title: A Review of Tooth Discoloration after Regenerative Endodontic Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Association of Endodontists clinical considerations for regenerative therapy (April 2015) advise of the risk of the possible adverse effect of staining of teeth. It is widely acknowledged that before these guidelines were developed there was no standardized protocol for regenerative therapy, and different approaches using different materials have been reported. The purpose of this review was to undertake a systematic review of published cases to determine the incidence of reported discoloration and examine whether there was any particular association with any material.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search was performed using key words for regenerative endodontic therapy consistent with prior published systematic reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 80 studies identified with 379 teeth treated. Many of the studies did not report on the presence or absence of discoloration. It was noted that there was a strong association of discoloration with the use of triple antibiotic paste containing minocycline; however, discoloration was also noted when other materials were used. Unfortunately, bleaching of stained teeth was not predictably achieved in some studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of triple antibiotic paste with minocycline as the intracanal medicament should be reconsidered. Either calcium hydroxide or the double antibiotic paste of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin may limit discoloration. Mineral trioxide aggregate was also associated with discoloration. However, there is little evidence of an alternative superior material as a coronal barrier. Because discoloration is a patient-orientated outcome, further research should document and identify the incidence of discoloration in regenerative endodontic treatment.
authors: University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: w.kahler@uq.edu.au.
authors: Bill
authors: B
authors: Kahler
authors: School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Giampiero
authors: G
authors: Rossi-Fedele
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: Discoloration; mineral trioxide aggregate; minocycline; regenerative endodontic therapy; revascularization; revitalization; triple antibiotic paste