title: A protocol for the isolation and cultivation of brown bear (Ursus arctos) adipocytes.
abstract: Brown bears (Ursus arctos) exhibit hyperphagia each fall and can become obese in preparation for hibernation. They do this without displaying the physiological problems typically seen in obese humans, such as Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The study of brown bear hibernation biology could therefore aid in the development of novel methods for combating metabolic diseases. To this end, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and culture methods were developed to differentiate these into the adipogenic lineage. Biopsies were taken from 8 captive male (N = 6) and female (N = 2) brown bears, ages 2-12 years. Plastic adherent, fibroblast-like cells were proliferated and subsequently cryopreserved or differentiated. Differentiation conditions were optimized with respect to fetal bovine serum content and time spent in differentiation medium. Cultures were characterized through immunostaining, RT-qPCR, and Oil red O staining to quantify lipid accumulation. Adiponectin, leptin, and glycerol medium concentrations were also determined over the course of differentiation. The culturing protocol succeeded in generating hormone-sensitive lipase-expressing, lipid-producing white-type adipocytes (UCP1 negative). Serum concentration and time of exposure to differentiation medium were both positively related to lipid production. Cells cultured to low passage numbers retained similar lipid production and expression of lipid markers PLIN2 and FABP4. Ultimately, the protocols described here may be useful to biologists in the field investigating the health of wild bear populations and could potentially increase our understanding of metabolic disorders in humans.
authors: School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. jamie.gehring@wsu.edu.
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Gehring
authors: School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors: K S
authors: KS
authors: Rigano
authors: Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Evans Hutzenbiler
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors: O L
authors: OL
authors: Nelson
authors: School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors: C T
authors: CT
authors: Robbins
authors: Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors: H T
authors: HT
authors: Jansen
keywords: Adipocyte; Bear; Cell culture; Lipid metabolism