title: Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation and modulation of gene expression by probiotic cells and supernatant.
abstract: Oral candidiasis is a disease caused by opportunistic species of Candida that normally reside on human mucosal surfaces. The transition of Candida from budding yeast to filamentous hyphae allows for covalent attachment to oral epithelial cells, followed by biofilm formation, invasion and tissue damage. In this study, combinations of Lactobacillus plantarum SD5870, Lactobacillus helveticus CBS N116411 and Streptococcus salivarius DSM 14685 were assessed for their ability to inhibit the formation of and disrupt Candida albicans biofilms. Co-incubation with probiotic supernatants under hyphae-inducing conditions reduced C. albicans biofilm formation by >75 % in all treatment groups. Likewise, combinations of live probiotics reduced biofilm formation of C. albicans by >67 %. When live probiotics or their supernatants were overlaid on preformed C. albicans biofilms, biofilm size was reduced by >63 and >65 % respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that the combined supernatants of SD5870 and CBS N116411 significantly reduced the expression of several C. albicans genes involved in the yeast-hyphae transition: ALS3 (adhesin/invasin) by 70 % (P < 0.0001), EFG1 (hyphae-specific gene activator) by 47 % (P = 0.0061), SAP5 (secreted protease) by 49 % (P < 0.0001) and HWP1 (hyphal wall protein critical to biofilm formation) by >99 % (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest the combination of L. plantarum SD5870, L. helveticus CBS N116411 and S. salivarius DSM 14685 is effective at both preventing the formation of and removing preformed C. albicans biofilms. Our novel results point to the downregulation of several Candida genes critical to the yeast-hyphae transition, biofilm formation, tissue invasion and cellular damage.
authors: Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.|Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: James
authors: Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: K W
authors: KW
authors: MacDonald
authors: Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.|Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Chanyi
authors: Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Cadieux
authors: Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Burton
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D025301:Hyphae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D052198:Lactobacillus helveticus; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000070001:Streptococcus salivarius; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors