title: The Barriers and Facilitators to Transfer of Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Line Skills From Simulation to Practice: Exploring Perceptions of Learners and Supervisors.
abstract: PHENOMENON: Ultrasound-guided central venous line insertion is currently the standard of care. Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews show that simulation is superior to apprenticeship training. The purpose of this study is to explore, from the perspectives of participants in a simulation-training program, the factors that help or hinder the transfer of skills from simulation to practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purposeful sampling was used to select and study the experience and perspective of novice fellows after they had completed simulation training and then performed ultrasound-guided central venous line in practice. Seven novice pediatric intensive care unit fellows and six supervising faculty in a university-affiliated academic center in a large urban city were recruited between September 2012 and January 2013. We conducted a qualitative study using semistructured interviews as our data source, employing a constructivist, grounded theory methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both curricular and real-life factors influence the transfer of skills from simulation to practice and the overall performance of trainees. Clear instructions, the opportunity to practice to mastery, one-on-one observation with feedback, supervision, and further real-life experiences were perceived as factors that facilitated the transfer of skills. Concern for patient welfare, live trouble shooting, complexity of the intensive care unit environment, and the procedure itself were perceived as real-life factors that hindered the transfer of skills. Insights: As more studies confirm the superiority of simulation training versus apprenticeship training for initial student learning, the faculty should gain insight into factors that facilitate and hinder the transfer of skills from simulation to bedside settings and impact learners' performances. As simulation further augments clinical learning, efforts should be made to modify the curricular and bedside factors that facilitate transfer of skills from simulation to practice settings.
authors: a Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors: Briseida
authors: B
authors: Mema
authors: b Department of Medical Education , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors: Ilene
authors: I
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D066296:Grounded Theory; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D000066908:Simulation Training; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*
keywords: central line placement; curriculum; simulation; transfer of learning; ultrasound guided