title: Effects of ginseng on peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA copy number and hormones in men with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical and pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been observed that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. There is growing evidence that hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hormone (testosterone and growth hormone) deficiency may lead to metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have reported that ginseng treatment improves mitochondrial and HPA-axis function and increases anabolic hormone secretion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (RG) on metabolic syndrome, hormones, and mitochondrial function using leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number in men with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 62 subjects who were not taking drugs that could affect their metabolic function. A total of 62 men with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to either an RG group (3.0g/day) or a placebo group for 4 weeks. We analyzed changes in metabolic syndrome components, leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, hormones (total testosterone, IGF-1, cortisol, and DHEAS) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, ferritin) from baseline to 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvement in mitochondrial function (95% CI -44.9 to -1.3) and an increase in total testosterone (95% CI -70.1 to -1.0) and IGF-1(P=0.01) levels were observed in the RG group when compared with the placebo group. Diastolic blood pressure (95% CI 2.0-9.4) and serum cortisol (95% CI 1.1-5.5) significantly decreased in the RG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence that RG had a favorable effect on mitochondrial function and hormones in men with metabolic syndrome.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors: Dong-Hyuk
authors: DH
authors: Jung
authors: Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong-Jae
authors: YJ
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors: Chun-Bae
authors: CB
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jang-Young
authors: JY
authors: Kim
authors: TCM Biomedical Engineering Center, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung-Hun
authors: SH
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: balsan2@yuhs.ac.
authors: Jong-Ku
authors: JK
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*; D018628:Gene Dosage / Q000187:drug effects*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D006728:Hormones; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Ginseng; Metabolic syndrome; Mitochondrial function