title: Pollution by metals and toxicity assessment using Caenorhabditis elegans in sediments from the Magdalena River, Colombia.
abstract: The Magdalena River is the most important river in Colombia, supplying over 70% of the population of fish and drinking water, and it also is the main river transportation way of the country. It receives effluents from multiple sources along its course such as contaminant agricultural and industrial discharges. To evaluate the toxicity profile of Magdalena River sediments through endpoints such as survival, locomotion, and growth, wild type strains of Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to aqueous extracts of the sediments. To identify changes in gene expression, GFP transgenic strains were used as reporter genes. Physiological and biochemical data were correlated with metal concentration in the sediments, identifying patterns of toxicity along the course of the river. Levels of some metals such as Cd, Cu, and Ni were above TEC and PEC limits. Effects in survival, growth, and locomotion were observed in most of the samples, and changes in gene expression were evident in the genes mtl-2, sod-4, and gst-1 using fluorescence expression. Cadmium and lead were the metals which were primarily associated with sediment toxicity, and the sampling sites with the highest increased expression of stress response genes were Barrancabermeja and Girardot. However, the diverse nature of toxic profiles observed in C. elegans in the study area showed the pervasiveness of different types of discharges throughout the river system.
authors: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia. Electronic address: ltejedab@unicartagena.edu.co.
authors: Lesly
authors: L
authors: Tejeda-Benitez
authors: Environmental Toxicology, WIGS Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Electronic address: flegal@ucsc.edu.
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Flegal
authors: Environmental Toxicology, WIGS Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Electronic address: kodigie@ucsc.edu.
authors: Kingsley
authors: K
authors: Odigie
authors: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia. Electronic address: joliverov@unicartagena.edu.co.
authors: Jesus
authors: J
authors: Olivero-Verbel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects*; D003105:Colombia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Colombia; GFP reporter gene; Magdalena River; Metals; Nematode; Survival