title: Influence of Adiposity, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Screen Time on Insulin Dynamics Over 2 Years in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite extensive evidence showing that lifestyle habits play a critical role in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults, little is known regarding the impact of lifestyle habits on type 2 diabetes risk in childhood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether adiposity, fitness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and screen time predict insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion during a 2-year period in children with a family history of obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 630 children, having at least 1 obese parent, recruited from schools in Quebec, Canada, between July 2005 and December 2008 in the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth (QUALITY) cohort. Children were assessed at baseline (ages 8-10 years) and 2 years later. Fitness was measured by peak oxygen consumption, percentage of body fat (adiposity) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity using accelerometry, and screen time by average daily hours of self-reported television, video game, or computer use. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, season, and pubertal stage. The current analysis was completed in October 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin sensitivity was measured by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and an oral glucose tolerance test-based index (Matsuda insulin sensitivity index). Insulin secretion was measured using the area under the curve of insulin to glucose during the first 30 minutes of the oral glucose tolerance test and using the area under the curve of insulin to glucose over 2 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 630 children evaluated at baseline (mean [SD] age, 9.6 [0.9] years; 54.4% male; 56.2% normal weight, 19.2% overweight, and 22.7% obese), 564 were evaluated at 2-year follow-up. Adiposity and changes in adiposity were the central predictors of insulin dynamics over time. Every additional 1% of body fat at ages 8 to 10 years decreased insulin sensitivity by 2.9% (95% CI, -3.3% to -2.5%; P < .001) and led to a 0.5% (95% CI, 0.09% to 0.8%; P = .02) increased requirement in the area under the curve of insulin to glucose during the first 30 minutes of the oral glucose tolerance test 2 years later. Higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and lower screen time appear to be beneficial to insulin sensitivity in part through their effect on adiposity levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adiposity plays a determining role in cardiometabolic health at a young age. Public health strategies that promote healthy body weight, notably physical activity, need to target school-aged and possibly younger children.
authors: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Mélanie
authors: M
authors: Henderson
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada4Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada5Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Heal.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Benedetti
authors: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada6Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Tracie A
authors: TA
authors: Barnett
authors: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada7Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Marie-Eve
authors: ME
authors: Mathieu
authors: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Johnny
authors: J
authors: Deladoëy
authors: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Gray-Donald
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003201:Computers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018910:Video Games
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin