title: Changes in Neurotransmitter Profiles during Early Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Development and after Pesticide Exposure.
abstract: During early development, neurotransmitters are important stimulants for the development of the central nervous system. Although the development of different neuronal cell types during early zebrafish (Danio rerio) development is well-studied, little is known of the levels of neurotransmitters, their precursors and metabolites during development, and how these levels are affected by exposure to environmental contaminants. A method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been applied for the first time to zebrafish embryos and larvae to study five neurotransmitter systems in parallel, including the dopaminergic-andrenergic, glutaminergic-GABAnergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic systems. Our method enables the quantification of neurotransmitters and their precursors and metabolites in whole zebrafish from the period of zygote to free-swimming larvae 6 days postfertilization (dpf). We observed a developmental stage-dependent pattern with clear differences between the first 2 days of development and the following days. Whereas the neurotransmitter levels steadily increased, the precursors showed a peak at 3 dpf. After exposure to several pesticides, significant differences in concentrations of neurotransmitters and precursors were observed. Our study revealed new insights about neurotransmitter systems during early zebrafish development and showed the usefulness of our approach for environmental neurotoxicity studies.
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Tufi
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Pim
authors: P
authors: Leonards
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marja
authors: M
authors: Lamoree
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: de Boer
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Juliette
authors: J
authors: Legler
authors: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Legradi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical