title: Vitamin A and the eye: an old tale for modern times.
abstract: Clinical presentations associated with vitamin A deficiency persist in poor regions globally with the same clinical features as those described centuries ago. However, new forms of vitamin A deficiency affecting the eyes, which have become widespread, as a result of modern societal habits are of increasing concern. Ophthalmic conditions related to vitamin A deficiency require the combined attention of ophthalmologists, pediatricians, internists, dermatologists, and nutritionists due to their potential severity and the diversity of causes. As the eyes and their adnexa are particularly sensitive to vitamin A deficiency and excess, ocular disturbances are often early indicators of vitamin A imbalance. The present review describes the clinical manifestations of hypovitaminosis A with an emphasis on so-called modern dietary disorders and multidisciplinary treatment approaches. The present review also discusses the relationship between retinoic acid therapy and dry eye disease.
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Jacqueline Ferreira
authors: JF
authors: Faustino
authors: Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Ribeiro-Silva
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Rodrigo Faeda
authors: RF
authors: Dalto
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Martins de
authors: MM
authors: Souza
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: João Marcello Fortes
authors: JM
authors: Furtado
authors: Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Gutemberg de Melo
authors: Gde M
authors: Rocha
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Alves
authors: Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Eduardo Melani
authors: EM
authors: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000209:etiology; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A