title: Human Campylobacteriosis in Luxembourg, 2010-2013: A Case-Control Study Combined with Multilocus Sequence Typing for Source Attribution and Risk Factor Analysis.
abstract: Campylobacteriosis has increased markedly in Luxembourg during recent years. We sought to determine which Campylobacter genotypes infect humans, where they may originate from, and how they may infect humans. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 1153 Campylobacter jejuni and 136 C. coli human strains to be attributed to three putative animal reservoirs (poultry, ruminants, pigs) and to environmental water using the asymmetric island model. A nationwide case-control study (2010-2013) for domestic campylobacteriosis was also conducted, including 367 C. jejuni and 48 C. coli cases, and 624 controls. Risk factors were investigated by Campylobacter species, and for strains attributed to different sources using a combined case-control and source attribution analysis. 282 sequence types (STs) were identified: ST-21, ST-48, ST-572, ST-50 and ST-257 were prevailing. Most cases were attributed to poultry (61.2%) and ruminants (33.3%). Consuming chicken outside the home was the dominant risk factor for both Campylobacter species. Newly identified risk factors included contact with garden soil for either species, and consuming beef specifically for C. coli. Poultry-associated campylobacteriosis was linked to poultry consumption in wintertime, and ruminant-associated campylobacteriosis to tap-water provider type. Besides confirming chicken as campylobacteriosis primary source, additional evidence was found for other reservoirs and transmission routes.
authors: National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
authors: Joël
authors: J
authors: Mossong
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof - 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Lapo
authors: L
authors: Mughini-Gras
authors: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Penny
authors: National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Devaux
authors: National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Olinger
authors: Veterinary Services Administration, Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, 54 av. Gaston Diderich, L-1420 Luxembourg.
authors: Serge
authors: S
authors: Losch
authors: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors: Henry-Michel
authors: HM
authors: Cauchie
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Wilfrid
authors: W
authors: van Pelt
authors: National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Ragimbeau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008189:Luxembourg / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D009154:Mutation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011200:Poultry; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult