title: Incorporating Corrections for the Head-Holder and Compensation Filter when Calculating Skin Dose during Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventions.
abstract: The skin dose tracking system (DTS) that we developed provides a color-coded illustration of the cumulative skin dose distribution on a 3D graphic of the patient during fluoroscopic procedures for immediate feedback to the interventionist. To improve the accuracy of dose calculation, we now have incorporated two additional important corrections (1) for the holder used to immobilize the head in neuro-interventions and (2) for the built-in compensation filters used for beam equalization. Both devices have been modeled in the DTS software so that beam intensity corrections can be made. The head-holder is modeled as two concentric hemi-cylindrical surfaces such that the path length between those surfaces can be determined for rays to individual points on the skin surface. The head-holder on the imaging system we used was measured to attenuate the primary x-rays by 10 to 20% for normal incidence, and up to 40% at non-normal incidence. In addition, three compensation filters of different shape are built into the collimator apparatus and were measured to have attenuation factors ranging from 58% to 99%, depending on kVp and beam filtration. These filters can translate and rotate in the beam and their motion is tracked by the DTS using the digital signal from the imaging system. When it is determined that a ray to a given point on the skin passes through the compensation filter, the appropriate attenuation correction is applied. These corrections have been successfully incorporated in the DTS software to provide a more accurate determination of skin dose.
authors.affiliation: Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
authors.forename: Sarath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayan
authors.affiliation: Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudin
authors.affiliation: Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bednarek
keywords: Compensation filter; Dose tracking; Fluoroscopic interventional procedures; Head Holder; Skin dose
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