title: Cultural Adaptation of the Portuguese Version of the "Sniffin' Sticks" Smell Test: Reliability, Validity, and Normative Data.
abstract: The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sniffin`Sticks test for the Portuguese population is described. Over 270 people participated in four experiments. In Experiment 1, 67 participants rated the familiarity of presented odors and seven descriptors of the original test were adapted to a Portuguese context. In Experiment 2, the Portuguese version of Sniffin`Sticks test was administered to 203 healthy participants. Older age, male gender and active smoking status were confirmed as confounding factors. The third experiment showed the validity of the Portuguese version of Sniffin`Sticks test in discriminating healthy controls from patients with olfactory dysfunction. In Experiment 4, the test-retest reliability for both the composite score (r71 = 0.86) and the identification test (r71 = 0.62) was established (p<0.001). Normative data for the Portuguese version of Sniffin`Sticks test is provided, showing good validity and reliability and effectively distinguishing patients from healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity. The Portuguese version of Sniffin`Sticks test identification test is a clinically suitable screening tool in routine outpatient Portuguese settings.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.|Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: João Carlos
authors: JC
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: João
authors: J
authors: Simões
authors: Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Filipe
authors: F
authors: Silva
authors: Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.|Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Eduardo D
authors: ED
authors: Silva
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany.
authors: Cornelia
authors: C
authors: Hummel
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Hummel
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Coimbra University Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: António
authors: A
authors: Paiva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003469:Culture; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011174:Portugal; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult