title: Microcystin release and Microcystis cell damage mechanism by alum treatment with long-term and large dose as in-lake treatment.
abstract: Most of our previous studies reported aluminum causes no cell damage or lysis, and no subsequent toxin release in conventional treatment of drinking water or in the laboratory, on the contrary, we investigated the effect of long-term and large-dose alum treatment, because the environmental conditions in lakes and treatment plants are widely different. The microcosm experiments were designed to simulate the effect of adding alum under the similar conditions of common lakes and reservoirs, and the bottle experiments were conducted to examine the budget or dynamics of microcystin after adding alum. In precipitate analyses, we also confirm the release and dynamics of microcystin and the damage mechanisms of Microcystis cells under alum treatment. In microcosms treated with alum alone, the extracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentration increased to approximately 82% in 7 days. Similar results were obtained in bottle experiments. By plotting the concentration of released microcystin over time, we inferred that the extracellular MC-LR concentration exponentially rose toward an asymptotic maximum. Moreover, in scanning electron microscope images, some cells exhibited torn membranes with miniscule traces of aluminum hydroxide coating. We conclude that alum treatment, particularly at maximum dosage administered over long periods, seriously damages Microcystis cells and induces microcystin release. Therefore, long-term application of large alum doses is not recommended as an in-lake treatment.
authors: a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors: Jisun
authors: J
authors: Han
authors: a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors: Bong-Seok
authors: BS
authors: Jeon
authors: a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors: Ho-Dong
authors: HD
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D060106:Lakes / Q000382:microbiology*; D052998:Microcystins / Q000378:metabolism*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000534:Alum Compounds; D060766:Drinking Water; D052998:Microcystins
keywords: Aluminum sulfate; Microcystis cell damage; damage mechanism; microcystin release tendency