title: Role of PAR2 in the Development of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lower urinary tract symptoms are a common finding in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. We previously reported that the mast cell-tryptase-PAR2 (protease activated receptor 2) axis has a critical role in the development of chronic pain in experimental autoimmune prostatitis, a mouse model of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Therefore, we examined whether PAR2 activation mediates lower urinary tract dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional cystometry was done in male B6 mice along with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for the expression of COL1A1 (collagen type I α I) and α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on single cell suspensions of the prostate, bladder, lymph nodes and spleen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental autoimmune prostatitis resulted in increased urinary voiding frequency and decreased bladder capacity 30 days after initiation. Concurrently, there was increased expression of COL1A1 and α-SMA in the prostates and bladders. In contrast, induction of experimental autoimmune prostatitis in PAR2 knockout mice did not result in altered urodynamics or increased markers of fibrosis in the prostate or the bladder. Single cell suspensions of the prostate, bladder, lymph nodes and spleen demonstrated that in the absence of PAR2 cellular inflammatory mechanisms were still initiated in experimental autoimmune prostatitis but PAR2 expression may be required to maintain chronic inflammation. Finally, antibody mediated PAR2 neutralization normalized urinary voiding frequency and bladder capacity, and attenuated chronic pelvic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAR2 activation in the prostate may contribute to the development of lower urinary tract dysfunction through proinflammatory as well as profibrotic pathways.
authors: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Kenny
authors: K
authors: Roman
authors: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Stephen F
authors: SF
authors: Murphy
authors: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Done
authors: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Kevin E
authors: KE
authors: McKenna
authors: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Schaeffer
authors: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: thumbikat@northwestern.edu.
authors: Praveen
authors: P
authors: Thumbikat
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000378:metabolism*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D000090602:Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; C544013:alpha-smooth muscle actin, mouse
keywords: fibrosis; lower urinary tract symptoms; pain; prostatitis; receptor, PAR-2