title: Factors predicting early diagnosis of pediatric laryngotracheobronchial foreign bodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical and radiological findings to make early diagnosis of foreign body (FB) aspiration in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted on 45 children below 12 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of FB aspiration undergone rigid bronchoscopy from September 2008 to may 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchoscopy was positive for FB in 37 children. The results of these 37 children (15 female and 22 male) were analyzed. 81% of children were in age group of 1-3 years. Penetration syndrome (sudden onset coughing, choking and gagging when the child is having something in the mouth) (89.2%) and decreased breath sounds (86.5%) were the most common clinical features. Cough, respiratory difficulty and fever were present in 83.8%, 78.4% and 27% respectively. Tachypnoea, tachycardia, chest retractions, decreased chest movements and wheeze were present in 83.3%, 83.3%, 83.3%, 51.4% and 43.2% respectively. Unilateral hyperinflation (64.9%), mediastinal shift (45.9%), and collapse (21.6%) were common radiological sign on chest radiograph and in 13.5% patients the chest X-rays were normal. Sites of FB lodgments were larynx, trachea, right main bronchus, left main bronchus and bilateral bronchi in 10.8%, 10.8%, 35.1%, 37.8 and 5.5% respectively. Food related FBs were present in 30 cases (peanut in 54.1%) and inorganic FBs were present in 7 cases. FBs were removed successfully by rigid bronchoscopy in all cases without any mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penetration syndrome, localized decreased breath sounds, unilateral hyperinflation and/or mediastinal shift on radiology are predictors for early diagnosis of FB aspiration.
authors: JIPMER,Pondicherry,India.
authors: Pradipta
authors: P
authors: Parida
authors: GH,Pondicherry.
authors: Nirmal  Shanmugasundaram
authors: N
authors: Nirmal
authors: JIPMER,Pondicherry.
authors: Surianarayanan
authors: S
authors: Gopalakrishnan
authors: JIPMER.
authors: Sunil Kumar
authors: SK
authors: Saxena
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011871:Radiology / Q000379:methods*; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*