title: Indomethacin Responsive Headaches: Exhaustive Systematic Review with Pooled Analysis and Critical Appraisal of 81 Published Clinical Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between indomethacin (IMC) and headache treatment has long intrigued clinicians and clinical researchers in Headache Medicine. Why is it efficacious in many types of headache disorders when other medications are not, and what is the mechanism behind its efficacy? IMC and headache related topics that have been explored in detail in the literature include IMC-responsive headache disorders ("traditional"), pharmacology of IMC, symptomatic headaches responsive to IMC, "novel" headache conditions that respond, cluster headache and IMC, IMC provoking headache, the issue about" absolute" and "non-absolute" effect of IMC on headache disorders, and the morphing trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed/MEDLINE search was used for Clinical Studies Categories and Systematic Reviews on the PubMed Clinical Queries. The search details were "indomethacin" AND "headache" spanning all previous years until February 1, 2015. Methods were in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were excluded if IMC had not been used to treat headache disorders in adults, if the article concerned IMC-responsive headaches but made no reference to the use of IMC, and articles not addressing the above mentioned topics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "velocity" of publications on IMC and headache seems to be decreasing, particularly on the use of IMC for the treatment of TACs. The science behind the understanding of the putative mechanisms of IMC's action on headache has moved forward, but the answer to why it works better than other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been elusive. There are case reports of other rare headache disorders that may be responsive to IMC. The dosages of IMC used as a tool for detecting IMC responsive disorders vary according to different centers of investigation. In many circumstances, headache disorders similar to "primary" IMC-responsive disorders are actually symptomatic disorders. Cluster headache as an IMC-resistant headache disorder may not be as absolute as once thought. Sometimes, IMC has been found to provoke headache; differentiating IMC-provoked headache from IMC-resistant headache can make headache diagnosis and management difficult. As for the "absolute" responsiveness of IMC, it is possible that using higher dosages leads to higher sensitivity, probably at the expense of decreased specificity. There are many reports about the occurrence of two or more IMC-responsive disorders (latu sensu) in the same patient, which may be coincidental.
authors: Ribeirão Medical School University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors: Emilia C
authors: EC
authors: Bordini
authors: Clinica Neurológica Batatais, Batatais, Brazil.
authors: Carlos A
authors: CA
authors: Bordini
authors: Stanford Headache and Facial Pain Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Neurology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors: Yohannes W
authors: YW
authors: Woldeamanuel
authors: Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Alan M
authors: AM
authors: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006261:Headache / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: TACs; headache; indomethacin; indomethacin absolute effect; indomethacin responsive headache; trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias