title: Effects of divalent cations on the formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole in fructose/ammonium hydroxide caramel model reaction.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to detail the changes of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MI) and its precursors in the presence of divalent cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) in a fructose/ammonium hydroxide caramel model system. The content of 4-MI and its precursor methylglyoxal (MGO) was inhibited by divalent cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)). The possible explanation might be that fructose and its Heyns product glucosamine interact with divalent cations to form complexes and inhibit the degradation of glucosamine into MGO. Moreover, the changes of fructose, NH4(+) and brown intensity in the presence of divalent cations indicated that fructose and glucosamine underwent intra-intermolecular polymerisation into melanoidins rather than the degradation reaction into aldehydes and ketones.
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Xinlan
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Di
authors: D
authors: Yu
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Fansheng
authors: F
authors: Kong
authors: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China. Electronic address: shujuanyu8@gmail.com.
authors: Shujuan
authors: S
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002182:Candy / Q000032:analysis*; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism*; D005632:Fructose / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D015416:Maillard Reaction
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D007093:Imidazoles; C569050:caramel coloring; D005632:Fructose; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; C023439:4-methylimidazole
keywords: 2-Methylquinoxaline (PubChem CID: 23686); 4(5)-Methylimidazole; 4(5)-Methylimidazole (PubChem CID: 13195); Brown intensity; Caramel; Divalent cations; Maillard reaction; Methylglyoxal (PubChem CID: 880)