title: GC-MS metabolic profiling of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot cultivars during grapevine berry development and network analysis reveals a stage- and cultivar-dependent connectivity of primary metabolites.
abstract: Information about the total chemical composition of primary metabolites during grape berry development is scarce, as are comparative studies trying to understand to what extent metabolite modifications differ between cultivars during ripening. Thus, correlating the metabolic profiles with the changes occurring in berry development and ripening processes is essential to progress in their comprehension as well in the development of new approaches to improve fruit attributes. Here, the developmental metabolic profiling analysis across six stages from flowering to fully mature berries of two cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, is reported at metabolite level. Based on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted approach, 115 metabolites were identified and relative quantified in both cultivars. Sugars and amino acids levels show an opposite behaviour in both cultivars undergoing a highly coordinated shift of metabolite associated to primary metabolism during the stages involved in growth, development and ripening of berries. The changes are characteristic for each stage, the most pronounced ones occuring at fruit setting and pre-Veraison. They are associated to a reduction of the levels of metabolites present in the earlier corresponding stage, revealing a required catabolic activity of primary metabolites for grape berry developmental process. Network analysis revealed that the network connectivity of primary metabolites is stage- and cultivar-dependent, suggesting differences in metabolism regulation between both cultivars as the maturity process progresses. Furthermore, network analysis may represent an appropriate method to display the association between primary metabolites during berry developmental processes among different grapevine cultivars and for identifying potential biologically relevant metabolites.
authors: Max-Planck Institute for Plant Molecular Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany ; MetasysX, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Cuadros-Inostroza
authors: Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile.
authors: Simón
authors: S
authors: Ruíz-Lara
authors: Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile.
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: González
authors: Max-Planck Institute for Plant Molecular Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Aenne
authors: A
authors: Eckardt
authors: Max-Planck Institute for Plant Molecular Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Lothar
authors: L
authors: Willmitzer
authors: Max-Planck Institute for Plant Molecular Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Hugo
authors: 0000-0002-1434-0159
authors: H
authors: Peña-Cortés
keywords: GC–MS; Grapevine berry; Grapevine metabolome; Metabolic profiling; Vitis vinifera