title: Sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents: a longitudinal study.
abstract: Although the literature has documented associations between sleep problems and internet addiction, the temporal direction of these relationships has not been established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bidirectional relationships between sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents longitudinally. A four-wave longitudinal study was conducted with 1253 children and adolescents in grades 3, 5 and 8 from March 2013 to January 2014. The sleep problems of the student participants were measured by parental reports on the Sleep Habit Questionnaire, which catalogues early insomnia, middle insomnia, disturbed circadian rhythm, periodic leg movements, sleep terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, nightmares, bruxism, snoring and sleep apnoea. The severity of internet addiction was measured by students' self-reports on the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Based on the results of time-lag models, dyssomnias (odds ratio = 1.31), especially early and middle insomnias (odds ratio = 1.74 and 2.24), sequentially predicted internet addiction, and internet addiction sequentially predicted disturbed circadian rhythm (odds ratio = 2.40), regardless of adjustment for gender and age. This is the first study to demonstrate the temporal relationship of early and middle insomnia predicting internet addiction, which subsequently predicts disturbed circadian rhythm. These findings imply that treatment strategies for sleep problems and internet addiction should vary according to the order of their occurrence.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Lung
authors: YL
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Susan Shur-Fen
authors: SS
authors: Gau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002012:Bruxism / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D004325:Dreams; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020184:Night Terrors / Q000453:epidemiology; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000453:epidemiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Taiwan; children and adolescents; internet addiction; sleep problems