title: Using Automatic Item Generation to Improve the Quality of MCQ Distractors.
abstract: CONSTRUCT: Automatic item generation (AIG) is an alternative method for producing large numbers of test items that integrate cognitive modeling with computer technology to systematically generate multiple-choice questions (MCQs). The purpose of our study is to describe and validate a method of generating plausible but incorrect distractors. Initial applications of AIG demonstrated its effectiveness in producing test items. However, expert review of the initial items identified a key limitation where the generation of implausible incorrect options, or distractors, might limit the applicability of items in real testing situations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Medical educators require development of test items in large quantities to facilitate the continual assessment of student knowledge. Traditional item development processes are time-consuming and resource intensive. Studies have validated the quality of generated items through content expert review. However, no study has yet documented how generated items perform in a test administration. Moreover, no study has yet to validate AIG through student responses to generated test items.
  
  
  METHODS
  To validate our refined AIG method in generating plausible distractors, we collected psychometric evidence from a field test of the generated test items. A three-step process was used to generate test items in the area of jaundice. At least 455 Canadian and international medical graduates responded to each of the 13 generated items embedded in a high-stake exam administration. Item difficulty, discrimination, and index of discrimination estimates were calculated for the correct option as well as each distractor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Item analysis results for the correct options suggest that the generated items measured candidate performances across a range of ability levels while providing a consistent level of discrimination for each item. Results for the distractors reveal that the generated items differentiated the low- from the high-performing candidates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous research on AIG highlighted how this item development method can be used to produce high-quality stems and correct options for MCQ exams. The purpose of the current study was to describe, illustrate, and evaluate a method for modeling plausible but incorrect options. Evidence provided in this study demonstrates that AIG can produce psychometrically sound test items. More important, by adapting the distractors to match the unique features presented in the stem and correct option, the generation of MCQs using automated procedure has the potential to produce plausible distractors and yield large numbers of high-quality items for medical education.
authors: a School of Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada.
authors: Hollis
authors: H
authors: Lai
authors: b Faculty of Education , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Gierl
authors: c Medical Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.|d Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Touchie
authors: c Medical Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.|d Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.
authors: Debra
authors: D
authors: Pugh
authors: c Medical Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.
authors: André-Philippe
authors: AP
authors: Boulais
authors: c Medical Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.
authors: André
authors: A
authors: De Champlain
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017145:Models, Educational; D011594:Psychometrics; D058996:Quality Improvement
keywords: distractors; item generation; test development