title: Microbial communities affecting albumen photography heritage: a methodological survey.
abstract: This study is one of the few investigations which analyze albumen prints, perhaps the most important photographic heritage of the late 19(th) and early 20(th) centuries. The chemical composition of photographic samples was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. These two non-invasive techniques revealed the complex nature of albumen prints, which are composed of a mixture of proteins, cellulose and salts. Microbial sampling was performed using cellulose nitrate membranes which also permitted the trapped microflora to be observed with a scanning electron microscope. Microbial analysis was performed using the combination of culture-dependent (cultivation in different media, including one 3% NaCl) and culture-independent (bacterial and fungal cloning and sequencing) approaches. The isolated microorganisms were screened for their lipolytic, proteolytic, cellulolytic, catalase and peroxidase activities. The combination of the culture-dependent and -independent techniques together with enzymatic assays revealed a substantial microbial diversity with several deteriogen microorganisms from the genera Bacillus, Kocuria, Streptomyces and Geobacillus and the fungal strains Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Trichothecium roseum.
authors: Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Puškárová
authors: Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Mária
authors: M
authors: Bučková
authors: Slovak National Archives, Department of Archival Preservation, Drotárska cesta 42, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Božena
authors: B
authors: Habalová
authors: Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Kraková
authors: Slovak National Archives, Department of Archival Preservation, Drotárska cesta 42, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Alena
authors: A
authors: Maková
authors: Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia.|Caravella, Ltd., Tupolevova 2, 85101 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Pangallo
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002374:Catalase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003101:Collodion / Q000737:chemistry; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000502:physiology; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010781:Photography / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012492:Salts; D003101:Collodion; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D008049:Lipase