title: Characteristic fingerprinting based on macamides for discrimination of maca (Lepidium meyenii) by LC/MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macamides with a benzylalkylamide nucleus are characteristic and major bioactive compounds in the functional food maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp). The aim of this study was to explore variations in macamide content among maca from China and Peru. Twenty-seven batches of maca hypocotyls with different phenotypes, sampled from different geographical origins, were extracted and profiled by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV/MS/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve macamides were identified by MS operated in multiple scanning modes. Similarity analysis showed that maca samples differed significantly in their macamide fingerprinting. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to differentiate samples according to their geographical origin and to identify the most relevant variables in the classification model. The prediction accuracy for raw maca was 91% and five macamides were selected and considered as chemical markers for sample classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When combined with a PLS-DA model, characteristic fingerprinting based on macamides could be recommended for labelling for the authentication of maca from different geographical origins. The results provided potential evidence for the relationships between environmental or other factors and distribution of macamides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.|Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, 650200, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Pan
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.|Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, 650200, China.
authors: Ji
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.|Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, 650200, China.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.|Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, 650200, China.
authors: Yuan-Zhong
authors: YZ
authors: Wang
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.|Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, 650200, China.
authors: Wan-Yi
authors: WY
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods; D063427:Food Quality; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis*; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D029686:Lepidium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010568:Peru; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013229:Stearic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D012997:Solvents; D013229:Stearic Acids
keywords: Lepidium meyenii; characteristic fingerprinting; geographical origin; macamides