title: Diagnostic Approaches to Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma of the Orbit.
abstract: Orbital metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma is exceedingly rare and caries a grave prognosis. Three cases of metastatic orbital hepatocellular carcinoma in which the primary tumor was initially unknown and the diagnostic challenges encountered are presented. With hepatocellular carcinoma, open biopsy and palliative tumor debulking has an increased bleeding risk due to the highly vascular nature of the tumor and coagulopathy associated with chronic liver disease. As an alternative, fine needle aspiration biopsy should be considered for hepatocellular carcinoma with a readily accessible mass and the availability of an experienced cytopathologist.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Geske
authors: Michele M
authors: MM
authors: Bloomer
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Kersten
authors: M Reza
authors: MR
authors: Vagefi
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*