title: Antibiotics in Drinking Water in Shanghai and Their Contribution to Antibiotic Exposure of School Children.
abstract: A variety of antibiotics have been found in aquatic environments, but antibiotics in drinking water and their contribution to antibiotic exposure in human are not well-explored. For this, representative drinking water samples and 530 urine samples from schoolchildren were selected in Shanghai, and 21 common antibiotics (five macrolides, two β-lactams, three tetracyclines, four fluoquinolones, four sulfonamides, and three phenicols) were measured in water samples and urines by isotope dilution two-dimensional ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Drinking water included 46 terminal tap water samples from different spots in the distribution system of the city, 45 bottled water samples from 14 common brands, and eight barreled water samples of different brands. Of 21 antibiotics, only florfenicol and thiamphenicol were found in tap water, with the median concentrations of 0.0089 ng/mL and 0.0064 ng/mL, respectively; only florfenicol was found in three bottled water samples from a same brand, with the concentrations ranging from 0.00060 to 0.0010 ng/mL; no antibiotics were found in barreled water. In contrast, besides florfenicol and thiamphenicol, an additional 17 antibiotics were detected in urine samples, and the total daily exposure doses and detection frequencies of florfenicol and thiamphenicol based on urine samples were significantly and substantially higher than their predicted daily exposure doses and detection frequencies from drinking water by Monte Carlo Simulation. These data indicated that drinking water was contaminated by some antibiotics in Shanghai, but played a limited role in antibiotic exposure of children.
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Hexing
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Zhao
authors: Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Minhang District, Shanghai 201101, China.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Fang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Chaowei
authors: C
authors: Fu
authors: Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China.
authors: Chuanxi
authors: C
authors: Tang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Jiang
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Qingwu
authors: Q
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000032:analysis; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D060766:Drinking Water; D018942:Macrolides; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol