title: Emerging halogenated flame retardants and hexabromocyclododecanes in food samples from an e-waste processing area in Vietnam.
abstract: This study reports concentrations of selected emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in foodstuffs sourced from an e-waste processing area in Vietnam and two reference sites in Vietnam and Japan. Concentrations of all target HFRs in e-waste-impacted samples in this study exceed significantly (p < 0.05) those detected in the controls, suggesting that e-waste processing activities exert a substantial impact on local environmental contamination and human dietary exposure. Significant linear positive correlations in concentrations of syn-Dechlorane Plus (DP) and anti-DP were found between soils and those in co-located chicken samples (p < 0.05). This implies that soil is an important exposure source of DPs in chickens at our sampling sites. The estimated dietary intakes of emerging HFRs in this study were 170 and 420 ng per kg bw per day for adults and children, respectively, while daily ingestions of HBCDs were estimated to be 480 and 1500 ng per kg bw per day for adults and children, respectively. Exposure at the site monitored in this study exceeds substantially the estimates of dietary exposure to HBCDs in e-waste processing sites and non-e-waste processing areas elsewhere.
authors: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. fangtao_bham@sina.com.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Tao
authors: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors: Hidenori
authors: H
authors: Matsukami
authors: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors: Go
authors: G
authors: Suzuki
authors: Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam and Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan.
authors: Nguyen Minh
authors: NM
authors: Tue
authors: Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors: Pham Hung
authors: PH
authors: Viet
authors: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors: Hidetaka
authors: H
authors: Takigami
authors: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. fangtao_bham@sina.com.
authors: Stuart
authors: S
authors: Harrad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D059029:Electronic Waste; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane