title: Far-infrared promotes burn wound healing by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome caused by enhanced autophagy.
abstract: Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms in burn wound progression is crucial to providing appropriate diagnoses and designing therapeutic regimens for burn patients. When inflammation becomes unregulated, recurrent, or excessive, it interferes with burn wound healing. Autophagy, which is a homeostatic and catabolic degradation process, was found to protect against ischemic injury, inflammatory diseases, and apoptosis in some cases. In the present study, we investigated whether far-infrared (FIR) could ameliorate burn wound progression and promote wound healing both in vitro and in a rat model of deep second-degree burn. We found that FIR induced autophagy in differentiated THP-1 cells (human monocytic cells differentiated to macrophages). Furthermore, FIR inhibited both the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages. In addition, FIR induced the ubiquitination of ASC, which is the adaptor protein of the inflammasome, by increasing tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which is a ubiquitin E3 ligase. Furthermore, the exposure to FIR then promoted the delivery of inflammasome to autophagosomes for degradation. In a rat burn model, FIR ameliorated burn-induced epidermal thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, and loss of distinct collagen fibers. Moreover, FIR enhanced autophagy and suppressed the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the rat skin tissue of the burn model. Based on these results, we suggest that FIR-regulated autophagy and inflammasomes will be important for the discovery of novel therapeutics to promote the healing of burn wounds.
  
  
  
  Far-infrared (FIR) induced autophagy in THP-1 macrophages. FIR suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome through the activation of autophagy. FIR induced the ubiquitination of ASC by increasing TRAF6. FIR ameliorated burn wound progression and promoted wound healing in a rat burn model.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Hui-Wen
authors: HW
authors: Chiu
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.|Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Hsien
authors: CH
authors: Chen
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.
authors: Jen-Ning
authors: JN
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Industrial and Commercial Design, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chien-Hsiung
authors: CH
authors: Chen
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. yhhsu@tmu.edu.tw.
authors: Yung-Ho
authors: YH
authors: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002056:Burns / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007259:Infrared Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D054875:Ubiquitination / Q000528:radiation effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D058847:Inflammasomes; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C573346:Nlrp3 protein, rat; C402202:PYCARD protein, human; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; C000604754:Tifab protein, human
keywords: Autophagy; Burn wound healing; Far-infrared; NLRP3 inflammasome