title: The descriptive epidemiology of total physical activity, muscle-strengthening exercises and sedentary behaviour among Australian adults--results from the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines recommend that adults engage in regular moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and strength training (ST), and minimise time spent in sedentary behaviours (SB). However, evidence about the specific individual and concurrent distribution of these behaviours in Australia is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of MVPA, ST and SB in a national-representative sample of Australian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using face-to-face interviews, as part of the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12. The population-weighted proportions meeting the MVPA (≥ 150 min/week), ST (≥ 2 sessions/week) and combined MVPA-ST guidelines, and proportions classified as having 'low levels of SB' (< 480 min/day) were calculated, and their associations with selected sociodemographic and health-related variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. This was also done for those at potentially 'high-risk', defined as insufficient MVPA-ST and 'high-sedentary' behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 9345 participants (response rate = 77.0 %), aged 18-85 years, 52.6 % (95 % CI: 51.2 %-54.0 %), 18.6 % (95 % CI: 17.5 %-19.7 %) and 15.0 % (95 % CI: 13.9 %-16.1 %) met the MVPA, ST and combined MVPA-ST guidelines, respectively. Female gender, older age, low/medium education, poorer self-rated health, being classified as underweight or obese, and being a current smoker were independently associated with lower odds of meeting the MVPA, ST and combined MVPA-ST guidelines. A total of 78.9 % (95 % CI: 77.9 %-80.0 %) were classified as having low levels of SB. Females, older adults and those with lower education were more likely to report lower levels of SB, whilst those with poor self-rated health and obese individuals were less likely to report lower levels of SB (i.e. SB = ≥ 480 min/day). A total of 8.9 % (95 % CI: 8.1 %-9.6 %) were categorised as individuals at potentially 'high-risk'. Those with poorer self-rated health, obese individuals, those aged 25-44, and current smokers were more likely to be in the 'high risk' group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large majority of Australian adults do not meet the full physical activity guidelines and/or report excessive SB. Our results call for public health interventions to reduce physical inactivity and SB in Australia, particularly among the subgroups at the highest risk of these unhealthy behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. jason.bennie@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bennie
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. zeljko.pedisic@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pedisic
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. jannique.vanuffelen@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jannique G Z
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Uffelen
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. joanne.gale@sydney.edu.au.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. joanne.gale@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. lauren.banting@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lauren K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Banting
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. ineke.vergeer@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ineke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergeer
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. emmanuel.stamatakis@sydney.edu.au.|Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. emmanuel.stamatakis@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. adrian.bauman@sydney.edu.au.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. adrian.bauman@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Adrian E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.affiliation: Active Living and Public Health Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. stuart.biddle@vu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stuart J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Biddle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D055070:Resistance Training; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness
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