title: Biomarkers of Dietary Intake Are Correlated with Corresponding Measures from Repeated Dietary Recalls and Food-Frequency Questionnaires in the Adventist Health Study-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate assessment of diet in study populations is still a challenge. Some statistical strategies that use biomarkers of dietary intake attempt to compensate for the biasing effects of reporting errors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to correlate biomarkers of dietary intake with 2 direct measures of dietary intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects provided repeated 24-h dietary recalls and 2 food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) separated by ∼3 y. Correlations between biomarkers and reported dietary intakes as measured by the recalls and FFQs were de-attenuated for within-person variability. The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) has a large database of biomarkers of dietary intake (blood, urine, adipose tissue) from a calibration study (909 analytic subjects) representing the cohort. Participants were black and non-black Adventists in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary items with higher-valued de-attenuated correlations (≥0.50) between biomarkers and recalls included some fatty acids (FAs), the non-fish meats, fruit (non-black subjects), some carotenoids, vitamin B-12 (non-black subjects), and vitamin E. Moderately valued correlations (0.30-0.49) were found for very long chain ω-3 (n-3) FAs, some carotenoids, folate, isoflavones, cruciferous vegetables, fruit (black subjects), and calcium. The highest correlation values in non-black and black subjects were 0.69 (urinary 1-methyl-histidine and meat consumption) and 0.72 (adipose and dietary 18:2 ω-6), respectively. Correlations comparing biomarkers with recalls were generally similar for black and non-black subjects, but correlations between biomarkers and the FFQ were slightly lower than corresponding recall correlations. Correlations between biomarkers and a single FFQ estimate (the usual cohort situation) were generally much lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many biomarkers that have relatively high-valued correlations with dietary intake were identified and were usually of similar value in black and non-black subjects. These may be used to correct effects of dietary measurement errors in the AHS-2 cohort, and in some cases they also provide evidence supporting the validity of the dietary data.
authors: Adventist Health Study and Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors: Gary E
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5577-3524
authors: GE
authors: Fraser
authors: Adventist Health Study and Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and kjaceldo@llu.edu.
authors: Karen
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7182-3475
authors: K
authors: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors: UCLA Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Susanne M
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-4322
authors: SM
authors: Henning
authors: Adventist Health Study and.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Fan
authors: Adventist Health Study and Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors: Synnove F
authors: SF
authors: Knutsen
authors: Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors: Ella H
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9137-8433
authors: EH
authors: Haddad
authors: Adventist Health Study and Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Sabaté
authors: Adventist Health Study and Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and.
authors: W Lawrence
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-6046
authors: WL
authors: Beeson
authors: Adventist Health Study and.
authors: Hannelore
authors: H
authors: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002138:Calibration; D002170:Canada; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D002755:Choice Behavior; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D011939:Mental Recall; D008762:Methylhistidines / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007529:Isoflavones; D008762:Methylhistidines; C028120:1-methylhistidine; D002338:Carotenoids; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Adventist; African Americans; adipose fatty acids; biomarkers; carotenoids; validity