title: Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in wine and juice using ionic liquid modified countercurrent chromatography as a pretreatment method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are some of the main Alternaria mycotoxins that can be found as contaminants in food materials. The objective of this study was to develop a pretreatment method with countercurrent chromatography (CCC) for enrichment and cleanup of trace Alternaria mycotoxins in food samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. An Analytical CCC instrument with a column volume 22.5mL was used, and a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate and water modified with 6% [HOOMIM][Cl] in mass to volume ratio was selected. Under the optimized CCC operation conditions, trace amounts of AOH, AME, and TeA in large volume of liquid sample were efficiently extracted and enriched in the stationary phase, and then eluted out just by reversing the stationary phase as mobile phase in the opposite flowing direction tail-to-head. The enrichment and elution strategies are unique and can be fulfilled online with high enrichment factors (87-114) and high recoveries (81.14-110.94%). The method has been successively applied to the determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in real apple juice and wine samples with the limits of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.03-0.14μgL(-1). Totally 12 wine samples and 15 apple juice samples from the local market were analyzed. The detection rate of AOH and AME in both kinds of the samples were more than 50%, while TeA was found in relatively high level of 1.75-49.61μgL(-1) in some of the apple juice samples. The proposed method is simple, rapid, and sensitive and could also be used for the analysis and monitoring of Alternaria mycotoxin in other food samples.
authors: Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, China.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Fan
authors: Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100048, China. Electronic address: caoxl@th.btbu.edu.cn.
authors: Xueli
authors: X
authors: Cao
authors: Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Man
authors: M
authors: Liu
authors: Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003377:Countercurrent Distribution; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007783:Lactones / Q000032:analysis; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D013720:Tenuazonic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007783:Lactones; D009183:Mycotoxins; D013720:Tenuazonic Acid; C005197:alternariol; C018206:alternariol monomethyl ether
keywords: Alternaria mycotoxin; Apple juice; Countercurrent chromatography; Ionic liquids; Pretreatment; Wine