title: Non-Classical Monocytes and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) Correlate with Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in Chronically HIV-1 Infected Adults on Stable Antiretroviral Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent inflammation and immune activation has been hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic HIV infection. In this study, we examined the correlation of peripheral monocyte subsets and soluble biomarkers of inflammation to coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, as measured by cardiac computed tomography scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a longitudinal analysis utilizing baseline data of 78 participants with HIV infection on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Hawaii Aging with HIV-Cardiovascular study who had available baseline monocyte subset analysis as well as CAC measurement at baseline and at 2-year follow up. Monocyte phenotypes were assessed from cryopreserved blood by flow cytometry and plasma was assayed for soluble biomarkers using antibody-coated beads in a high sensitivity Milliplex Luminex platform. Change in CAC over 2 years was analyzed as the primary outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all monocyte subsets and biomarkers tested, higher non-classical monocyte percentage (ρ = 0.259, p = 0.022), interleukin (IL)-6 (ρ = 0.311, p = 0.012), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (ρ = 0.524, p = <0.001) were significantly correlated to higher 2-year CAC progression in unadjusted Spearman's correlation. Non-classical monocyte percentage (ρ = 0.247, p = 0.039), and MCP-1 (ρ = 0.487, p = <0.001), remained significantly correlated to 2-year CAC progression, while IL-6 was not (ρ = 0.209, p = 0.120) after adjustment for age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, smoking history, and BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percentage of non-classical monocytes and plasma MCP-1 levels were independently associated with CAC progression and may be related to the progression of atherosclerosis and increased CVD risk associated with chronic HIV infection on stable ART.
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Nath
authors: N
authors: Zungsontiporn
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Raquel R
authors: RR
authors: Tello
authors: Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Guangxiang
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Brooks I
authors: BI
authors: Mitchell
authors: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Budoff
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Kalpana J
authors: KJ
authors: Kallianpur
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Straub Hospital, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Beau K
authors: BK
authors: Nakamoto
authors: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors: Sheila M
authors: SM
authors: Keating
authors: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Norris
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Lishomwa C
authors: LC
authors: Ndhlovu
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Scott A
authors: SA
authors: Souza
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Cecilia M
authors: CM
authors: Shikuma
authors: Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors: Dominic C
authors: DC
authors: Chow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D002118:Calcium