title: Computing the stresses and deformations of the human eye components due to a high explosive detonation using fluid-structure interaction model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite the fact that a very small human body surface area is comprised by the eye, its wounds due to detonation have recently been dramatically amplified. Although many efforts have been devoted to measure injury of the globe, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury mechanism due to Primary Blast Wave (PBW). The goal of this study was to determine the stresses and deformations of the human eye components, including the cornea, aqueous, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous, retina, sclera, optic nerve, and muscles, attributed to PBW induced by trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosion via a Lagrangian-Eulerian computational coupling model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was employed to establish a Finite Element (FE) model of the human eye according to a normal human eye. The solid components of the eye were modelled as Lagrangian mesh, while an explosive TNT, air domain, and aqueous were modelled using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) mesh. Nonlinear dynamic FE simulations were accomplished using the explicit FE code, namely LS-DYNA. In order to simulate the blast wave generation, propagation, and interaction with the eye, the ALE formulation with Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation defining the explosive material were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed a peak stress of 135.70kPa brought about by detonation upsurge on the cornea at the distance of 25cm. The highest von Mises stresses were observed on the sclera (267.3kPa), whereas the lowest one was seen on the vitreous body (0.002kPa). The results also showed a relatively high resultant displacement for the macula as well as a high variation for the radius of curvature for the cornea and lens, which can result in both macular holes, optic nerve damage and, consequently, vision loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may have implications not only for understanding the value of stresses and strains in the human eye components but also giving an outlook about the process of PBW triggers damage to the eye.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan. Electronic address: karimia@outlook.com.
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Karimi
authors: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Razaghi
authors: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
authors: Mahdi
authors: M
authors: Navidbakhsh
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
authors: Toshihiro
authors: T
authors: Sera
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Kudo
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005107:Explosions; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Detonation; Dynamic finite element; Finite element modelling; Fluid–structure interaction; Human eye; Injury