title: The hitchhiker's guide to Europe: the infection dynamics of an ongoing Wolbachia invasion and mitochondrial selective sweep in Rhagoletis cerasi.
abstract: Wolbachia is a maternally inherited and ubiquitous endosymbiont of insects. It can hijack host reproduction by manipulations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) to enhance vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia can also result in the colonization of new mitochondrial lineages. In this study, we present a 15-year-long survey of Wolbachia in the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi across Europe and the spatiotemporal distribution of two prevalent strains, wCer1 and wCer2, and associated mitochondrial haplotypes in Germany. Across most of Europe, populations consisted of either 100% singly (wCer1) infected individuals with haplotype HT1, or 100% doubly (wCer1&2) infected individuals with haplotype HT2, differentiated only by a single nucleotide polymorphism. In central Germany, singly infected populations were surrounded by transitional populations, consisting of both singly and doubly infected individuals, sandwiched between populations fixed for wCer1&2. Populations with fixed infection status showed perfect association of infection and mitochondria, suggesting a recent CI-driven selective sweep of wCer2 linked with HT2. Spatial analysis revealed a range expansion for wCer2 and a large transition zone in which wCer2 splashes appeared to coalesce into doubly infected populations. Unexpectedly, the transition zone contained a large proportion (22%) of wCer1&2 individuals with HT1, suggesting frequent intraspecific horizontal transmission. However, this horizontal transmission did not break the strict association between infection types and haplotypes in populations outside the transition zone, suggesting that this horizontally acquired Wolbachia infection may be transient. Our study provides new insights into the rarely studied Wolbachia invasion dynamics in field populations.
authors: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.|Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 1, 39100, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.|Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors: Hannes
authors: H
authors: Schuler
authors: Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg, Nesslerstr. 23-31, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Köppler
authors: Department of Crop Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Daxböck-Horvath
authors: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.|Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors: Bilal
authors: B
authors: Rasool
authors: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Krumböck
authors: Department of Biology, Western Washington University, 510 High Street, MS 9160, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Schwarz
authors: Institute of Ecology, Faculty Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, B4040, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Thomas S
authors: TS
authors: Hoffmeister
authors: Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Birgit C
authors: BC
authors: Schlick-Steiner
authors: Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Florian M
authors: FM
authors: Steiner
authors: Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors: Arndt
authors: A
authors: Telschow
authors: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Stauffer
authors: Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Arthofer
authors: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Riegler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005060:Europe; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D049750:Genome, Insect; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany; D006239:Haplotypes; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology*; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: endosymbiont; horizontal transmission; infection dynamics; modelling; selective sweep