title: Combining Metabolic Engineering and Electrocatalysis: Application to the Production of Polyamides from Sugar.
abstract: Biorefineries aim to convert biomass into a spectrum of products ranging from biofuels to specialty chemicals. To achieve economically sustainable conversion, it is crucial to streamline the catalytic and downstream processing steps. In this work, a route that combines bio- and electrocatalysis to convert glucose into bio-based unsaturated nylon-6,6 is reported. An engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the initial biocatalyst for the conversion of glucose into muconic acid, with the highest reported muconic acid titer of 559.5 mg L(-1) in yeast. Without any separation, muconic acid was further electrocatalytically hydrogenated to 3-hexenedioic acid in 94 % yield despite the presence of biogenic impurities. Bio-based unsaturated nylon-6,6 (unsaturated polyamide-6,6) was finally obtained by polymerization of 3-hexenedioic acid with hexamethylenediamine.
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.|NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Miguel
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6362-1283
authors: M
authors: Suastegui
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.|NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA.|US Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: John E
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1974-956X
authors: JE
authors: Matthiesen
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.|NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Jack M
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-6333
authors: JM
authors: Carraher
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Nacu
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6698-3773
authors: N
authors: Hernandez
authors: NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Natalia
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-0300
authors: N
authors: Rodriguez Quiroz
authors: NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Adam
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5602-6192
authors: A
authors: Okerlund
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors: Eric W
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-9169
authors: EW
authors: Cochran
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. zyshao@iastate.edu.|NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA. zyshao@iastate.edu.
authors: Zengyi
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-8006
authors: Z
authors: Shao
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. tesso@iastate.edu.|NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA, 50011, USA. tesso@iastate.edu.|US Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. tesso@iastate.edu.
authors: Jean-Philippe
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-634X
authors: JP
authors: Tessonnier
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D005285:Fermentation; D060847:Metabolic Engineering; D009757:Nylons / Q000138:chemical synthesis*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D009757:Nylons
keywords: bio-based polymers; biorefinery; electrocatalysis; metabolic engineering; muconic acid