title: Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of specific biomarkers of human sweat in melted snow.
abstract: To provide a reliable tool for investigating diffusion processes of the specific components of the human odor 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol through the snowpack, we developed and optimized an analytical method based on direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction was performed using polyacrylate fibers placed in aqueous solutions containing 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol. After optimization, absorption times of 120 min provided a good balance to shorten the analysis time and to obtain suitable amounts of extractable analytes. The extraction efficiency was improved by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. Although the absolute extraction efficiency ranged between 10 and 12% for 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 2-3% for 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, this method was suitable for analyzing 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol concentrations of at least 0.04 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. The precision of the direct immersion solid-phase microextraction method ranged between 8 and 16%. The variability within a batch of six fibers was 10-18%. The accuracy of the method provided values of 88-95 and 86-101% for 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, respectively. The limit of detection (and quantification) was 0.01 ng/mL (0.04 ng/mL) for 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid and 0.06 ng/mL (0.20 ng/mL) for 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol. The signal versus concentration was linear for both compounds (r(2) = 0.973-0.979). The stability of these two compounds showed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid was more stable in water than 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol. We applied the method to environmental samples in correspondence with an olfactory target buried previously.
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Dallo
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy.
authors: Dario
authors: D
authors: Battistel
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy.
authors: Rossano
authors: R
authors: Piazza
authors: Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy.
authors: Jacopo
authors: J
authors: Gabrieli
authors: Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 CNRS, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, France.
authors: Jean-Jacques
authors: JJ
authors: Filippi
authors: Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 CNRS, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, France.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Baldovini
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.|Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Barbante
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002208:Caproates / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005615:Freezing; D000441:Hexanols / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012914:Snow / Q000737:chemistry*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013425:Sulfanilic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C539655:3-hydroxy-3-methyl-hexanoic acid; C516951:3-methyl-3-sulfonylhexan-1-ol; D015415:Biomarkers; D002208:Caproates; D000441:Hexanols; D013425:Sulfanilic Acids
keywords: Biomarkers; Human sweat; Melted snow; Solid-phase microextraction