title: The rat closely mimics oxidative stress and inflammation in humans after exercise but not after exercise combined with vitamin C administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to directly compare oxidative stress and inflammation responses between rats and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We contrasted rat and human oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to exercise (pro-oxidant stimulus) and/or vitamin C (anti-oxidant stimulus) administration. Vitamin C was administered orally in both species (16 mg kg(-1) of body weight). Twelve redox biomarkers and seven inflammatory biomarkers were determined in plasma and erythrocytes pre- and post-exercise or pre- and post-exercise combined with vitamin C administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise increased oxidative stress and induced an inflammatory state in rats and humans. There were only 1/19 significant species × exercise interactions (catalase), indicating similar responses to exercise between rats and humans in redox and inflammatory biomarkers. Vitamin C decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity only in humans and did not affect the redox state of rats. In contrast, vitamin C induced an anti-inflammatory state only in rats and did not affect the inflammatory state of humans. There were 10/19 significant species × vitamin C interactions, indicating that rats poorly mimic human oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to vitamin C administration. Exercise after acute vitamin C administration altered redox state only in humans and did not affect the redox state of rats. On the contrary, inflammation biomarkers changed similarly after exercise combined with vitamin C in both rats and humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rat adequately mimics human responses to exercise in basic blood redox/inflammatory profile, yet this is not the case after exercise combined with vitamin C administration.
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Aristidis S
authors: AS
authors: Veskoukis
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Goutianos
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece.|Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors: Vassilis
authors: V
authors: Paschalis
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.|Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Nikos V
authors: NV
authors: Margaritelis
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.|Department of Hematology, Blood Bank, General Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece.
authors: Aikaterini
authors: A
authors: Tzioura
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Konstantina
authors: K
authors: Dipla
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Zafeiridis
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Ioannis S
authors: IS
authors: Vrabas
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
authors: Antonios
authors: A
authors: Kyparos
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece. nikolaidis@auth.gr.
authors: Michalis G
authors: MG
authors: Nikolaidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013045:Species Specificity; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Animal models; Biomarkers; Exercise; Human; Rat; Vitamin C