title: Spontaneous and strong multi-layer graphene n-doping on soda-lime glass and its application in graphene-semiconductor junctions.
abstract: Scalable and low-cost doping of graphene could improve technologies in a wide range of fields such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, and energy storage. While achieving strong p-doping is relatively straightforward, non-electrostatic approaches to n-dope graphene, such as chemical doping, have yielded electron densities of 9.5 × 10(12) e/cm(2) or below. Furthermore, chemical doping is susceptible to degradation and can adversely affect intrinsic graphene's properties. Here we demonstrate strong (1.33 × 10(13) e/cm(2)), robust, and spontaneous graphene n-doping on a soda-lime-glass substrate via surface-transfer doping from Na without any external chemical, high-temperature, or vacuum processes. Remarkably, the n-doping reaches 2.11 × 10(13) e/cm(2) when graphene is transferred onto a p-type copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) semiconductor that itself has been deposited onto soda-lime-glass, via surface-transfer doping from Na atoms that diffuse to the CIGS surface. Using this effect, we demonstrate an n-graphene/p-semiconductor Schottky junction with ideality factor of 1.21 and strong photo-response. The ability to achieve strong and persistent graphene n-doping on low-cost, industry-standard materials paves the way toward an entirely new class of graphene-based devices such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, sensors, batteries, and supercapacitors.
authors: Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors: D M N M
authors: DM
authors: Dissanayake
authors: Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.|Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ashraf
authors: Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) at SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dwyer
authors: Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kisslinger
authors: Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.|Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Pang
authors: Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) at SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Efstathiadis
authors: Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.|Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.|Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Eisaman