title: A Longitudinal Study to Evaluate Pregnancy-Induced Endogenous Analgesia and Pain Modulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phenomenon of pregnancy-induced analgesia has been demonstrated in animal models but less consistently in human studies. This study aimed to assess endogenous pain modulation, evaluating inhibitory and excitatory pain pathways, over the course of pregnancy and postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy pregnant women were approached for participation in this prospective multicenter cohort study. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM), mechanical temporal summation (mTS), and temperature that induced pain 6 out of 10 (pain-6) were assessed toward the end of each trimester of pregnancy (8-12, 18-22, and 36 weeks) and at 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. To assess how pregnancy affects CPM, mTS, and pain-6, a mixed-effects analysis of variance was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three pregnant women were enrolled. Pregnancy did not significantly impact CPM (F3,39 = 0.30, P = 0.83, partial η = 0.02), and there was no significant difference between CPM scores in the third trimester compared with postpartum. The mTS scores and pain-6 ratings were also not significantly changed by pregnancy (F3,42 = 1.20, P = 0.32, partial η = 0.08; and F3,42 = 1.90, P = 0.14, partial η = 0.12, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to assess CPM and mTS changes in pregnancy and postpartum. Endogenous pain modulation evaluating both inhibitory and excitatory pain pathways did not significantly change during pregnancy or postpartum. Future studies are required to determine the magnitude and clinical significance of pregnancy-induced analgesia.
authors: From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; †Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; ‡University College London Hospital, London, UK; §Evidera, Bethesda, MD; and ∥Columbia University, New York, NY.
authors: Brendan
authors: B
authors: Carvalho
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Granot
authors: Pervez
authors: P
authors: Sultan
authors: Hilary
authors: H
authors: Wilson
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Landau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies