title: Comparison of frequency of insulin resistance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with normal controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare mean homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Case control analytic study was conducted in medical outpatient department of Medial Unit-II of Dow University of Health Sciences from April 2013 to September 2013. All patients with the diagnosis of COPD were included as cases. Controls were age match healthy individuals with minor illnesses. Age, weight, height and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio were documented. Fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin levels were done. Body mass index (BMI) and IR was calculated using the formulas. HOMA-IR was compared between cases and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty COPD patients were compared with thirty five age match controls. HOMA-IR was found to be higher in cases as compared to controls (2.85 v/s 2.00) with a p value <0.000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD is one of the chronic debilitating diseases in our region with various extra-pulmonary complications. We found IR to be present higher in COPD patients compared with healthy controls. Evaluating the pulmonary function as well as systemic metabolic parameters, may contribute to minimizing mortality and morbidity.
authors: Dr. Zareen Kiran, FCPS. Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Zareen
authors: Z
authors: Kiran
authors: Dr. Numan Majeed, MBBS. Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Numan
authors: N
authors: Majeed
authors: Dr. Bader Faiyaz Zuberi, FCPS. Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Bader Faiyaz
authors: BF
authors: Zuberi
keywords: BMI; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HOMA-IR; Insulin resistance