title: Vorapaxar monotherapy for secondary stroke prevention: A call for randomized trial.
abstract: Vorapaxar, a novel platelet thrombin protease-activated receptor 1 blocker, is currently approved for post-myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease indications on top of clopidogrel or/and aspirin. We sought to summarize the conflicting stroke data after vorapaxar for justifying a secondary stroke prevention trial.
  
  
  
  Analyses of the stroke data after vorapaxar yielded from thrombin-receptor antagonist vorapaxar in acute coronary syndromes (TRACER) and TRA2P clinical trials, and affiliated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews.
  
  
  
  The stroke data are mixed, with catastrophic 2.5 excess of intracranial bleeding risks (HR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.46-4.36, p < 0.0001); trend to worsened second stroke rates (13.0% vs. 11.7%; HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.85-1.25, p = NS), but a hint towards less primary ischemic strokes in vorapaxar indicated population (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.75; p < 0.001). These conflicting data are not solely attributed to vorapaxar, but rather reflect unreasonably aggressive triple antiplatelet strategies utilized frequently in TRA2P and dominant in TRACER. Overall, the FDA-confirmed evidence advocates future vorapaxar secondary stroke prevention trial due to being first-in-class agent, unique pharmakynetics, and exhibiting very mild "comfort zone" antiplatelet profile. The three arm trial testing head-to-head monotherapy with vorapaxar (Zontivity®), versus clopidogrel (Plavix®), and versus extended-released dipyridamole with very low dose aspirin (Aggrenox®) is warranted.
  
  
  
  Vorapaxar may be superior to currently recommended antiplatelet strategies and should be tested as a monotherapy in a randomized outcome-driven secondary stroke prevention trial.
authors: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, MD, USA vserebr1@jhmi.edu.
authors: Victor L
authors: VL
authors: Serebruany
authors: Clinical Trial Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Moo H
authors: MH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, MD, USA.
authors: Daniel F
authors: DF
authors: Hanley
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; C530299:vorapaxar
keywords: Vorapaxar; bleeding; cerebrovascular disease; clinical trials; efficacy; prevention; stroke