title: Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms.
abstract: Salmonellosis is an economic burden to the livestock industry in Reunion Island. In this study, we wanted to improve our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology by studying the wild fauna of Reunion Island. We assessed Salmonella diversity in small non-flying mammals, birds and cockroaches in order to evaluate their potential role in the epidemiology of Salmonella. A total of 268 samples were collected from cockroaches, small mammals and birds. The bacteriological analyses revealed that 11.7% of non-flying mammals and 25% of cockroaches tested were Salmonella infected; two wild bird species were also detected positive. The 128 Salmonella isolates were distributed in fifteen serotypes and the most predominant were S. 4,[5],12:i:- (21.9% of positive samples) followed by S. Enteritidis (15.6%), S. Typhimurium (15.6%), S. Infantis (12.5%) and S. Weltevreden (12.5%). A total of 27 XbaI profiles were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Comparison of these Salmonella strains with our collection of Salmonella isolated from pigs and pig farm environments at the same period revealed 14 strains in common between wild fauna and pigs, especially for cockroaches. Our results suggest that wild fauna of Reunion Island could be infected by strains of Salmonella also isolated from pigs or pig environment. They may play a role in both persistence and spreading of Salmonella and therefore, could be a source of infection in pig farms. Pest control against cockroaches could be a helpful tool in the reduction of Salmonella infection of pigs, limiting contacts between wild fauna and both pigs and pig environment. Special attention should be paid to S. 4,[5],12:i:- since it was predominant in Reunion Island's wild fauna and pigs and was the third most frequently reported serotype in human salmonellosis in Europe.
authors.affiliation: SICABAT, Société d'Intérêt Collectif Agricole d'Abattage, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion, France; CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France,; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France; CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille des maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France; Université de la Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France. Electronic address: claire_tessier@outlook.fr.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tessier
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France,; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France; CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille des maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France. Electronic address: laura.atiana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parama Atiana
authors.affiliation: CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille des maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France; UMR PIMIT, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France. Electronic address: erwan.lagadec69@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lagadec
authors.affiliation: CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille des maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France; UMR PIMIT, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France. Electronic address: leminterbzh@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Gildas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Le Minter
authors.affiliation: Anses, Unité Hygiène et Qualité des Produits Avicoles et Porcins, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France. Electronic address: martine.denis@anses.fr.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Denis
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France,; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France; CRVOI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille des maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France. Electronic address: eric.cardinale@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardinale
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology*; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017508:Reunion / Q000453:epidemiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: PFGE; Pig; Reunion Island; Salmonella; Tropics; Wild fauna