title: Combined toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in liver cells.
abstract: With rapid industrialization, China is now facing great challenges in heavy metal contamination in the environment. Human exposure to heavy metals through air, water and food commonly involves a mixture consisting of multiple heavy metals. In this study, eight common heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni) that cause environmental contamination were selected to investigate the combined toxicity of different heavy metal mixtures in HL7702 cells. Toxicity (24 h LC50 ) of each individual metal on the cells ranked Hg > Cr = Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Mn > Pb; toxicity of the different mixtures ranked: M5 > M3PbHgCd > M5+Mn > M5+Cu > M2CdNi > M4A > M8-Mn > M8 > M5+Zn > M4B > M8-Cr > M8-Zn > M8-Cu > M8-Pb > M8-Cd > M8-Hg > M8-Ni > M3PbHgNi > M3CuZnMn. The cytotoxicity data of individual metals were successfully used to build the additive models of two- to eight-component metal mixtures. The comparison between additive model and combination model or partly additive model was useful to evaluate the combined effects in mixture. Synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects of the toxicity were observed in different mixtures. These results suggest that the combined effects should be considered in the risk assessment of heavy metal co-exposure, and more comprehensive investigations on the combined effects of different heavy metal mixtures are needed in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.|School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China.
authors: Xialu
authors: X
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors: Yuanliang
authors: Y
authors: Gu
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors: Guochuan
authors: G
authors: Mao
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors: Baobo
authors: B
authors: Zou
authors: Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jinshun
authors: J
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008345:Manganese / Q000633:toxicity; D008628:Mercury / Q000633:toxicity; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D008628:Mercury; D015032:Zinc
keywords: liver cells; metals; mixtures; predictive toxicology; synergism