title: Intake of essential fatty acids in Indonesian children: secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative survey.
abstract: Essential fatty acids (EFA) such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) are needed for healthy growth and development of children. Worldwide, reliable intake data of EFA are often lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate dietary intake of EFA in Indonesian children. Dietary intake data of 4-12-year-old children (n 45,821) from a nationally representative Indonesian survey were used to estimate median intake and distribution of population fatty acid intake. Missing data on individual fatty acids in the Indonesian food composition table were complemented through chemical analyses of national representative food samples and imputation of data from the US nutrient database. Nutrient adequacy ratios were calculated as a percentage of FAO/WHO intake recommendations. The medians of total fat intake of the children was 26·7 (10th-90th percentile 11·2-40·0) percentage of total daily energy (%E). Intakes of fatty acids were 4·05 (10th-90th percentile 1·83-7·22) %E for total PUFA, 3·36 (10th-90th percentile 1·14-6·29) %E for LA and 0·20 (10th-90th percentile 0·07-0·66) %E for ALA. Median intake of PUFA was 67 % and that of ALA 40 % of the minimum amounts recommended by FAO/WHO. These data indicate that a majority of Indonesian children has intakes of PUFA and specifically ALA that are lower than recommended intake levels. Total fat and LA intakes may be suboptimal for a smaller yet considerable proportion of children. Public health initiatives should provide practical guidelines to promote consumption of PUFA-rich foods.
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever R&D,Olivier van Noortlaan 120,3130 AC Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8060-2321
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neufingerl
authors.affiliation: 2Faculty of Public Health,University of Indonesia,Depok 16424,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ratna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Djuwita
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever R&D,Olivier van Noortlaan 120,3130 AC Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otten-Hofman
authors.affiliation: 3Faculty of Human Ecology,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16880,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Reisi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nurdiani
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever R&D,Olivier van Noortlaan 120,3130 AC Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Garczarek
authors.affiliation: 3Faculty of Human Ecology,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16880,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulaeman
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever R&D,Olivier van Noortlaan 120,3130 AC Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever R&D,Olivier van Noortlaan 120,3130 AC Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ans
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eilander
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D014480:United Nations
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential
keywords: %E percentage of total daily energy; ALA 
                    α-linolenic acid; DHA; Dietary intakes; EAR estimated average requirement; EFA essential fatty acids; EPA; LA linoleic acid; LC-PUFA long-chain PUFA; Linoleic acid; RISKESDAS Riset Kesehatan Dasar; i.e. Indonesian National Basic Health Survey; α-Linolenic acid