbances in rsFC from ACC to the reward network and DMN revealed by fMRI may have a key function in providing insights into the neurological pathophysiology underlying BQD-associated executive dysfunction and disinhibition. These findings may contribute to our better understanding of the mechanisms underlying BQD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China. ltao829@163.com.|Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, 570311, Haikou, China. ltao829@163.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Xiuhua Road 19, Xiuying District, 570311, Haikou, China. Cjr.lijianjun@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, 570311, Haikou, China. 13627557086@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhongyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Southern Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, China. fmrizhongy@126.com.|School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, 210000, Nanjing, China. fmrizhongy@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Southern Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, China. zhangzq2001@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Southern Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, China. xuqiangnj12@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China. youngester4213@sina.com.
authors.forename: Guoshuai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Southern Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, China. cjr.luguangming@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China. pansuyue82@126.com.
authors.forename: Suyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Xiuhua Road 19, Xiuying District, 570311, Haikou, China. fenger0802@163.com.|Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Southern Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, China. fenger0802@163.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D031701:Piper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012146:Rest; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C495400:lime-piper betel quid
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