title: Effects of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate against pathogen populations in poultry litters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate as litter amendments on ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus, and pathogen populations in poultry litters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Increasing levels of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate were applied onto the surface of rice hull as a top-dress application; untreated rice hulls served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone resulted in lower litter pH (p < 0.05), as compared with that of the controls. There were some differences (p < 0.05) between treatments with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone and controls at 2-4 wk (not at 1 wk). Ammonia levels reduced on an average by 29%, 30%, and 32% for 10 g, 20 g Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate, and aluminum sulfate alone, respectively, as compared with controls at 4 wk. During the experiment, Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate treatment had an effect (p < 0.05) on soluble reactive phosphorus content, as compared with the controls (not at 4 wk). A decrease in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli was observed (p < 0.05) in litter amended with both Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate and aluminum sulfate alone, as compared with the control, except at 1-3 wk for Salmonella enterica and 1 wk and 4 wk for Escherichia coli, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that using Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate (blends), which act as acidifying agents by reducing the pH of the litter, was equally effective as aluminum sulfate in reducing the environmental impact.
authors: Department of Animal Resources Science, Joongbu University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae Ho
authors: TH
authors: Chung
authors: BK21 Plus and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
authors: Chul
authors: C
authors: Park
authors: Department of Animal Resources Science, Joongbu University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: In Hag
authors: IH
authors: Choi
keywords: Korean Red Ginseng; aluminum sulfate; ammonia; antipathogenic agents; pathogen populations in poultry litters