title: Application of mosquito repellent coils and associated self-reported health issues in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of mosquito coils has gained widespread patronage in malaria-endemic countries, even though it is not a recommended preventive measure for avoiding mosquitoes. Mosquito coils contain insecticides, which are expected to vaporize slowly once the coil is lit, to provide protection against the mosquito. The mosquito coil base material contains a variety of compounds capable of burning slowly to gradually release the insecticide. The mosquito coil smoke, however, is potentially a source of indoor air pollution with implications for acute respiratory infections (ARI) and other illnesses. The present study investigated the application of mosquito coils and associated self-reported health issues in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was undertaken in which questionnaires were randomly administered to 480 households across four districts in Ghana. Respondents who exclusively applied mosquito coils were grouped as test cohort, while those who did not apply any mosquito repellency method constituted a control cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test group that applied mosquito coils reported malaria incidence rate of 86.3 %. The control group that did not apply any mosquito repellency method reported an incidence rate of malaria at 72.4 %. Chi square analysis suggested that the observed difference was statistically significant (x (2) = 4.25; p = 0.04). The number of respondents who reported symptoms of cough from mosquito coil application (52.6 % incidence rate) was marginally greater than their counterparts who did not apply coils (46.1 % incidence rate). It was also found that respondents with shortage of breath, which was used as a proxy for ARI, were more likely to have applied mosquito coil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of mosquito coils did not necessarily reduce the incidence of malaria in the study communities. It however presented a potential respiratory risk factor, which should be further investigated by critically examining exposure to particulate matter emissions from burning coils.
authors: Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. jhogarh@gmail.com.
authors: Jonathan N
authors: JN
authors: Hogarh
authors: Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. philiantwi@yahoo.com.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Antwi-Agyei
authors: Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. obirid@yahoo.com.
authors: Kwasi
authors: K
authors: Obiri-Danso
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides