title: Racial disparities in breast cancer diagnosis in Central Georgia in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality rates in breast cancer are worse for African Americans than for whites.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the presence of racial disparities in clinical staging in women diagnosed with breast cancer and understand whether such disparities exist in Central Georgia in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed records from the Tumor Registry of the Medical Center Navicent Health in Macon, Georgia, of women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer during 2011-2013. The chi-square test was used to assess statistically significant differences between whites and African Americans. We also assessed the patients' health insurance status and age at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 578 participants were identified. Statistically significant differences existed in the clinical stage between the races (𝑃 = .0003). Whites were more often clinical stage I at diagnosis, whereas African Americans had a greater percentage of stages II, III, or IV. African Americans were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed at clinical stage IV than were their white counterparts. Statistical differences also existed with age at diagnosis (𝑃 = .0066) and insurance coverage (𝑃 = .0004). A greater percentage of white patients were aged 65 years or older at diagnosis, whereas a greater percentage of African American patients were aged 49 years or younger. A greater percentage of African Americans had Medicaid insurance, whereas a greater percentage of whites had private health insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a single-center study, it is difficult to generalize these results elsewhere. Furthermore, this study focused on association and not on causation. It is difficult to pinpoint why such disparities exist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology of racial disparities between African American and white women with breast cancer seems to be multifaceted. Screening mammography remains an important tool for identifying breast cancer. Low socioeconomic and educational status as well as a lack of a primary care physician may play a role in these disparities. Other factors that may have a role include biological factors and possible mistrust of the health care system.
authors: Department of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA. bilalfarooqi@gmail.com.|Cancer Life Center, Medical Center Navicent Health, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Bilal
authors: B
authors: Farooqi
authors: Department of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Betsy
authors: B
authors: Smith
authors: Department of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Mudit
authors: M
authors: Chowdhary
authors: Cancer Life Center, Medical Center Navicent Health, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Pavoni
authors: Department of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Aadil
authors: A
authors: Modi
authors: Department of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.|Cancer Life Center, Medical Center Navicent Health, Macon, Georgia, USA.
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Schnell
keywords: breast cancer; racial disparities