title: Skin collagen fluorophore LW-1 versus skin fluorescence as markers for the long-term progression of subclinical macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin collagen Long Wavelength Fluorescence (LWF) is widely used as a surrogate marker for accumulation of advanced glycation end-products. Here we determined the relationship of LWF with glycemia, skin fluorescence, and the progression of complications during EDIC in 216 participants from the DCCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  LW-1 and collagen-linked fluorescence (CLF) were measured by either High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (LW-1) or total fluorescence of collagenase digests (CLF) in insoluble skin collagen extracted from skin biopsies obtained at the end of the DCCT (1993). Skin intrinsic fluorescence (SIF) was noninvasively measured on volar forearm skin at EDIC year 16 by the SCOUT DS instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LW-1 levels significantly increased with age and diabetes duration (P < 0.0001) and significantly decreased by intensive vs. conventional glycemic therapy in both the primary (P < 0.0001) and secondary (P < 0.037) DCCT cohorts. Levels were associated with 13-16 year progression risk of retinopathy (>3 sustained microaneurysms, P = 0.0004) and albumin excretion rate (P = 0.0038), the latter despite adjustment for HbA1c. Comparative analysis for all three fluorescent measures for future risk of subclinical macrovascular disease revealed the following significant (P < 0.05) associations after adjusting for age, diabetes duration and HbA1c: coronary artery calcium with SIF and CLF; intima-media thickness with SIF and LW-1; and left ventricular mass with LW-1 and CLF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LW-1 is a novel risk marker that is robustly and independently associated with the future progression of microvascular disease, intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass in type 1 diabetes. Trial registration NCT00360815 and NCT00360893 at clinicaltrials.gov.
authors: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. drs7@case.edu.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Sell
authors: Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. ws8021@hotmail.com.
authors: Wanjie
authors: W
authors: Sun
authors: Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. xgao@bsc.gwu.edu.
authors: Xiaoyu
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. cms52@case.edu.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Strauch
authors: Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. jml@bsc.gwu.edu.
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Lachin
authors: Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. cleary@bsc.gwu.edu.
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Cleary
authors: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. smg15@case.edu.
authors: Saul
authors: S
authors: Genuth
authors: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. vmm3@case.edu.|Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. vmm3@case.edu.
authors: Vincent M
authors: VM
authors: Monnier
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005470:Fluorometry; D005542:Forearm; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; C494708:HSFX1 protein, human; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents