title: Formation and toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts resulting from linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.
abstract: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are an important group of organic pollutants in urban wastewater effluents. The practice of using seawater for toilet flushing results in saline wastewater effluents, which contain high levels of bromide ions. Chlorine is most commonly used in wastewater disinfection. During chlorination of freshwater or saline wastewater effluents, some halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from LAS could be formed. In this study, the overall formation of halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS was quantified by total organic halogen (TOX) measurement. Polar halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS were detected with a novel precursor ion scan method. The structures and formation pathways of the major ones were tentatively proposed. The overall toxicity of different scenarios of LAS samples was evaluated with embryos of a marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. The results demonstrate that chlorinated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS without bromide, while brominated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS with bromide. The TOX concentrations were relatively low, indicating that LAS were not quite reactive with halogen. The major polar chlorinated and brominated DBPs resulting from LAS were proposed to be 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 2,6-dibromo-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, which belong to a group of DBPs with similar structures but different halogen atoms, and their formation pathways were tentatively proposed. The results also reveal that the undisinfected LAS sample was the least toxic, followed by the chlorinated LAS sample without bromide, and the chlorinated LAS sample with bromide was the most toxic.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Tingting
authors: T
authors: Gong
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: xiangru@ust.hk.
authors: Xiangru
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Qiming
authors: Q
authors: Xian
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001965:Bromides / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water; D054879:Halogenation; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011077:Polychaeta; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D001965:Bromides; D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030641:alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid
keywords: Chlorination; DBPs; Disinfection byproducts; Halogenated DBPs; Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates