title: Aleglitazar, a Balanced Dual PPARα and -γ Agonist, Protects the Heart Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether aleglitazar (Ale), a dual PPARα/γ agonist, has additive effects on myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cardiomyocytes (HCMs), cardiomyocytes from cardiac-specific PPARγ knockout (MCM-PPARγ (CKO) ) or wild type (MCM-WT) mice were incubated with different concentrations of Ale, and subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion (SIR) or normoxic conditions (NSIR). Cell viability, apoptosis and caspase-3 activity were determined. HCMs were transfected with siRNA against PPARα (siPPARα) or PPARγ (siPPARγ) followed by incubation with Ale. PPARα/γ DNA binding capacity was measured. Cell viability, apoptosis and levels of P-AKT and P-eNOS were assessed. Infarct size following 30 min coronary artery occlusion and 24 h reperfusion were assessed in WT and db/db diabetic mice following 3-day pretreatment with vehicle, Ale or glimeperide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ale (at concentrations of 150-600 nM) increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis in HCMs, MCM-WT and MCM-PPAR (CKO) exposed to SIR. In HCM, the protective effect was partially blocked by siPPARα alone or siPPARγ alone, and completely blocked by siPPARα+siPPARγ. Ale increased P-Akt/P-eNOS in HCMs. P-Akt or P-eNOS levels were decreased when PPARα alone, PPARγ alone and especially when both were knocked down. Peritoneal GTTs revealed that db/db mice had developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, which were normalized by Ale or glimepiride treatment. Ale, but not glimepiride, limited infarct size in both WT and diabetic mice after ischemia-reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ale protects against myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro and reduces infarct size in vivo.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. qianjinqiao@126.com.
authors: Jinqiao
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-6879
authors: J
authors: Qian
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
authors: Hongmei
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM620, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors: Yochai
authors: Y
authors: Birnbaum
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors: Manjyot K
authors: MK
authors: Nanhwan
authors: Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Mandeep
authors: M
authors: Bajaj
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors: Yumei
authors: Y
authors: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000819:agonists*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D010080:Oxazoles; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D020011:Protective Agents; D013876:Thiophenes; C542437:aleglitazar
keywords: Aleglitazar; Cardioprotection; Diabetes mellitus; Hypoxia-reoxygenation injury; Infarct size; Ischemia-reperfusion; PPARα, PPARγ