title: Pathways Between Discrimination and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discrimination is a social determinant that has been linked to poor physical and mental health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the pathway whereby discrimination influences quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred fifteen patients were recruited from two adult primary care clinics in the southeastern United States. Measures included perceived discrimination, perceived stress, social support, and social cohesion and were based on a theoretical model for the pathways by which perceived discrimination influences mental and physical health. Quality of life was measured using the SF-12 questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final model [χ(2)(106) = 157.35, P = 0.009, R(2) = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation = 0.03, comparative fit index = 0.99] indicates direct effects of higher perceived stress (r = -1.02, P < 0.05) and lower social support (r = 0.36, P < 0.001) significantly related to decreased mental health component score (MCS) of quality of life. Discrimination and social cohesion were not significantly directly related to MCS. However, higher discrimination (r = 0.47, P < 0.001), higher social cohesion (r = 0.14, P < 0.05), and lower social support (r = -0.43, P < 0.001) were significantly directly related to increased stress. No significant paths were found for the physical component score of quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived discrimination was significantly associated with stress and served as a pathway to influence the mental health component of quality of life (MCS). Social support had a direct and an indirect effect on MCS through a negative association with stress. These results suggest that future interventions should be developed to decrease stress and increase social support surrounding discrimination to improve the MCS of quality of life in patients with diabetes.
authors: 1 Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.
authors: Obinna
authors: O
authors: Achuko
authors: 1 Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.|2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Charleston VA Health Services Research and Development COIN, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina.|3 Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.
authors: Rebekah J
authors: RJ
authors: Walker
authors: 1 Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Campbell
authors: 1 Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.
authors: Aprill Z
authors: AZ
authors: Dawson
authors: 1 Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.|2 Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Charleston VA Health Services Research and Development COIN, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina.|3 Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.
authors: Leonard E
authors: LE
authors: Egede
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D063508:Social Discrimination / Q000523:psychology*; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*