title: Persistent left superior vena cava: Two case reports and a review from nephrologists' perspective.
abstract: Thoracic venous anomalies without congenital heart anomalies are present in minority of the population, but they are frequent enough to be encountered while placing hemodialysis catheters through the jugular or subclavian veins. Persistent left superior vena cava is the most commonly seen anomaly and it is rarely noticed before the observation of an unusual course of hemodialysis catheter or guidewire on chest X-ray. We present two patients with previously unspotted persistent left superior vena cava and uncomplicated hemodialysis catheter insertions through the internal jugular veins with good catheter functions. Review of the relevant literature from a nephrologists' perspective with technical aspects is provided.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Tuncay
authors: T
authors: Sahutoglu
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Tamer
authors: T
authors: Sakaci
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors: Ekrem
authors: E
authors: Kara
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Elbis
authors: E
authors: Ahbap
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Taner
authors: T
authors: Basturk
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Yener
authors: Y
authors: Koc
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Sevinc
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Cuneyt
authors: C
authors: Akgol
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Arzu Ozdemir
authors: AO
authors: Kayarlar
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Zuhal Atan
authors: ZA
authors: Ucar
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Feyza Bayraktar
authors: FB
authors: Caglayan
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Nuri Baris
authors: NB
authors: Hasbal
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Perin
authors: P
authors: Nazif
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Mahmoud
authors: M
authors: Isleem
authors: Department of Chest Disease, Yedikule Chest Disease and Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Elif
authors: E
authors: Sahutoglu
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Abdulkadir
authors: A
authors: Unsal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072104:Nephrologists; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities*
keywords: Hemodialysis catheter; hemodialysis; persistent left superior vena cava