title: No Difference in Average Interdialytic Weight Gain Observed in a Randomized Trial With a Technology-Supported Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Dietary Sodium Intake in Adults Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis in the United States: Primary Outcomes of the BalanceWise Study.
abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of behavioral counseling combined with technology-based self-monitoring for sodium restriction in hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  
  English literate adults undergoing outpatient, in-center intermittent HD for at least 3 months.
  
  
  
  Over a 16-week period, both the intervention and the attention control groups were shown 6 educational modules on the HD diet. The intervention group also received social cognitive theory-based behavioral counseling and monitored their diets daily using handheld computers.
  
  
  
  Average daily interdialytic weight gain (IDWGA) was calculated for every week of HD treatment over the observation period by subtracting the post-dialysis weight at the previous treatment time (t-1) from the pre-dialysis weight at the current treatment time (t), dividing by the number of days between treatments. Three 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks and evaluated using the Nutrient Data System for Research.
  
  
  
  A total of 179 participants were randomized, and 160 (89.4%) completed final measurements. IDWGA did not differ significantly by treatment group at any time point considered (P > .79 for each). A significant differential change in dietary sodium intake observed at 8 weeks (-372 mg/day; P = .05) was not sustained at 16 weeks (-191 mg/day; P = .32).
  
  
  
  The BalanceWise Study intervention appeared to be feasible and acceptable to HD patients although IDWGA was unchanged and the desired behavioral changes observed at 8 weeks were not sustained. Unmeasured factors may have contributed to the mixed findings, and further research is needed to identify the appropriate patients for such interventions.
authors: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Electronic address: mary.sevick@nyumc.org.
authors: Mary Ann
authors: MA
authors: Sevick
authors: School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Beth M
authors: BM
authors: Piraino
authors: Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: St-Jules
authors: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Linda J
authors: LJ
authors: Hough
authors: School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Joseph T
authors: JT
authors: Hanlon
authors: School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Zachary A
authors: ZA
authors: Marcum
authors: School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Zickmund
authors: College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors: Linda G
authors: LG
authors: Snetselaar
authors: Veterans Research Foundation of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Ann R
authors: AR
authors: Steenkiste
authors: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Roslyn A
authors: RA
authors: Stone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary