title: Evolution of the levels of human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in Beninese infant during the first year of life in a malaria endemic area: using latent class analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I antigen, is of crucial interest during pregnancy by inhibiting maternal immune response. Its role during infections is discussed, and it has been described that high levels of soluble HLA-G during childhood increase the risk of malaria. To explore more precisely interactions between soluble HLA-G and malaria, latent class analysis was used to test whether distinct sub-populations of children, each with distinctive soluble HLA-G evolutions may suggest the existence of groups presenting variable malaria susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was conducted in Benin from 2010 to 2013 and 165 children were followed from birth to 12 months. Evolution of soluble HLA-G was studied by the latent class method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three groups of children were identified: one with consistently low levels of soluble HLA-G during follow-up, a second with very high levels and a last intermediate group. In all groups, low birth weight, high number of malaria infections and high exposure to malaria transmission were associated with high level of soluble HLA-G. Placental malaria was not. Presence of soluble HLA-G in cord blood increased the probability of belonging to the highest trajectory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, together with previous ones, confirm the important role of HLA-G in the individual susceptibility to malaria. Assaying soluble HLA-G at birth could be a good indicator of newborns more fragile and at risk of infections during childhood.
authors: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. carennedalmeida@gmail.com.|UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. carennedalmeida@gmail.com.
authors: Tania C
authors: TC
authors: d'Almeida
authors: UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. isadissou@yahoo.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. isadissou@yahoo.fr.|Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin. isadissou@yahoo.fr.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. isadissou@yahoo.fr.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Sadissou
authors: UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. gilles.cottrell@ird.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. gilles.cottrell@ird.fr.
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Cottrell
authors: UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. rachida.tahar@ird.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. rachida.tahar@ird.fr.
authors: Rachida
authors: R
authors: Tahar
authors: UMR Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, IMETI Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Paris, France. philippe.moreau@cea.fr.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Moreau
authors: UMR Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, IMETI Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Paris, France. benoit.favier@cea.fr.
authors: Benoit
authors: B
authors: Favier
authors: Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. kamoutairo@yahoo.fr.
authors: Kabirou
authors: K
authors: Moutairou
authors: Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. eadonadi@fmrp.usp.br.
authors: Eduardo A
authors: EA
authors: Donadi
authors: Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin. massougbodjiachille@yahoo.fr.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. massougbodjiachille@yahoo.fr.
authors: Achille
authors: A
authors: Massougbodji
authors: UMR Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, IMETI Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Paris, France. nathalie.rouas-freiss@cea.fr.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Rouass-Freiss
authors: UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. david.courtin@ird.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. david.courtin@ird.fr.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Courtin
authors: UMR216 MERIT "Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales", Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. andre.garcia@ird.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. andre.garcia@ird.fr.
authors: André
authors: A
authors: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D059951:HLA-G Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008288:Malaria / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D059951:HLA-G Antigens