title: Meeting the Needs for Released Nanomaterials Required for Further Testing-The SUN Approach.
abstract: The analysis of the potential risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has so far been almost exclusively focused on the pristine, as-produced particles. However, when considering a life-cycle perspective, it is clear that ENM released from genuine products during manufacturing, use, and disposal is far more relevant. Research on the release of materials from nanoproducts is growing and the next necessary step is to investigate the behavior and effects of these released materials in the environment and on humans. Therefore, sufficient amounts of released materials need to be available for further testing. In addition, ENM-free reference materials are needed since many processes not only release ENM but also nanosized fragments from the ENM-containing matrix that may interfere with further tests. The SUN consortium (Project on "Sustainable Nanotechnologies", EU seventh Framework funding) uses methods to characterize and quantify nanomaterials released from composite samples that are exposed to environmental stressors. Here we describe an approach to provide materials in hundreds of gram quantities mimicking actual released materials from coatings and polymer nanocomposites by producing what is called "fragmented products" (FP). These FP can further be exposed to environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, light) to produce "weathered fragmented products" (WFP) or can be subjected to a further size fractionation to isolate "sieved fragmented products" (SFP) that are representative for inhalation studies. In this perspective we describe the approach, and the used methods to obtain released materials in amounts large enough to be suitable for further fate and (eco)toxicity testing. We present a case study (nanoparticulate organic pigment in polypropylene) to show exemplarily the procedures used to produce the FP. We present some characterization data of the FP and discuss critically the further potential and the usefulness of the approach we developed.
authors: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Nowack
authors: Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors: Alessio
authors: A
authors: Boldrin
authors: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Caballero
authors: Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors: Steffen Foss
authors: SF
authors: Hansen
authors: ETSS, CH-7558 Strada, Switzerland.
authors: Fadri
authors: F
authors: Gottschalk
authors: Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Heggelund
authors: RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hennig
authors: Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors: Aiga
authors: A
authors: Mackevica
authors: RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Maes
authors: University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Jana
authors: J
authors: Navratilova
authors: BASF SE, Material Physics, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Neubauer
authors: RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors: Ruud
authors: R
authors: Peters
authors: CEREGE CNRS - IRD - Aix Marseille Université, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors: Jerome
authors: J
authors: Rose
authors: RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Schäffer
authors: CEREGE CNRS - IRD - Aix Marseille Université, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors: Lorette
authors: L
authors: Scifo
authors: RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors: Stefan van
authors: Sv
authors: van Leeuwen
authors: University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: von der Kammer
authors: BASF SE, Material Physics, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors: Wendel
authors: W
authors: Wohlleben
authors: RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Wyrwoll
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice , Venice, Italy.
authors: Danail
authors: D
authors: Hristozov
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011108:Polymers