title: Evidence of sympatric speciation of elderberry carlaviruses.
abstract: Five new carlaviruses infecting elderberry were characterized and tentatively named as elderberry virus A-E (ElVA-ElVE). Their genome organization is similar to that of other carlaviruses with size ranging from 8540 to 8628 nucleotides, excluding the polyadenylated tails. ElVA, ElVB and ElVD share a common ancestor as do ElVC and ElVE, indicating that speciation may be sympatric with all viruses having emerged in elderberry. Analyses of the carlavirus conserved domains indicate that the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase motifs are reliable indicators of virus phylogenetic classification with recombination playing a significant role in the evolution of the genus. A universal RT-PCR assay that detects all the elderberry carlaviruses and potentially other members of the genus has been developed. This tool can be used for research and regulatory purposes as elderberry cultivation is rapidly expanding to new areas where the viruses may be absent.
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
authors: Thien
authors: T
authors: Ho
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil, Guayas EC090150, Ecuador.
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Quito-Avila
authors: USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
authors: Karen E
authors: KE
authors: Keller
authors: National Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Postman
authors: USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Martin
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. Electronic address: itzaneta@uark.edu.
authors: Ioannis E
authors: IE
authors: Tzanetakis
mesh_terms: D017788:Carlavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D023061:Gene Order; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D027923:Sambucus / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Discovery; Evolution; Universal carlavirus detection