title: The clock drawing test as a screening tool in mild cognitive impairment and very mild dementia: a new brief method of scoring and normative data in the elderly.
abstract: many studies sustained that the clock drawing test (CDT) was not able to accurately detect people with CDR = 0.5. Other researchers have promoted the use of scoring approaches with multiple scales that rate quantitative and qualitative features of the production. Nevertheless, these scoring systems are complex and time-consuming. We propose a new brief CDT' scoring system in order to find a good measure for mild cognitive decline which is at the same time easy to administer. we enrolled 719 subjects: n. 181 with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD); n. 200 with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and n. 338 healthy elderly subjects (C). our CDT-three-cluster scoring system demonstrated a good sensitivity and an excellent specificity to discriminate MCI subjects from normal elderly (76 and 84 %, respectively) and an excellent sensitivity and specificity to discriminate patients affected by mild Alzheimer disease (CDR: 1) from normal elderly (91 and 90 %, respectively). We found that CDT' score = 1.30 discriminate people with MCI, whereas a score = 4.38 discriminate AD patients. The three-cluster-scoring-system demonstrated a good diagnostic accuracy, taking into account those error-items more predictive of cognitive decline: omission of numbers or hands, writing numbers or hands in a wrong position and writing numbers or hands in a different code. Our CDT' scoring system is very short and easy method which can be used also by non-specialist.
authors: ARC Centre of Excellence for Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. monica.ricci@students.mq.edu.au.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Ricci
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Pigliautile
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Valeria
authors: V
authors: D'Ambrosio
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Ercolani
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Cinzia
authors: C
authors: Bianchini
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Carmelinda
authors: C
authors: Ruggiero
authors: National Centre of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Vanacore
authors: Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Mecocci
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: clock drawing test; mild Alzheimer’s disease; mild cognitive impairment; scoring system