title: Aneurysm Organization Effects of Gellan Sulfate Core Platinum Coil with Tenascin-C in a Simulated Clinical Setting and the Possible Mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to deliver gellan sulfate core platinum coil with tenascin-C (GSCC-TNC) into rabbit side-wall aneurysms endovascularly and to evaluate the organization effects in a simulated clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elastase-induced rabbit side-wall aneurysms were randomly coiled via a transfemoral route like clinical settings with platinum coils (PCs), gellan sulfate core platinum coils (GSCCs), or GSCC-TNCs (n = 5, respectively). Aneurysm-occlusion status was evaluated angiographically and histologically at 2 weeks post coiling. As each rabbit coiled aneurysm provided only 2-3 tissue slices due to technical limitations and prevented immunohistochemical evaluations, a PC, GSCC, or GSCC-TNC was randomly implanted in a rat blind-ended model (n = 3, respectively) and the organization effects were immunohistochemically evaluated for expressions of tenascin-C (TNC), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) 2 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coil handling was similar among the 3 kinds of coils. GSCCs showed a significantly higher ratio of organized area to the aneurysmal cavity than PCs, but GSCC-TNCs had the greatest organization-promoting effects on aneurysms (the ratio of organized area/aneurysmal luminal area: PC, 17.9 ± 7.1%; GSCC, 54.2 ± 18.3%; GSCC-TNC, 82.5 ± 5.8%). GSCC-TNCs had intense immunoreactivities for TNC, TGF-β, and MMP-9 in the organized thrombosis and tunica media. GSCCs also showed intense immunoreactivities for TNC, TGF-β, and MMP-9, although the extent was less than GSCC-TNCs. The immunoreactivities were hardly found in unorganized thrombus and the tunica media of aneurysm wall in the PC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study first showed that GSCC-TNCs promote intra-aneurysmal clot organization in simulated clinical settings using rabbits possibly through the TGF-β and MMP-9 upregulation.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan. Electronic address: yoimiu@hotmail.com.
authors: Yoichi
authors: Y
authors: Miura
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Tanemura
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Kazuhide
authors: K
authors: Hamada
authors: Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Keiichi
authors: K
authors: Miyamoto
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Toma
authors: Departments of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Imanaka-Yoshida
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Matsushima
authors: Departments of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Toshimichi
authors: T
authors: Yoshida
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Waro
authors: W
authors: Taki
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors: Hidenori
authors: H
authors: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D010984:Platinum; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019063:Tenascin / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D019063:Tenascin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C470030:gellan sulfate; D010984:Platinum; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Tenascin-C; coil embolization; elastase-induced rabbit aneurysms; gellan sulfate; transforming growth factor-beta