title: Volatiles released by Chinese liquorice roots mediate host location behaviour by neonate Porphyrophora sophorae (Hemiptera: Margarodidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cochineal scale, Porphyrophora sophorae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Margarodidae), is one of the most serious arthropod pests of Chinese liquorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Fabaceae), an important medicinal herb. The adult females tend to deposit the ovisacs in soil relatively far away from liquorice plants. After hatching, neonates move out of the soil and may use chemical cues to search for new hosts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected and analysed the volatiles from soils with and without liquorice roots, and chromatographic profiles revealed hexanal, β-pinene and hexanol as potential host-finding cues for P. sphorae. The attractiveness of these compounds to neonates was studied in the laboratory using four-arm olfactometer bioassays. The larvae showed a clear preference for β-pinene over hexanal and hexanol, as well as all possible combinations of the three compounds. In addition, a field experiment confirmed that β-pinene was significantly more attractive than hexanal and hexanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newly eclosed larvae of P. sphorae exploit root volatiles as chemical cues to locate their host plant. β-Pinene proved to be the major chemical cue used by P. sphorae neonates searching for roots of their host plant. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Fu
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Kai
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ted Cj
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Turlings
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D003463:Cues; D029882:Glycyrrhiza uralensis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D000441:Hexanols / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D009812:Odorants; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D000441:Hexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D012987:Soil; C010789:beta-pinene; C010463:n-hexanal
keywords: Porphyrophora sophorae; attraction; host plant location; root herbivore; scale insect; β-pinene