title: Sharing of Needles and Syringes among Men Who Inject Drugs: HIV Risk in Northwest Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injection drug use is prevalent in northwestern Bangladesh. We sought to explore the context of needle/syringe sharing among persons who inject drugs (PWID), examining risk exposures to blood-borne infections like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis in a region where these dual epidemics are likely to expand.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a qualitative research approach to learn about injection practices, conducting 60 in-depth interviews among PWID. We then conducted 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) that generated a checklist of salient issues, and followed up with personal observations of typical days at the drug-use venues. Content and interpretative frameworks were used to analyze qualitative information and socio-demographic information, using SPSS software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that needle/syringe-sharing behaviours were integrated into the overall social and cultural lives of drug users. Sharing behaviours were an central component of PWID social organization. Sharing was perceived as an inherent element within reciprocal relationships, and sharing was tied to beliefs about drug effects, economic adversity, and harassment due to their drug user status. Carrying used needles/syringes to drug-use venues was deemed essential since user-unfriendly needle-syringe distribution schedules of harm reduction programmes made it difficult to access clean needles/syringes in off-hours. PWID had low self-esteem. Unequal power relationships were reported between the field workers of harm reduction programmes and PWID. Field workers expressed anti-PWID bias and judgmental attitudes, and also had had misconceptions about HIV and hepatitis transmission. PWID were especially disturbed that no assistance was forthcoming from risk reduction programme staff when drug users manifested withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions must take social context into account when scaling up programmes in diverse settings. The social organization of PWID include values that foster needle-syringe sharing. Utilization and impact of risk reduction programmes might be improved with expanded clean needle/syringe distribution at times and venues convenient for PWID, better trained and non-judgmental staff, and medical assistance for health problems, including drug withdrawal symptoms.
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshani, Bangladesh.
authors: M Kamal
authors: MK
authors: Pasa
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshani, Bangladesh.
authors: Kazi Robiul
authors: KR
authors: Alom
authors: Institute of Environmental Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshani, Bangladesh.
authors: Zubaida
authors: Z
authors: Bashri
authors: Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors: Sten H
authors: SH
authors: Vermund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D017144:Focus Groups; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012306:Risk; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013594:Syringes; D055815:Young Adult