title: "NextGen" Biologics: Bispecific Antibodies and Emerging Clinical Results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are emerging as a novel approach for dual targeting strategies. Two bispecific antibodies are approved for therapy and >30 are in clinical development. The first generation of BsAb were produced by chemical cross-linking or hybridoma technology; with the recent advent of genetic and protein engineering technologies numerous formats of bispecific antibodies have emerged using either the fragments of IgG or whole IgG molecules. Further areas of development include dual blockade of different disease pathways, diagnosis and imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biologics, including bi- or multi-specific antibodies and T cell-based approaches are rapidly changing the landscape of cancer therapeutics. New engineering platforms for bi- or multi-specific antibodies and scaffolds offer improved efficacy and reduced toxicities over IgG-based monoclonal antibodies. Preclinical and clinical studies using different formats of BsAbs are described in this review using PubMed as a literature search tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive presentation of preclinical data and clinical trials evaluating the various formats of BsAbs indicate their safety and efficacy. However, a vast opportunity to fine tune physical properties and functional activity of biologics to improve the stability, engagement of cytotoxic CD8 T cells and multi-antigen targeting strategy through protein engineering holds a greater therapeutic potential.
authors: a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors: Archana
authors: A
authors: Thakur
authors: a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA.|b Department of Medicine , Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA.|c Department of Pediatrics , Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA.|d Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors: Lawrence G
authors: LG
authors: Lum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001688:Biological Products; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D015202:Protein Engineering; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D001688:Biological Products
keywords: Activated T cells; Bispecific antibody; Cancer; Immunotherapy