title: Pattern of traumatised anterior teeth among adult Nigerians and complications from late presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and pattern of traumatic dental injury (TDI) among adults presenting in a tertiary health care facility in Nigeria, the time interval between injury and presentation in the hospital, the reasons for seeking treatment, and the complications arising due to late presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information obtained from history taking and clinical examination included Patient's demographics, the when, where, and how of the injury, previous history of trauma, time elapsed between injury and presentation at the hospital, reason for seeking treatment, tooth/teeth involved, sensibility, tenderness to percussion, mobility, presence of discolouration, swelling, sinus tract, and mobility. Radiographic findings such as periapical radiolucency, pulp canal obliteration, and root resorption were also documented. TDI was classified using the Andreasen's classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 2645 adult patients that attended the outpatient clinic, 184 Presented with TDI giving a prevalence of 6.96 %. Their age range and mean age were 17-69 years and 30.6 ± 11.2 years respectively. Falls accounted for most (26.4 %) of the trauma to anterior teeth followed by motor cycle accidents (18.4 %) and domestic accidents (12.9 %), while opening bottle cork accounted for 1.2 %. The most common type of injury was enamel-dentine fracture accounting for 28.8 %, followed by complicated crown fracture 18.6 %, and avulsion 11.7 %. The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected followed by the maxillary lateral incisors and canines. More than half (51.5 %) of the patients presented in the hospital more than 1 year after injury. Majority of patients in the age groups ≤20 and 51-60 sought treatment because of pain, while more of those in the age groups 21-30 and 31-40 sought treatment because of aesthetic considerations. Seventy three (45.3 %) of the patients presented with complications involving 138 teeth. Majority of the complications were in teeth with enamel-dentine fracture (93.4 %), followed by concussion injury (55.6 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TDI in this study falls within previously reported figures. However, the high number of teeth developing complications may have resulted from late presentation for care.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Edo State, Nigeria. emien.enabulele@uniben.edu.
authors: Joan Emien
authors: JE
authors: Enabulele
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. adelekeoginni@yahoo.co.uk.
authors: Adeleke O
authors: AO
authors: Oginni
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Edo State, Nigeria. sede_matt@yahoo.co.uk.
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Sede
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. torera5265@yahoo.com.
authors: Fadekemi O
authors: FO
authors: Oginni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult