title: Protective antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Buddleja perfoliata and Pelargonium graveolens against fungi isolated from stored grains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Buddleja perfoliata and Pelargonium graveolens were analysed to assess their efficacy as a potential alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides to protect stored grain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, while GC-MS were used to characterize the components of theses oils. The main components identified from the essential oil of B. perfoliata were cubenol, eudesmol, germacrene D-4-ol and cis-verbenol; whereas (-)-aristolene, β-citronellol and geraniol, were identified in P. graveolens. These essential oils were tested against a panel of fungal strains isolated from stored grains. Toxicity of the essential oils was assessed using two models represented by human-derived macrophages and the brine shrimp assay. Moreover, inflammatory response of the oils was assessed by measuring secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α using a human-derived macrophage cell line. Results show potent antifungal activity against a collection of fungi, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0·3 to 50 μg ml(-1) for both plants. A moderated cytotoxicity was observed, but no inflammatory responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These oils can be used as an alternative for synthetic chemical fungicides used to protect stored grains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synthetic chemical fungicides are used to protect stored grains, but their broad use raises concerns about effects on the environment and human health. The impact of the present report is that the use of essential oils is an eco-friendly alternative for fungal control in postharvest grains with a low impact to the environment.
authors: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Alimentos y Ambiental, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México.|Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors: Z N
authors: ZN
authors: Juárez
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|Britannia Secondary School, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bach
authors: Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sánchez-Arreola
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bach
authors: Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México.
authors: L R
authors: LR
authors: Hernández
mesh_terms: D032861:Buddleja / Q000737:chemistry*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031316:Pelargonium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Buddleja perfoliata; Pelargonium graveolens; antifungal activity; essential oils; postharvest pathogens; toxicity