title: The avian embryo to study development of the cardiac conduction system.
abstract: The avian embryo has long been a popular model system in developmental biology. The easy accessibility of the embryo makes it particularly suitable for in ovo microsurgery and manipulation. Re-incubation of the embryo allows long-term follow-up of these procedures. The current review focuses on the variety of techniques available to study development of the cardiac conduction system in avian embryos. Based on the large amount of relevant data arising from experiments in avian embryos, we conclude that the avian embryo has and will continue to be a powerful model system to study development in general and the developing cardiac conduction system in particular.
authors: Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors: Tim P
authors: TP
authors: Kelder
authors: Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Vicente-Steijn
authors: Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Integrative Zoology, Institute Biology, University Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Poelmann
authors: Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors: Christine L
authors: CL
authors: Mummery
authors: Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors: Marco C
authors: MC
authors: DeRuiter
authors: Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.r.m.jongbloed@lumc.nl.
authors: Monique R M
authors: MR
authors: Jongbloed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000379:methods*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000196:embryology*; D008954:Models, Biological