title: Lower Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Associated with Reduced Diversity of the Colonic Microbiota in Healthy Adults.
abstract: In the United States, there are persistent and widening socioeconomic gaps in morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Although most disparities research focuses on person-level socioeconomic-status, mounting evidence suggest that chronic diseases also pattern by the demographic characteristics of neighborhoods. Yet the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are poorly understood. There is increasing recognition that chronic diseases share common pathogenic features, some of which involve alterations in the composition, diversity, and functioning of the gut microbiota. This study examined whether socioeconomic-status was associated with alpha-diversity of the colonic microbiota. Forty-four healthy adults underwent un-prepped sigmoidoscopy, during which mucosal biopsies and fecal samples were collected. Subjects' zip codes were geocoded, and census data was used to form a composite indicator of neighborhood socioeconomic-status, reflecting household income, educational attainment, employment status, and home value. In unadjusted analyses, neighborhood socioeconomic-status explained 12-18 percent of the variability in alpha-diversity of colonic microbiota. The direction of these associations was positive, meaning that as neighborhood socioeconomic-status increased, so did alpha-diversity of both the colonic sigmoid mucosa and fecal microbiota. The strength of these associations persisted when models were expanded to include covariates reflecting potential demographic (age, gender, race/ethnicity) and lifestyle (adiposity, alcohol use, smoking) confounds. In these models neighborhood socioeconomic-status continued to explain 11-22 percent of the variability in diversity indicators. Further analyses suggested these patterns reflected socioeconomic variations in evenness, but not richness, of microbial communities residing in the sigmoid. We also found indications that residence in neighborhoods of higher socioeconomic-status was associated with a greater abundance of Bacteroides and a lower abundance of Prevotella, suggesting that diet potentially underlies differences in microbiota composition. These findings suggest the presence of socioeconomic variations in colonic microbiota diversity. Future research should explore whether these variations contribute to disparities in chronic disease outcomes.
authors: Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Gregory E
authors: GE
authors: Miller
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Phillip A
authors: PA
authors: Engen
authors: Microbiome Analysis Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Science and Technology Campus, Manassas, VA, United States of America.
authors: Patrick M
authors: PM
authors: Gillevet
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Maliha
authors: M
authors: Shaikh
authors: Microbiome Analysis Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Science and Technology Campus, Manassas, VA, United States of America.
authors: Masoumeh
authors: M
authors: Sikaroodi
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Christopher B
authors: CB
authors: Forsyth
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Ece
authors: E
authors: Mutlu
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Keshavarzian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides