title: Endoscopic Fluorescence Angiography with Indocyanine Green : A Preclinical Study in the Swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microscopic indocyanine green (ICG) angiography is useful for identifying the completeness of aneurysm clipping and the preservation of parent arteries and small perforators. Neuroendoscopy is helpful for visualizing structures beyond the straight line of the microscopic view. We evaluated our prototype of endoscopic ICG fluorescence angiography in swine, which we developed in order to combine the merits of microscopic ICG angiography and endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our endoscopic ICG system consists of a camera, a light source, a display and software. This system can simultaneously display real-time visible and near infrared fluorescence imaging on the same monitor. A commercially available endoscope was used, which was 4 mm in diameter and had an angle of 30°. A male crossbred swine was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under general anesthesia, a small craniotomy was performed and the brain surface of the swine was exposed. ICG was injected via the ear vein with a bolus dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Visible and ICG fluorescence images of cortical vessels were simultaneously observed on the display monitor at high resolution. The real-time merging of the visible and fluorescent images corresponded well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous visible color and ICG fluorescent imaging of the cortical vessels in the swine brain was satisfactory. Technical improvement and clinical implication are expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Sang
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sae Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Chan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute Russia Science Seoul Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Uk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute Russia Science Seoul Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Sic
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Aneurysm surgery; Endoscopy; Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography
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