title: Assessment of Osteonecrosis in the Presence of Instrumentation for Femoral Neck Fracture Using Contrast-Enhanced MAVRIC Sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluating postoperative femoral neck facture (FNF) with metal fixation hardware is commonly performed using radiographs. MRI has greater sensitivity and specificity to evaluate osteonecrosis (ON) but is often challenging due to the image distortion caused by metallic hardware.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to compare fast spin-echo (FSE) and multi-acquisition variable-resonance image combination (MAVRIC) sequences in assessing ON following metallic fixation of FNF and determining feasibility of semi-quantitative perfusion using MAVRIC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiography and MRI were performed at 3 and 12 months postoperatively, using FSE and pre- and post-gadolinium contrast MAVRIC sequences in 21 FNF patients. The presence and volume of ON were recorded. Signal intensity (SI) enhancement was measured on the MAVRIC sequences within the center and rim of ON; with the ilium and femoral diaphysis as controls. The detection rate of ON between MAVRIC and FSE images was evaluated as the difference of percent enhancement across the defined regions of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ON was detected in 0% of radiographs, in 67% of FSE, and in 76% of MAVRIC images at 3 months follow-up, with similar results at 12 months. MAVRIC images had larger ON volume than FSE images at both time points. A significant percentage SI enhancement was only detected in the ON rim.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiographs could not detect ON following metallic fixation of FNF. MAVRIC is more sensitive than FSE for determining the volume of ON. SI measurements using MAVRIC may provide an indirect assessment of perfusion.
authors: MRI Research Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, BW-08G, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Nadja A
authors: NA
authors: Farshad-Amacker
authors: MRI Research Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, BW-08G, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Matthew F
authors: 0000-0001-6969-0183
authors: MF
authors: Koff
authors: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA.
authors: Jonathan P
authors: JP
authors: Dyke
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Lionel E
authors: LE
authors: Lazaro
authors: MRI Research Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, BW-08G, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Parina
authors: P
authors: Shah
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Dean G
authors: DG
authors: Lorich
authors: MRI Research Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, BW-08G, New York, NY 10021 USA.
authors: Hollis G
authors: HG
authors: Potter
keywords: avascular necrosis; femoral neck fracture; metal artifact; osteonecrosis