title: Immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine: a systematic literature review.
abstract: Hepatitis A and B are two of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended for those at risk of contracting HAV and/or HBV through their occupation, travel or lifestyle.
  
  
  
  To describe the vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of the combined vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of the literature published between 1990 and 2015.
  
  
  
  Anti-HAV seropositivity rates ranged from 96.2% to 100% and anti-HBs seroprotection rates from 82% to 100%. Antibodies persisted up to 15 years and geometric mean concentration (GMC) remained above the seropositivity cut-off value for both. Anti-HAV and anti-HBs immune responses were lower in less immunocompetent individuals one month after completion of the immunization schedule. The safety profiles of Twinrix(TM) and monovalent hepatitis A and B vaccines were similar.
  
  
  
  The vaccine offers satisfactory long-term immunogenicity rates, expected duration of protection and safety profile similar to the monovalent hepatitis A or B vaccines.
authors: a Pallas Health Research and Consultancy , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Bakker
authors: a Pallas Health Research and Consultancy , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
authors: Eveline M
authors: EM
authors: Bunge
authors: b GSK Vaccines , Wavre , Belgium.
authors: Cinzia
authors: C
authors: Marano
authors: b GSK Vaccines , Wavre , Belgium.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: de Ridder
authors: b GSK Vaccines , Wavre , Belgium.
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: De Moerlooze
mesh_terms: D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D017778:Vaccines, Combined
keywords: AmbirixTM; Combined vaccine; Effectiveness; Efficacy; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Immunogenicity; Safety; TwinrixTM