title: Subcompartmentalized Nanoreactors as Artificial Organelle with Intracellular Activity.
abstract: Cell mimicry is an approach which aims at substituting missing or lost activity. In this context, the goal of artificial organelles is to provide intracellularly active nanoreactors to affect the cellular performance. So far, only a handful of reports discuss concepts addressing this challenge based on single-component reactors. Here, the assembly of nanoreactors equipped with glucose oxidase (GOx)-loaded liposomal subunits coated with a poly(dopamine) polymer layer and RGD targeting units is reported. When comparing different surface modifications, the uptake of the nanoreactors by endothelial cells and macrophages with applied shear stress is confirmed without inherent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the encapsulation and preserved activity of GOx within the nanoreactors is shown. The intracellular activity is demonstrated by exposing macrophages with internalized nanoreactors to glucose and assessment of the cell viability after 6 and 24 h. The macrophage viability is found to be reduced due to the intracellularly produced hydrogen peroxide by GOx. This report on the first intracellular active subcompartmentalized nanoreactors is a considerable step in therapeutic cell mimicry.
authors: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Thingholm
authors: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Schattling
authors: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
authors: Brigitte
authors: B
authors: Städler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D004705:Endocytosis; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D055672:Static Electricity; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: artificial organelles; encapsulated catalysis; intracellular activity; macrophages; shear stress