title: The Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the United States.
abstract: Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represent a reservoir of infection, many of whom will progress to tuberculosis (TB) disease. A central pillar of TB control in the United States is reducing this reservoir through targeted testing and treatment.
  
  
  
  To estimate the prevalence of LTBI in the United States using the tuberculin skin test (TST) and an IFN-γ release assay.
  
  
  
  We used nationally representative data from the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 6,083 aged ≥6 yr). LTBI was measured by both the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT). Weighted population, prevalence, and multiple logistic regression were used.
  
  
  
  The estimated prevalence of LTBI in 2011-2012 was 4.4% as measured by the TST and 4.8% by QFT-GIT, corresponding to 12,398,000 and 13,628,000 individuals, respectively. Prevalence declined slightly since 2000 among the U.S. born but remained constant among the foreign born. Earlier birth cohorts consistently had higher prevalence than more recent ones. Higher risk groups included the foreign born, close contact with a case of TB disease, and certain racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  
  After years of decline, the prevalence of LTBI remained relatively constant between 2000 and 2011. A large reservoir of 12.4 million still exists, with foreign-born persons representing an increasingly larger proportion of this reservoir (73%). Estimates and risk factors for LTBI were generally similar between the TST and QFT-GIT. The updated estimates of LTBI and associated risk groups can help improve targeted testing and treatment in the United States.
authors: 1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Mancuso
authors: 1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.|2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; and.
authors: Jeffrey M
authors: JM
authors: Diffenderfer
authors: 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.
authors: Bijan J
authors: BJ
authors: Ghassemieh
authors: 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.|4 Department of Global Health, and.|5 Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Horne
authors: 1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Tzu-Cheg
authors: TC
authors: Kao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: IFN-γ release tests; latent tuberculosis; nutrition survey; tuberculin test; tuberculosis epidemiology