title: Aromatase expression in human chondrocytes: An induction due to culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women, a relationship between circulating estrogen levels and the development of OA has not been found. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression and activity of aromatase, a key enzyme in local production of estrogens, in human OA cultured articular chondrocytes, and to determine the physiological relevance of this enzyme in cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human OA articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured. Local production of estradiol was measured after incubation with 100 ng/ml testosterone for 8 and 24h. Furthermore, chondrocytes were culture for 2h, 48 h, 7 days or 15 days, or in alginate beads for 10 days. Aromatase, type II and X collagen, aggrecan, alkaline phosphatase, and Runx2 expression were evaluated in cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes and cultured chondrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aromatase was expressed and active in cultured human chondrocytes. Human cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes, and chondrocytes cultured for 2h expressed an insignificant amount of aromatase; however, expression arose after 48 h of culture and remained increased thereafter. Aromatase expression was not related to estrogen deprivation and was inversely correlated with differentiation. Re-differentiation did not reduce its expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aromatase presents an almost undetectable expression in human cartilage but is induced in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, human cartilage might act as a mere target for estrogens rather than a producer, and researchers using cell expansion in culture for latter therapies should consider these changes in estrogen metabolism which may not be reverted after re-differentiation.
authors: Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: avillalvilla@gmail.com.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Villalvilla
authors: Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; Musculoskeletal Pathology Lab, Institute IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain. Electronic address: rodolfobahamonde@gmail.com.
authors: Rodolfo
authors: R
authors: Gomez
authors: Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: llugo@fjd.es.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Lugo
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: FlopezOliva@fjd.es.
authors: Felipe
authors: F
authors: Lopez-Oliva
authors: Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: rlargo@fjd.es.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Largo
authors: Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: gherrero@fjd.es.
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Herrero-Beaumont
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D001141:Aromatase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000201:enzymology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000201:enzymology*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004967:Estrogens; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D001141:Aromatase
keywords: Aromatase; Cartilage; Chondrocyte; Estrogen; Osteoarthritis