title: Association between Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) Use and Risk of Hospitalization in Older Adults: An Observational Study Based on Routine Data Comparing PIM Use with Use of PIM Alternatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The safety of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in elderly patients is still debated. Using the PRISCUS list, we examined the incident all-cause hospitalization risk associated with PIMs compared to PIM alternatives during the 180 days post individual first pharmacy dispensing (index date).
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine claims data from a German health insurer on 392,337 ambulatory patients aged ≥65 years, were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for hospitalization associated with incident PIM use. Observation period was January 2009 -December 2010. Users of PIM alternatives, as defined by the PRISCUS list, were the reference group. Patients with PIM dispensing or hospital stay in a six month "washout" period (second half of 2008) were excluded. All potential confounders were determined in the half year before the individual index date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total cohort 60.7% were female. Median age was 73 years. Of 79,041 incident PIM users, 58.4% had PIMs dispensed in one quarter of 2009 or 2010, 19.3% in two quarters, and 22.3% in three or more quarters. There were 126,535 hospitalizations during the observation period, and 47,470 of them occurred within 180 days post first dispensing. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed PIM use as a significant risk factor for hospitalization (HR 1.378; 95% CI 1.349-1.407) compared to use of PIM alternatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PIM use compared to use of PIM alternatives is associated with an increased risk of all-cause hospitalization in the 180 days following individual index date. Future analyses comparing a single PIM with its corresponding alternative may help identify those PIMs responsible for this.
authors: AQUA-Institute Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Heinz G
authors: HG
authors: Endres
authors: AQUA-Institute Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Kaufmann-Kolle
authors: AQUA-Institute Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Steeb
authors: AQUA-Institute Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Bauer
authors: AQUA-Institute Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Böttner
authors: Chair of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Thürmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D019338:Polypharmacy; D000067561:Potentially Inappropriate Medication List; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk