title: Cryptosporidium galli and novel Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI in North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus).
abstract: Proventriculus and intestinal samples from 70 North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus; order Passeriformes) were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), actin, and 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) genes. Twelve birds (17.1 %) were positive for the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene: six birds were positive at the proventriculus site only and six birds were positive at the proventriculus and intestinal sites. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA, actin and HSP70 genes showed the presence of the gastric species Cryptosporidium galli in a single proventriculus sample and a closely related genotype, which we have named Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI, in all other positive samples. These findings contribute to our understanding of Cryptosporidium diversification in passerines, the largest avian order.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Jeba Jesudoss
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chelladurai
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.|Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech of Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kváč
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.|Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech of Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holubová
authors.affiliation: Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.|Biological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Brianna L S
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Giddings
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA. john.mcevoy@ndsu.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEvoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification*; D005838:Genotype; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046109:Passeriformes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
keywords: Avian genotype VI; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium galli; Intestine; Passerines; Proventriculus; Red-winged blackbird
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Mar;67(3):1097-101
references.pmid: 11229897
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1992 Jul;9(4):678-87
references.pmid: 1630306
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2011 Jan 10;175(1-2):27-32
references.pmid: 21035268
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1987 Jul;4(4):406-25
references.pmid: 3447015
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2012 Apr;110(4):1363-70
references.pmid: 21922240
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Dec;72(12):7548-53
references.pmid: 17028234
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2013 Apr;30(4):772-80
references.pmid: 23329690
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1558-62
references.pmid: 16593914
references.citation: Avian Dis. 1990 Oct-Dec;34(4):1027-30
references.pmid: 2282009
references.citation: J Comp Pathol. 1955 Jul;65(3):262-6
references.pmid: 13242675
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2003 Aug;89(4):809-13
references.pmid: 14533694
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2013 Dec;30(12):2725-9
references.pmid: 24132122
references.citation: J Protozool. 1986 May;33(2):289-96
references.pmid: 3735157
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2002 Apr;88(2):388-94
references.pmid: 12054017
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;15(1):85-94
references.pmid: 25278220
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 2010 Jan;124(1):113-20
references.pmid: 19545515
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2001 Mar;31(3):289-96
references.pmid: 11226456
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2014 Sep 15;205(1-2):7-13
references.pmid: 25155280
references.citation: Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Jun;32:113-23
references.pmid: 25772204
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2009 Dec 3;166(1-2):47-51
references.pmid: 19683397
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Dec;44(12):4303-8
references.pmid: 17005736
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2010 Sep;54(3):1102-7
references.pmid: 20945797
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jan;17(1):72-97
references.pmid: 14726456
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:309-38
references.pmid: 16285863
references.citation: Avian Pathol. 2012;41(4):395-401
references.pmid: 22834555
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 2011 Aug;128(4):336-40
references.pmid: 21557938
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):4302-7
references.pmid: 12839819
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1997 Dec 15;90(2):463-78
references.pmid: 9476794