title: Atypical Presentations of Molar Pregnancy: Diagnostic Roles of Imaging, β-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Measurement, and p57 Immunostaining.
abstract: In modern practice , the diagnosis of molar pregnancy is made at an early gestational age. The opportunity to diagnose gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) using sonography alone occurs less frequently. The classic appearance of a "snowstorm" in the endometrial cavity and bilateral theca lutein cysts still applies to the diagnosis of second-trimester GTD. The diagnosis of first-trimester GTD requires increased clinical suspicion. If the sonographic appearance of the pregnancy is atypical, GTD should be included in the differential diagnosis. Additional nonimaging criteria such as serial quantitative β-human chorionic gonadotropin levels, pathologic examination, and p57 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C protein) immunostaining can accurately confirm the diagnosis of GTD.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (S.M.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M., A.A.-H., S.G., P.B.) and Pathology (J.C.), Georgia Regents University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia USA. sarro_2010@hotmail.co.uk.
authors: Sara A
authors: SA
authors: Mohamed
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (S.M.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M., A.A.-H., S.G., P.B.) and Pathology (J.C.), Georgia Regents University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia USA.
authors: Ayman
authors: A
authors: Al-Hendy
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (S.M.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M., A.A.-H., S.G., P.B.) and Pathology (J.C.), Georgia Regents University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia USA.
authors: Sharad
authors: S
authors: Ghamande
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (S.M.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M., A.A.-H., S.G., P.B.) and Pathology (J.C.), Georgia Regents University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia USA.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Chaffin
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (S.M.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.M., A.A.-H., S.G., P.B.) and Pathology (J.C.), Georgia Regents University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia USA.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Browne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006828:Hydatidiform Mole / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C493964:CDKN1C protein, human; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
keywords: molar pregnancy; obstetric ultrasound; p57 immunostaining; sonography; β-human chorionic gonadotropin