title: Technical aspects of real time positron emission tracking for gated radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiratory motion can lead to treatment errors in the delivery of radiotherapy treatments. Respiratory gating can assist in better conforming the beam delivery to the target volume. We present a study of the technical aspects of a real time positron emission tracking system for potential use in gated radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tracking system, called PeTrack, uses implanted positron emission markers and position sensitive gamma ray detectors to track breathing motion in real time. PeTrack uses an expectation-maximization algorithm to track the motion of fiducial markers. A normalized least mean squares adaptive filter predicts the location of the markers a short time ahead to account for system response latency. The precision and data collection efficiency of a prototype PeTrack system were measured under conditions simulating gated radiotherapy. The lung insert of a thorax phantom was translated in the inferior-superior direction with regular sinusoidal motion and simulated patient breathing motion (maximum amplitude of motion ±10 mm, period 4 s). The system tracked the motion of a (22)Na fiducial marker (0.34 MBq) embedded in the lung insert every 0.2 s. The position of the was marker was predicted 0.2 s ahead. For sinusoidal motion, the equation used to model the motion was fitted to the data. The precision of the tracking was estimated as the standard deviation of the residuals. Software was also developed to communicate with a Linac and toggle beam delivery. In a separate experiment involving a Linac, 500 monitor units of radiation were delivered to the phantom with a 3 × 3 cm photon beam and with 6 and 10 MV accelerating potential. Radiochromic films were inserted in the phantom to measure spatial dose distribution. In this experiment, the period of motion was set to 60 s to account for beam turn-on latency. The beam was turned off when the marker moved outside of a 5-mm gating window.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The precision of the tracking in the IS direction was 0.53 mm for a sinusoidally moving target, with an average count rate ∼250 cps. The average prediction error was 1.1 ± 0.6 mm when the marker moved according to irregular patient breathing motion. Across all beam deliveries during the radiochromic film measurements, the average prediction error was 0.8 ± 0.5 mm. The maximum error was 2.5 mm and the 95th percentile error was 1.5 mm. Clear improvement of the dose distribution was observed between gated and nongated deliveries. The full-width at halfmaximum of the dose profiles of gated deliveries differed by 3 mm or less than the static reference dose distribution. Monitoring of the beam on/off times showed synchronization with the location of the marker within the latency of the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PeTrack can track the motion of internal fiducial positron emission markers with submillimeter precision. The system can be used to gate the delivery of a Linac beam based on the position of a moving fiducial marker. This highlights the potential of the system for use in respiratory-gated radiotherapy.
authors: Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Chamberland
authors: Ionizing Radiation Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
authors: Malcolm R
authors: MR
authors: McEwen
authors: Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D012984:Software