title: Advanced intermediate temperature sodium-nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density.
abstract: Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg(-1), higher than that of conventional tubular sodium-nickel chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Guosheng
authors: G
authors: Li
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Xiaochuan
authors: X
authors: Lu
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Jin Y
authors: JY
authors: Kim
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Kerry D
authors: KD
authors: Meinhardt
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Hee Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Chang
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Nathan L
authors: NL
authors: Canfield
authors: Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group, Energy Processes and Materials Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352 Washington, USA.
authors: Vincent L
authors: VL
authors: Sprenkle