title: Salt Stress and Ethylene Antagonistically Regulate Nucleocytoplasmic Partitioning of COP1 to Control Seed Germination.
abstract: Seed germination, a critical stage initiating the life cycle of a plant, is severely affected by salt stress. However, the underlying mechanism of salt inhibition of seed germination (SSG) is unclear. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) counteracts SSG Genetic assays provide evidence that SSG in loss of function of the COP1 mutant was stronger than this in the wild type. A GUS-COP1 fusion was constitutively localized to the nucleus in radicle cells. Salt treatment caused COP1 to be retained in the cytosol, but the addition of ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate had the reverse effect on the translocation of COP1 to the nucleus, revealing that ethylene and salt exert opposite regulatory effects on the localization of COP1 in germinating seeds. However, loss of function of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) mutant impaired the ethylene-mediated rescue of the salt restriction of COP1 to the nucleus. Further research showed that the interaction between COP1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) had a role in SSG Correspondingly, SSG in loss of function of HY5 was suppressed. Biochemical detection showed that salt promoted the stabilization of HY5, whereas ethylene restricted its accumulation. Furthermore, salt treatment stimulated and ethylene suppressed transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), which was directly transcriptionally regulated by HY5. Together, our results reveal that salt stress and ethylene antagonistically regulate nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of COP1, thereby controlling Arabidopsis seed germination via the COP1-mediated down-regulation of HY5 and ABI5. These findings enhance our understanding of the stress response and have great potential for application in agricultural production.
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.).
authors: Yanwen
authors: 0000-0002-5469-500X
authors: Y
authors: Yu
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.).
authors: Juan
authors: 0000-0003-1636-4450
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.).
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Shi
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.).
authors: Juntao
authors: J
authors: Gu
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.).
authors: Jingao
authors: J
authors: Dong
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.) deng@pku.edu.cn rfhuang@caas.cn.
authors: Xing Wang
authors: XW
authors: Deng
authors: College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.) deng@pku.edu.cn rfhuang@caas.cn.
authors: Rongfeng
authors: 0000-0002-3039-0850
authors: R
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D055550:Protein Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C036216:ethylene; C471983:AT2G32950 protein, Arabidopsis; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases