title: A matter of time: study of circadian clocks and their role in inflammation.
abstract: Circadian rhythms regulate changes in physiology, allowing organisms to respond to predictable environmental demands varying over a 24 h period. A growing body of evidence supports a key role for the circadian clock in the regulation of immune functions and inflammatory responses, which influence the understanding of infections and inflammatory diseases and their treatment. A variety of experimental methods have been used to assess the complex bidirectional crosstalk between the circadian clock and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the organization of the molecular clock, experimental methods used to study circadian rhythms, and both the inflammatory and immune consequences of circadian disturbance.
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom s.j.carter@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors: Stuart J
authors: SJ
authors: Carter
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: Hannah J
authors: HJ
authors: Durrington
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: Julie E
authors: JE
authors: Gibbs
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Blaikley
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: Andrew S
authors: AS
authors: Loudon
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Ray
authors: *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Sabroe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: entrainment; immunity; jet lag; knockout; synchronization