title: To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses.
abstract: Over the past 1-2 decades we have witnessed a resurgence of efforts to therapeutically exploit the attributes of lytic viruses to infect and kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. We now appreciate that the utility of viruses for treating cancer extends far beyond lytic cell death. Viruses are also capable of eliciting humoral and cellular innate and adaptive immune responses that may be directed not only at virus-infected cells but also at uninfected cancer cells. Here we review our current understanding of this bystander effect, and divide the mechanisms into lytic, cytokine, innate cellular, and adaptive phases. Knowing the key pathways and molecular players during virus infection in the context of the cancer microenvironment will be critical to devise strategies to maximize the therapeutic effects of oncolytic viroimmunotherapy.
authors: Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. kevin.cassady@nationwidechildrens.org.|Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. kevin.cassady@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors: Kevin A
authors: KA
authors: Cassady
authors: Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Kellie.Haworth@nationwidechildrens.org.|Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Kellie.Haworth@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors: Kellie B
authors: KB
authors: Haworth
authors: School of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA. josh.jackson.ish@gmail.com.|Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA. josh.jackson.ish@gmail.com.
authors: Josh
authors: J
authors: Jackson
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA. jmarkert@uabmc.edu.
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Markert
authors: Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. timothy.cripe@nationwidechildrens.org.|Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. timothy.cripe@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors: Timothy P
authors: TP
authors: Cripe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy / Q000639:trends; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cancer; immunotherapy; oncolytic virotherapy