title: Change in the Behavioral Phenotype of Adolescents and Adults with FXS: Role of the Family Environment.
abstract: The present study examined trajectories of adaptive behavior, behavior problems, psychological symptoms, and autism symptoms in adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome (n = 147) over a three-year period. Adaptive behavior significantly increased over time, particularly for adolescents, and the severity of behavior problems decreased over time. Family environmental factors predicted phenotypic variables net of gender, intellectual disability status, and medication use. Maternal warmth was associated with higher levels of adaptive behavior, lower levels of autism symptoms, and decreases in behavior problems over time. Maternal depressive symptoms and criticism were associated with higher levels of psychological symptoms. Implications for interventions are discussed.
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. lsmith@waisman.wisc.edu.
authors: Leann E
authors: LE
authors: Smith
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors: Jinkuk
authors: J
authors: Hong
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors: Jan S
authors: JS
authors: Greenberg
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors: Marsha R
authors: MR
authors: Mailick
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adaptive behavior, behavior problems; Adolescence and adulthood; Autism symptoms; Family environment; Fragile X syndrome; Longitudinal; Psychological symptoms