title: Contributing effect of various washing procedures and additives on the decline pattern of diethofencarb in crown daisy, a model of leafy vegetables.
abstract: The effects of various washing procedures, including stagnant, running, and stagnant and running tap water, and the use of washing solutions and additives, namely NaCl (1% and 2%), vinegar (2%, 5%, and 10%), detergent (0.5% and 1%), and charcoal (1% and 2%), on the reduction rate of diethofencarb were estimated in field-incurred crown daisy, a model of leafy vegetables, grown under greenhouses located in 3 different areas (Gwangju, Naju, and Muan). The original Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe "QuEChERS" method was modified for extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used for analysis. The recovery of diethofencarb in unwashed and washed samples was satisfactory and ranged between 84.28% and 115.32% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <6%. The residual levels decreased following washing with stagnant, running, and stagnant+running tap water (i.e., decline in levels increased from 65.08% to 85.02%, 69.99 to 86.79, and 74.75 to 88.96, respectively). The percentage of decline increased and ranged from 77.46% to 91.19% following washing with various solutions. Application of 1% detergent was found to be the most effective washing method for reducing the residues in crown daisy. Additionally, washing with stagnant and running tap water or even stagnant water for 5 min might reduce the residue levels substantially, making the prepared food safe for human consumption.
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Woo
authors: SW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt. Electronic address: abdelaty44@hotmail.com.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Abd El-Aty
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeong-Heui
authors: JH
authors: Choi
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young-Jun
authors: YJ
authors: Lee
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Truong T B
authors: TT
authors: Lieu
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyung Suk
authors: HS
authors: Chung
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Md Musfiqur
authors: MM
authors: Rahman
authors: Department of Food & Cooking Science, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Sunchon, Jellanam-do 540-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ok-Ja
authors: OJ
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ho-Chul
authors: HC
authors: Shin
authors: Pesticide & Veterinary Drug Residue Division, National Institution of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187, Ohsong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors: Gyu-Seek
authors: GS
authors: Rhee
authors: Pesticide & Veterinary Drug Residue Division, National Institution of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187, Ohsong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors: Moon-Ik
authors: MI
authors: Chang
authors: Pesticide & Veterinary Drug Residue Division, National Institution of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187, Ohsong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-700, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hee Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhshim@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors: Jae-Han
authors: JH
authors: Shim
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; C070961:diethofencarb
keywords: Crown daisy; Diethofencarb; LC/MS/MS; QuEChERS; Washing methods; Washing solutions