title: Dietary and lifestyle determinants of acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin adducts in non-smoking postmenopausal women from the EPIC cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acrylamide was classified as 'probably carcinogenic' to humans in 1994 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 2002, public health concern increased when acrylamide was identified in starchy, plant-based foods, processed at high temperatures. The purpose of this study was to identify which food groups and lifestyle variables were determinants of hemoglobin adduct concentrations of acrylamide (HbAA) and glycidamide (HbGA) in 801 non-smoking postmenopausal women from eight countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomarkers of internal exposure were measured in red blood cells (collected at baseline) by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) . In this cross-sectional analysis, four dependent variables were evaluated: HbAA, HbGA, sum of total adducts (HbAA + HbGA), and their ratio (HbGA/HbAA). Simple and multiple regression analyses were used to identify determinants of the four outcome variables. All dependent variables (except HbGA/HbAA) and all independent variables were log-transformed (log2) to improve normality. Median (25th-75th percentile) HbAA and HbGA adduct levels were 41.3 (32.8-53.1) pmol/g Hb and 34.2 (25.4-46.9) pmol/g Hb, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main food group determinants of HbAA, HbGA, and HbAA + HbGA were biscuits, crackers, and dry cakes. Alcohol intake and body mass index were identified as the principal determinants of HbGA/HbAA. The total percent variation in HbAA, HbGA, HbAA + HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA explained in this study was 30, 26, 29, and 13 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary and lifestyle factors explain a moderate proportion of acrylamide adduct variation in non-smoking postmenopausal women from the EPIC cohort.
authors: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL), Avda Gran Via Barcelona 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Mireia
authors: M
authors: Obón-Santacana
authors: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL), Avda Gran Via Barcelona 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Lujan-Barroso
authors: Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France.
authors: Heinz
authors: H
authors: Freisling
authors: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Inserm, 94805, Villejuif, France.|UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, 94805, Villejuif, France.|Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Cadeau
authors: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Inserm, 94805, Villejuif, France.|UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, 94805, Villejuif, France.|Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Fagherazzi
authors: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Inserm, 94805, Villejuif, France.|UMRS 1018, Université Paris Sud, 94805, Villejuif, France.|Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France.
authors: Marie-Christine
authors: MC
authors: Boutron-Ruault
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Kaaks
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Renée T
authors: RT
authors: Fortner
authors: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114/116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors: Heiner
authors: H
authors: Boeing
authors: Public Health and Participation Directorate, Ciriaco Miguel Vigil 9, 33009, Asturias, Spain.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ramón Quirós
authors: Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Cuesta del Observatorio, 4, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18080, Granada, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Molina-Montes
authors: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa-BIODONOSTIA, Basque Regional Health Department, Avda. Navarra, 4, 20013, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors: Saioa
authors: S
authors: Chamosa
authors: CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Ronda de Levante, 11, 30008, Murcia, Spain.
authors: José María Huerta
authors: JMH
authors: Castaño
authors: CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.|Navarre Public Health Institute, Polígono de Landaben C/F, 31012, Pamplona, Spain.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Ardanaz
authors: University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
authors: Kay-Tee
authors: KT
authors: Khaw
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PQ, UK.
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Wareham
authors: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Key
authors: Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece.|Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
authors: Antonia
authors: A
authors: Trichopoulou
authors: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi, 115 27, Athens, Greece.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors: Pagona
authors: P
authors: Lagiou
authors: Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece.|Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
authors: Androniki
authors: A
authors: Naska
authors: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Ponte Nuovo, Via delle Oblate n.2, 50141, Florence, Italy.
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Palli
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian, 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Grioni
authors: Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic-M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Via Civile, 97100, Ragusa, Italy.
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Tumino
authors: Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Vineis
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Corso Umberto I, 40bis, 80138, Naples, Italy.
authors: Maria Santucci
authors: MS
authors: De Magistris
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.|Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: H B
authors: HB
authors: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.|Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Huispost Str. 6.131, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Petra H
authors: PH
authors: Peeters
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 1A, 9 tr, Kirurgcentrum, 952, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Wennberg
authors: Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, 1A, 9 tr, Kirurgcentrum, 952, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Ingvar A
authors: IA
authors: Bergdahl
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS F25, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
authors: Hubert
authors: H
authors: Vesper
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors: Elio
authors: E
authors: Riboli
authors: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL), Avda Gran Via Barcelona 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain. eduell@iconcologia.net.
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Duell
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D020106:Acrylamide; C071834:glycidamide
keywords: Acrylamide; Biomarkers; Diet; Glycidamide; Hemoglobin adducts; Nutrition