title: OCCUPATIONAL CARBAMATE POISONING IN THAILAND.
abstract: Carbamate insecticide is a leading cause of poisoning in Thailand. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical manifestations and modes of occupational exposure in carbamate poisoning cases. We retrospectively studied all the cases of carbamate poisoning due to occupational exposure recorded in the Ramathibodi Poison Center Toxic Exposure Surveillance system during 2005 to 2010. Demographic data, clinical manifestations and severity were analyzed statistically. During the study period, 3,183 cases were identified, of which 170 (5.3%) were deemed to be due to occupational exposure. Ninety-six cases (56.5%) and 35 cases (20.6%) were poisoned by carbofuran and methomyl, respectively. Carbofuran is sold as a 3% grain and applied by sowing; methomyl is sold as a liquid and is applied by spraying. The majority of poisoned patients did not wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while applying the carbamates. The clinical manifestations of occupational carbofuran poisoning recorded were nausea and vomiting (82.3%), headaches (56.3%) and miosis (19.8%). The clinical manifestations of methomyl poisoning were nausea and vomiting (74.3%), headaches (57.1%) and palpitations (11.4%). Most patients in both groups had mild symptoms. Only one case in each group required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation support. There were no deaths and the lengths of hospitalization ranged from 2 hours to 2 days. Occupational carbamate poisoning cases in our series were mostly mild and the patients recovered quickly. There were only rare cases of serious symptoms. Lack of knowledge and inadequate PPE were the major factors contributing to occupational poisoning. Educating agricultural workers about correct precautions and pesticide use could minimize this type of poisoning.
authors: Achara
authors: A
authors: Tongpoo
authors: Charuwan
authors: C
authors: Sriapha
authors: Sunun
authors: S
authors: Wongvisawakorn
authors: Panee
authors: P
authors: Rittilert
authors: Satariya
authors: S
authors: Trakulsrichai
authors: Winai
authors: W
authors: Wananukul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000506:poisoning*; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008724:Methomyl / Q000506:poisoning; D008875:Middle Aged; D015877:Miosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013546:Sweating; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D008724:Methomyl; D002235:Carbofuran