title: Improved analyses of single cases: Dynamic multilevel analysis.
abstract: This project identifies some difficulties when analyzing single-case data and showcases a new method, dynamic multilevel analysis (DMA). We re-analyze a published, meta-analysis of single-case interventions for participants with autism. Analytic difficulties include missing data, nested data, baseline trends, time periods, recency effects, many hypotheses' false positives, interactions among explanatory variables, indirect effects (including false negatives), and sampling errors. Furthermore, non-overlapping analyses can yield contested results, overvalue data near overlap boundaries, lose statistical power, and lack estimates of explained variance or unexplained residuals. To address these difficulties, DMA integrates several methods, including multilevel and time-series analyses. DMA re-analysis not only showed robust intervention effects, but also time-, outcome-, and intervention component-specific effects. Moreover, DMA informs the suitability of time hypotheses or meta-analysis, and DMA's components can be used separately, notably its time-series analyses for small samples (e.g., one participant). Hence, DMA can help researchers analyze single-case data more accurately.
authors: a Department of Educational Studies , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.
authors: Ming Ming
authors: MM
authors: Chiu
authors: a Department of Educational Studies , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.
authors: Carly A
authors: CA
authors: Roberts
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Autism; effect size; hierarchical linear model; meta-analysis; single-case research design; time-series analysis