title: Benzo[c]fluorene in Urban Air: HPLC Determination and Mutagenic Contribution Relative to Benzo[a]pyrene.
abstract: Benzo[c]fluorene (BcFE) concentrations in benzene/ethanol extracts of airborne particulates were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. HPLC conditions were as follows: columns, two ZORBAX Eclipse PAH (4.6 i.d. × 250 mm, 3.5 μm) and one Inertsil ODS-P (4.6 i.d. × 250 mm, 5 μm) in series; mobile phase, acetonitrile-water (98:2, v/v), 0.3 mL/min; detection wavelengths, excitation 309 nm, emission 354 nm. Particulate-phase BcFE concentrations in the atmosphere varied seasonally (winter > summer). The concentrations were 11000 ± 6100 pg m(-3) (winter) and 40 ± 12 pg m(-3) (summer) in Beijing, China, and 13 ± 5.0 pg m(-3) (winter) and 2.7 ± 0.52 pg m(-3) (summer), in Kanazawa, Japan. In both cities, the particulate-phase BcFE concentration in the atmosphere was lower than that of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by a factor of 0.03 - 0.43. However, the mutagenic contribution of particulate-phase BcFE in the atmosphere in winter calculated from the mutagenicity relative potency factor was greater than that of BaP.
authors: Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Morisaki
authors: Shiho
authors: S
authors: Nakamura
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Tang
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Toriba
authors: Kazuichi
authors: K
authors: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000388:Air; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere; D000068476:Beijing; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009153:Mutagens; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000393:Air Pollutants; D005449:Fluorenes; D009153:Mutagens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014867:Water; C041513:benzo(c)fluorene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C032159:acetonitrile