title: Highly specific changes in antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in Parkinson's disease and its progression: Disease and staging biomarkers and new drug targets.
abstract: There is evidence that immune-inflammatory, stress of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (IO&NS) processes play a role in the neurodegenerative processes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate peripheral IO&NS biomarkers in PD. We included 56 healthy individuals and 56 PD patients divided in two groups: early PD stage and late PD stage. Plasma lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, paraoxonase (PON)1 activity, total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. PD is characterized by increased LOOH, MDA and SOD activity and lowered CAT activity. A combination of five O&NS biomarkers highly significantly predicts PD with a sensitivity of 94.5% and a specificity of 86.8% (i.e., MDA, SOD activity, TRAP, SH-groups and CAT activity). The single best biomarker of PD is MDA, while LOOH and SOD activity are significantly associated with late PD stage, but not early PD stage. Antiparkinson drugs did not affect O&NS biomarkers, but levodopa+carbidopa significantly increased CRP. It is suggested that MDA may serve as a disease biomarker, while LOOH and SOD activity are associated with late PD stage characteristic. New treatments for PD should not only target dopamine but also lipid peroxidation.
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Carine Coneglian
authors: CC
authors: de Farias
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Maes
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Kamila Landucci
authors: KL
authors: Bonifácio
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Chiara Cristina
authors: CC
authors: Bortolasci
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: André
authors: A
authors: de Souza Nogueira
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Francis Fregonesi
authors: FF
authors: Brinholi
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Andressa Keiko
authors: AK
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Department of Physical Education, UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Matheus Amarante
authors: MA
authors: do Nascimento
authors: Clinical Hospital, UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Lúcio Baena
authors: LB
authors: de Melo
authors: Department of Chemistry, UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Suzana Lucy
authors: SL
authors: Nixdorf
authors: Department of Physiotherapy, UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Edson Lopes
authors: EL
authors: Lavado
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Estefânia Gastaldello
authors: EG
authors: Moreira
authors: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: sabbatini2011@hotmail.com.
authors: Décio Sabbatini
authors: DS
authors: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Antioxidants; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative stress; Parkinson disease; Staging