title: Gender differences in emotion experience perception under different facial muscle manipulations.
abstract: According to embodied emotion theory, facial manipulations should modulate and initiate particular emotions. However, whether there are gender differences in emotion experience perception under different facial muscle manipulations is not clear. Therefore, we conducted two behavioral experiments to examine gender differences in emotional perception in response to facial expressions (sad, neutral, and happy) under three conditions: (1) holding a pen using only the teeth (HPT), which facilitates the muscles typically associated with smiling; (2) holding a pen using only the lips (HPL), which inhibits the muscles typically associated with smiling; and (3) a control condition--hold no pen (HNP). We found that HPT made the emotional feelings more positive, and that the change degree of female's ratings of sad facial expressions between conditions (HPL to HPT) was larger than males'. These results suggested cognition can be affected by the interaction of the stimuli and the body, especially the female.
authors: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
authors: Yufeng
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
authors: Dongjun
authors: D
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Zou
authors: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China. Electronic address: lyy@xxmu.edu.cn.
authors: Yanyan
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China. Electronic address: mengzhang.1985@163.com.
authors: Meng
authors: M
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 100 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA.
authors: Yijun
authors: Y
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Embodied emotion; Facial actions; Gender difference; Negative emotion