title: Comparison of microbiology and visual outcomes of patients undergoing small-gauge and 20-gauge vitrectomy for endophthalmitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for endophthalmitis has evolved over recent decades but the literature is lacking on comparisons between small-gauge and 20-gauge vitrectomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate evolving etiological and microbiological trends in patients undergoing vitrectomy for endophthalmitis and to compare culture-positive rates and visual outcomes between small-gauge (23- and 25-gauge) and 20-gauge instrumentation during vitrectomy for endophthalmitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten-year retrospective comparative case series and prospective laboratory in vitro testing. Tertiary care academic referral center. Patients who underwent PPV for endophthalmitis between 2003 and 2013. Vitreous biopsies were obtained in all cases. The effect of vitrectomy gauge (20-, 23-, and 25-gauge) and vitreous cutting rate (1,500 and 5,000 cuts per minute) on the viability of bacterial culture was evaluated in an in vitro prospective laboratory investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of etiology, microbiology culture-positive rates, and visual outcomes between small-gauge and 20-gauge instrumentation in patients undergoing PPV for infectious endophthalmitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61 cases of vitrectomy for endophthalmitis were identified over a 10-year period; of these, 34 were treated with small-gauge (23- and 25-gauge) vitrectomy and 27 were treated with 20-gauge vitrectomy. In the small-gauge group, 12 cases (35.3%) yielded culture-positive results versus 20 cases (74.1%) with culture positivity in the 20-gauge cohort (P=0.002). The most common cause of endophthalmitis was cataract surgery and the most frequently identified organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococci in both groups. There was no significant difference in mean postoperative visual acuities between groups (P=0.33). Etiological trends indicate an increase in endophthalmitis due to intravitreal injection in the small-gauge group (n=9) compared to the 20-gauge group (n=3) (P=0.001). In vitro laboratory testing revealed no significant difference in rates of culture growth for different vitrectomy gauge sizes or vitreous cutting speeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small-gauge vitrectomy for endophthalmitis yields final visual outcomes comparable to 20-gauge instrumentation. A significant difference in culture-positive rates was observed between small-gauge and 20-gauge instrumentation for vitrectomy in endophthalmitis; however, laboratory testing indicates this is not related to either vitreous gauge size or cutter speed. Intravitreal injections are emerging as a common etiology of vitrectomy for endophthalmitis.
authors: VitreoRetinal Surgery PA, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors: David Rp
authors: DR
authors: Almeida
authors: Retina Consultants of Southern California, Riverside, CA, USA; Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Eric K
authors: EK
authors: Chin
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Shaival S
authors: SS
authors: Shah
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Bakall
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Karen M
authors: KM
authors: Gehrs
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: H Culver
authors: HC
authors: Boldt
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Stephen R
authors: SR
authors: Russell
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Folk
authors: Vitreoretinal Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Vinit B
authors: VB
authors: Mahajan
keywords: endophthalmitis; vitrectomy; vitreous biopsy