title: Long-Term Follow-Up of Active Treatment Versus Minimization of Immunosuppressive Agents in Patients With BK Virus-Associated Nephropathy After Kidney Transplant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is no active treatment for postrenal transplant BK virus-associated nephropathy proven to be effective so far. We assessed the effectiveness of actively treating this condition with combined leflunomide, intravenous immunoglobulin, and ciprofloxacin on long-term graft outcome compared with minimization of immunosuppressive drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidney transplant recipients were screened for BK virus-associated nephropathy. Group 1 comprised 22 kidney trans plant recipients with twice-positive BK virus polymerase chain reaction results in urine and blood. After diagnosis was confirmed with graft biopsy, antimetabolite (mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine) was changed to leflunomide and intravenous immunoglobulin and oral ciprofloxacin were given. Group 2 comprised 33 BK virus-associated nephropathy patients treated conventionally with reduced immunosuppressive medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five patients were treated (38 males [69%], 28 patients [50.9%] with type 2 diabetes mellitus). Mean HLA antigen mismatches were 3.65, and 28 patients (50.9%) were HLA-Cw7 negative. All patients received induction therapy, 30 patients (55.6%) received thymoglobulin, and 29 patients (52.7%) received antirejection therapy before BK virus-associated nephropathy diagnosis. Maintenance immunosuppression was prednisolone in 53 patients (96.3%), mycophenolate mofetil (2 g daily) in 52 patients (94.5%), and tacrolimus in 28 patients (50.9%). Subsequent rejection episodes occurred in 38% of patients after diagnosis. Basal mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 52.5 ± 25.5, which was reduced significantly to 38.1 ± 27.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (P < .0001) at end of study but without significant differences between the groups (P = .08 and P = .17). Follow-up was 7.3 ± 4.99 years. Although no significant differences were shown in patient outcome, graft survival was significantly better in group 2 (P = .032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of 3 different anti-BK virus agents (leflunomide, intravenous immunoglobulin, ciprofloxacin) added no benefit to longterm outcome in patients with BK virus-associated nephropathy. Reduction of immunosuppressive medications appears to be a more effective treatment.
authors: From the Hamed Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Centre, Ibn Sina Hospital, Safat, Kuwait.
authors: Medhat A
authors: MA
authors: Halim
authors: Torki
authors: T
authors: Al-Otaibi
authors: Osama
authors: O
authors: Gheith
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Mosaad
authors: Zakaria
authors: Z
authors: Zakaria
authors: Tarek
authors: T
authors: Said
authors: Prasad
authors: P
authors: Nair
authors: Narayanan M R
authors: NM
authors: Nampoory
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001739:BK Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D057915:Drug Substitution; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents