title: The oral-systemic disease connection: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed at determining the association between oral disease and systemic health based on panoramic radiographs and general health of patients treated at Kuwait University Dental Center. The objective was to determine whether individuals exhibiting good oral health have lower propensity to systemic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1000 adult patients treated at Kuwait University Dental Center were randomly selected from the patient's records. The general health of patients was assessed from the medical history of each patient recorded during their visit to the clinic. The number of reported diseases and serious symptoms were used to develop a medical index. The oral health of these patients was assessed from panoramic radiographs to create an oral index by evaluating such parameters as caries, periodontitis, periapical lesions, pericoronitis, and tooth loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total of 887 patients, 43.8 % had an oral index between 3 and 8, of which significantly higher (62.1 %) patients were with medical conditions compared to those without (33.2 %; p < 0.001). The Spearmans's correlation (rho') revealed a positive correlation (rho' = 0.360, p 0.001) between oral and medical index. Partial correlation, while controlling demographics, gender, nationality, and age, also showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) between medical and oral index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study showed a significant association between oral health and general health and confirmed the findings of previous reports as regards the existing correlation between dental infections and medical disorders. These results are not indicative of a causal relationship when the diagnosis of oral disease was based primarily on radiographic findings. Future research needs to include prospective clinical and interventional studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of the oral-systemic disease connection highlights the importance of preventing and treating oral disease which have profound medical implications on general health.
authors: Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box: 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait, Kuwait. bobby@hsc.edu.kw.
authors: Bobby K
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7945-5646
authors: BK
authors: Joseph
authors: Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Solna, Sweden.
authors: Leif
authors: L
authors: Kullman
authors: Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box: 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait, Kuwait.
authors: Prem N
authors: PN
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Caries; Medical index; Oral health; Oral index; Systemic diseases