title: Water-Holding and Transport Properties of Skin Stratum Corneum of Infants and Toddlers Are Different from Those of Adults: Studies in Three Geographical Regions and Four Ethnic Groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidermal structure, function, and composition are different in white infants and adults. We investigated whether ethnicity and location contribute to differences in functional and clinical measurements of skin barrier function during the first years of life and in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n = 397, ages 3-49 mos) and women (n = 117, mean age 31 yrs) were enrolled at independent centers in Beijing, China (ethnic Chinese), Skillman, New Jersey (white, African American), and Mumbai, India (ethnic South Asian). Water barrier properties of the stratum corneum were assessed using high-frequency conductance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on the dorsal forearm and upper inner arm. Digital imaging was used to evaluate facial erythema and scaling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite differences in local climate, TEWL was similar in adults. In children, conductance and TEWL decreased monotonically from age 3 months to 4 years. In children from Beijing, TEWL values were higher in both arm locations than in children in Mumbai and Skillman. No significant differences were observed in TEWL or conductance between the white and African American groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, TEWL and conductance were greater on the upper inner arm than the dorsal forearm. Erythema and scaling were observed most often in subjects from Beijing and most infrequently in subjects from Mumbai. Stratum corneum water barrier properties were different in children and adults. Although there may be differences in these properties between ethnic groups in childhood, TEWL values were similar in adults across the three geographic locations and four ethnicities.
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Mary Catherine
authors: MC
authors: Mack
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Melissa R
authors: MR
authors: Chu
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Neena K
authors: NK
authors: Tierney
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Ruvolo
authors: Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
authors: Georgios N
authors: GN
authors: Stamatas
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Nikiforos
authors: N
authors: Kollias
authors: KET's Scientific Research Center, KEM Hospital and Seth GS Medical College, Vashi, Mumbai, India.
authors: Kamlesh
authors: K
authors: Bhagat
authors: Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Ma
authors: Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Skillman, New Jersey.
authors: Katharine M
authors: KM
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D038622:Internationality; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology*