title: Influence of ultrasonic and sonic activation of epoxy-amine resin-based sealer on penetration of sealer into lateral canals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sonic and ultrasonic activation of epoxy-amine resin-based root canal sealer (2Seal; VDW GmbH, München, Germany) on penetration of the sealer into lateral canals compared to non-activated filling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six single-rooted human anterior teeth were decoronated and prepared, using the ProTaper rotary system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to F4. After the completion of the clearing procedures, lateral canals were created at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the working length. The specimens were randomly divided into a control group (non-activated sealer application) and two experimental groups that received a sealer application with either sonic or ultrasonic activation. The root canals were filled using cold lateral compaction and images were obtained from each lateral canals at 40× magnification using a stereomicroscope. The sealer penetration was evaluated using a four-grade scoring system. The data were evaluated statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests with a 95 % confidence level (P = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultrasonic activation resulted in a better sealer penetration compared with the non-activated and sonically activated groups (P < 0.001). Sonic activation also resulted in better sealer penetration compared to the non-activated group (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the ultrasonic activation of an epoxy-amine resin-based sealer promoted greater sealer penetration into the lateral canals. Sonic activation was not effective as ultrasonic activation, but was more effective than the non-activated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasonic activation of an epoxy-amine resin-based sealer could be beneficial in filling procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, 26240, Erzurum, Turkey. dt_hakan82@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, 26240, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aneesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, 26240, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karatas
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007180:Incisor; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000737:chemistry; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Activation; Epoxy-amine resin; Lateral canal; Sonic; Ultrasonic
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