title: Similarities and differences between alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in amelioration of inflammation, oxidative stress and pre-fibrosis in hyperglycemia induced acute kidney inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic disease which increases global health problems. Diabetes-induced renal damage is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Alpha (AT) and gamma-tocopherols (GT) have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in inflammation-mediated injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate effects of AT and GT supplementations on hyperglycemia induced acute kidney inflammation in alloxan induced diabetic mice with different levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p) in ICR mice (5.5-week-old, male) and mice were subdivided according to their FBG levels and treated with different diets for 2 weeks; CON: non-diabetic mice, m-DMC: diabetic control mice with mild FBG levels (250 mg/dl ≤ FBG ≤ 450 mg/dl), m-AT: m-DM mice fed AT supplementation (35 mg/kg diet), m-GT: m-DM mice with GT supplementation (35 mg/kg diet), s-DMC: diabetic control mice with severe FBG levels (450 mg/dl < FBG), s-AT: s-DM mice with AT supplementation, s-GT: s-DM mice with GT supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both AT and GT supplementations showed similar beneficial effects on NFκB associated inflammatory response (phosphorylated inhibitory kappa B-α, interleukin-1β, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and pre-fibrosis (tumor growth factor β-1 and protein kinase C-II) as well as an antioxidant emzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in diabetic mice. On the other hands, AT and GT showed different beneficial effects on kidney weight, FBG, and oxidative stress associated makers (malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) except HO-1. In particular, GT significantly preserved kidney weight in m-DM and improved FBG levels in s-DM and malondialdehyde and catalase in m- and s-DM, while AT significantly attenuated FBG levels in m-DM and improved glutathione peroxidase in m- and s-DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that AT and GT with similarities and differences would be considered as beneficial nutrients to modulate hyperglycemia induced acute renal inflammation. Further research with careful approach is needed to confirm beneficial effects of tocopherols in diabetes with different FBG levels for clinical applications.
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
authors: Hyeyoon
authors: H
authors: Eo
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
authors: Yunsook
authors: Y
authors: Lim
keywords: Diabetic kidney; inflammation; oxidative stress; pre-fibrosis; tocopherol