title: Spectrophotometric and visual evaluation of peri-implant soft tissue color.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To spectrophotometrically and visually test whether the peri-implant mucosal color differs from the color of the natural gingiva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty single implants in the incisor and premolar region of 40 patients were assessed 3-7 years after implant placement. The differences of the color components lightness, chroma along red-green axis, chroma along yellow-blue axis, and the total color difference ΔE between peri-implant mucosa and natural gingiva were measured with a spectrophotometer. The color difference between peri-implant mucosa and natural gingiva was visually evaluated by clinicians and rated as "clinically visible" or "clinically invisible" from speaking distance. The dimensions of peri-implant mucosa and gingiva at the mid-buccal aspect were evaluated by using cone-beam CT. Spearman analysis was performed to detect correlations between different variables. Two-sided t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to detect differences between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectrophotometrically assessed color difference ΔE between peri-implant mucosa and natural gingiva amounted to 7.0 ± 3.9. The peri-implant mucosa presented a significant dark, greenish and bluish discoloration in comparison with gingiva at control teeth. Clinical investigation revealed that in 60% of sites the color difference between peri-implant mucosa and natural gingiva was clinically visible from speaking distance. The threshold value ΔE for the extraoral clinical distinction of mucosal color differences measured 7.5. When comparing the groups with visible and invisible color differences with respect to the three color components, a significant difference was found only for chroma along yellow-blue axis. In the group with visible color difference, mucosa presented a bluish discoloration. Correlation analysis indicated that with an increase in mucosal thickness, a trend for smaller ΔE was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectrophotometrically assessed color of the peri-implant mucosa revealed more dark, green and blue components compared to the natural gingiva. At 60% of the implants, peri-implant mucosal discoloration was visible from speaking distance. The sites with visible and those with invisible mucosal discolorations differed significantly only regarding the chroma along yellow-blue axis.
authors: Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Goran I
authors: GI
authors: Benic
authors: Private Practice, Romanshorn, Switzerland.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Scherrer
authors: Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Sancho-Puchades
authors: Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Thoma
authors: Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Christoph H F
authors: CH
authors: Hämmerle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003116:Color; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: color; dental; gingiva; implant; mucosa; peri-implant; soft tissue; spectrophotometer; spectrophotometry; thickness