title: Risk Factors for Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety One Year Poststroke: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: To estimate the relative contribution of psychological factors next to sociodemographic and premorbid/stroke-related factors to the risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety after stroke.
  
  
  
  Multicenter, longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  
  Patients after stroke from 6 general hospitals.
  
  
  
  Patients (N=331) were included at stroke onset and followed up 2 and 12 months after stroke.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Sociodemographic and premorbid/stroke-related information was recorded during hospital admission, whereas psychological characteristics were determined with postal questionnaires 2 months poststroke. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 2 and 12 months poststroke. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic, premorbid/stroke-related, and psychological characteristics on depressive symptoms (depression subscale of HADS >7) and symptoms of anxiety (anxiety subscale of HADS >7) 1 year after stroke.
  
  
  
  Early depression, stroke severity, posterior cerebral artery stroke, and neuroticism independently explained the variance of depressive symptoms 1 year poststroke (discriminative power, 83%; adjusted R(2) value, 36%). Neuroticism and early anxiety independently explained the variance of symptoms of anxiety 1 year poststroke (discriminative power, 88%; adjusted R(2) value, 44%). Based on these predictive models, nomograms were constructed to visually reflect the individual contribution of each risk factor to the development of long-term mood disorders after stroke.
  
  
  
  Psychological characteristics are important risk factors for poststroke symptoms of depression and anxiety.
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: joyce.kootker@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Joyce A
authors: JA
authors: Kootker
authors: University Medical Center Utrecht, and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Maria L
authors: ML
authors: van Mierlo
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan C
authors: JC
authors: Hendriks
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Sparidans
authors: Adelante Rehabilitation Clinic, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center, CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sascha M
authors: SM
authors: Rasquin
authors: St. Elisabeth Hospital, Department of Neurology, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: de Kort
authors: University Medical Center Utrecht, and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Johanna M
authors: JM
authors: Visser-Meily
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Alexander C
authors: AC
authors: Geurts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Rehabilitation