title: Geometry of inferior endplates of the cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Device subsidence is a well-known complication following cervical disc arthroplasty. Its occurrence has been closely tied with the endplate-implant contact interface. But current literature on the geometry of cervical endplate is very scarce. The aim of this anatomical investigation was to analyze geometry of inferior endplates of the cervical vertebrae, thereby identifying the common endplate shape patterns and providing morphological reference values consummating the design of the implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reformatted CT scans of 85 individuals were analyzed and endplate concave depth, endplate concave apex location, sagittal diameter of endplate, coronal concave angle, as well as transverse diameter of endplate were measured in mid-sagittal plane and specified coronal plane. According to the endplate concave apex location, the inferior endplates in mid-sagittal plane were classified into 3 types: type I with posteriorly positioned apex, type II with middle situated concave apex and type III with anteriorly positioned apex. Moreover, the inferior endplates in specified coronal plane were also classified into three types: concave, flat and irregular.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on visual assessment, for the mid-sagittal plane, type I endplate accounted for 26.9% of all the 510 endplates of 85 individuals, while the proportion of type II and type III endplates were 53.9 and 19.2% respectively. For the specified coronal plane, 68.6% of all the 510 endplates were evaluated as concave, 26.9% as flat and the remaining 4.5% as irregular. Among all measured segments, C3 had the largest endplate concave depth values in mid-sagittal plane, while C7 the least; C5 and C6 had the largest sagittal endplate diameter values, while C2 the least. For each level, the sagittal endplate concave depth and endplate diameter of females were significantly smaller than those of males (P<0.05). Among all measured segments, C7 had the least coronal concave angle. Gender did not influence coronal concave angle significantly (P>0.05). Increasing from C2 to C7, the endplate transverse diameters of females were significantly smaller than those of males (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exact shape and geometry of cervical endplate are crucial for the design and improvement of cervical disc prosthesis. Gender difference of sagittal and transverse diameters of cervical endplate should be given more attention when implanting a disc prosthesis. These endplate geometrical parameters should be taken into consideration when calculating most suitable geometric parameters of new disc prosthesis.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors: Jigang
authors: J
authors: Lou
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. Electronic address: liuhao6304@163.com.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Rong
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors: Huibo
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors: Beiyu
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Gong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: Cervical disc arthroplasty; Cervical spine; Geometry; Vertebral endplate