title: Understanding the Areas and Correlates of Diabetes-Related Distress in Parents of Teens With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: To identify the unique areas of diabetes-related distress (DD) for parents of teens with type 1 diabetes and parent and teen characteristics associated with DD.
  
  
  
  Areas of DD were developed from structured interviews and translated into 46 survey items. Items were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA).
  
  
  
  An EFA with 332 parents (88% mothers) reduced items to four Parent Diabetes Distress Scale (PDDS) factors (20 items, α = .94): Personal, Teen Management, Parent/Teen Relationship, and Healthcare Team Distress. Parent DD was higher among fathers, younger or single parents, parents of teens with higher hemoglobin A1c or severe low blood glucose levels, authoritarian parenting, depressive symptoms, and low emotional support.
  
  
  
  4 areas of parent DD were identified using a newly developed measure, the PDDS. DD was associated with family demographic, teen diabetes status, and parent contextual factors, and can help identify parents who may be more vulnerable to DD.
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, UCSF.
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Hessler
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, UCSF.
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Fisher
authors: Behavioral Diabetes Institute, University of California, and.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Polonsky
authors: University of South Florida.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Adolescents; diabetes; parent stress; parenting style; parent–adolescent communication; psychosocial functioning