title: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: an evidence-based practice approach to their use in the natural history of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Objective The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are an important addition to available treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) as an adjunct to modifications in diet and exercise. SGLT-2 inhibitors may be prescribed alone or as add-on treatment in patients receiving metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and/or insulin across the natural history of the disease. Inhibition of SGLT-2, which is responsible for approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption, increases urinary glucose excretion and lowers blood glucose concentrations. The objective of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology of diabetes and the contribution of the kidney to glucose homeostasis and to provide an evidence-based practice approach to clinical applications of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of T2D. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify literature published from 1990 through September 2015 examining the pathophysiology of T2D, the role of the kidney in regulating glucose concentrations, and clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors in T2D. Results There is a need for early treatment in patients with T2D to minimize the risk of cardiovascular complications that increase morbidity and mortality. SGLT-2 inhibitors improve glycemic control, reduce body weight and blood pressure, and are associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia. Adverse events associated with SGLT-2 inhibitors include mild to moderate urinary tract and genital infections and mild dehydration potentially leading to orthostatic hypotension. Conclusions An evidence-based practice approach to examining the importance of early, proactive treatment of T2D using SGLT-2 inhibitors from initiation of pharmacotherapy to increasingly more complicated combination therapy regimens, including insulin, suggests that this treatment strategy maximizes benefits and minimizes potential side effects. The SGLT-2 inhibitors augment the arsenal of available antidiabetes agents, facilitating the ability of clinicians to design tailored treatment regimens that help patients achieve therapeutic goals.
authors: a Main Line Health System , Ardmore , PA , USA ;
authors: Stanley S
authors: SS
authors: Schwartz
authors: b Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors: Intekhab
authors: I
authors: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D008687:Metformin
keywords: Canagliflozin; Dapagliflozin; Empagliflozin; Evidence-based practice approach; Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; Type 2 diabetes