title: Unveiling in Vivo Subcutaneous Thermal Dynamics by Infrared Luminescent Nanothermometers.
abstract: The recent development of core/shell engineering of rare earth doped luminescent nanoparticles has ushered a new era in fluorescence thermal biosensing, allowing for the performance of minimally invasive experiments, not only in living cells but also in more challenging small animal models. Here, the potential use of active-core/active-shell Nd(3+)- and Yb(3+)-doped nanoparticles as subcutaneous thermal probes has been evaluated. These temperature nanoprobes operate in the infrared transparency window of biological tissues, enabling deep temperature sensing into animal bodies thanks to the temperature dependence of their emission spectra that leads to a ratiometric temperature readout. The ability of active-core/active-shell Nd(3+)- and Yb(3+)-doped nanoparticles for unveiling fundamental tissue properties in in vivo conditions was demonstrated by subcutaneous thermal relaxation monitoring through the injected core/shell nanoparticles. The reported results evidence the potential of infrared luminescence nanothermometry as a diagnosis tool at the small animal level.
authors: Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil.|Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Erving Clayton
authors: EC
authors: Ximendes
authors: Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
authors: Weslley Queiroz
authors: WQ
authors: Santos
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Uéslen
authors: U
authors: Rocha
authors: Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
authors: Upendra Kumar
authors: UK
authors: Kagola
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria. Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100 28034 Madrid, Spain.
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Sanz-Rodríguez
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Nuria
authors: N
authors: Fernández
authors: Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
authors: Artur da Silva
authors: Ada S
authors: Gouveia-Neto
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Bravo
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Agustín Martín
authors: AM
authors: Domingo
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: del Rosal
authors: Departamento de Física and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Carlos D S
authors: CD
authors: Brites
authors: Departamento de Física and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Luís Dias
authors: LD
authors: Carlos
authors: Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria. Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100 28034 Madrid, Spain.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Jaque
authors: Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Jacinto
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D007259:Infrared Rays; D049449:Luminescence; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation*; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D009354:Neodymium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013821:Thermometers; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009354:Neodymium; D015018:Ytterbium
keywords: Nanothermometry; rare earth nanoparticles; second biological window; subcutaneous thermal sensing