title: How Do Clinical Information Systems Affect the Cognitive Demands of General Practitioners?: Usability Study with a Focus on Cognitive Workload.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical information systems in the National Health Service do not need to conform to any explicit usability requirements. Poor usability can increase the mental workload experienced by clinicians and cause fatigue, increase error rates and impact the overall patient safety. Mental workload can be used as a measure of usability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the subjective cognitive workload experienced by general practitioners (GPs) with their systems. To raise awareness of the importance of usability in system design among users, designers, developers and policymakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a modified version of the NASA Task Load Index, adapted for web. We developed a set of common clinical scenarios and computer tasks on an online survey. We emailed the study link to 199 clinical commissioning groups and 1,646 GP practices in England.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven responders completed the survey. The respondents had spent an average of 17 years in general practice, had experience of using a mean of 1.5 GP computer systems and had used their current system for a mean time of 6.7 years. The mental workload score was not different among systems. There were significant differences among the task scores, but these differences were not specific to particular systems. The overall score and task scores were related to the length of experience with their present system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four tasks imposed a higher mental workload on GPs: 'repeat prescribing', 'find episode', 'drug management' and 'overview records'. Further usability studies on GP systems should focus on these tasks. Users, policymakers, designers and developers should remain aware of the importance of usability in system design.What does this study add?• Current GP systems in England do not need to conform to explicit usability requirements. Poor usability can increase the mental workload of clinicians and lead to errors.• Some clinical computer tasks incur more cognitive workload than others and should be considered carefully during the design of a system.• GPs did not report overall very high levels of subjective cognitive workload when undertaking common clinical tasks with their systems.• Further usability studies on GP systems should focus on the tasks incurring higher cognitive workload.• Users, policymakers, and designers and developers should remain aware of the importance of usability in system design.
authors: . feariza@doctors.org.uk.
authors: Ferran
authors: F
authors: Ariza
authors: University College London. d.kalra@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Dipak
authors: D
authors: Kalra
authors: University College London. h.potts@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Henry Ww
authors: HW
authors: Potts
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D004739:England; D058005:General Practitioners; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D013222:State Medicine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*