title: PLAGL1 (ZAC1/LOT1) Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Correlations with Disease Progression and Unfavorable Prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (PLAGL1) protein was originally shown to induce cell-cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in several types of human tumors and therefore it was considered a candidate tumor suppressor. The involvement of PLAGL1 gene in the etiology and pathogenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the expression level of PLAGL1 in ccRCC and to investigate its potential utility as a prognostic factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry to measure PLAGL1 mRNA/protein contents in paired tumor and kidney specimens of 40 patients with ccRCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLAGL1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in tumor tissues as determined by QPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The average content of PLAGL1 protein measured by western blotting did not differ between tumor and non-cancerous kidney tissues. However, increased PLAGL1 protein level in ccRCC tissue positively correlated with the presence of distant metastases and worse patient outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest an oncogenic role of PLAGL1 in the progression of ccRCC and its potential value as a prognostic marker.
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland janusz350@poczta.onet.pl.
authors: Janusz
authors: J
authors: Godlewski
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Bartlomiej E
authors: BE
authors: Krazinski
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Anna E
authors: AE
authors: Kowalczyk
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Kiewisz
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Kiezun
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Przemyslaw
authors: P
authors: Kwiatkowski
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Sliwinska-Jewsiewicka
authors: Department of Oncological Surgery, Warmia and Mazury Oncological Center, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Zbigniew
authors: Z
authors: Maslowski
authors: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Zbigniew
authors: Z
authors: Kmiec
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C106464:PLAGL1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: PLAGL1 expression; clear cell renal cell carcinoma; prognostic factor; survival