title: Flower-visitor selection on floral integration in three contrasting populations of Lonicera implexa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Geographic differences in flower visitor assemblages might lead to among-population differences in the magnitude and pattern of floral integration. However, the role of current pollinator visitation in shaping the magnitude and pattern of floral trait correlations is still controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used individual-level data on floral morphology, flower visitation, and fitness to assess if floral integration (at flower and floral-module level) and the covariance structure of floral traits varied among three populations of Lonicera implexa differing in the importance of long-tongue (hawk moths) and short-tongue (bees and small beetles) pollinators; and to assess whether this variation was related to the selection pressures exerted by flower visitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-tongue pollinators preferentially visited plants with floral traits that enhanced flower accessibility; consequently, there was directional selection for accessibility (integration at floral-module level) in the populations where they dominated or codominated. In the population with both short- and long-tongue pollinators, disruptive selection on corolla width and directional selection against whole-flower integration was also found. Dominance by long-tongue pollinators (hawk moths) resulted in disruptive selection on whole-flower integration. Overall, the conflicting selection pressures that were found matched among-population differences in covariance structure: populations with short-tongue pollinators showed correlations between corolla-tube width and other floral traits that were absent in the population pollinated primarily by hawk moths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conflicting selection on floral integration mediated by floral visitors can occur even in nearby populations of a species with restricted floral morphology.
authors: Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; UIB-CSIC). C/ Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain amparo.lazaro@imedea.uib-csic.es.
authors: Amparo
authors: A
authors: Lázaro
authors: Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; UIB-CSIC). C/ Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain Doñana Biological Station (CSIC). C/ Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Santamaría
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020387:Food Chain; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D031239:Lonicera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology; D013030:Spain
keywords: Macroglossum; anther height; corolla-tube length; pollinator visitation; stigma height; upper-lip size