title: Effect of Instrument Lubricants on the Surface Degree of Conversion and Crosslinking Density of Nanocomposites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The surface degree of conversion and crosslink density of composites should not be affected by the use of instrument lubricants in order to provide long-lasting tooth restorations. This study aimed to analyze the effect of instrument lubricants on the degree of conversion and crosslink density of nanocomposites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples (N = 10) were fabricated according to the composites (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; and IPS Empress Direct, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein and lubricants used (Adper Single Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose bonding agent adhesive systems, 3M ESPE; 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, and no lubricant). Single composite increments were inserted into a Teflon mold using the same dental instrument. The composite surface was then modeled using a brush wiped with each adhesive system and a spatula wiped with each ethanol. The control group was fabricated with no additional modeling. The surface degree of conversion and crosslink density were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the hardness decrease test, respectively. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's test (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Filtek Z350 XT showed statistically similar degree of conversion regardless of the lubricant used, whereas the use of adhesive systems and 70% ethanol decreased the degree of conversion for IPS Empress Direct. Only Scotchbond Multi-Purpose bonding agent decreased crosslink density for Filtek Z350 XT, whereas both adhesive systems decreased crosslink density for IPS Empress Direct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filtek Z350 XT appeared to be less sensitive to the effects of lubricants, and absolute ethanol did not affect the degree of conversion and crosslink density of the nanocomposites tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the use of lubricants may be recommended to minimize the stickiness of dental instruments and composite resin, dentists should choose materials that do not have a negative effect on the surface properties of composites. Only the use of absolute ethanol safely maintains the surface integrity of nanocomposites in comparison with adhesive system and 70% ethanol.
authors: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Felipe Costa
authors: FC
authors: de Paula
authors: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Regis de Souza
authors: Rde S
authors: Valentin
authors: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Boniek Castillo Dutra
authors: BC
authors: Borges
authors: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Maria Cristina Dos Santos
authors: MC
authors: Medeiros
authors: Laboratory of Tribology and Structural Integrity, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Raiza Freitas
authors: RF
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
authors: Ademir Oliveira
authors: AO
authors: da Silva
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D054327:Lubricants; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D054327:Lubricants