title: Underwater robotic suturing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries have become popular, and this popularity is increasing. However, the environment in which such surgeries are performed is rarely discussed. Similar to arthrosurgery performed in water, artificial ascites could be a new environment for laparoscopic surgery. This study was performed to determine whether robotic surgery is applicable to complicated suturing underwater.
  
  
  METHODS
  A da Vinci Surgical System S was used. A weighted fabric sheet was placed at the bottom of a tank. Identical sets were made for each environment: One tank was dry, and the other was filled with water. The suturing task involved placement of a running silk suture around the perimeter of a small circle. The task was performed eight times in each environment. The task time and integrity score were determined. The integrity score was calculated by evaluating accuracy, tightness, thread damage, and uniformity; each factor was evaluated using a five-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although statistically significant differences were not shown in either task time or integrity score between the underwater and air environments, robotic suturing underwater is not inferior to performance in air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of robotic suturing underwater was confirmed under the herein-described experimental conditions.
authors: a Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan.
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Kawaguchi
authors: a Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan.
authors: Masanari
authors: M
authors: Shimada
authors: a Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan.
authors: Norihiko
authors: N
authors: Ishikawa
authors: a Department of General and Cardiothoracic Surgery , Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan.
authors: Go
authors: G
authors: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Saline-filled surgery; ascites; laparoscopic surgery; robotic surgery; suturing