title: Non-invasive imaging to identify susceptibility for ventricular arrhythmias in ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: Non-invasive imaging of myocardial perfusion, sympathetic denervation and scar size contribute to enhanced risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Some of these imaging parameters, however, may be intertwined as they are based on similar pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive role of myocardial perfusion, sympathetic denervation and scar size on the inducibility of VA in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy in a head-to-head fashion.
  
  
  
  52 patients with ischaemic heart disease and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, referred for primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation, were included. Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular MRI was performed to assess LV volumes, function and scar size. Using [(15)O]H2O and [(11)C]hydroxyephedrine positron emission tomography, both resting and hyperaemic myocardial blood flow (MBF), and sympathetic innervation were assessed. After ICD implantation, an electrophysiological study (EPS) was performed and was considered positive in case of sustained VA.
  
  
  
  Patients with a positive EPS (n=25) showed more severely impaired global hyperaemic MBF (p=0.003), larger sympathetic denervation size (p=0.048) and tended to have larger scar size (p=0.07) and perfusion defect size (p=0.06) compared with EPS-negative patients (n=27). No differences were observed in LV volumes, LVEF and innervation-perfusion mismatch size. Multivariable analysis revealed that impaired hyperaemic MBF was the single best independent predictor for VA inducibility (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.94, p=0.007). A combination of risk markers did not yield incremental predictive value over hyperaemic MBF alone.
  
  
  
  Of all previously validated approaches to evaluate the arrhythmic substrate, global impaired hyperaemic MBF was the only independent predictor of VA inducibility. Moreover, a combined approach of different imaging variables did not have incremental value.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Mischa T
authors: MT
authors: Rijnierse
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Cornelis P
authors: CP
authors: Allaart
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: de Haan
authors: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Hendrik J
authors: HJ
authors: Harms
authors: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Marc C
authors: MC
authors: Huisman
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Aernout M
authors: AM
authors: Beek
authors: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Adriaan A
authors: AA
authors: Lammertsma
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Albert C
authors: AC
authors: van Rossum
authors: Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Knaapen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000295:instrumentation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left