title: Genetic data: The new challenge of personalized medicine, insights for rheumatoid arthritis patients.
abstract: Rapid advances in genotyping technology, analytical methods, and the establishment of large cohorts for population genetic studies have resulted in a large new body of information about the genetic basis of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Improved understanding of the root pathogenesis of the disease holds the promise of improved diagnostic and prognostic tools based upon this information. In this review, we summarize the nature of new genetic findings in human RA, including susceptibility loci and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, as well as genetic loci associated with sub-groups of patients and those associated with response to therapy. Possible uses of these data are discussed, such as prediction of disease risk as well as personalized therapy and prediction of therapeutic response and risk of adverse events. While these applications are largely not refined to the point of clinical utility in RA, it seems likely that multi-parameter datasets including genetic, clinical, and biomarker data will be employed in the future care of RA patients.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. Electronic address: goulielmos@med.uoc.gr.
authors: George N
authors: GN
authors: Goulielmos
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors: Maria I
authors: MI
authors: Zervou
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors: Effie
authors: E
authors: Myrthianou
authors: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Agata
authors: A
authors: Burska
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Timothy B
authors: TB
authors: Niewold
authors: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Frederique
authors: F
authors: Ponchel
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D057225:Data Mining; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D059472:Exome; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D011379:Prognosis; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents
keywords: Gene polymorphisms; Genotyping technologies; Personalized medicine; Rheumatoid arthritis