title: Automation of a Nile red staining assay enables high throughput quantification of microalgal lipid production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the context of microalgal lipid production for biofuels and bulk chemical applications, specialized higher throughput devices for small scale parallelized cultivation are expected to boost the time efficiency of phototrophic bioprocess development. However, the increasing number of possible experiments is directly coupled to the demand for lipid quantification protocols that enable reliably measuring large sets of samples within short time and that can deal with the reduced sample volume typically generated at screening scale. To meet these demands, a dye based assay was established using a liquid handling robot to provide reproducible high throughput quantification of lipids with minimized hands-on-time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipid production was monitored using the fluorescent dye Nile red with dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent facilitating dye permeation. The staining kinetics of cells at different concentrations and physiological states were investigated to successfully down-scale the assay to 96 well microtiter plates. Gravimetric calibration against a well-established extractive protocol enabled absolute quantification of intracellular lipids improving precision from ±8 to ±2 % on average. Implementation into an automated liquid handling platform allows for measuring up to 48 samples within 6.5 h, reducing hands-on-time to a third compared to manual operation. Moreover, it was shown that automation enhances accuracy and precision compared to manual preparation. It was revealed that established protocols relying on optical density or cell number for biomass adjustion prior to staining may suffer from errors due to significant changes of the cells' optical and physiological properties during cultivation. Alternatively, the biovolume was used as a measure for biomass concentration so that errors from morphological changes can be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly established assay proved to be applicable for absolute quantification of algal lipids avoiding limitations of currently established protocols, namely biomass adjustment and limited throughput. Automation was shown to improve data reliability, as well as experimental throughput simultaneously minimizing the needed hands-on-time to a third. Thereby, the presented protocol meets the demands for the analysis of samples generated by the upcoming generation of devices for higher throughput phototrophic cultivation and thereby contributes to boosting the time efficiency for setting up algae lipid production processes.
authors: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany. h.morschett@fz-juelich.de.
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Morschett
authors: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany. w.wiechert@fz-juelich.de.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Wiechert
authors: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany. m.oldiges@fz-juelich.de.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Oldiges
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D018533:Biomass; D002138:Calibration; D048429:Cell Size; D002708:Chlorella / Q000166:cytology; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D008055:Lipids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010078:Oxazines; C044808:nile red