title: Root development and structure in seedlings of Ginkgo biloba.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The popular, highly recognizable, well-known gymnosperm, Ginkgo biloba, was studied to document selected developmental features, which are little known in its primary root system from root tips to cotyledonary node following seed germination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using seedlings grown in soil, vermiculite, or a mixture, we examined sections at various distances from the root cap to capture a developmental sequence of anatomical structures by using standard brightfield, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopic techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vascular cylinder is usually a diarch stele, although modified diarchy and triarchy are found. Between exarch protoxylem poles, metaxylem usually develops into a complete disc, except near the transition region, which has irregularly arranged tracheary cells. The disc of primary xylem undergoes secondary growth on its metaxylem flanks with many tracheids added radially within a few weeks. Production of fibers in secondary phloem also accompanies secondary growth. In the cortex, endodermis produces Casparian bands early in development and continues into the upper transition region. Phi cells with phi-thickenings (bands of lignified walls) of a layer of inner cortex are often evident before endodermis, and then adjoining, additional layers of cortex develop phi cells; phi cells do not occur in the upper transition region or stem. An exodermis is produced early in root development and is continuous into the transition region and cotyledonary node.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seedling root axes of Ginkgo biloba are more complex than the literature suggests, and our findings contribute to our knowledge of root structure of this ancient gymnosperm.
authors: Biology Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323 USA nikole_bonacorsi@brown.edu.
authors: Nikole K
authors: NK
authors: Bonacorsi
authors: Department of Biology, SUNY, Oswego, NY 13126.
authors: James L
authors: JL
authors: Seago
mesh_terms: D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgoaceae; anatomy; development; endodermis; exodermis; fibers; phi cells; roots