title: Nalmefene for the treatment of alcohol use disorders: recent data and clinical potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few pharmacotherapies are available for alcoholism. Numerous studies indicate the involvement of the opioid-endorphin system in mediating the reinforcing effects of alcohol via dopaminergic neurons. The opioid antagonist naltrexone was found to be effective in alcohol treatment, and the European Medicines Agency has now approved the mu-opioid antagonist und partial kappa agonist nalmefene.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article presents background information on the chemistry of nalmefene and pre-clinical and clinical findings. The three relevant Phase III studies, all of which followed a harm-reduction, "as needed" approach and found reduced alcohol consumption with nalmefene 18 (20) mg, are discussed in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of the "as needed" approach into conventional psychosocial alcohol therapies may be challenging but offers the opportunity to reach otherwise not treated patients. Nalmefene is the first medication to be approved specifically in this indication and seems to be most suitable for patients with alcohol misuse or a rather low physical dependence on alcohol who do not require immediate detoxification or inpatient treatment. Although a categorical distinction between patients who want to stop heavy drinking or drinking at all over time may be somewhat hypothetical, nalmefene offers new treatment options to patients with alcohol use disorder.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich , Germany.|b Privatklinik Meiringen , Meiringen , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soyka
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone; C038981:nalmefene
keywords: alcohol; alcoholism; nalmefene; opioid antagonists; opioid receptors; therapy