title: Incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate prevalence and incidence of auto-immune thyroid disease and thyroid auto-antibodies in an unselected cohort of patients with DM1, including stratification by age, gender and duration of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with T1D visiting our outpatient clinic between 1995 and 2011 were included. We calculated the prevalence of AITD at first screening and estimated prevalence and incidence rates during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1304 patients were included, 48.9% being female. Mean age of diabetes onset was 18.7 years. Of all patients without known thyroid disorder first screened for AITD, 10.3 % (n=104) was diagnosed with hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The average prevalence of AITD in our population was 112/1000 patients. We found 128 new cases of AITD, 101 cases of hypothyroidism and 27 of hyperthyroidism between 1995 and 2011 with accompanying incidences of 11.2/1000 person-years (95% CI 9.5-13.4), 8.9/1000 person-years (95% CI, 7.3-10.8) and 2.4/1000 person-years (95% CI, 1.6-3.5), respectively. Age-stratified incidence of AITD was comparable at all ages in both males and females, with an approximately two times higher incidence in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of AITD among T1D patients is high, but stable among all ages and independent of diabetes duration.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Department of Internal Medicine, Lijnbaan 32, 2512 VA Den Haag, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.nederstigt@lumc.nl.
authors: Christa
authors: C
authors: Nederstigt
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: E.P.M.van_der_Kleij-Corssmit@lumc.nl.
authors: Eleonora P M
authors: EP
authors: Corssmit
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: E.J.P.de_Koning@lumc.nl.
authors: Eelco J P
authors: EJ
authors: de Koning
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: O.M.dekkers@lumc.nl.
authors: Olaf M
authors: OM
authors: Dekkers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; C006606:anti-thyroglobulin
keywords: Auto-immune; Diabetes; Endocrinology; Epidemiology; Thyroid disease