title: In vivo regeneration of bladder muscular wall using decellularized colon matrix: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Finding a proper scaffold for augmentation is a serious challenge in bladder tissue engineering. We hereby aimed to determine the histological aspects of a decellularized colon graft for bladder augmentation in healthy rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat colon tissues were decellularized using perfusion-based method. After partial cystectomy, bladders were grafted with a patch of decellularized colon. Bladder specimens were investigated in 12 rats at 1, 3, and 9 months postoperatively for further histological changes and immunohistochemistry analyses were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One month after implantation, partial seeding of new cells was observed. After 3 months continuity of transitional epithelium of natural bladder on the decellularized grafted colon tissue was confirmed with histological and immunohistochemical examinations. All augmented bladders demonstrated a spherical shape without stone formation, necrosis or graft rejection. The presence of urothelium with similar morphology to the natural urothelium and visible blood vessels were found within 3 months of operation. All immunohistochemical markers (except markers of colonic stem cells) were expressed in biopsies obtained 3 months after surgery demonstrating a progressive vascular and smooth muscle cell infiltration into the graft after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that decellularized colon may provide a viable material for bladder augmentation in rats to pave the road for future applications of this natural collagen scaffold.
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran. kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors: Abdol-Mohammad
authors: AM
authors: Kajbafzadeh
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Khorramirouz
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran.
authors: Shabnam
authors: S
authors: Sabetkish
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran.
authors: Mahba
authors: M
authors: Ataei Talebi
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran.
authors: Aram
authors: A
authors: Akbarzadeh
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Gharib's Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419433151, Iran.
authors: Sorena
authors: S
authors: Keihani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: Colon; Models, animal; Reconstructive surgical procedures; Tissue engineering; Urinary bladder