title: Urinary Colorimetric Sensor Array and Algorithm to Distinguish Kawasaki Disease from Other Febrile Illnesses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute pediatric vasculitis of infants and young children with unknown etiology and no specific laboratory-based test to identify. A specific molecular diagnostic test is urgently needed to support the clinical decision of proper medical intervention, preventing subsequent complications of coronary artery aneurysms. We used a simple and low-cost colorimetric sensor array to address the lack of a specific diagnostic test to differentiate KD from febrile control (FC) patients with similar rash/fever illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and clinical data were prospectively collected for subjects with KD and FCs under standard protocol. After screening using a genetic algorithm, eleven compounds including metalloporphyrins, pH indicators, redox indicators and solvatochromic dye categories, were selected from our chromatic compound library (n = 190) to construct a colorimetric sensor array for diagnosing KD. Quantitative color difference analysis led to a decision-tree-based KD diagnostic algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This KD sensing array allowed the identification of 94% of KD subjects (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC] 0.981) in the training set (33 KD, 33 FC) and 94% of KD subjects (ROC AUC: 0.873) in the testing set (16 KD, 17 FC). Color difference maps reconstructed from the digital images of the sensing compounds demonstrated distinctive patterns differentiating KD from FC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The colorimetric sensor array, composed of common used chemical compounds, is an easily accessible, low-cost method to realize the discrimination of subjects with KD from other febrile illness.
authors: Institution of Microanalytical System, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Zhou
authors: Z
authors: Tan
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Shiying
authors: S
authors: Hao
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Jin
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Deng
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Guang
authors: G
authors: Hu
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Xiaodan
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Jin
authors: Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Kanegaye
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Adriana H
authors: AH
authors: Tremoulet
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Jane C
authors: JC
authors: Burns
authors: Institution of Microanalytical System, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Jianmin
authors: J
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Harvey J
authors: HJ
authors: Cohen
authors: Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors: Xuefeng B
authors: XB
authors: Ling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057225:Data Mining; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation*