title: Nutritional habits, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition in cardiovascular and metabolic traits in Turkish population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular and metabolic traits (CMT) are influenced by complex interactive processes including diet, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition. The present study investigated the interactions of these risk factors in relation to CMTs in the Turkish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied bootstrap agglomerative hierarchical clustering and Bayesian network learning algorithms to identify the causative relationships among genes involved in different biological mechanisms (i.e., lipid metabolism, hormone metabolism, cellular detoxification, aging, and energy metabolism), lifestyle (i.e., physical activity, smoking behavior, and metropolitan residency), anthropometric traits (i.e., body mass index, body fat ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio), and dietary habits (i.e., daily intakes of macro- and micronutrients) in relation to CMTs (i.e., health conditions and blood parameters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified significant correlations between dietary habits (soybean and vitamin B12 intakes) and different cardiometabolic diseases that were confirmed by the Bayesian network-learning algorithm. Genetic factors contributed to these disease risks also through the pleiotropy of some genetic variants (i.e., F5 rs6025 and MTR rs180508). However, we also observed that certain genetic associations are indirect since they are due to the causative relationships among the CMTs (e.g., APOC3 rs5128 is associated with low-density lipoproteins cholesterol and, by extension, total cholesterol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study applied a novel approach to integrate various sources of information and dissect the complex interactive processes related to CMTs. Our data indicated that complex causative networks are present: causative relationships exist among CMTs and are affected by genetic factors (with pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic effects) and dietary habits.
authors: School of Health Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey; GENAR Institute for Public Health and Genomics Research, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: skaraca@aksaray.edu.tr.
authors: Sefayet
authors: S
authors: Karaca
authors: GENAR Institute for Public Health and Genomics Research, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Zirve University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Sema
authors: S
authors: Erge
authors: GENAR Institute for Public Health and Genomics Research, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Tomris
authors: T
authors: Cesuroglu
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Renato
authors: R
authors: Polimanti
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000886:Anthropometry; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL
keywords: Cardiometabolic traits; Diet; Genetic predisposition; Interactive mechanisms; Turkey