title: The utility of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound, and fracture risk indices (FRAX® and Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument) for the identification of women with distal forearm or hip fractures: A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the "gold standard" in predicting osteoporotic fractures. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) variables are also known to predict fractures. Fracture risk assessment tools may also guide us for the detection of individuals at high risk for fractures. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the utility of DXA bone mineral density (BMD), calcaneal QUS parameters, FRAX® (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool), and Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI) for the discrimination of women with distal forearm or hip fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study included 20 women with a distal forearm fracture and 18 women with a hip fracture as cases and 76 age-matched women served as controls. BMD at the spine, proximal femur, and radius was measured using DXA and acoustic parameters of bone were obtained using a calcaneal QUS device. FRAX® 10-year probability of fracture and ORAI scores were also calculated in all participants. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess fracture discriminatory power of all the tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While all DXA BMD, and QUS variables and FRAX® fracture probabilities demonstrated significant areas under the ROC curves for the discrimination of hip-fractured women and those without, only 33% radius BMD, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and FRAX® major osteoporotic fracture probability calculated without BMD showed significant discriminatory power for distal forearm fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that QUS variables, particularly BUA, and FRAX® major osteoporotic fracture probability without BMD are good candidates for the identification of both hip and distal forearm fractures.
authors: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Sina
authors: S
authors: Esmaeilzadeh
authors: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Cesme
authors: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Aydan
authors: A
authors: Oral
authors: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Ayse
authors: A
authors: Yaliman
authors: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Dilsad
authors: D
authors: Sindel
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000592:standards*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Fractures, radius; calcaneal quantitative ultrasound; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX®); fractures, hip; osteoporosis; osteoporosis risk assessment instrument (ORAI)