title: Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Physiological Role and Signalling Properties of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles.
abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of secreted membrane vesicles, with distinct biogenesis routes, biophysical properties and different functions both in physiological conditions and in disease. The release of EVs is a widespread biological process, which is conserved across species. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that several bioactive molecules are trafficked with(in) EVs, such as microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and lipids. The understanding of their final impact on the biology of specific target cells remains matter of intense debate in the field. Also, EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics. Here we describe the proposed physiological and pathological functions of EVs, with a particular focus on their molecular content. Also, we discuss the advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the secretion of EV-associated molecules and the specific pathways activated upon interaction with the target cell, highlighting the role of EVs in the context of the immune system and as mediators of the intercellular signalling in the brain.
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK. ni238@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Nunzio
authors: N
authors: Iraci
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK. tl344@cam.ac.uk.|EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK. tl344@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Tommaso
authors: T
authors: Leonardi
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK. fag21@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Gessler
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK. bv270@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Vega
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK. spp24@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Pluchino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002450:Cell Communication; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D055354:Exosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D012313:RNA
keywords: drug delivery; exosomes; extracellular RNAs; extracellular vesicles; intercellular communication; neuroscience; signalling pathway; trafficking