title: Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Comparison of Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation of Penicillium expansum KACC 40815.
abstract: Penicillium spp. are known to harbor a wide array of secondary metabolites with cryptic bioactivities. However, the metabolomics of these species is not well-understood in terms of different fermentation models and conditions. The present study involved metabolomics profiling and transcriptomic analysis of Penicillium expansum 40815 under solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF). Metabolite profiling was carried out using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry with multivariate analysis, followed by transcriptomic analyses of differentially expressed genes. In principal component analysis, the metabolite profiling data was studied under different experimental sets, including SSF and SmF. The significantly different metabolites such as polyketide metabolites (agonodepside B, rotiorin, verrucosidin, and ochrephilone) and corresponding gene transcripts (polyketide synthase, aromatic prenyltransferase, and terpenoid synthase) were primarily detected under SmF conditions. In contrast, the meroterpenoid compounds (andrastin A and C) and their genes transcripts were exclusively detected under SSF conditions. We demonstrated that the metabolite production and its corresponding gene expression levels in P. expansum 40815 were significantly influenced by the varying growth parameters and the immediate environment. This study further provides a foundation to produce specific metabolites by regulating fermentation conditions.
authors: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyang Yeon
authors: HY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors: Do Yeon
authors: do Y
authors: Heo
authors: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hye Min
authors: HM
authors: Park
authors: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors: Digar
authors: D
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
authors: Choong Hwan
authors: CH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D053630:Depsides / Q000378:metabolism; D004122:Dimethylallyltranstransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D061065:Polyketides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011753:Pyrones / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D053630:Depsides; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D061065:Polyketides; D011753:Pyrones; D013729:Terpenes; C465812:agonodepside B; C100395:andrastin A; C100397:andrastin C; D048630:Polyketide Synthases; C048224:verrucosidin; D004122:Dimethylallyltranstransferase