title: Comparative Analysis of Psychological, Hormonal, and Genetic Factors Between Burning Mouth Syndrome and Secondary Oral Burning.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between psychological, hormonal, and genetic factors with the development of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and secondary oral burning (SOB) in order to provide a better characterization and classification of these conditions.
  
  
  
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  
  Patients with complaints of mouth burning registered at the Oral Diagnostic Service of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte between 2000 and 2013.
  
  
  
  The sample consisted of 163 subjects divided into a group of patients with BMS (n = 64) and a group of subjects with SOB (n = 99).
  
  
  
  The following variables were analyzed: passive and stimulated saliva flow, stress levels and phase, depression, anxiety, serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, and the presence of polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene.
  
  
  
  The results showed significant differences in the presence of xerostomia (p = 0.01), hyposalivation at rest (p < 0.001) and symptoms of depression (p = 0.033) between the two groups, which were more prevalent in the BMS group. DHEA levels were lower in the BMS group (p = 0.003) and were sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of this condition. Genetic analysis revealed no significant association between the polymorphisms analyzed and the development of BMS.
  
  
  
  These results suggest a possible role of depression, as well as of reduced DHEA levels, as associated factors for development of BMS.
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil emelinelima@hotmail.com.
authors: Emeline
authors: E
authors: das Neves de Araújo Lima
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors: Natália Guimarães
authors: NG
authors: Barbosa
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors: Ana Celly Souza
authors: AC
authors: Dos Santos
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors: Telma Maria
authors: TM
authors: AraújoMouraLemos
authors: Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Cleber Machado
authors: CM
authors: de Souza
authors: Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Paula Cristina
authors: PC
authors: Trevilatto
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors: Ericka Janine Dantas
authors: EJ
authors: da Silveira
authors: *Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors: Ana Miryam Costa
authors: AM
authors: de Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone
keywords: Anxiety; Burning Pain; Depression; Stress-Induced Analgesia