title: A comparison of linear and nonlinear stability parameters in different clinical forms of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the neurological diseases that affect the ability of subjects to stand and walk. The stability of MS subjects has been evaluated in various studies, mostly based on linear approach. Based on this approach it is controversial weather stability of MS subjects differ from normal or not. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate stability in three groups of MS subjects (spastic, ataxic and ataxic-spastic) using both linear and non-linear approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen healthy and 36 subjects with MS participated in this study. The MS group presenting with spastic, ataxic and ataxic-spastic (each group consisted of 12 subjects) participated in the study. The stability of the subjects was evaluated using Kistler force plate. The difference between stability of the subjects was evaluated using the Multi Analysis of Variance and significant value was set at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in the mean value of Approximate Entropy (ApEn) in anterior-posterior direction between normal (0.66 ± 0.13) and ataxic (0.85 ± 0.12) and ataxic-spastic (0.90 ± 0.12) subjects (P < 0.05) and no difference between normal and spastic groups (0.76 ± 0.13). The results of both linear and nonlinear approaches confirmed that both ataxic and ataxic-spastic subjects had more instability than normal subjects. Although, the mean values of stability parameters increased in spastic compared to normal, the difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with ataxic and ataxic-spastic MS disorder had difficulty in controlling their stability during quiet standing. The results of this study also confirmed that spasticity of muscles surrounding the hip and knee joints did not influence standing stability in patients with spastic MS.
authors: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors: Mehrdad
authors: M
authors: Anbarian
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan Iran.
authors: Mahnaz
authors: M
authors: Marvi-Esfahani
authors: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Taghi
authors: MT
authors: Karimi
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Masoud
authors: M
authors: Etemadifar
authors: Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Seyed Mohammad
authors: SM
authors: Marandi
authors: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mostafa
authors: M
authors: Kamali
keywords: Ataxic; Linear; Multiple sclerosis; Nonlinear analysis; Spastic; Spastic-ataxic; Stability