title: Multimodality cardiac imaging in Turner syndrome.
abstract: Congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases contribute significantly to the threefold elevated risk of premature death in Turner syndrome. A multitude of cardiovascular anomalies and disorders, many of which deleteriously impact morbidity and mortality, is frequently left undetected and untreated because of poor adherence to screening programmes and complex clinical presentations. Imaging is essential for timely and effective primary and secondary disease prophylaxis that may alleviate the severe impact of cardiovascular disease in Turner syndrome. This review illustrates how cardiovascular disease in Turner syndrome manifests in a complex manner that ranges in severity from incidental findings to potentially fatal anomalies. Recommendations regarding the use of imaging for screening and surveillance of cardiovascular disease in Turner syndrome are made, emphasising the key role of non-invasive and invasive cardiovascular imaging to the management of all patients with Turner syndrome.
authors: 1Department of Radiology,School of Clinical Medicine,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,United Kingdom.
authors: Kristian H
authors: KH
authors: Mortensen
authors: 2Department of Radiology,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,Cambridge,United Kingdom.
authors: Deepa
authors: D
authors: Gopalan
authors: 3Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital,Aarhus University Hospital,Aarhus,Denmark.
authors: Bjarne L
authors: BL
authors: Nørgaard
authors: 3Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital,Aarhus University Hospital,Aarhus,Denmark.
authors: Niels H
authors: NH
authors: Andersen
authors: 4Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine & Department of Molecular Medicine,Aarhus University Hospital,Aarhus,Denmark.
authors: Claus H
authors: CH
authors: Gravholt
mesh_terms: D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: CHD; CT; Cardiovascular MRI; Turner syndrome; echocardiography