title: Mild cold effects on hunger, food intake, satiety and skin temperature in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure and can influence energy balance, but at the same time it does not increase appetite and energy intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify dermal insulative cold response, we assessed thermal comfort and skin temperatures changes by infrared thermography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed healthy volunteers to either a single episode of environmental mild cold or thermoneutrality. We measured hunger sensation and actual free food intake. After a thermoneutral overnight stay, five males and five females were exposed to either 18°C (mild cold) or 24°C (thermoneutrality) for 2.5 h. Metabolic rate, vital signs, skin temperature, blood biochemistry, cold and hunger scores were measured at baseline and for every 30 min during the temperature intervention. This was followed by an ad libitum meal to obtain the actual desired energy intake after cold exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We could replicate the cold-induced increase in REE. But no differences were detected in hunger, food intake, or satiety after mild cold exposure compared with thermoneutrality. After long-term cold exposure, high cold sensation scores were reported, which were negatively correlated with thermogenesis. Skin temperature in the sternal area was tightly correlated with the increase in energy expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that short-term mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure without changes in food intake. Mild cold exposure resulted in significant thermal discomfort, which was negatively correlated with the increase in energy expenditure. Moreover, there is a great between-subject variability in cold response. These data provide further insights on cold exposure as an anti-obesity measure.
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Langeveld
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: C Y
authors: CY
authors: Tan
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK mrsoeters@gmail.com.
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Soeters
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Virtue
authors: Cambridge Vascular UnitAddenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
authors: G K
authors: GK
authors: Ambler
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research FacilityAddenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: L P E
authors: LP
authors: Watson
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research FacilityAddenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Murgatroyd
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: V K
authors: VK
authors: Chatterjee
authors: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Vidal-Puig
keywords: Cold; hunger; thermogenesis