title: Joint trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: The co-occurring development of internalizing and externalizing problems were examined in an inception cohort of 392 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3 who were assessed on four occasions. Results indicated that internalizing and externalizing problems were stable over time and highly comorbid. Joint trajectory analysis suggested that 13% of the sample followed a dual high-risk trajectory. High risk was not found to be associated with intellectual ability or autism spectrum disorder symptom severity but was linked to lower income and gender: more girls than boys were found in the high/stable internalizing problems trajectory. The results suggest that 1 in 4 preschoolers followed a trajectory of internalizing or externalizing problems (or a combination of the two) that could be characterized as clinically elevated.
authors: University of Ottawa.
authors: Tracy
authors: T
authors: Vaillancourt
authors: University of Ottawa.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Haltigan
authors: Dalhousie University.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Smith
authors: University of Alberta.
authors: Lonnie
authors: L
authors: Zwaigenbaum
authors: University of Toronto.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Szatmari
authors: Oregon Health and Science University.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Fombonne
authors: Simon Fraser University.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Waddell
authors: McMaster University.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Duku
authors: University of British Columbia.
authors: Pat
authors: P
authors: Mirenda
authors: McMaster University.
authors: Stelios
authors: S
authors: Georgiades
authors: McMaster University.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Bennett
authors: University of Alberta.
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Volden
authors: Independent Scholar.
authors: Mayada
authors: M
authors: Elsabbagh
authors: University of Toronto.
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Roberts
authors: Autism Research Centre,Halifax.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Bryson
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors