title: Striatal magnetic resonance spectroscopy abnormalities in young adult SAPAP3 knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating condition with lifetime prevalence of 1-3%. OCD typically arises in youth but delays in diagnosis impede optimal treatment and developmental studies of the disorder. Research using genetically modified rodents may provide models of etiology that enable earlier detection and intervention. The SAPAP3 knockout (KO) transgenic mouse was developed as an animal model of OCD and related disorders (OCRD). KO mice exhibit compulsive self-grooming behavior analogous to behaviors found in people with OCRD. Striatal hyperactivity has been reported in these mice and in humans with OCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Striatal and medial frontal cortex 9.4 Tesla proton spectra were acquired from young adult SAPAP3 KO and wild-type control mice to determine whether KO mice have metabolic and neurochemical abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young adult KO mice had lower striatal lactate (P=0.006) and glutathione (P=0.039) levels. Among all mice, striatal lactate and glutathione levels were associated (R=0.73,P=0.007). We found no group differences in medial frontal cortex metabolites. At the age range studied, only 1 of 8 KO mice had skin lesions indicative of severe compulsive grooming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adult SAPAP3 KO mice have striatal but not medial frontal cortex MRS abnormalities that may reflect striatal hypermetabolism accompanied by oxidative stress. These abnormalities typically preceded the onset of severe compulsive grooming. Our findings are consistent with striatal hypermetabolism in OCD. Together, these results suggest that striatal MRS measures of lactate or glutathione might be useful biomarkers for early detection of risk for developing compulsive behavior disorders.
authors: Dionyssios
authors: D
authors: Mintzopoulos
authors: Timothy E
authors: TE
authors: Gillis
authors: Holly R
authors: HR
authors: Robertson
authors: Triana
authors: T
authors: Dalia
authors: Guoping
authors: G
authors: Feng
authors: Scott L
authors: SL
authors: Rauch
authors: Marc J
authors: MJ
authors: Kaufman
keywords: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Oxidative stress; SAPAP3 protein; Striatal dysfunction; Translational model