title: Days Out of Role Due to Mental and Physical Conditions: Results from the Singapore Mental Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relative contributions of mental and physical conditions to days out of role among adults aged 18 years and above in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Singapore Mental Health Study was a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of a nationally representative sample of residents aged 18 years or older. Diagnosis of mental disorders was established using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview; while chronic physical conditions were established using a checklist. Days out of role were assessed using a WHO Disability Assessment Schedule item. Multivariate regression analyses were used to estimate individual-level and societal-level effects of disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 8.7% of respondents reported at least one day out of role, with a mean of 5.8 days. The most disabling conditions at the individual level were cancer (118.9 additional days), cardiovascular diseases (93.5), and bipolar disorder (71.0). At the societal level, cardiovascular diseases contributed the highest population attributable risk proportion (45%), followed by cancer (39.3%), and hypertension (13.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental and physical conditions are linked to significant losses in productivity for society as well as role disability for individuals, underscoring the need to enhance prevention and intervention efforts to increase overall productivity and improve individual functioning.
authors: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Edimansyah
authors: E
authors: Abdin
authors: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Clarissa
authors: C
authors: Ong
authors: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Siow Ann
authors: SA
authors: Chong
authors: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Janhavi Ajit
authors: JA
authors: Vaingankar
authors: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Mythily
authors: M
authors: Subramaniam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004194:Disease / Q000191:economics*; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult