title: Ischemic preconditioning modifies mortality and inflammatory response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of ischemic preconditioning on mortality, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were allocated according to the period of ischemia with or without ischemic preconditioning which consist on clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 10 minutes followed by reperfusion for 10 minutes before the sustained ischemia period. Mortality was assessed in Phase 1 study, and the CINC-1, CINC-2 and MDA levels in the lungs were analyzed in Phase 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was lower in the ischemic preconditioning group subjected to 90 minutes of ischemia compared to the group without ischemic preconditioning (I-90: 50% and IPC-90: 15%, p=0.018), and it was lower in the ischemic preconditioning group as a whole compared to the groups without ischemic preconditioning (IPC-14% and I=30%, p=0.006). Lower levels of MDA, CINC-1, and CINC-2 were observed in the animals that were subjected to ischemic preconditioning compared to the animals that were not (MDA: I-45=1.23 nmol/mg protein, and IPC-45=0.62 nmol/mg protein, p=0.0333; CINC-1: I-45=0.82 ng/mL and IPC-45=0.67 ng/mL, p=0.041; CINC-2: I-45=0.52 ng/mL and IPC-45=0.35 ng/mL, p=0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic preconditioning reduces mortality, inflammatory process and oxidative stress in rats subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.
authors: Department of Surgery, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Daniel Faria de Campos
authors: DF
authors: Pinheiro
authors: Department of Surgery, Medical School, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Belchor
authors: B
authors: Fontes
authors: FMUSP, Brazil.
authors: John Kioshi
authors: JK
authors: Shimazaki
authors: Department of Surgery, FMUSP, Brazil.
authors: Ana Maria Cattani
authors: AM
authors: Heimbecker
authors: Department of Surgery, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Jacqueline de Fátima
authors: Jde F
authors: Jacysyn
authors: Department of Surgery, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Samir
authors: S
authors: Rasslan
authors: Department of Surgery, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Edna Frasson de Souza
authors: EF
authors: Montero
authors: Department of Surgery, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Edivaldo Massazo
authors: EM
authors: Utiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000032:analysis; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000401:mortality*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000378:metabolism; D065666:Mesenteric Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000401:mortality*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; C513294:Cxcl3 protein, rat; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008315:Malondialdehyde