title: Enrofloxacin at environmentally relevant concentrations enhances uptake and toxicity of cadmium in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in farm soils.
abstract: Individual and combined effects of enrofloxacin (EF) and cadmium (Cd) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida at environmentally relevant concentrations were investigated. EF is a veterinary antibiotic; Cd is an impurity in phosphatic fertiliser. For both, residues may accumulate in farm soils. In laboratory tests, over 98% of spiked EF was adsorbed by farm soils, with a half-life >8 weeks. However, earthworms absorbed less than 20% of spiked EF. Earthworms in soil with EF concentration 10 mg kg(-1) soil experienced transient oxidative stress and exhibited reduced burrowing activity and respiration after an 8-week exposure; EF at 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) soil did not elicit toxicity symptoms. When both were added, Cd did not affect EF uptake, but each increment of spiked EF increased Cd bioaccumulation and associated oxidative stress of earthworms, and also caused decreased burrow length and CO2 production. However, metallothionein induction was not affected. The enhanced toxicity of Cd to earthworms in the presence of EF at low environmental concentrations may have implications for the health and reproductive success of earthworm populations and highlights the importance of understanding effects of antibiotic contamination of farm soils, and of awareness of environmental effects from interaction between multiple contaminants.
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: yinshengli@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors: Yinsheng
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Tang
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Yingxiu
authors: Y
authors: Hu
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Xiuhong
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Xiaojie
authors: X
authors: Ai
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Tang
authors: Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors: Cory
authors: C
authors: Matthew
authors: Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
authors: Jo
authors: J
authors: Cavanagh
authors: School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Jiangping
authors: J
authors: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D000077422:Enrofloxacin
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Cadmium; Earthworm; Enrofloxacin; Molecular toxicity