title: Improving medication adherence in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 years of intervention trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication non-adherence in bipolar disorder is a significant problem resulting in increased morbidity, hospitalisation and suicide. Interventions to enhance adherence exist but it is not clear how effective they are, or what works and why.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched bibliographic databases for RCTs of interventions to support adherence to medication in bipolar disorder. Study selection and data extraction was performed by two investigators. Data was extracted on intervention design and delivery, study characteristics, adherence outcomes and study quality. The meta-analysis used pooled odds ratios for adherence using random effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Searches identified 795 studies, of which 24 met the inclusion criteria, 18 provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. The pooled OR was 2.27 (95% CI 1.45-3.56) equivalent to a two-fold increase in the odds of adherence in the intervention group relative to control. Smaller effects were seen where the control group consisted of an active comparison and with increasing intervention length. The effects were robust across other factors of intervention and study design and delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many studies did not report sufficient information to classify intervention design and delivery or judge quality and the interventions were highly variable. Therefore, the scope of moderation analysis was limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even brief interventions can improve medication adherence. Limitations in intervention and study design and reporting prevented assessment of which elements of adherence support are most effective. Applying published guidance and quality criteria for designing and reporting adherence interventions is a priority to inform the implementation of cost-effective adherence support.
authors: Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, UK.
authors: Lindsay
authors: L
authors: MacDonald
authors: Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, UK.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Chapman
authors: The Roffey Park Institute & Lancaster University (Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research), UK.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Syrett
authors: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK & Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Bowskill
authors: Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, UK. Electronic address: r.horne@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Horne
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016903:Drug Monitoring
keywords: Adherence; Bipolar disorder; Interventions; Meta-analysis