title: Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food.
abstract: Perchlorate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a strong oxidizer and has gained significant attention due to its reactivity, occurrence, and persistence in surface water, groundwater, soil and food. Stable isotope techniques (i.e., ((18)O/(16)O and (17)O/(16)O) and (37)Cl/(35)Cl) facilitate the differentiation of naturally occurring perchlorate from anthropogenic perchlorate. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can inhibit proper function of the thyroid gland. Dietary reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate exposure from both food and water is set at 0.7 μg kg(-1) body weight/day which translates to a drinking water level of 24.5 μg L(-1). Chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) can be successfully used to detect trace level of perchlorate in environmental samples. Perchlorate can be effectively removed by wide variety of remediation techniques such as bio-reduction, chemical reduction, adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange and electro-reduction. Bio-reduction is appropriate for large scale treatment plants whereas ion exchange is suitable for removing trace level of perchlorate in aqueous medium. The environmental occurrence of perchlorate, toxicity, analytical techniques, removal technologies are presented.
authors: Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
authors: Prasanna
authors: P
authors: Kumarathilaka
authors: Geology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Oze
authors: Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Indraratne
authors: Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: meththikavithanage@gmail.com.
authors: Meththika
authors: M
authors: Vithanage
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005374:Filtration; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D007474:Ion Exchange; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010472:Perchlorates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Environmental exposure; Environmental monitoring; Oxidizer; Perchloric acid; Treatment technologies