title: Breakfast and fast food consumption are associated with selected biomarkers in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skipping breakfast and consuming fast food are related to the risk of obesity and are common adolescent behaviors. The relationship between these behaviors and biomarkers related to diabetes and CVD is understudied in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from a study of the etiologic factors related to obesity risk in adolescents. Breakfast and fast food consumption were assessed using a self-report survey. Anthropometrics, fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between dietary behaviors and selected biomarkers, controlling for calories consumed, body mass index (BMI), and demographic covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  367 adolescents (11 to 18-years; mean 14.7 ± 1.8 years) were assessed at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities from 2006-2008. Breakfast consumption was significantly associated with lower BMI, body fat, insulin, HOMA-IR, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) cluster score, while fast food consumption was associated with higher BMI, body fat, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and MetS cluster score. Some gender differences were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breakfast and fast food consumption appear to be related to important metabolic syndrome biomarkers for chronic disease in a sample of healthy adolescents. The importance of this finding needs to be validated by examining the stability of this pattern over time and to assess the pattern in other populations.
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
authors: Kara L
authors: KL
authors: Marlatt
authors: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors: Kian
authors: K
authors: Farbakhsh
authors: Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors: Donald R
authors: DR
authors: Dengel
authors: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
authors: Leslie A
authors: LA
authors: Lytle
keywords: BMI, Body mass index; CVD, Cardiovascular disease; Children; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; Dietary Behavior; HDL, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, Metabolic syndrome; PBF, Percent body fat; Risk Factors; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; TG, Triglycerides; Youth