title: Failure to pay for social health insurance premiums: Acts of protest or desperation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Switzerland, basic health insurance is mandatory for all inhabitants, but a rising number of insured have arrears in premium payments, potentially leading to coverage suspension. We aimed at characterizing insured with debt enforcement proceedings with respect to socio-demographic and health utilization aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 508.000 insured with basic health insurance contracts in 2013, of whom 14,000 (2.8%) with debt enforcement proceedings, from 11 Swiss cantons. Groups were characterized using logistic regression and latent class analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insured with debt enforcement proceedings were more likely to be young, male and without dependents (partner, kids). Having no supplementary insurance and receiving partial premium subsidies was associated with an increased debt enforcement proceedings risk. Within the debt enforcement proceedings group, three subgroups were identified: 60% were young and seemingly healthy, with a below-average fraction of premium subsidy recipients (18%) and low out-of-pocket payments in prior year (median Swiss Francs 0). Two groups consisted of relatively ill elderly persons (22%, 99% of whom with chronic illnesses) or families (18%), many of whom (29% and 51%) were recipients of premium subsidies. Median out-of-pocket payments in the prior year were high (Swiss Francs 625 and 688, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sixty percent of premium arrears derive from young insured without apparent financial problems; 40% are owed by elderly and families, which are potentially hurt by coverage loss.
authors: CSS-Institute for Empirical Health Economics, Tribschenstr. 21, CH-6002 Luzern, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institutem, Department of Epidemiology, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Viktor
authors: V
authors: von Wyl
authors: CSS-Institute for Empirical Health Economics, Tribschenstr. 21, CH-6002 Luzern, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Blümlisalpstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Konstantin
authors: K
authors: Beck
keywords: Bankruptcy; Chronic diseases; Social health insurance; Solidarity; Switzerland; Universal access to medical care