title: Utility of the Framingham Risk Score in predicting secondary events in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention: A time-trend analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) effectively predicts the risk of cardiovascular events in the primary prevention setting. However, its use in identifying the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with established coronary heart disease is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the FRS in predicting long-term secondary events in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) across a 17-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients (N=25,519, male=71%, mean age=66.5±12.1years) undergoing PCI at Mayo Clinic between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2010, were screened for cardiovascular risk factors to determine their FRS at baseline (mean score 7.0±3.3). Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their FRS 10-year predicted risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and were followed up for a median duration of 109months (Q1-Q3, 63-155) for the primary composite end point of cardiac death and myocardial infarction (MI) and the secondary end points of all-cause death, noncardiac death, and revascularization (surgical and percutaneous). Patients were separately divided into 5 equal temporal subsets depending on the date of PCI and were fit to a Cox model with an interaction between the FRS 10-year predicted risk and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FRS was significantly associated with the 10-year actual risk of cardiac death and MI (both combined and separately, P<.001 respectively), noncardiac death (P<.001), all-cause death (P<.001), and revascularization (P=.018). However, the FRS discriminated risk poorly for all end points (C-statistic: cardiac death and MI, 56.8; all-cause death, 58.7; noncardiac death, 51.8; and revascularization, 51.3) even among patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or stable angina. Over the 17-year period of time, the association between the FRS 10-year predicted risk and the 10-year actual risk of events did not change (P=.72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FRS discriminates the risk of long-term secondary events, including cardiac death, MI, and revascularization, in patients following PCI poorly, even among those presenting with acute coronary syndrome. The current study supports the development of novel secondary prevention risk models.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors: Jaskanwal D S
authors: JD
authors: Sara
authors: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors: Ryan J
authors: RJ
authors: Lennon
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Gulati
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors: Mandeep
authors: M
authors: Singh
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Holmes
authors: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Lilach O
authors: LO
authors: Lerman
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: lerman.amir@mayo.edu.
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D002648:Child; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult