title: Dexmedetomidine preconditioning inhibits the long term inflammation induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the protective effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided to sham group, IRI group and Dex group. The SD rats were subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by eight weeks of reperfusion. Prior to ischemia, rats were either treated with Dex or not. Blood samples were collected for the detection of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD3 T-cell infiltrates. Real-time PCR and western blot were detected for the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, HMGB1 and TLR4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with sham group, renal IRI significantly increased the serum levels of BUN and Cr. The H&E staining indicated that renal IRI resulted in obvious renal injury and immunohistochemistry found that there were more CD3 T-cell infiltrates in IRI group. Also, renal IRI upregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, HMGB1 and TLR4. However, all these changes were alleviated by the treatment with Dex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine has beneficial effects on long term inflammation induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Its mechanisms may be achieved through inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4 pathway to exert protective effects.
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Guiyong
authors: G
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Hongfei
authors: H
authors: Song
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Lili
authors: L
authors: Qiu
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Anren
authors: A
authors: He
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Fangfang
authors: F
authors: Tong
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Qifu
authors: Q
authors: Wan
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Yunfang
authors: Y
authors: Xia
authors: Department of Urology, Qianjiang central Hospital, Hubei, P.R., China.
authors: Lequn
authors: L
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D012313:RNA; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D003404:Creatinine