title: Sampling method evaluation and empirical model fitting for count data to estimate densities of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on 'Hass' avocado leaves in southern California.
abstract: Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important foliar spider mite pest of 'Hass' avocados in several commercial production areas of the world. In California (USA), O. perseae densities in orchards can exceed more than 100 mites per leaf and this makes enumerative counting prohibitive for field sampling. In this study, partial enumerative mite counts along half a vein on an avocado leaf, an industry recommended practice known as the "half-vein method", was evaluated for accuracy using four data sets with a combined total of more than 485,913 motile O. perseae counted on 3849 leaves. Sampling simulations indicated that the half-vein method underestimated mite densities in a range of 15-60 %. This problem may adversely affect management of this pest in orchards and potentially compromise the results of field research requiring accurate mite density estimation. To address this limitation, four negative binomial regression models were fit to count data in an attempt to rescue the half-vein method for estimating mite densities. These models were incorporated into sampling plans and evaluated for their ability to estimate mite densities on whole leaves within 30-tree blocks of avocados. Model 3, a revised version of the original half-vein model, showed improvement in providing reliable estimates of O. perseae densities for making assessments of general leaf infestation densities across orchards in southern California. The implications of these results for customizing the revised half-vein method as a potential field sampling tool and for experimental research in avocado production in California are discussed.
authors: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. jesus.lara@ucr.edu.
authors: Jesús R
authors: JR
authors: Lara
authors: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
authors: Naseem T
authors: NT
authors: Saremi
authors: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: Castillo
authors: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Hoddle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods; D008925:Mites; D008954:Models, Biological; D027421:Persea / Q000469:parasitology*; D011156:Population Density; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014197:Trees
keywords: Count data; GLMMs; Hass avocado; Negative binomial regression; Oligonychus perseae; Pest management; Sampling