title: Childhood Adversities and Adult Headache in Poland and Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various childhood adversities have been found to be associated with chronic pain in adulthood. However, associations were moderate in most studies, i.e. odds ratios (OR) were between one and two.
  
  
  METHODS
  An internet survey was performed in 508 Polish and 500 German subjects. A total of 19 childhood adversities were selected and their associations with headaches explored. Age, gender and country were included as potential confounders, as well as their two-way interaction with the risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two strong risk factors were identified. (1) A combined score for physical and emotional neglect showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.78 (p < .002) to the frequency of headache in adulthood as a main effect. (2) Father having had chronic pain showed an OR of 4.36 (p < .001) with headache in adulthood for women, but not for men (OR = 0.86, p < .556). The majority of the examined childhood adversities were not associated with adult headache, neither when tested individually nor as a sum score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms results from previous ones that childhood adversities may play a role in the development of adult headache, but it is a rather minor one. Contrary to other studies, neglect turned out to be one of the strongest predictors.
authors: Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz Germany.
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Reuchlein
authors: Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz Germany.
authors: Lea
authors: L
authors: Henn
authors: Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz Germany.
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Brian
authors: Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Schier
authors: Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz Germany.
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Hardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors