title: Associations among environmental exposure to manganese, neuropsychological performance, oxidative damage and kidney biomarkers in children.
abstract: Environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) results in several toxic effects, mainly neurotoxicity. This study investigated associations among Mn exposure, neuropsychological performance, biomarkers of oxidative damage and early kidney dysfunction in children aged 6-12 years old. Sixty-three children were enrolled in this study, being 43 from a rural area and 20 from an urban area. Manganese was quantified in blood (B-Mn), hair (H-Mn) and drinking water using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The neuropsychological functions assessed were attention, perception, working memory, phonological awareness and executive functions - inhibition. The Intelligence quotient (IQ) was also evaluated. The biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCO), δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D), reactivation indexes with dithiothreitol (ALA-RE/DTT) and ZnCl2 (ALA-RE/ZnCl2), non-protein thiol groups, as well as microalbuminuria (mALB) level and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity were assessed. The results demonstrated that Mn levels in blood, hair and drinking water were higher in rural children than in urban children (p<0.01). Adjusted for potential confounding factors, IQ, age, gender and parents' education, significant associations were observed mainly between B-Mn and visual attention (β=0.649; p<0.001). Moreover, B-Mn was negatively associated with visual perception and phonological awareness. H-Mn was inversely associated with working memory, and Mn levels from drinking water with written language and executive functions - inhibition. Rural children showed a significant increase in oxidative damage to proteins and lipids, as well as alteration in kidney function biomarkers (p<0.05). Moreover, significant associations were found between B-Mn, H-Mn and Mn levels in drinking water and biomarkers of oxidative damage and kidney function, besides between some oxidative stress biomarkers and neuropsychological tasks (p<0.05). The findings of this study suggest an important association between environmental exposure to Mn and toxic effects on neuropsychological function, oxidative damage and kidney function in children.
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Nascimento
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Marília
authors: M
authors: Baierle
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: Göethel
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Anelise
authors: A
authors: Barth
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Natália
authors: N
authors: Brucker
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
authors: Mariele
authors: M
authors: Charão
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Sauer
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Bruna
authors: B
authors: Gauer
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Dutra
authors: MD
authors: Arbo
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation (FUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Altknecht
authors: Post-graduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Márcia
authors: M
authors: Jager
authors: Post-graduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Ana Cristina Garcia
authors: AC
authors: Dias
authors: Post-graduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Jerusa Fumagalli
authors: JF
authors: de Salles
authors: Department of Chemistry, Pontiﬁcal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Saint' Pierre
authors: Department of Chemistry, Pontiﬁcal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Gioda
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Moresco
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation (FUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: solange.garcia@ufrgs.br.
authors: Solange Cristina
authors: SC
authors: Garcia
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008345:Manganese
keywords: Children; Kidney function; Manganese exposure; Neuropsychological impairment; Oxidative damage