title: Formulation and Evaluation of a Mucoadhesive Thermoresponsive System Containing Brazilian Green Propolis for the Treatment of Lesions Caused by Herpes Simplex Type I.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to develop a topical delivery system that contains Brazilian green propolis extract (PE-8) to increase efficiency and convenience when applied to herpetic lesions. The cytotoxicity and antiherpetic activity was determined in vitro and in vivo. The PE-8 was added to a system that contained poloxamer 407 and carbopol 934P. The in vitro characterization of the system included rheological studies, texture profile analysis, and mucoadhesion analysis. The PE-8 inhibited the virus during the phase of viral infection, induced virion damage, and exhibited an ability to protect cells from viral infection. The system had advantageous mucoadhesive properties, including a suitable gelation temperature of approximately 25°C for topical delivery, a desirable textural profile, and pseudoplastic behavior. The in vitro release study showed a rapid initial release of the PE-8 in the first 3 h, and the rate of drug release remained constant for up to 24 h. The system appeared to be macroscopically and microscopically innocuous to skin tissue. Therefore, the mucoadhesive thermoresponsive system that contained the PE-8 appears to be promising for increasing bioavailability and achieving prolonged release of the PE-8 when applied to skin lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 1.
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Renata Sespede
authors: RS
authors: Mazia
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Raphaela Regina
authors: RR
authors: de Araújo Pereira
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Lizziane Maria Belloto
authors: LM
authors: de Francisco
authors: Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Maria Raquel Marçal
authors: MR
authors: Natali
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Benedito Prado
authors: BP
authors: Dias Filho
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Celso Vataru
authors: CV
authors: Nakamura
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Marcos Luciano
authors: ML
authors: Bruschi
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: tunakamura@uem.br.
authors: Tânia
authors: T
authors: Ueda-Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry; D011429:Propolis / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D012212:Rheology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D013696:Temperature; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D020442:Poloxamer; D011429:Propolis; C453622:carbopol 934P
keywords: Brazilian green propolis; herpes simplex type I; mucoadhesive; rheology; viscoelastic