title: Intake of Total and Subgroups of Fat Minimally Affect the Associations between Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the PPARγ Pathway and Changes in Anthropometry among European Adults from Cohorts of the DiOGenes Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway is central in adipogenesis, it remains unknown whether it influences change in body weight (BW) and whether dietary fat has a modifying effect on the association.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 4 genes in the PPARγ pathway are associated with the OR of being a BW gainer or with annual changes in anthropometry and whether intake of total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, or saturated fat has a modifying effect on these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-noncase study included 11,048 men and women from cohorts in the European Diet, Obesity and Genes study; 5552 were cases, defined as individuals with the greatest BW gain during follow-up, and 6548 were randomly selected, including 5496 noncases. We selected 4 genes [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (CEBPB), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, PPARγ gene (PPARG), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1] according to evidence about biologic plausibility for interactions with dietary fat in weight regulation. Diet was assessed at baseline, and anthropometry was followed for 7 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ORs for being a BW gainer for the 27 genetic variants ranged from 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.03) to 1.12 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.22) per additional minor allele. Uncorrected, CEBPB rs4253449 had a significant interaction with the intake of total fat and subgroups of fat. The OR for being a BW gainer for each additional rs4253449 minor allele per 100 kcal higher total fat intake was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12; P = 0.008), and similar associations were found for subgroups of fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among European men and women, the influence of dietary fat on associations between SNPs in the PPARγ pathway and anthropometry is likely to be absent or marginal. The observed interaction between rs4253449 and dietary fat needs confirmation.
authors: Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; sofus.christian.larsen@regionh.dk.
authors: Sofus C
authors: SC
authors: Larsen
authors: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Ängquist
authors: Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department for Health and Care, Aarhus Municipality, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
authors: Jane N
authors: JN
authors: Østergaard
authors: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;
authors: Tarunveer S
authors: TS
authors: Ahluwalia
authors: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
authors: Karani S
authors: KS
authors: Vimaleswaran
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Roswall
authors: Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
authors: Lotte M
authors: LM
authors: Mortensen
authors: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors: Birgit M
authors: BM
authors: Nielsen
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Tjønneland
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
authors: Nicholas J
authors: NJ
authors: Wareham
authors: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy;
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Palli
authors: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy;
authors: Giovanna
authors: G
authors: Masala
authors: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands;
authors: Wim H M
authors: WH
authors: Saris
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands;
authors: Daphne L
authors: DL
authors: van der A
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands;
authors: Jolanda M A
authors: JM
authors: Boer
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands;
authors: Edith J M
authors: EJ
authors: Feskens
authors: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany;
authors: Heiner
authors: H
authors: Boeing
authors: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
authors: Marianne U
authors: MU
authors: Jakobsen
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; and.
authors: Ruth J F
authors: RJ
authors: Loos
authors: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors: Thorkild I A
authors: TI
authors: Sørensen
authors: Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Overvad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D015992:Body Mass Index; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; C545012:CEBPB protein, human; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D047495:PPAR gamma; C497387:SREBF1 protein, human; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; C000597251:PCK2 protein, human; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)
keywords: fatty acids; gene-diet interaction; genetics; obesity; weight change