title: Evaluating metabolites in patients with major depressive disorder who received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and healthy controls using short echo MRSI at 7 Tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate differences in metabolite levels between unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls, to assess changes in metabolites in patients after they completed an 8-week course of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and to exam the correlation between metabolites and depression severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with MDD and ten age- and gender-matched healthy controls were studied using 3D short echo-time (20 ms) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at 7 Tesla. Relative metabolite ratios were estimated in five regions of interest corresponding to insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate, putamen, and thalamus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, MBCT reduced severity of depression. The ratio of total choline-containing compounds/total creatine (tCr) in the right caudate was significantly increased compared to that in healthy controls, while ratios of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/tCr in the left ACC, myo-inositol/tCr in the right insula, and glutathione/tCr in the left putamen were significantly decreased. At baseline, the severity of depression was negatively correlated with my-inositol/tCr in the left insula and putamen. The improvement in depression severity was significantly associated with changes in NAA/tCr in the left ACC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has successfully evaluated regional differences in metabolites for patients with MDD who received MBCT treatment and in controls using 7 Tesla MRSI.
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology Box 2532, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2532, USA. yan.li@ucsf.edu.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology Box 2532, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2532, USA.
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Jakary
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Gillung
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Stuart
authors: S
authors: Eisendrath
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology Box 2532, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2532, USA.|Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Nelson
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology Box 2532, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2532, USA.
authors: Pratik
authors: P
authors: Mukherjee
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology Box 2532, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2532, USA.
authors: Tracy
authors: T
authors: Luks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D064866:Mindfulness; D011699:Putamen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate
keywords: 7 Tesla; MBCT; Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging; Major depressive disorder