title: Radioactive by-products of a self-shielded cyclotron and the liquid target system for F-18 routine production.
abstract: Routine production of F-18 radionuclide using proton beams accelerated in a cyclotron could potentially generate residual radioisotopes in the cyclotron vicinity which eventually become major safety concerns over radiation exposure to the workers. In this investigation, a typical 11-MeV proton, self-shielded cyclotron has been assessed for its residual radiation sources in the cyclotron's shielding, tank/chamber, cave wall as well as target system. Using a portable gamma ray spectroscopy system, the radiation measurement in the cyclotron environment has been carried out. Experimental results indicate that relatively long-lived radioisotopes such as Mn-54, Zn-65 and Eu-152 are detected in the inner and outer surface of the cyclotron shielding respectively while Mn-54 spectrum is observed around the cyclotron chamber. Weak intensity of Eu-152 radioisotope is again spotted in the inner and outer surface of the cyclotron cave wall. Angular distribution measurement of the Eu-152 shows that the intensity slightly drops with increasing observation angle relative to the proton beam incoming angle. In the target system, gamma rays from Co-56, Mn-52, Co-60, Mn-54, Ag-110 m are identified. TALYS-calculated nuclear cross-section data are used to study the origins of the radioactive by-products.
authors: Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Puspiptek Area, Serpong, South Tangerang, Indonesia. imamkey@batan.go.id.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Kambali
authors: Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Puspiptek Area, Serpong, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Suryanto
authors: Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Puspiptek Area, Serpong, South Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors: Parwanto
mesh_terms: D017357:Cyclotrons; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D009502:Neutrons; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011851:Radioactivity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D011522:Protons
keywords: By-product; Cyclotron; F-18 production; Neutron; Proton; Radionuclide