title: Geographical distribution of protozoan and metazoan parasites of farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Yucatán, México.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Yucatán State, southern México, as in many other parts of the world where tilapia has been introduced for aquaculture, the deficient application of management measures has led to the establishment of non-native parasites. The aims of this study were to describe the geographical distribution of protozoan and helminth parasites of farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) throughout the Yucatán and to examine the potential statistical associations of the prevalence and mean abundance of these parasites with management and environmental variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 29 Nile tilapia farms currently operating in Yucatán were surveyed. Maps were created to describe the geographical location of the parasites infecting Nile tilapia at each farm. We evaluated the statistical associations of management and environmental variables with the mean abundance values of each parasite species using a multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) and generalized additive models (GAM). We also used Ripley's K to determine whether there were significant clusters of the mean abundance of particular parasite species in specific regions of the Yucatán State.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 580 O. niloticus were examined, and 11 species of parasites were recorded. Cichlidogyrus sclerosus was the most frequent and abundant parasite at all 29 farms, whereas Gyrodactylus cichlidarum was found in 26 of the 29 farms. The RDA showed that the most important predictors were the concentration of nitrites and ammonium and the water exchange rate. The GAM showed the significant effect of the tank capacity, no use of quarantine area and no use of prophylactic treatments on the mean abundance of G. cichlidarum. The geographical distribution patterns of the mean abundance of most parasite species exhibited clustering near to the coast of Yucatán.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two groups of farms were distinguished: (i) farms with medium to high technology, where the most frequent and abundant parasite was G. cichlidarum, and (ii) farms with low technology, where the most frequent and abundant parasite was C. sclerosus. Good biosecurity practices such as the use of quarantine and prophylactic treatments prior to the introduction of infected Nile tilapia to the farms are recommended to avoid the establishment of parasites such as G. cichlidarum in farms.
authors: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México. paredesa@mda.cinvestav.mx.
authors: Amelia
authors: A
authors: Paredes-Trujillo
authors: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México. jvelazquez@mda.cinvestav.mx.
authors: Iván
authors: I
authors: Velázquez-Abunader
authors: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México. edgar.torres82@gmail.com.
authors: Edgar
authors: E
authors: Torres-Irineo
authors: Departamento de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F, México. rodaromero@gmail.com.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Romero
authors: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Carretera Antigua a Progreso, Cordemex, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México. vvidal@mda.cinvestav.mx.
authors: Víctor Manuel
authors: VM
authors: Vidal-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D023681:Cichlids / Q000469:parasitology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008800:Mexico; D010271:Parasites / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D058974:Phylogeography; D015995:Prevalence