title: A Simple Approach for an Eggshell-Based 3D-Printed Osteoinductive Multiphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffold.
abstract: Natural origin bioceramics are widely used for bone grafts. In the present study, an eggshell-derived bioceramic scaffold is fabricated by 3D printing as a potential bone-graft analogue. The eggshell, a biological waste material, was mixed with a specific ratio of phosphoric acid and chitosan to form a precursor toward the fabrication of an osteoinductive multiphasic calcium phosphate scaffold via a coagulation-assisted extrusion and sintering for a multiscalar hierarchical porous structure with improved mechanical properties. Physicochemical characterization of the formed scaffolds was carried out for phase analysis, surface morphology, and mechanical properties. A similar scaffold was prepared using a chemically synthesized calcium phosphate powder that was compared with the natural origin one. The higher surface area associated with the interconnected porosity along with multiple phases of the natural origin scaffold facilitated higher cell adhesion and proliferation compared to the chemically synthesized one. Further, the natural origin scaffold displayed relatively higher cell differentiation activity, as is evident by protein and gene expression studies. On subcutaneous implantation for 30 days, promising vascular tissue in-growth was observed, circumventing a major foreign body response. Collagen-rich vascular extracellular matrix deposition and osteocalcin secretion indicated bonelike tissue formation. Finally, the eggshell-derived multiphasic calcium phosphate scaffold displayed improvement in the mechanical properties with higher porosity and osteoinductivity compared to the chemically derived apatite and unveiled a new paradigm for utilization of biological wastes in bone-graft application.
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Prabhash
authors: P
authors: Dadhich
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Bodhisatwa
authors: B
authors: Das
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Pallabi
authors: P
authors: Pal
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Pavan K
authors: PK
authors: Srivas
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Joy
authors: J
authors: Dutta
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Midnapore Medical Collage and Hospital , Midnapore, India.
authors: Sabyasachi
authors: S
authors: Ray
authors: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302, India.
authors: Santanu
authors: S
authors: Dhara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004528:Egg Shell; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates
keywords: 3D printing; eggshells; intramembranous ossification; multiphasic calcium phosphate; multiscalar porosity; osteoinduction