title: Optimizing the Clinical Use of Vancomycin.
abstract: The increasing number of infections produced by beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and the morbidity secondary to these infections make it necessary to optimize the use of vancomycin. In 2009, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Disease Pharmacists published specific guidelines about vancomycin dosage and monitoring. However, these guidelines have not been updated in the past 6 years. This review analyzes the new available information about vancomycin published in recent years regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, serum concentration monitoring, and optimal vancomycin dosing in special situations (obese people, burn patients, renal replacement therapy, among others). Vancomycin efficacy is linked to a correct dosage which should aim to reach an area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio of ≥400; serum trough levels of 15 to 20 mg/liter are considered a surrogate marker of an AUC/MIC ratio of ≥400 for a MIC of ≤1 mg/liter. For Staphylococcus aureus strains presenting with a MIC >1 mg/liter, an alternative agent should be considered. Vancomycin doses must be adjusted according to body weight and the plasma trough levels of the drug. Nephrotoxicity has been associated with target vancomycin trough levels above 15 mg/liter. Continuous infusion is an option, especially for patients at high risk of renal impairment or unstable vancomycin clearance. In such cases, vancomycin plasma steady-state level and creatinine monitoring are strongly indicated.
authors: Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: Rocío
authors: R
authors: Álvarez
authors: Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: Luis E
authors: LE
authors: López Cortés
authors: Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Molina
authors: Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Cisneros
authors: Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain pachon@us.es.
authors: Jerónimo
authors: J
authors: Pachón
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin