title: Methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men in Australia: Trends in recent and regular use from the Gay Community Periodic Surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gay and bisexual men typically report high rates of illicit drug use, including methamphetamine use. This paper aimed to analyse trends in crystal methamphetamine ('crystal') and powder methamphetamine ('speed') use among gay and bisexual men in Australia, and characterise the sociodemographic, drug use, and sexual risk practices of men who reported crystal use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Gay Community Periodic Surveys, routinely conducted behavioural surveillance surveys of gay men in Australia, were analysed to examine trends in recent crystal and speed use during 2005-14 (any use in the previous 6 months), and trends in regular crystal and speed use during 2007-14 (at least monthly use in the previous 6 months). Covariates of recent and regular crystal use were analysed using 2014 data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Speed use declined from 25.0% to 10.2% during 2005-14 (p-trend <.001), while regular speed use declined from 7.0% to 2.3% during 2007-14 (p-trend <.001). Any crystal use declined from 15.6% to 11.4% during 2005-14 (p-trend <.001) and increased during 2010-14 (from 9.6% in 2010; p-trend <.001). Regular crystal use declined from 6.1% to 4.0% during 2007-14 (p-trend <.001) and remained stable during 2010-14 (3.9% in 2010; p-trend=.64). Participants who reported regular crystal use were more likely than men who used crystal less frequently to have used gamma-hydroxybutyrate, used party drugs for sex, and to have injected drugs in the previous 6 months. High rates of crystal use and injecting were reported among HIV-positive participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of both crystal and speed use, despite fluctuations, were consistently high throughout the study period. The high rates of crystal use and associations with potentially risky sexual practices indicate that gay and bisexual men should be a particular focus for targeted harm reduction and combined harm reduction and sexual health services.
authors: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: toby.lea@unsw.edu.au.
authors: Toby
authors: T
authors: Lea
authors: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Limin
authors: L
authors: Mao
authors: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Max
authors: M
authors: Hopwood
authors: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Garrett
authors: G
authors: Prestage
authors: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Iryna
authors: I
authors: Zablotska
authors: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: de Wit
authors: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Holt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Crystal methamphetamine; HIV; Injecting drug use; MSM; Sexual context