title: Monitoring Tyrosinase Expression in Non-metastatic and Metastatic Melanoma Tissues by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.
abstract: Although tremendous progress has been made in the diagnosis of melanoma, the identification of different stages of malignancy in a reliable way remains challenging. Current strategies rely on optical monitoring of the concentration and spatial distribution of specific biomarkers. State-of-the-art optical methods can be affected by background-color interference and autofluorescence. We overcame these shortcomings by employing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to map the prognostic indicator tyrosinase (TyR) in non-metastatic and metastatic melanoma tissues by using soft-stylus microelectrodes. Electrochemical readout of the TyR distribution was enabled by adapting an immunochemical method. SECM can overcome the limitations of optical methods and opens unprecedented possibilities for improved diagnosis and understanding of the spatial distribution of TyR in different melanoma stages.
authors: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland.
authors: Tzu-En
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-3601
authors: TE
authors: Lin
authors: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Bondarenko
authors: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland.
authors: Andreas
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-2251
authors: A
authors: Lesch
authors: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Horst
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1347-0223
authors: H
authors: Pick
authors: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland.
authors: Fernando
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-6224
authors: F
authors: Cortés-Salazar
authors: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland. hubert.girault@epfl.ch.
authors: Hubert H
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-5774
authors: HH
authors: Girault
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis
chemical_list: D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: melanoma; scanning electrochemical microscopy; soft probes; tissue sections; tyrosinase