title: Feasibility of Imaging Tissue Electrical Conductivity by Switching Field Gradients with MRI.
abstract: Tissue conductivity is a biophysical marker of tissue structure and physiology. Present methods of measuring tissue conductivity are limited. Electrical impedance tomography, and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography rely on passing external current through the object being imaged, which prevents its use in most human imaging. Recently, the RF field used for MR excitation has been used to non-invasively measure tissue conductivity. This technique is promising, but conductivity at higher frequencies is less sensitive to tissue structure. Measuring tissue conductivity non-invasively at low frequencies remains elusive. It has been proposed that eddy currents generated during the rise and decay of gradient pulses could act as a current source to map low-frequency conductivity. This work centers on a gradient echo pulse sequence that uses large gradients prior to excitation to create eddy currents. The electric and magnetic fields during a gradient pulse are simulated by a finite-difference time-domain simulation. The sequence is also tested with a phantom and an animal MRI scanner equipped with gradients of high gradient strengths and slew rate. The simulation demonstrates that eddy currents in materials with conductivity similar to biological tissue decay with a half-life on the order of nanoseconds and any eddy currents generated prior to excitation decay completely before influencing the RF signal. Gradient-induced eddy currents can influence phase accumulation after excitation but the effect is too small to image. The animal scanner images show no measurable phase accumulation. Measuring low-frequency conductivity by gradient-induced eddy currents is presently unfeasible.
authors: Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Gibbs
authors: Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710.
authors: Chunlei
authors: C
authors: Liu
keywords: Conductivity; Eddy currents; FDTD Simulation; Gradient; MRI