title: Formation of microemulsions for using as cosmeceutical delivery systems: effects of various components and characteristics of some formulations.
abstract: Microemulsions are interesting formulations for cosmeceutical applications due to their good appearance, high solubilization power, thermodynamic stability, and enhancement of skin penetration. In addition, they can spontaneously form when suitable types and amounts of components are simply mixed. In this study, the phase behavior of the nonionic systems with various parameters was studied by construction of phase diagrams using titration method. Natural oils, i.e., coconut oil (CO), rice bran oil (RBO), and palm oil (PO), were analyzed for their fatty acid compositions and then mixed with blends of nonionic surfactants (Tween80: Span80) and water or mixtures of water and a cosolvent, propylene glycol (PG), to find the microemulsion regions. Subsequently, some microemulsions were selected for physical characterization. The largest microemulsion regions which were obtained from CO, RBO, and PO covered the sizes of 11.65, 9.84, and 9.24 %, respectively. The surfactant mixture at weight ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable for CO and PO, but for RBO, it was 2:1. PG could increase the microemulsion regions of PO from 9.24 to 15.33 %, depending on PG concentrations. Hence, the sizes of the microemulsion regions were related to oil types, surfactant mixtures, and ratios between water and PG. The studied microemulsions were water-in-oil (w/o) type, and their internal droplets were in the nanosize range. They exhibited Newtonian flow behavior and their mean viscosity values were from 247.53 to 690.35 cP which were correlated with the types and concentrations of the components in the formulations. In conclusion, natural oils could form w/o microemulsions with nonionic surfactants. The microemulsion formation and characteristics were related to many parameters of the components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Nanotec-PSU Center of Excellence on Drug Delivery System, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: Krisada
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wuttikul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Nanotec-PSU Center of Excellence on Drug Delivery System, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand. prapaporn.b@psu.ac.th.
authors.forename: Prapaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boonme
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D000074263:Coconut Oil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000068937:Cosmeceuticals / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D000073879:Rice Bran Oil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000068937:Cosmeceuticals; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D000073878:Palm Oil; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D000073879:Rice Bran Oil; D000074263:Coconut Oil
keywords: Cosolvent; Fatty acid; HLB; Microemulsion; Natural oil; Nonionic surfactant
references.citation: Exp Ther Med. 2015 Jan;9(1):39-42
references.pmid: 25452773
references.citation: Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008 Feb;30(1):19-33
references.pmid: 18377627
references.citation: Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010 Jun 14;40(3):188-96
references.pmid: 20304048
references.citation: Pharm Dev Technol. 2016;21(1):116-20
references.pmid: 25318786
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2005 Jan 6;288(1):27-34
references.pmid: 15607255
references.citation: Drug Des Devel Ther. 2011;5:311-23
references.pmid: 21792294
references.citation: Int J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;53(1):100-8
references.pmid: 24320105
references.citation: Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014 Dec 16;9:21-31
references.pmid: 25565770
references.citation: Food Chem. 2015 May 1;174:270-8
references.pmid: 25529680
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Nov 13;61(45):10626-41
references.pmid: 24175575
references.citation: J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Dec;6(4):223-8
references.pmid: 18047605
references.citation: J Cosmet Sci. 2012 Nov-Dec;63(6):397-406
references.pmid: 23286871
references.citation: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2014 Apr 1;116:351-8
references.pmid: 24521698
references.citation: J Nutr. 1997 Mar;127(3):521S-524S
references.pmid: 9082039
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2007 Aug 15;312(2):355-62
references.pmid: 17416387
references.citation: Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2007 Aug;33(8):874-80
references.pmid: 17729105
references.citation: Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014 Dec;36(6):606-12
references.pmid: 25234159