title: Genotoxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles using the in vivo Vicia faba L. micronucleus test.
abstract: Diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM) can have an impact on the environment due to its chemical constitution. A large number of substances such as organic compounds, sulfates, nitrogen derivatives and metals are adsorbed to the particles and desorption of these contaminants could promote genotoxic effects. The objective of this study was to assess the in vivo genotoxicity profile of diesel exhaust PM from heavy-duty engines. Extracts were obtained through leaching with pure water and chemical extraction using three organic solvents (dichloromethane, hexane, and acetone). The in vivo Vicia faba micronucleus test (ISO 29200 protocol) was used to assess the environmental impact of the samples collected from diesel exhaust PM. The solid diesel PM (soot) dissolved in water, and the different extracts, showed positive results for micronucleus formation. After the addition of EDTA, the aqueous extracts did not show a genotoxic effect. The absence of metals in the organic solvent extract indicated that organic compounds also had a genotoxic effect, which was not observed for a similar sample cleaned in a C18 column. Thus, considering the ecological importance of higher plants in relation to ecosystems (in contrast to Salmonella spp., which are commonly used in mutagenicity studies), the Vicia micronucleus test was demonstrated to be appropriate for complementing prokaryotic or in vitro tests on diesel exhaust particulate matter included in risk assessments.
authors: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil.
authors: Albertina X R
authors: AX
authors: Corrêa
authors: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), CNRS UMR 7360, Rue du General Delestraint, Metz F-57070, France.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Cotelle
authors: Université de Strasbourg, EPCA - CNRS UMR 7515 1, Rue du Blessig, Strasbourg Cedex 67084, France.
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: Millet
authors: Instituto Federal Catarinense, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Rodovia BR 280, km 27, Araquari, SC 89245-000, Brazil.
authors: Cleder A
authors: CA
authors: Somensi
authors: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil.
authors: Theodoro M
authors: TM
authors: Wagner
authors: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil. Electronic address: radetski@univali.br.
authors: Claudemir M
authors: CM
authors: Radetski
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001938:Brazil; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D009153:Mutagens; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014867:Water
keywords: Air pollution; Diesel exhaust; Micronucleus; Particulate matter; Risk assessment; Vicia faba test