title: Insomnia and daytime neuropsychological test performance in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is good documentation of the impact of insomnia on daytime cognitive function based on self-reports, but not on neuropsychological test performance. The study investigated the association of difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early morning awakening (EMA) complaints with daytime domain-specific neuropsychological performance in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 859 older adults (mean 71.9 years) in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies. They were interviewed and assessed at community-based eldercare activity centres and completed a sleep survey questionnaire and a battery of neuropsychological tests (Digit span, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Story memory, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Color Trails Test (1 and 2), Block design, and Verbal fluency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insomnia complaints were present in 18.0% (n = 155) of participants. Controlling for the presence of other insomnia complaints, psychosocial and medical variables, and depression, EMA was independently and significantly associated with worse executive functioning (p = 0.031). DIS and DMS were not independently associated with poorer performance on any cognitive domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of EMA among older adults with decreased executive functioning and underlying mechanistic factors should be further investigated.
authors: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 9th Floor, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228.
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Ling
authors: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 9th Floor, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228.
authors: May Li
authors: ML
authors: Lim
authors: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block AS4, #02-07, 9 Arts Link, Singapore 117570.
authors: Xinyi
authors: X
authors: Gwee
authors: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 9th Floor, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228.
authors: Roger C M
authors: RC
authors: Ho
authors: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block AS4, #02-07, 9 Arts Link, Singapore 117570.
authors: Simon L
authors: SL
authors: Collinson
authors: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 9th Floor, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228. Electronic address: pcmngtp@nus.edu.sg.
authors: Tze-Pin
authors: TP
authors: Ng
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012846:Singapore; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cognition; Early morning awakening; Elderly; Executive function