title: Evolution of GOUNDRY, a cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae s.l., and its impact on susceptibility to Plasmodium infection.
abstract: The recent discovery of a previously unknown genetic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato underscores our incomplete understanding of complexities of vector population demographics in Anopheles. This subgroup, named GOUNDRY, does not rest indoors as adults and is highly susceptible to Plasmodium infection in the laboratory. Initial description of GOUNDRY suggested it differed from other known Anopheles taxa in surprising and sometimes contradictory ways, raising a number of questions about its age, population size and relationship to known subgroups. To address these questions, we sequenced the complete genomes of 12 wild-caught GOUNDRY specimens and compared these genomes to a panel of Anopheles genomes. We show that GOUNDRY is most closely related to Anopheles coluzzii, and the timing of cladogenesis is not recent, substantially predating the advent of agriculture. We find a large region of the X chromosome that has swept to fixation in GOUNDRY within the last 100 years, which may be an inversion that serves as a partial barrier to contemporary gene flow. Interestingly, we show that GOUNDRY has a history of inbreeding that is significantly associated with susceptibility to Plasmodium infection in the laboratory. Our results illuminate the genomic evolution of one of probably several cryptic, ecologically specialized subgroups of Anopheles and provide a potent example of how vector population dynamics may complicate efforts to control or eradicate malaria.
authors: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.|Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors: Jacob E
authors: JE
authors: Crawford
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
authors: Michelle M
authors: MM
authors: Riehle
authors: Program in Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Kyriacos
authors: K
authors: Markianos
authors: Unit for Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Bischoff
authors: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 1487 Avenue de l'Oubritenga, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Wamdaogo M
authors: WM
authors: Guelbeogo
authors: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 1487 Avenue de l'Oubritenga, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Awa
authors: A
authors: Gneme
authors: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 1487 Avenue de l'Oubritenga, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: N'Fale
authors: N
authors: Sagnon
authors: Unit for Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors: Kenneth D
authors: KD
authors: Vernick
authors: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors: Rasmus
authors: R
authors: Nielsen
authors: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors: Brian P
authors: BP
authors: Lazzaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D051456:Gene Flow; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D049750:Genome, Insect; D007178:Inbreeding; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Anopheles gambiae; demography; inbreeding; malaria; population genetics; speciation