title: Post-Movement Beta Activity in Sensorimotor Cortex Indexes Confidence in the Estimations from Internal Models.
abstract: Beta oscillations are a dominant feature of the sensorimotor system. A transient and prominent increase in beta oscillations is consistently observed across the sensorimotor cortical-basal ganglia network after cessation of voluntary movement: the post-movement beta synchronization (PMBS). Current theories about the function of the PMBS have been focused on either the closure of motor response or the processing of sensory afferance. Computational models of sensorimotor control have emphasized the importance of the integration between feedforward estimation and sensory feedback, and therefore the putative motor and sensory functions of beta oscillations may reciprocally interact with each other and in fact be indissociable. Here we show that the amplitude of sensorimotor PMBS is modulated by the history of visual feedback of task-relevant errors, and negatively correlated with the trial-to-trial exploratory adjustment in a sensorimotor adaptation task in young healthy human subjects. The PMBS also negatively correlated with the uncertainty associated with the feedforward estimation, which was recursively updated in light of new sensory feedback, as identified by a Bayesian learning model. These results reconcile the two opposing motor and sensory views of the function of PMBS, and suggest a unifying theory in which PMBS indexes the confidence in internal feedforward estimation in Bayesian sensorimotor integration. Its amplitude simultaneously reflects cortical sensory processing and signals the need for maintenance or adaptation of the motor output, and if necessary, exploration to identify an altered sensorimotor transformation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For optimal sensorimotor control, sensory feedback and feedforward estimation of a movement's sensory consequences should be weighted by the inverse of their corresponding uncertainties, which require recursive updating in a dynamic environment. We show that post-movement beta activity (13-30 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex in young healthy subjects indexes the evaluation of uncertainty in feedforward estimation. Our work contributes to the understanding of the function of beta oscillations in sensorimotor control, and provides further insight into how aberrant beta activity can contribute to the pathophysiology of movement disorders.
authors: Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom Huiling.tan@ndcn.ox.ac.uk.
authors: Huiling
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-3029
authors: H
authors: Tan
authors: Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom, and.
authors: Cian
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0949-0360
authors: C
authors: Wade
authors: Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
authors: Peter
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-3044
authors: P
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bayesian integration; estimation uncertainty; internal models; post-movement beta synchronization; sensorimotor adaptation