title: Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: During hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection, extrahepatic manifestations are frequent and polymorphous. This article reports on a large cohort of patients with HCV-related autoimmune or lymphoproliferative disorders, from mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis to frank lymphomas. The relationship between HCV infection and such immune-related diseases has been formally demonstrated by epidemiological, clinical, immunological and pathological data, and results of therapeutic trials. More recently, other nonliver-related HCV disorders have been reported, including cardiovascular (i.e. stroke, ischemic heart disease), renal, metabolic and central nervous system diseases. For these manifestations, most evidence comes from large epidemiological studies; there is a need for mechanistic studies and therapeutic trials for confirmation. Beyond the risk of developing liver complications, that is, cirrhosis and liver cancer, patients with HCV infection have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality related to nonliver diseases. HCV chronic infection should be analyzed as a systemic disease in which extrahepatic consequences increase the weight of its pathological burden. The need for effective viral eradication measures is underlined.
authors: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and Inflammation Immunopathology Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Paris, France.
authors: Patrice
authors: P
authors: Cacoub
authors: Cloe
authors: C
authors: Comarmond
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Domont
authors: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and Inflammation Immunopathology Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Paris, France.
authors: Léa
authors: L
authors: Savey
authors: Anne C
authors: AC
authors: Desbois
authors: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and Inflammation Immunopathology Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Paris, France.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Saadoun
keywords: extrahepatic manifestations; hepatitis C virus; treatment