title: Amyloid pathology and axonal injury after brain trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To image β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque burden in long-term survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI), test whether traumatic axonal injury and Aβ are correlated, and compare the spatial distribution of Aβ to Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 11 months to 17 years after moderate-severe TBI underwent (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PiB)-PET, structural and diffusion MRI, and neuropsychological examination. Healthy aged controls and patients with AD underwent PET and structural MRI. Binding potential (BPND) images of (11)C-PiB, which index Aβ plaque density, were computed using an automatic reference region extraction procedure. Voxelwise and regional differences in BPND were assessed. In TBI, a measure of white matter integrity, fractional anisotropy, was estimated and correlated with (11)C-PiB BPND.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight participants (9 with TBI, 9 controls, 10 with AD) were assessed. Increased (11)C-PiB BPND was found in TBI vs controls in the posterior cingulate cortex and cerebellum. Binding in the posterior cingulate cortex increased with decreasing fractional anisotropy of associated white matter tracts and increased with time since injury. Compared to AD, binding after TBI was lower in neocortical regions but increased in the cerebellum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased Aβ burden was observed in TBI. The distribution overlaps with, but is distinct from, that of AD. This suggests a mechanistic link between TBI and the development of neuropathologic features of dementia, which may relate to axonal damage produced by the injury.
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Scott
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Anil F
authors: AF
authors: Ramlackhansingh
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Edison
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Hellyer
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Cole
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Mattia
authors: M
authors: Veronese
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Leech
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Greenwood
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Federico E
authors: FE
authors: Turkheimer
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Steve M
authors: SM
authors: Gentleman
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Rolf A
authors: RA
authors: Heckemann
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Matthews
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Brooks
authors: From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.S., A.F.R., P.E., P.H., J.C., R.L., S.M.G., R.A.H., P.M.M., D.J.B., D.J.S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (P.H., M.V., F.E.T.), King's College London; Institute of Neurology (R.J.G.), University College London, UK; MedTech West at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (R.A.H.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark. david.sharp@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017772:Amyloid Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers