title: Strenuous exercise induces a hyperreactive rebalanced haemostatic state that is more pronounced in men.
abstract: Physical exercise is recommended for a healthy lifestyle. Strenuous exercise, however, may trigger the haemostatic system, increasing the risk of vascular thrombotic events and the incidence of primary cardiac arrest. Our goal was to study the effects of strenuous exercise on risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Blood was collected from 92 healthy volunteers who participated in the amateur version of the pro-tour Amstel Gold cycling race, before and directly after the race. Thrombin generation showed a shortening of the lag time and time to peak and an increase of the velocity index. Interestingly, the endogenous thrombin potential measured in plasma decreased due to reduced prothrombin conversion. Platelet reactivity increased and this effect was stronger in men than in women. Lower fibrinogen and higher D-dimer levels after exercise indicated higher fibrin formation. On the other hand, fibrinolysis was also elevated as indicated by a shortening of the clot lysis time. Exercise activated the endothelium (von Willebrand factor (VWF) and active VWF levels were elevated) and the immune system (concentrations IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES and PDGF increased). Additionally, an increased cardiac troponin T level was measured post-exercise. Strenuous exercise induces a temporary hyperreactive state in the body with enhanced pro- and anticoagulant responses. As strenuous exercise has a more pronounced effect on platelet function in male subjects, this gives a possible explanation for the higher incidence of sudden cardiac death during exercise compared to women. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02048462.
authors: Dana Huskens, Oxfordlaan 70, Maastricht 6229EV, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 388 58 96, Fax: +31 43 388 45 70, E-mail: D.Huskens@thrombin.com.
authors: Dana
authors: D
authors: Huskens
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Roest
authors: Jasper A
authors: JA
authors: Remijn
authors: Joke
authors: J
authors: Konings
authors: Romy M W
authors: RM
authors: Kremers
authors: Saartje
authors: S
authors: Bloemen
authors: Evelien
authors: E
authors: Schurgers
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Selmeczi
authors: Hilde
authors: H
authors: Kelchtermans
authors: Rinaldo
authors: R
authors: van Meel
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Meex
authors: Marie-Claire
authors: MC
authors: Kleinegris
authors: Philip G
authors: PG
authors: de Groot
authors: Rolf T
authors: RT
authors: Urbanus
authors: Marisa
authors: M
authors: Ninivaggi
authors: Bas
authors: B
authors: de Laat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015539:Platelet Activation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D020107:Troponin T; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C078147:F8 protein, human; D005169:Factor VIII; D013917:Thrombin
keywords: Exercise; coagulation; fibrinolysis; platelets; thrombin