title: Modelling of bone fracture and strength at different length scales: a review.
abstract: In this paper, we review analytical and computational models of bone fracture and strength. Bone fracture is a complex phenomenon due to the composite, inhomogeneous and hierarchical structure of bone. First, we briefly summarize the hierarchical structure of bone, spanning from the nanoscale, sub-microscale, microscale, mesoscale to the macroscale, and discuss experimental observations on failure mechanisms in bone at these scales. Then, we highlight representative analytical and computational models of bone fracture and strength at different length scales and discuss the main findings in the context of experiments. We conclude by summarizing the challenges in modelling of bone fracture and strength and list open topics for scientific exploration. Modelling of bone, accounting for different scales, provides new and needed insights into the fracture and strength of bone, which, in turn, can lead to improved diagnostic tools and treatments of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
authors: Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA.
authors: Fereshteh A
authors: FA
authors: Sabet
authors: Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Raeisi Najafi
authors: Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA.
authors: Elham
authors: E
authors: Hamed
authors: Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA.
authors: Iwona
authors: I
authors: Jasiuk
keywords: bone fracture; bone strength; computational modelling; hierarchical structure; multiscale modelling