title: The macrophage activation product sCD163 is associated with a less favourable metabolic profile in prepubertal children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophages are known to be involved in low-grade inflammatory processes such as obesity. soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (sCD163) is shed from the cell surface as specific macrophage activation marker. In prepubertal children, we studied if circulating sCD163 is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population of 236 school-aged Caucasian children (111 girls and 125 boys) aged 8 ± 1 year [81 normal weight (body mass index [BMI]-SDS < 1); 74 overweight (1 ≤ BMI-standard deviation score [SDS] < 2) and 81 with obesity (BMI-SDS ≥ 2)] were studied. BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and visceral fat were measured. Fasting serum sCD163, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lipids were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating sCD163 concentrations were higher in children with obesity (p < 0.0001). Associations were observed between circulating sCD163 and a less favourable metabolic profile as judged by higher waist circumference, fat mass, visceral fat, epicardial fat, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and triglycerides (all between r = 0.173 and r = 0.363; p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = -0.285, p < 0.0001). In multiple regression analyses, circulating sCD163 was independently associated with HOMA-IR (β = 0.162, p = 0.016; model R2= 0.179) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (β = -0.167, p = 0.012; model R2= 0.209).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood obesity may increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases later in life through chronic macrophage activation having deleterious effects on metabolism.
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Carreras-Badosa
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.|EUSES University School, Girona, Spain.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Prats-Puig
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.|Dr Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Diaz-Roldan
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.|Dr Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Platero-Gutierrez
authors: Salut Empordà Foundation, Figueres, Spain.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Osiniri
authors: Salut Empordà Foundation, Figueres, Spain.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Riera-Perez
authors: University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: de Zegher
authors: Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ibañez
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bassols
authors: Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.|Dr Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: López-Bermejo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D008055:Lipids; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase
keywords: insulin; metabolism; obesity; sCD163