title: A new test for plant bioaccessibility in sulphidic wastes and soils: A case study from the Wheal Maid historic tailings repository in Cornwall, UK.
abstract: Currently, bioaccessibility testing at contaminated sites is dominated by techniques designed to assess oral bioaccessibility to humans. Determining the plant bioaccessibility of toxic trace elements is also important. In mining landscapes, sulphides are an important source of potentially toxic elements. Simple tests to evaluate readily leachable metals and metalloids exist but do not extract elements temporarily constrained within the sulphide fraction. Sequential extractions describe the association of trace elements with different geochemical fractions but are time consuming, costly and provide excessive detail. This paper proposes a new test for plant bioaccessibility in sulphidic mine wastes and soils that uses hydrogen peroxide to simulate environmental oxidation. The bioaccessible fraction determined is operationally defined and does not predict actual plant uptake. The test targets a) the portion of an element that is currently available in the pore water for uptake by plant roots and also b) the fraction that is temporarily constrained in sulphide minerals but may become available upon oxidation of the substrate. A case study was conducted at a historic mine waste repository site in Cornwall, U.K. where near total As concentrations were extremely elevated and Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn were also high. Our test determined that bioaccessible concentrations of As, Cd, Cu and Zn and to a lesser extent Sb and Pb were highest in samples of pyritic grey tailings. This is attributed to sulphide mineral oxidation and, particularly for Cd and Zn, the dissolution of soluble secondary minerals. High As concentrations in the marbled tailings were not bioaccessible. Results from the case study show that this new test provides useful information on the future bioaccessibility of contaminants, allowing for classification of mineralised sulphidic waste materials which otherwise cannot be obtained using established geochemical and mineralogical techniques. Furthermore, the test is rapid, repeatable and cost effective.
authors: Environment and Sustainability Institute and Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: van Veen
authors: Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, Wuellnerstrasse 2, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
authors: B G
authors: BG
authors: Lottermoser
authors: School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Parbhakar-Fox
authors: School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Fox
authors: GeMMe, University of Liege, Liege, 4000, Belgium.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hunt
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D004739:England; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008906:Mining; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062611:Solid Waste; D013457:Sulfur Compounds
keywords: Accelerated oxidation; Bioaccessibility; Mine site closure; Mine waste; Potentially toxic metals and metalloids