title: Associations of Apelin, Visfatin, and Urinary 8-Isoprostane With Severe Hypertension in African Americans: The MH-GRID Study.
abstract: Apelin is an adipokine directly associated with adiposity, insulin resistance, and decreased blood pressure. Urinary 8-isoprostane is a marker of chronic oxidative endothelial stress. Visfatin, an adipokine that acts by binding and activating the insulin receptor, has been associated with hypertension. As severe hypertension (SH) is highly prevalent among African Americans (AA), we aimed to assess the association of these biomarkers with SH status.
  
  
  
  A sample of 250 AA participants (134 normotensive controls and 116 with SH (including 98 treatment controlled, SCH: severe controlled hypertension, and 18 treatment resistant, SRH: severe resistant hypertension)) from the Minority Health Genomics and Translational Research Bio-Repository Database (MH-GRID) in metro Atlanta had blood analyzed for apelin and visfatin and urine for 8-isoprostane. T-tests, sex-specific age-adjusted correlation coefficients, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of biomarkers with hypertensive status.
  
  
  
  Levels of apelin and 8-isoprostane were not statistically different between controls and SCH or SRH. Statistically significant differences were present in levels of visfatin between controls (1.03±0.84 pg/ml), SCH (1.34±1.14 pg/ml), and SRH (1.59±0.85 pg/ml). After multivariable adjustment, categorization in the middle 2 quartiles of urinary 8-isoprostane were associated with SH. In similar models, categorization into the highest quartile of visfatin was associated with SH (odds ratio = 2.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-7.02). A continuous association of visfatin with SH was present.
  
  
  
  In our community sample of AA, there were increased odds of SH with increased levels of urinary 8-isoprostane and visfatin, but not with apelin.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, USA;
authors: Steven R
authors: SR
authors: Horbal
authors: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Seffens
authors: National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
authors: Adam R
authors: AR
authors: Davis
authors: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
authors: Natalia
authors: N
authors: Silvestrov
authors: NIH/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Gary H
authors: GH
authors: Gibbons
authors: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
authors: Rakale C
authors: RC
authors: Quarells
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; abidules@indiana.edu.
authors: Aurelian
authors: A
authors: Bidulescu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000073861:Apelin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000073861:Apelin; D015415:Biomarkers; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
keywords: African Americans; adipokines; apelin; blood pressure; hypertension; severe hypertension; urinary 8-isoprostane; visfatin.