title: Amiloride-Insensitive Salt Taste Is Mediated by Two Populations of Type III Taste Cells with Distinct Transduction Mechanisms.
abstract: Responses in the amiloride-insensitive (AI) pathway, one of the two pathways mediating salty taste in mammals, are modulated by the size of the anion of a salt. This "anion effect" has been hypothesized to result from inhibitory transepithelial potentials (TPs) generated across the lingual epithelium as cations permeate through tight junctions and leave their larger and less permeable anions behind (Ye et al., 1991). We tested directly the necessity of TPs for the anion effect by measuring responses to NaCl and Na-gluconate (small and large anion sodium salts, respectively) in isolated taste cells from mouse circumvallate papillae. Using calcium imaging, we identified AI salt-responsive type III taste cells and demonstrated that they compose a subpopulation of acid-responsive taste cells. Even in the absence of TPs, many (66%) AI salt-responsive type III taste cells still exhibited the anion effect, demonstrating that some component of the transduction machinery for salty taste in type III cells is sensitive to anion size. We hypothesized that osmotic responses could explain why a minority of type III cells (34%) had AI salt responses but lacked anion sensitivity. All AI type III cells had osmotic responses to cellobiose, which were significantly modulated by extracellular sodium concentration, suggesting the presence of a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive ion channel. However, these responses were significantly larger in AI type III cells that did not exhibit the anion effect. These findings indicate that multiple mechanisms could underlie AI salt responses in type III taste cells, one of which may contribute to the anion effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the mechanisms underlying salty taste will help inform strategies to combat the health problems associated with NaCl overconsumption by humans. Of the two pathways underlying salty taste in mammals, the amiloride-insensitive (AI) pathway is the least understood. Using calcium imaging of isolated mouse taste cells, we identify two separate populations of AI salt-responsive type III taste cells distinguished by their sensitivity to anion size and show that these cells compose subpopulations of acid-responsive taste cells. We also find evidence that a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive mechanism contributes to salt responses in type III taste cells. Our data not only provide new insights into the transduction mechanisms of AI salt taste but also have important implications for general theories of taste encoding.
authors: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 blewandowski@monell.org.
authors: Brian C
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-5979
authors: BC
authors: Lewandowski
authors: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors: Sunil K
authors: SK
authors: Sukumaran
authors: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Margolskee
authors: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors: Alexander A
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-3322
authors: AA
authors: Bachmanov
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D002475:Cellobiose / Q000494:pharmacology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005942:Gluconates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009995:Osmosis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects*; D013650:Taste Buds / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D004232:Diuretics; D005942:Gluconates; D002475:Cellobiose; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000584:Amiloride; C030691:gluconic acid
keywords: amiloride; anion; osmolarity; salt; sour; taste