title: The dynamic interdependence between family support and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Ghana.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study identified temporal sequencing in the associations between family support and depressive symptoms over the course of adolescence for youth in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data derived from a longitudinal cohort study of 718 Ghanaian adolescents (58 % female) who were, on average, 13.84 years at Wave 1. Youth completed surveys at three time points separated by an 18-month time lag from early through late adolescence. Latent growth curve techniques were used to investigate the degree to which family support predicts changes in youth depressive symptoms and/or depressive symptoms precede changes in family support from early through late adolescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth in Ghana experience declines in family support and increases in depressive symptoms over the course of adolescence. The associations between lower family support and higher depressive symptoms are recursive or bidirectional over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results suggest the value of promoting family support and reducing youth's depressive symptomology as a way of interrupting a recursive cycle of declining family support and increasing depressive symptomology from early through late adolescence.
authors: Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, Suite 300, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. kroche@gwu.edu.
authors: Kathleen M
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-0720
authors: KM
authors: Roche
authors: Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, Suite 300, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Bingenheimer
authors: Department of Community & Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, The Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
authors: Sharon R
authors: SR
authors: Ghazarian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Adolescent depressive symptoms; Family support; Latent growth curve models; Sub-Saharan Africa