title: Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Blepharospasm, Orofacial/Oromandibular Dystonia, and Hemifacial Spasm.
abstract: Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary, repetitive eye closure. Orofacial and oromandibular dystonia describe involuntary dystonic movements of orofacial and oromandibular musculature. Hemifacial spasm is characterized by repetitive synchronous contraction of facial nerve innervated muscles on one side of the face. In this article, the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and approaches to treatment are reviewed. Technical aspects of using botulinum toxin for treatment and reported outcomes are discussed.
authors: Combined NeuroScience IRB, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Barbara Illowsky
authors: BI
authors: Karp
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Warren Grant Magnusen Clinical Center and Eunice Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Katharine
authors: K
authors: Alter
mesh_terms: D065087:Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D065087:Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors; D001905:Botulinum Toxins