title: Phylogenetic analysis of dermatophyte species using DNA sequence polymorphism in calmodulin gene.
abstract: Use of phylogenetic species concepts based on rDNA internal transcribe spacer (ITS) regions have improved the taxonomy of dermatophyte species; however, confirmation and refinement using other genes are needed. Since the calmodulin gene has not been systematically used in dermatophyte taxonomy, we evaluated its intra- and interspecies sequence variation as well as its application in identification, phylogenetic analysis, and taxonomy of 202 strains of 29 dermatophyte species. A set of primers was designed and optimized to amplify the target followed by bilateral sequencing. Using pairwise nucleotide comparisons, a mean similarity of 81% was observed among 29 dermatophyte species, with inter-species diversity ranging from 0 to 200 nucleotides (nt). Intraspecies nt differences were found within strains of Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma simii, T. rubrum and A. vanbreuseghemii, while T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. audouinii, M. cookei, M. racemosum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T schoenleinii, and A. benhamiae were conserved. Strains of E. floccosum/M. racemosum/M. cookei, A. obtosum/A. gertleri, T. tonsurans/T. equinum and a genotype of T. interdigitale had identical calmodulin sequences. For the majority of the species, tree topology obtained for calmodulin gene showed a congruence with coding and non-coding regions including ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α. Compared with the phylogenetic tree derived from ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α genes, some species such as E. floccosum and A. gertleri took relatively remote positions. Here, characterization and obtained dendrogram of calmodulin gene on a broad range of dermatophyte species provide a basis for further discovery of relationships between species. Studies of other loci are necessary to confirm the results.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Bahram
authors: B
authors: Ahmadi
authors: Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran mirhendi@tums.ac.ir.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Mirhendi
authors: Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Makimura
authors: Fungal Biodiversity Center, Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: G Sybren
authors: GS
authors: de Hoog
authors: Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Reza
authors: MR
authors: Shidfar
authors: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors: Sadegh
authors: S
authors: Nouripour-Sisakht
authors: Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Niloofar
authors: N
authors: Jalalizand
mesh_terms: D003883:Arthrodermataceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods*; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1; D014404:Tubulin
keywords: Calmodulin gene; Dermatophytes; Phylogenetics