title: Developing an ethical guideline for clinical teaching in Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
abstract: Clinical education is an essential part of medical trainees' education process, and curriculum planners agree that it should be based on ethical standards and principles in the medical field. Nevertheless, no explained and codified criteria have been developed for ethics in clinical teaching. This study was aimed to develop an ethical guideline for medical students and teachers as the first and most important step in respecting patients' rights in educational centers. The initial draft included the codes of ethics in clinical education and was developed based on library studies. Subsequently, it was improved through a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus group sessions with medical students, patients, and medical teachers in educational hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The improved draft was reviewed and validated by a medical expert panel to prepare the final draft. The codes derived from this study included patients' choices and rights in purely educational procedures, and special considerations for a) obtaining informed consent for educational procedures; b) performing procedures on deceased persons, patients under anesthesia and those lacking decision making capacity; c) educational visual recordings of the patients; and d) safety monitoring in clinical education. The guideline developed in this study incorporates codes of ethics into clinical training. Therefore, in addition to providing efficient education, the interests of patients and their rights are respected, and the ethical sensitivity of learners in primacy of patients' best interests will be preserved and enhanced.
authors.affiliation: PhD candidate, Department of Medical Education, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.affiliation: MD, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Habibeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeketaz
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asghari
keywords: clinical teaching; ethical guideline; medical education
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Jun;153(6):637-44
references.pmid: 10357307
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Jun;176(6):1293-8; discussion 1298-9
references.pmid: 9215187
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 1996 Jul;72(849):385
references.pmid: 8935595
references.citation: Lancet. 1988 Nov 12;2(8620):1150
references.pmid: 2903370
references.citation: CMAJ. 1997 Feb 15;156(4):535-8
references.pmid: 9054824
references.citation: Acad Med. 2000 Oct;75(10 Suppl):S56-8
references.pmid: 11031174
references.citation: Acad Med. 2002 Dec;77(12 Pt 1):1212-6
references.pmid: 12480625
references.citation: Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Sep;11(9):962-6
references.pmid: 15347547
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 30;341(27):2088-91
references.pmid: 10615084
references.citation: Med Teach. 2006 Nov;28(7):e198-203
references.pmid: 17594546
references.citation: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010 Sep;32(9):872-874
references.pmid: 21050521
references.citation: BMJ. 2005 Dec 10;331(7529):1384-6
references.pmid: 16339250
references.citation: BMJ. 2003 Jan 11;326(7380):97-101
references.pmid: 12521977
references.citation: Educ Health (Abingdon). 2008 Jul;21(2):69
references.pmid: 19039740
references.citation: Med Educ. 2008 Mar;42(3):237-41
references.pmid: 18221270
references.citation: Acad Med. 1995 Mar;70(3):175-6
references.pmid: 7872999
references.citation: Med Educ. 1992 Sep;26(5):360-3
references.pmid: 1435374
references.citation: BMJ. 2001 Mar 24;322(7288):685-6
references.pmid: 11264191
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2004 Dec;89(12):1117-20
references.pmid: 15557044
references.citation: Acad Emerg Med. 2002 Jun;9(6):595-8
references.pmid: 12045072
references.citation: Am J Dis Child. 1991 Jul;145(7):757-62
references.pmid: 2058606