title: Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., Cinnamomum cassia Blume, and Lonicera japonica Thunb. protect against cognitive dysfunction and energy and glucose dysregulation by reducing neuroinflammation and hippocampal insulin resistance in β-amyloid-infused rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The water extracts of Cinnamomum cassia Blume bark (CCB; Lauraceae), Lonicera japonica Thunb. flower (LJT; Caprifoliaceae), and Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. leaves (APL; Rosaceae) prevented amyloid-β (25-35)-induced cell death in PC12 cells in our preliminary study. We evaluated whether long-term oral consumption of CCB, LJT, and APL improves cognitive dysfunction and glucose homeostasis in rats with experimentally induced AD-type dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats received hippocampal CA1 infusions of amyloid-β (25-35, AD) or amyloid-β (35-25, non-plaque forming, normal-controls, Non-AD-CON), at a rate of 3.6 nmol/day for 14 days. AD rats were divided into four groups receiving either 2% lyophilized water extracts of CCB, LJT, or APL or 2% dextrin (AD-CON) in high-fat diets (43% energy as fat).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hippocampal amyloid-β deposition, tau phosphorylation, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (neruoinflammation markers) were increased, and insulin signaling decreased in AD-CON. CCB, LJT, and APL all prevented hippocampal amyloid-β accumulation and enhanced hippocampal insulin signaling. CCB, LJT, and APL decreased TNF-α and iNOS in the hippocampus and especially APL exhibited the greatest decrease. AD-CON exhibited cognitive dysfunction in passive avoidance and water maze tests, whereas CCB, LJT, and APL protected against cognitive dysfunction, and APL was most effective and was similar to Non-AD-CON. AD-CON had less fat oxidation as an energy fuel, but it was reversed by CCB, LJT, and especially APL. APL-treated rats had less visceral fat than AD-CON rats. AD-CON rats exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance test compared with Non-AD-CON, but CCB and APL prevented the impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results supported that APL, LJT, and CCB effectively prevent the cognitive dysfunction and the impairment of energy and glucose homeostasis induced by amyloid-β deposition by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing insulin signaling. APL exhibited the greatest effectiveness for improving cognitive function.
authors: a Department of Food and Nutrition , Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University , 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 , South Korea.
authors: Sunmin
authors: S
authors: Park
authors: a Department of Food and Nutrition , Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University , 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 , South Korea.
authors: Suna
authors: S
authors: Kang
authors: a Department of Food and Nutrition , Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University , 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 , South Korea.
authors: Da Sol
authors: DS
authors: Kim
authors: a Department of Food and Nutrition , Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University , 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795 , South Korea.
authors: Bo Rerum
authors: BR
authors: Moon
mesh_terms: D031981:Agrimonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D032904:Cinnamomum aromaticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb; Amyloid-β; Cinnamon; Cognitive dysfunction; Glucose metabolism; Lonicera japonica Thunb