title: Using Make for Reproducible and Parallel Neuroimaging Workflow and Quality-Assurance.
abstract: The contribution of this paper is to describe how we can program neuroimaging workflow using Make, a software development tool designed for describing how to build executables from source files. A makefile (or a file of instructions for Make) consists of a set of rules that create or update target files if they have not been modified since their dependencies were last modified. These rules are processed to create a directed acyclic dependency graph that allows multiple entry points from which to execute the workflow. We show that using Make we can achieve many of the features of more sophisticated neuroimaging pipeline systems, including reproducibility, parallelization, fault tolerance, and quality assurance reports. We suggest that Make permits a large step toward these features with only a modest increase in programming demands over shell scripts. This approach reduces the technical skill and time required to write, debug, and maintain neuroimaging workflows in a dynamic environment, where pipelines are often modified to accommodate new best practices or to study the effect of alternative preprocessing steps, and where the underlying packages change frequently. This paper has a comprehensive accompanying manual with lab practicals and examples (see Supplemental Materials) and all data, scripts, and makefiles necessary to run the practicals and examples are available in the "makepipelines" project at NITRC.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Askren
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Trevor K
authors: TK
authors: McAllister-Day
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Koh
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Zoé
authors: Z
authors: Mestre
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Jennifer N
authors: JN
authors: Dines
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Benjamin A
authors: BA
authors: Korman
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Susan J
authors: SJ
authors: Melhorn
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Peterson
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Peverill
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Qin
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Swati D
authors: SD
authors: Rane
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Melissa A
authors: MA
authors: Reilly
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Maya A
authors: MA
authors: Reiter
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Kelly A
authors: KA
authors: Sambrook
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Karl A
authors: KA
authors: Woelfer
authors: Department of Radiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Grabowski
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Tara M
authors: TM
authors: Madhyastha
keywords: neuroimaging pipelines; quality assurance; reproducibility; workflow