title: Uptake and decomposition of the herbicide propanil in the plant Bidens pilosa L. dominating in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China.
abstract: Propanil (3',4'-dichloropropionanilide) is a selective post emergence herbicide for controlling broad leaf and grass weeds in rice (Oryza sativa L.). After being taken up by plants, the fate of propanil in decomposing plant material is of particular importance to the phytoremediation of the environment. Therefore, we investigated the biotransformation of propanil in the plant Bidens pilosa under conditions close to those present in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China. Plants pre-treated with14C-ring-labeled propanil were either (treatment a) directly submerged in TGR water for 90 days or (treatment b) pre-extracted with organic solvents, and subsequently only insoluble materials and non-extractable residues (NER) of the pesticide fractions were similarly incubated. After incubation in TGR water (treatment a), 30 % of applied radioactivity was released into water and simultaneously, amounts of NER in the plant debris appeared to increase with time finally amounting to 40 % of applied14C. The radioactivity contained in the extractable fractions were identified as propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), and N-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA-Glu). In treatment b, significant14C amounts were released to the water (6 % of applied14C) and the solubilized radioactivity fractions were demonstrated to agree with those found in the extractable fractions. Therefore, if residues of the pesticide propanil are taken up by plants, it may enter again the aquatic environment after plant death and submergence. This phenomenon may have a potential impact on aquatic organisms, which to our knowledge has not been reported before. As plant uptake and degradation of xenobiotics are recognized as detoxification, we consider B. pilosa with its high uptake potential, at least for propanil, as suitable species for phytoremediation.
authors: Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany. zhongli.chen@bio5.rwth-aachen.de.
authors: Zhongli
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Schmidt
authors: Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.|School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianling Av. 163, 210023, Nanjing, China.|College of Resource and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400030, Chongqing, China.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Schäffer
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D031176:Bidens / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011411:Propanil / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C014464:3,4-dichloroaniline; D011411:Propanil
keywords: Bidens pilosa L.; Non-extractable residues (NER); Pesticide residues; Propanil; Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)