title: Photosensitized rose Bengal-induced phototoxicity on human melanoma cell line under natural sunlight exposure.
abstract: Rose Bengal (RB) is an anionic water-soluble xanthene dye, which used for many years to assess eye cornea and conjunctiva damage. RB showed strong absorption maxima (λmax) under visible light followed by UV-B and UV-A. RB under sunlight exposure showed a time-dependent photodegradation. Our results show that photosensitized RB generates (1)O2 via Type-II photodynamic pathway and induced DNA damage under sunlight/UV-R exposure. 2'dGuO degradation, micronuclei formation, and single- and double-strand breakage were the outcome of photogenotoxicity caused by RB. Quenching studies with NaN3 advocate the involvement of (1)O2 in RB photogenotoxicity. RB induced linoleic acid photoperoxidation, which was parallel to (1)O2-mediated DNA damage. Oxidative stress in A375 cell line (human melanoma cell line) was detected through DCF-DA assay. Photosensitized RB decreased maximum cellular viability under sunlight followed by UV-B and UV-A exposures. Apoptosis was detected as a pattern of cell death through the increased of caspase-3 activity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and PS translocation through inner to outer plasma membrane. Increased cytosolic levels of Bax also advocate the apoptotic cell death. We propose a p53-mediated apoptosis via increased expression of Bax gene and protein. Thus, the exact mechanism behind RB phototoxicity was the involvement of (1)O2, which induced oxidative stress-mediated DNA and membrane damage, finally apoptotic cell death under natural sunlight exposure. The study suggests that after the use of RB, sunlight exposure may avoid to prevent from its harmful effects.
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Ajeet K
authors: AK
authors: Srivastav
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Syed Faiz
authors: SF
authors: Mujtaba
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Dwivedi
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Saroj K
authors: SK
authors: Amar
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Shruti
authors: S
authors: Goyal
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Ankit
authors: A
authors: Verma
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Hari N
authors: HN
authors: Kushwaha
authors: Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Rajnish K
authors: RK
authors: Chaturvedi
authors: Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: rsray@iitr.res.in.
authors: Ratan Singh
authors: RS
authors: Ray
mesh_terms: D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012395:Rose Bengal; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; DNA damage; Melanoma cells; Rose Bengal; Singlet oxygen