title: Current topics in HIV pathogenesis, part 2: Inflammation drives a Warburg-like effect on the metabolism of HIV-infected subjects.
abstract: HIV-1 infection leads to a depletion of CD4 T-cells associated with a persistent immune inflammation and changes in cellular metabolism. Most effort of managing HIV infection with combination of antiretroviral therapies (ART) has been focused on CD4 T-cell recovery, while control of persistent immune inflammation and metabolism were relatively underappreciated in the past. Recent discoveries on the interplay between innate immunity, inflammation (especially the inflammasome) and metabolic changes in the context of cancer and autoimmunity provide an emerging field for chronic viral infections including HIV-1. In a previous review, we described the deregulated metabolism contributing to immune dysfunctions such as alteration of memory T-cell responses, mucosal protection, and dendritic cell-related antigen presentation. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge on the detrimental influence of long-lasting inflammation and inflammasome activation induced by HIV-1, gut dysbiosis, and bacterial translocation, on metabolism during the course of viral infection. We also report on the inability of ART to fully counteract inflammation, resulting in partial metabolic improvement and leading to an insufficient decrease in the risk of non-AIDS events. Further advances in our understanding of the relationship between inflammation, altered metabolism, and long-term ART is warranted. Additionally, there is a critical need for developing new strategies to regulate the pro-inflammatory signals to enhance cellular metabolism and immune functions in order to improve the quality of life of individuals living with HIV-1.
authors: INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
authors: Mouna
authors: M
authors: Aounallah
authors: INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
authors: Xavier
authors: X
authors: Dagenais-Lussier
authors: CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: El-Far
authors: Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Vikram
authors: V
authors: Mehraj
authors: Département des sciences biologiques, UQÀM, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
authors: Mohammad-Ali
authors: MA
authors: Jenabian
authors: Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Jean-Pierre
authors: JP
authors: Routy
authors: INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada. Electronic address: julien.vangrevenynghe@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: van Grevenynghe
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: HIV-1; Inflammasome; Inflammation; Innate immunity; Metabolism