title: Cardiometabolic Health in Submariners Returning from a 3-Month Patrol.
abstract: Confined space, limited exercise equipment, rotating shift work and reduced sleep may affect cardiometabolic health in submariners. To test this hypothesis, 53 male U.S. Submariners (20-39 years) were studied before and after a 3-month routine submarine patrol. Measures included anthropometrics, dietary and physical activity, biomarkers of cardiometabolic health, energy and appetite regulation, and inflammation. Before deployment, 62% of submariners had a body fat % (BF%) ≥ 25% (obesity), and of this group, 30% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. In obese volunteers, insulin, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and pro-inflammatory chemokines growth-related oncogene and macrophage-derived chemokine were significantly higher compared to non-obese submariners. Following the patrol, a significant mean reduction in body mass (5%) and fat-mass (11%) occurred in the obese group as a result of reduced energy intake (~2000 kJ) during the patrol; and, independent of group, modest improvements in serum lipids and a mean reduction in interferon γ-induced protein 10 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were observed. Since 43% of the submariners remained obese, and 18% continued to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome following the patrol, the magnitude of weight loss was insufficient to completely abolish metabolic dysfunction. Submergence up to 3-months, however, does not appear to be the cause of obesity, which is similar to that of the general population.
authors: Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. heath.gasier@usuhs.edu.
authors: Heath G
authors: HG
authors: Gasier
authors: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT 06349, USA. colin.r.young.mil@mail.mil.
authors: Colin R
authors: CR
authors: Young
authors: United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA. erin.g.stomberg.civ@mail.mil.
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Gaffney-Stomberg
authors: Commander, Submarine Group Nine, Silverdale, WA 98315, USA. douglas.c.mcadams.mil@mail.mil.
authors: Douglas C
authors: DC
authors: McAdams
authors: United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA. laura.j.lutz2.civ@mail.mil.
authors: Laura J
authors: LJ
authors: Lutz
authors: United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA. james.p.mcclung8.civ@mail.mil.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: McClung
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008889:Military Personnel; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012767:Ships; D012890:Sleep; D015431:Weight Loss; D014937:Work; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018925:Chemokines; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin
keywords: adipokines; chemokines; diet; inflammation; insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome; obesity; physical activity