title: Gender differences in dual-chamber pacemaker implantation indications and long-term outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dual-chamber (DDD) pacing is the most commonly used mode of heart stimulation. The data on gender-related differences in the long-term follow-up of DDD pacing mode are still limited. We performed a retrospective single-centre study to determine the effect of gender on the implantation indications and the incidence of adverse events resulting in DDD mode loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A group of 1,049 consecutive patients with DDD pacemaker implanted between 1984 and 2002 were followed up until 2014. The study group consisted of 995 patients who performed at least one follow-up visit. Follow-up period was 124.2 ± 68.3 months, mean age was 63.5 ± 12.4 years, 56% were male. Adverse events were defined as loss of primary DDD stimulation--lead malfunction, progression to permanent AF, and infective complications. Women were older than men (64.7 vs 62.6 years) at the time of implantation and they remained, on average, 1.5 year longer in follow-up compared with men. Female patients had significantly more SSS, history of paroxysmal AF, and a similar percentage of AVB compared with male patients. The incidence of lead malfunction, device-related infections, and progression to permanent AF did not show significant differences. However, in the group without prior paroxysmal AF, women developed permanent AF more frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This patients cohort showed that there is an association between gender and indications to DDD pacing therapy. The rate of adverse events was similar in both genders. Women had a significantly longer duration of follow-up, despite markedly higher age at implantation.
authors: Maciej
authors: M
authors: Dębski
authors: Mateusz
authors: M
authors: Ulman
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Ząbek
authors: Kazimierz
authors: K
authors: Haberka
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Lelakowski
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Małecka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: DDD pacing | permanent cardiac pacing | atrial fibrillation | lead malfunction