title: Joan of Arc: Sanctity, witchcraft or epilepsy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to describe whether Joan of Arc had epilepsy and how that may have influenced her sense of mission and ability to encourage thousands of people to help her to chase the English out of France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Documentation of her Trial of Condemnation in 1431 provides a description of her episodes of experienced voices and visions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the age of thirteen, Joan of Arc experienced frequent episodes of auditory hallucinations associated with elementary or complex visual hallucinations (e.g., a great light or human faces). These had sudden onset, lasting seconds or minutes at most, and occurred when awake or during sleep, arousing her. Some could be triggered by an auditory stimulus. She had no disorganized thought between the episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The semiology of the episodes is very suggestive of epileptic seizures, which have been considered as ecstatic by some authors or as partial epilepsy with auditory features by others, which seems more concordant with the ictal symptoms. The auditory and visual hallucinations could have had a religious content because during her childhood and adolescence, she was brought up in a religious environment, insomuch as this content first undefined only appeared after a few seizures. We can suppose that such hallucinations, without the knowledge of their medical origin, gave her a sense of divine mission, hence, a real strength to try to accomplish the orders she heard during the episodes. Her role during the Hundred Years' War and her narration of her strange episodes led her to be burned for heresy at the age of nineteen, yet rehabilitated 25 years later and to be canonized for her achievements in 1920. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Epilepsy, Art, and Creativity".
authors: Neurology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Avenue G. Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Nicolas.Nicastro@hcuge.ch.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Nicastro
authors: Neurology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Avenue G. Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Fabienne
authors: F
authors: Picard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications; D012677:Sensation; D020521:Stroke; D018599:Witchcraft
keywords: Auditory hallucinations; Epilepsy; Experiential phenomena; Historical figures; Joan of Arc