title: In vivo characterization of regenerative peripheral nerve interface function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs) are neurotized free autologous muscle grafts equipped with electrodes to record myoelectric signals for prosthesis control. Viability of rat RPNI constructs have been demonstrated using evoked responses. In vivo RPNI characterization is the next critical step for assessment as a control modality for prosthetic devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two RPNIs were created in each of two rats by grafting portions of free muscle to the ends of divided peripheral nerves (peroneal in the left and tibial in the right hind limb) and placing bipolar electrodes on the graft surface. After four months, we examined in vivo electromyographic signal activity and compared these signals to muscular electromyographic signals recorded from autologous muscles in two rats serving as controls. An additional group of two rats in which the autologous muscles were denervated served to quantify cross-talk in the electrode recordings. Recordings were made while rats walked on a treadmill and a motion capture system tracked the hind limbs. Amplitude and periodicity of signals relative to gait were quantified, correlation between electromyographic and motion recording were assessed, and a decoder was trained to predict joint motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raw RPNI signals were active during walking, with amplitudes of 1 mVPP, and quiet during standing, with amplitudes less than 0.1 mVPP. RPNI signals were periodic and entrained with gait. A decoder predicted bilateral ankle motion with greater than 80% reliability. Control group signal activity agreed with literature. Denervated group signals remained quiescent throughout all evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo myoelectric RPNI activity encodes neural activation patterns associated with gait. Signal contamination from muscles adjacent to the RPNI is minimal, as demonstrated by the low amplitude signals obtained from the Denervated group. The periodicity and entrainment to gait of RPNI recordings suggests the transduced signals were generated via central nervous system control.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI USA.
authors: Daniel C
authors: DC
authors: Ursu
authors: Melanie G
authors: MG
authors: Urbanchek
authors: Andrej
authors: A
authors: Nedic
authors: Paul S
authors: PS
authors: Cederna
authors: R Brent
authors: RB
authors: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D019737:Transplants / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology