title: Association of plasma chloride values with acute kidney injury in the critically ill - a prospective observational study.
abstract: Chloride-rich fluids have been found to associate with an increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Studies evaluating the association of plasma chloride (Cl) with the development of AKI are few. We hypothesized that higher plasma Cl is associated with an increased risk for the development of AKI.
  
  
  
  In this sub-study of the prospective FINNAKI study, we analyzed Cl values measured during ICU stay in two ICUs at a tertiary center including 445 patients. We calculated time-weighted mean values within the first 24 h in ICU for plasma Cl (ClTWM 24 ). We analyzed the association of ClTWM 24 primarily with the development of AKI, and secondarily with 90-day mortality.
  
  
  
  Based on the first measured Cl value, 350 of 445 patients [78.7 (95 CI, 74.8-82.5)] had hyperchloremia (P-Cl > 106 mmol/l) and 48 [10.8 (95 CI, 7.9-13.7)] severe hyperchloremia (P-Cl > 114 mmol/l). Altogether 217 of 445 [48.8% (95% CI 44.2-53.4%)] patients developed AKI. Of these 217, AKI was diagnosed in 62 (28.6%) after 24 h from ICU admission and were included in the analysis regarding development of AKI. ClTWM 24 was associated with an increased risk for the development of AKI (OR1.099; 1.003-1.205) after multivariable adjustments. According to ClTWM 24 , no difference in 90-day mortality between severely hyperchloremic patients and others existed.
  
  
  
  More than three of four critically ill patients had hyperchloremia and 1 of 10 had its severe form. Higher time-weighted mean chloride was independently associated with an increased risk for AKI.
authors: Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Marttinen
authors: Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Wilkman
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Petäjä
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Suojaranta-Ylinen
authors: Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Pettilä
authors: Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Vaara
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood*; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D011446:Prospective Studies