title: The Effects of Female Sex Hormones on Ventricular Premature Beats and Repolarization Parameters in Physiological Menstrual Cycle.
abstract: The effects of gender difference on cardiac electrophysiology have been well studied. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of estradiol and progesteron changes occuring in physiological menstrual cycle on ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and cardiac repolarization parameters.
  
  
  
  Women of reproductive age with VPBs were included into the study group and healthy women were recruited as the control group. During the menstruation period, a 12-lead electrocardiography, blood samples, and 24-hour rhythm Holter were applied to the study group. Similarly, all tests were repeated in the estimated ovulation period (12-14 days before menstruation) by all cases.
  
  
  
  The study group consisted of 20 women patients with VPB, and the control group of 18 healthy women. While the number of VPB in the menstruation period was 210 beats/day (interquartile range [IQR]: 1,144), it decreased to 86 beats/day (IQR: 251) in the ovulation period with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Average heart rate in the menstruation period was 81.4 ± 10 beats/min and it significantly increased to 84.6 ± 8 beats/min in the ovulation period (P < 0.05). There were no differences in cardiac repolarization parameters in both menstruation and ovulation periods between the study and control groups. Comparing the menstruation and the ovulation periods, J-Tpeak interval, which reflects early repolarization, was shorter in the ovulation period (193 ± 27.7 ms and 201.1 ± 28.6 ms, respectively; P < 0.05). Other repolarization parameters did not show any significant difference.
  
  
  
  VPB frequency decreases with estradiol peak in the ovulation period. This suggests that estrogen may have protective effects against ventricular arrhythmias.
authors: Ankara Mevki Military Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Dogan
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Omer
authors: O
authors: Yiginer
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Omer
authors: O
authors: Uz
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ugur
authors: U
authors: Kucuk
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Gokhan
authors: G
authors: Degirmencioglu
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Zafer
authors: Z
authors: Isilak
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Uzun
authors: Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ezgi
authors: E
authors: Davulcu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000502:physiology*; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: estradiol; menstrual cycle; progesterone; sex hormones; transmural dispersion of repolarization; ventricular premature beat