title: Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan.
abstract: Ecologic analyses, case-case comparisons, and animal experiments suggest positive associations between air pollution and tuberculosis.
  
  
  
  We evaluated this hypothesis in a large sample, which yielded results that are applicable to the general population.
  
  
  
  We conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California members. All active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases newly diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 (n = 2,309) were matched to two controls (n = 4,604) by age, sex, and race/ethnicity on the index date corresponding with the case diagnosis date. Average individual-level concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) for 2 years before diagnosis/entry into the study were estimated using measurements from the California Air Resources Board monitor closest to the participant's residence.
  
  
  
  In single-pollutant adjusted conditional logistic regression models, the pulmonary TB odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quintile (vs. lowest) were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.95) for CO and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.84) for NO2. Corresponding estimates were higher among never [1.68 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.24)] than ever [1.19 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.92)] smokers for CO. In contrast, for NO2, estimates were higher among ever [1.81 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.91)] than never [1.29 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.71)] smokers. O3 was inversely associated for smokers [0.66 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.02)] and never smokers [0.65 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.81)]. No other consistent patterns were observed.
  
  
  
  In this first, to our knowledge, U.S. nested case-control study on air pollution and pulmonary TB, we observed positive associations with ambient CO and NO2, which require confirmation.
  
  
  
  Smith GS, Van Den Eeden SK, Garcia C, Shan J, Baxter R, Herring AH, Richardson DB, Van Rie A, Emch M, Gammon MD. 2016. Air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis: a nested case-control study among members of a Northern California health plan. Environ Health Perspect 124:761-768; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408166.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Geneé S
authors: GS
authors: Smith
authors: Stephen K
authors: SK
authors: Van Den Eeden
authors: Cynthia
authors: C
authors: Garcia
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Shan
authors: Roger
authors: R
authors: Baxter
authors: Amy H
authors: AH
authors: Herring
authors: David B
authors: DB
authors: Richardson
authors: Annelies
authors: A
authors: Van Rie
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Emch
authors: Marilie D
authors: MD
authors: Gammon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide