title: Bifocals Fail to Improve Stereopsis Outcomes in High AC/A Accommodative Esotropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether stereopsis outcomes of patients with accommodative esotropia with high accommodative convergence/accommodation relationship (AC/A) were improved after treatment with bifocal glasses compared with single-vision lenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with high AC/A accommodative esotropia; evidence of stereopsis, binocularity (on Worth 4-dot testing), or improvement in near angle with +3.00 D lenses; and at least 4 years of records available for review, who were seen in the Department of Ophthalmology at Boston Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of bifocal or single-vision glasses. Charts were reviewed retrospectively. Stereopsis was log transformed for statistical analysis. Linear (for stereopsis) or logistic (for surgery) regression was used to control for confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stereopsis at final follow-up, difference in stereopsis between final and initial visits, and progression to strabismus surgery. Secondary outcomes included final near and distance deviations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 180 patients who met inclusion criteria, 77 used bifocals and 103 used single-vision lenses. Bifocals did not improve stereopsis outcomes compared with single-vision lenses. In both groups, stereopsis was similar at the initial and final visits, with similar improvement in both groups. Children in the bifocal group had a 3.6-fold higher rate of strabismus surgery than children in the single-lens group (P = 0.04.) Additionally, children in the bifocal group had near deviations 4 PD larger than those with single lenses at final follow-up, even after controlling for age and initial deviation (P = 0.02). These results did not change if surgical patients were eliminated or in the subgroup with initial distance deviation of 0 PD in full hyperopic correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite their widespread use, there is no evidence that bifocals improve outcomes in children with accommodative esotropia with high AC/A. In our retrospective review, children with bifocals had higher surgical rates and a smaller improvement in near deviation over time. Although our results suggest that eliminating bifocals could reduce the cost and complexity of care while potentially improving quality, prospective, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether a change in practice is warranted.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors: Mary C
authors: MC
authors: Whitman
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors: Katelyn
authors: K
authors: MacNeill
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: David.Hunter@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology