title: Cognitive Training and Work Therapy for the Treatment of Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits in Veterans With Alcohol Use Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study focused on the efficacy of cognitive training for verbal learning and memory deficits in a population of older veterans with alcohol use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans with alcohol use disorders, who were in outpatient treatment at VA facilities and in early-phase recovery (N = 31), were randomized to receive a three-month trial of daily cognitive training plus work therapy (n = 15) or work therapy alone (n = 16), along with treatment as usual. Participants completed assessments at baseline and at three- and six-month follow-ups; the Hopkins Verbal Learning Task (HVLT) was the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were primarily male (97%) and in their mid-50s (M = 55.16, SD = 5.16) and had been sober for 1.64 (SD = 2.81) months. Study retention was excellent (91% at three-month follow-up) and adherence to treatment in both conditions was very good. On average, participants in the cognitive training condition had more than 41 hours of cognitive training, and both conditions had more than 230 hours of productive activity. HVLT results at three-month follow-up revealed significant condition effects favoring cognitive training for verbal learning (HVLT Trial-3 T-score, p < .005, Cohen's d = 1.3) and verbal memory (HVLT Total T-score, p < .01, Cohen's d = 1.1). Condition effects were sustained at six-month follow-up. At baseline, 55.9% of participants showed a significant deficit in verbal memory and 58.8% showed a deficit in verbal learning compared with a premorbid estimate of verbal IQ. At three-month follow-up there was a significant reduction in the number of participants in the cognitive training condition with clinically significant verbal memory deficits (p < .01, number needed to treat = 3.0) compared with the work therapy alone condition and a trend toward significance for verbal learning deficits, which was not sustained at six-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded pilot study demonstrates that cognitive training within the context of another activating intervention (work therapy) may have efficacy in remediating verbal learning and memory deficits in patients with alcohol use disorder. Findings indicate a large effect for cognitive training in this pilot study, which suggests that further research is warranted. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 01410110).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.|b Department of Veterans Affairs , Rehabilitation Research and Development Service , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Morris D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: b Department of Veterans Affairs , Rehabilitation Research and Development Service , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Vissicchio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.|b Department of Veterans Affairs , Rehabilitation Research and Development Service , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010045:Outpatients; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014728:Veterans
keywords: Cognitive training; alcohol use disorders; neurocognition; verbal learning; verbal memory
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