title: Is the robotic approach feasible for repair of iatrogenic injuries of the lower ureter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the robotic approach as treatment of iatrogenic ureteral injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed for patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation at the University of Missouri from 2009 to 2014. Patient charts were analyzed for demographics, prior abdominal surgeries, circumstances of injury, outcomes, and other relevant information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients met inclusion criteria. The average age was 44.6. Patients had an average of 4.3 abdominal surgeries. Injury occurred during hysterectomy (open, laparoscopic, or vaginal) in eight patients (88.9 %), five cases were laparoscopic, two utilized robotic assistance, and one injury occurred during uterosacral vault suspension. All cases were related to gynecological procedures. On average, ureteral injury was detected 17.2 days after the initial surgery and repaired 62.3 days after initial operation. The average surgical repair time was 295.9 min (range 168-498) with an average blood loss of 77.2 mL (range 20-150). Four patients required a psoas hitch, with one receiving both a psoas hitch and a Boari flap. Postoperatively, patients had an average hospital stay of 2.7 days. One patient had ileus for greater than 3 days, and another was readmitted within 30 days for pain control and antiemetics following stent removal. One patient underwent open reimplantation 3 years after original surgery for development of ureteral stricture. At follow-up, all patients had returned to baseline renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic approach is feasible and a safe option for distal iatrogenic ureteral injuries occurring during gynecological procedures. Prior abdominal surgery or delayed repair does not preclude a robotic approach.
authors: Division of Urology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, MC 301, McHaney Hall, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Franklin
authors: Division of Urology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, MC 301, McHaney Hall, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. pokalan@health.missouri.edu.
authors: Naveen
authors: N
authors: Pokala
authors: Division of Urology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, MC 301, McHaney Hall, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Jones
authors: Division of Urology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, MC 301, McHaney Hall, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors: Carrie
authors: C
authors: Johans
authors: North Colorado Urology, Banner Health, Greeley, CO, USA.
authors: Kurt
authors: K
authors: Strom
authors: Division of Urology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, MC 301, McHaney Hall, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012092:Replantation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Iatrogenic ureteral injury; Robotic assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation; Ureteral reconstruction