title: Evaluation of Functionality and Biological Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis after Exposure to Quaternium-15 (Methenamine 3-Chloroallylochloride).
abstract: Although the irritant effects of quaternium-15 have been established, little is known about the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic on aquatic invertebrates. The present article reports toxicological, histological and physiological effects of quaternium-15 following the exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis for 18 days at three different concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L). The results demonstrate that at higher concentrations histological damages to M. galloprovincialis gills occur, like melanosis, light exfoliations, increase of mucus production and infiltrative inflammation. In addition digestive gland cells of M. galloprovincialis, were not able to perform the regulation volume decrease (RVD) owing to osmotic stress following the exposure to the preservative. Overall, this first study on quaternium-15 highlights that it can jeopardize both the morphology and vital physiological processes in marine invertebrates, depending on the duration of exposure and the concentration of the preservative, indicating that further studies are necessary to increase our knowledge about the effects of this substance, commonly added to our products of daily use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. mariapagano88@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. gcapillo@unime.it.
authors.forename: Gioele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. msanfilippo@unime.it.
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanfilippo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. simon.palato89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palato
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. ftrischi@unime.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trischitta
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. amanganaro@unime.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manganaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. cfaggio@unime.it.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faggio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D008709:Methenamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009995:Osmosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C018375:quaternium-15; D008709:Methenamine
keywords: Mytilus galloprovincialis; citotoxicology; gill histopathology; quaternium-15; regulatory volume decrease
references.citation: C R Biol. 2003 Jul;326(7):659-72
references.pmid: 14556385
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2004 Apr;207(Pt 10):1665-74
references.pmid: 15073199
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Mar;140(3):359-67
references.pmid: 15694583
references.citation: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006 Jan;20(1):12-9
references.pmid: 15979898
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;141(3):248-56
references.pmid: 16095977
references.citation: Crit Rev Toxicol. 1991;21(5):315-28
references.pmid: 1741947
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Aug;57(2):301-14
references.pmid: 17553593
references.citation: Micron. 2008 Dec;39(8):1293-9
references.pmid: 18448346
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008 Dec;194(4):255-82
references.pmid: 18945273
references.citation: Mar Environ Res. 2009 Feb;67(1):47-52
references.pmid: 19081130
references.citation: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009 Mar;26(3):422-8
references.pmid: 19141322
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2009 May 5;92(3):202-12
references.pmid: 19282038
references.citation: Dermatol Clin. 2009 Jul;27(3):251-64, v-vi
references.pmid: 19580920
references.citation: Contact Dermatitis. 2010 Oct;63(4):187-91
references.pmid: 20573164
references.citation: Mar Pollut Bull. 2011 Jan;62(1):55-65
references.pmid: 20884033
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2011 Jan;158(1):143-9
references.pmid: 20937405
references.citation: Contact Dermatitis. 2011 Aug;65(2):120-2
references.pmid: 21745220
references.citation: Contact Dermatitis. 2011 Nov;65(5):276-85
references.pmid: 21951136
references.citation: Environ Toxicol. 2014 Jan;29(1):74-83
references.pmid: 21956867
references.citation: Mar Pollut Bull. 2011 Dec;62(12):2633-41
references.pmid: 22024543
references.citation: J Cutan Med Surg. 2012 Jan-Feb;16(1):18-22
references.pmid: 22417991
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33820
references.pmid: 22479452
references.citation: Contact Dermatitis. 2012 Nov;67(5):293-7
references.pmid: 22551399
references.citation: Dermatitis. 2012 Jan-Feb;23(1):39-43
references.pmid: 22653068
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2013 Jan 15;126:442-54
references.pmid: 23010389
references.citation: Australas J Dermatol. 2013 Feb;54(1):31-5
references.pmid: 23083503
references.citation: Cell Biochem Funct. 2013 Aug;31(6):489-95
references.pmid: 23112133
references.citation: Toxicol In Vitro. 2013 Jun;27(4):1260-6
references.pmid: 23474061
references.citation: Dermatitis. 2013 Mar-Apr;24(2):64-72
references.pmid: 23474446
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2013 Jul 15;136-137:32-48
references.pmid: 23643723
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2013 Sep;93(2):201-8
references.pmid: 23751124
references.citation: Mar Pollut Bull. 2013 Jul 15;72(1):34-40
references.pmid: 23756112
references.citation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Sep;20(9):6658-66
references.pmid: 23764978
references.citation: Australas J Dermatol. 2014 Aug;55(3):225-6
references.pmid: 24032695
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Jan;70(1):102-7
references.pmid: 24220722
references.citation: Mar Environ Res. 2014 Mar;94:32-7
references.pmid: 24321649
references.citation: Mar Environ Res. 2014 Oct;101:29-37
references.pmid: 25164019
references.citation: Australas J Dermatol. 2015 May;56(2):107-15
references.pmid: 25196101
references.citation: Environ Res. 2014 Nov;135:55-62
references.pmid: 25262075
references.citation: Toxicol In Vitro. 2015 Feb;29(1):211-20
references.pmid: 25449125
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2014 Dec;157:94-100
references.pmid: 25456223
references.citation: Water Res. 2015 Jan 1;68:1-11
references.pmid: 25462712
references.citation: Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015 Oct;37(5):474-8
references.pmid: 25704726
references.citation: J Environ Radioact. 2015 Jun;144:47-51
references.pmid: 25794925
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2015 Aug 1;523:1-15
references.pmid: 25847311
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Jun;38(6 Pt 1):911-8
references.pmid: 9631997