title: Effects of deviation from focal plane on lesion geometry for ablative fractional photothermolysis.
abstract: Fractional Photothermolysis (FP) is a method of skin treatment that generates a thermal damage pattern consisting of multiple columns of thermal damage, also known as microscopic treatment zones (MTZs). They are very small in diameter and are generated by application of highly focused laser beams. In order to obtain the smallest spot size, the treatment should be performed in the focal plane. Any deviation from the focal plane (DFP) results in an increase of spot size. FP devices typically utilize distance holders in order to facilitate exposures at this specific location. In spite of the use of distance holders, DFP can occur. In particular, variations of contact pressure to the skin surface and anatomical treatment areas of high surface curvature may be prone to DFP during FP treatments. The impact of such distance variation on lesion geometry, such as depth and diameter of the thermal injury, has not previously been evaluated. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between DFP and the resulting lesion geometry for a selected ablative fractional device.
  
  
  
  A handpiece of an ablative fractional laser (DeepFX, UltraPulse Encore, Lumenis, Yokneam, Israel) was mounted to a rigid stand. Full thickness human skin obtained from abdominoplasty was mounted to a separate stand perpendicular to the handpiece. The tissue stand allowed the distance between the handpiece and the tissue to be adjusted to produce a variation up to ±3 mm from the focal plane. A 1 × 1 cm(2) scanning area of 169 MTZs, 50 mJ energy per MTZ, 120 μm nominal spot size, was applied at -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, and +3 mm deviated from the focal plane. Minus (-) and plus (+) signs indicate decreasing and increasing distance between the handpiece and the tissue, respectively. Depth and diameter of the laser induced tissue lesions were assessed and quantified.
  
  
  
  DFPs produced a significant alteration of the lesion geometry. DFPs of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 mm resulted in average lesion depths of 1,020 (-40%), 1,180 (-31%), 1,400 (-18%), 1,700 (0%), 1,620 (-5%), 780 (-55%), 680 (-60%) µm, and average lesion diameters of 314 (+26%), 311 (+25%), 273 (+10%), 248 (0%), 256 (+3%), 316 (+27%), 359 (+44%) µm, respectively. The underlined values represent the focal plane. The percentage changes relative to values at focal plane are in parentheses.
  
  
  
  A relatively minor DFP has a marked impact on the thermal injury profile, including lesion depth and diameter, of the laser-exposed tissue. Such marked changes of the thermal injury profile might affect the wound healing, safety, and efficacy of ablative fractional resurfacing procedures. Clinicians should carefully maintain the focal plane during ablative fractional treatment for reproducible results. The presented data are device specific and the clinical impact of such alteration of thermal injury profile warrants further investigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:555-561, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.
authors: Garuna
authors: G
authors: Kositratna
authors: Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129.
authors: Matthew Louis
authors: ML
authors: Hibert
authors: Endeavour Laser Technologies, Inc., Hathorne, Massachusetts, 01937.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Jaspan
authors: Endeavour Laser Technologies, Inc., Hathorne, Massachusetts, 01937.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Welford
authors: Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Manstein
mesh_terms: D002056:Burns / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Rayleigh range; ablative fractional photothermolysis; ablative fractional resurfacing; complications; deviation; fill factor; focal plane; lesion geometry; thermal injury