title: Role of Temperament, Personality Traits and Onset Age of Smoking in Predicting Opiate Dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarettes, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to compare nicotine and opiate addicts to identify the differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking in the two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to other substances after starting to use cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of opiate and nicotine addicts were randomly selected. Revised version of the Cloninger temperament inventory questionnaire, the Fagrastrom nicotine dependence and the Maudsley addiction profile were used. ANOVA and logistic regression were applied for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opiate addicts had higher scores in novelty seeking dimension and lower scores in cooperativeness compared to nicotine addicts. The onset age of smoking cigarette in opiate addicts was lower than nicotine addicts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low onset age of smoking cigarettes, high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness in opiate dependents are among the important personality traits in future use of drugs that can predict the subsequent onset of using opiate drugs.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors: Bahareh
authors: B
authors: Amirabadi
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Nikbakht
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors: Mostafa
authors: M
authors: Nokani
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Psychiatry, University of Rehabilitation and Welfare Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors: Neda
authors: N
authors: Alibeygi
authors: Department of psychology, Faculty of psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, IR Iran.
authors: Hadi
authors: H
authors: Safari
keywords: Character; Nicotine; Substance Dependence; Temperament