title: The second highest chromosome count among vertebrates is observed in cultured sturgeon and is associated with genome plasticity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the five basal actinopterygian lineages, the Chondrostei, including sturgeon, shovelnose, and paddlefish (Order Acipenseriformes) show extraordinary ploidy diversity associated with three rounds of lineage-specific whole-genome duplication, resulting in three levels of ploidy in sturgeon. Recently, incidence of spontaneous polyploidization has been reported among cultured sturgeon and it could have serious negative implications for the economics of sturgeon farming. We report the occurrence of seven spontaneous heptaploid (7n) Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii, which is a functional tetraploid species (4n) with ~245 chromosomes. Our aims were to assess ploidy level and chromosome number of the analysed specimens and to identify the possible mechanism that underlies the occurrence of spontaneous additional chromosome sets in their genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 150 specimens resulting from the mating of a tetraploid (4n) A. baerii (~245 chromosomes) dam with a hexaploid (6n) A. baerii (~368 chromosomes) sire, 143 displayed a relative DNA content that corresponds to pentaploidy (5n) with an absolute DNA content of 8.98 ± 0.03 pg DNA per nucleus and nuclear area of 35.3 ± 4.3 μm(2) and seven specimens exhibited a relative DNA content that corresponds to heptaploidy (7n), with an absolute DNA content of 15.02 ± 0.04 pg DNA per nucleus and nuclear area of 48.4 ± 5.1 μm(2). Chromosome analyses confirmed a modal number of ~437 chromosomes in these heptaploid (7n) individuals. DNA genotyping of eight microsatellite loci followed by parental assignment confirmed spontaneous duplication of the maternal chromosome sets via retention of the second polar body in meiosis II as the mechanism for the formation of this unusual chromosome number and ploidy level in a functional tetraploid A. baerii.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the second highest chromosome count among vertebrates in cultured sturgeon (~437) after the schizothoracine cyprinid Ptychobarbus dipogon with ~446 chromosomes. The finding also represents the highest documented chromosome count in Acipenseriformes, and the first report of a functional heptaploid (7n) genome composition in sturgeon. To our knowledge, this study provides the first clear evidence of a maternal origin for spontaneous polyploidization in cultured A. baerii. To date, all available data indicate that spontaneous polyploidization occurs frequently among cultured sturgeons.
authors: Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic. havelm02@frov.jcu.cz.|Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan. havelm02@frov.jcu.cz.
authors: Miloš
authors: M
authors: Havelka
authors: Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic. bytyud00@frov.jcu.cz.
authors: Dmytro
authors: D
authors: Bytyutskyy
authors: Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestraße 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria. Radka.Symonova@uibk.ac.at.
authors: Radka
authors: R
authors: Symonová
authors: Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21, Liběchov, Czech Republic. rab@iapg.cas.cz.
authors: Petr
authors: P
authors: Ráb
authors: Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic. flajsh@frov.jcu.cz.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Flajšhans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D011003:Ploidies
chemical_list: D004247:DNA