title: Time trends in upper gastrointestinal diseases and Helicobacter pylori infection in a multiracial Asian population--a 20-year experience over three time periods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marked epidemiological changes in upper gastrointestinal diseases and Helicobacter pylori infection have taken place in the Asian Pacific region. In particular, differences with respect to race in the multiracial Asian population in Malaysia have been important and interesting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A time trend study of upper gastrointestinal disease and H. pylori infection in three time periods: 1989-1990, 1999-2000 and 2009-2010 spanning a period of 20 years was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive first time gastroscopies carried out on patients attending the University of Malaya Medical Center were studied. Diagnoses and H. pylori infection status were carefully recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A steady decline in prevalence of duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric ulcer (GU) from 21.1% to 9.5% to 5.0% and from 11.9% to 9.4% to 9.9% while an increase in erosive oesophagitis (EO) from 2.0% to 8.4% to 9.5% (chi-square for trend; P < 0.001) for the periods 1989-1990, 1999-200 and 2009-2010 were observed. The overall prevalence of H. pylori had also decreased from 51.7% to 30.3% to 11.1% for the same periods of time. The proportion of H. pylori positive ulcers had also decreased: DU (90.1%-69.8%-28.9%) and GU (86.6-56.8%-18.9%) (P < 0.001). This was observed in Malays, Chinese and Indians but the difference over time was most marked in Malays. There was a steady decline in the proportion of patients with gastric and oesophageal cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peptic ulcers have declined significantly over a 20-year period together with a decline in H. pylori infection. In contrast, a steady increase in erosive oesophagitis was observed. Gastric and oesophageal squamous cell cancers have declined to low levels.
authors: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: A H-R
authors: AH
authors: Leow
authors: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Y-Y
authors: YY
authors: Lim
authors: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: W-C
authors: WC
authors: Liew
authors: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: K-L
authors: KL
authors: Goh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors