title: An Electrocorticography Grid with Conductive Nanoparticles in a Polymer Thick Film on an Organic Substrate Improves CT and MR Imaging.
abstract: Purpose To develop an electrocorticography (ECoG) grid by using deposition of conductive nanoparticles in a polymer thick film on an organic substrate (PTFOS) that induces minimal, if any, artifacts on computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images and is safe in terms of tissue reactivity and MR heating. Materials and Methods All procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee and complied with the Public Health Services Guide for the Care and Use of Animals. Electrical functioning of PTFOS for cortical recording and stimulation was tested in two mice. PTFOS disks were implanted in two mice; after 30 days, the tissues surrounding the implants were harvested, and tissue injury was studied by using immunostaining. Five neurosurgeons rated mechanical properties of PTFOS compared with conventional grids by using a three-level Likert scale. Temperature increases during 30 minutes of 3-T MR imaging were measured in a head phantom with no grid, a conventional grid, and a PTFOS grid. Two neuroradiologists rated artifacts on CT and MR images of a cadaveric head specimen with no grid, a conventional grid, and a PTFOS grid by using a four-level Likert scale, and the mean ratings were compared between grids. Results Oscillatory local field potentials were captured with cortical recordings. Cortical stimulations in motor cortex elicited muscle contractions. PTFOS implants caused no adverse tissue reaction. Mechanical properties were rated superior to conventional grids (χ(2) test, P < .05). The temperature increase during MR imaging for the three cases of no grid, PTFOS grid, and conventional grid was 3.84°C, 4.05°C, and 10.13°C, respectively. PTFOS induced no appreciable artifacts on CT and MR images, and PTFOS image quality was rated significantly higher than that with conventional grids (two-tailed t test, P < .05). Conclusion PTFOS grids may be an attractive alternative to conventional ECoG grids with regard to mechanical properties, 3-T MR heating profile, and CT and MR imaging artifacts. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Emad
authors: E
authors: Ahmadi
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Husam A
authors: HA
authors: Katnani
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Laleh
authors: L
authors: Daftari Besheli
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Gu
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Atefi
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Martin Y
authors: MY
authors: Villeneuve
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Emad
authors: E
authors: Eskandar
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Michael H
authors: MH
authors: Lev
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Alexandra J
authors: AJ
authors: Golby
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Gupta
authors: From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology (E.A., R.A., M.Y.V., G.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Third Ave, Room 1.402, Charlestown, MA 02129; Advanced X-ray Imaging Sciences Center, Department of Radiology (E.A., L.D.B., M.H.L., R.G.), and Department of Neurosurgery (H.A.K., E.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark (Q.G.); and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.J.G.).
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Bonmassar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D053758:Nanoparticles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011108:Polymers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers