title: Associations of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity With Metabolic Syndrome Considering Both Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the associations of sarcopenia-defined both in terms of muscle mass and muscle strength-and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data pertaining to 309 subjects (85 men and 224 women) were collected from participants in exercise programs at a health center in a suburban area. Muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and muscle strength was measured via handgrip strength. Sarcopenia based on muscle mass alone was defined as a weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass index more than two standard deviations below the mean of a sex-specific young reference group (class II sarcopenia). Two cut-off values for low handgrip strength were used: the first criteria were <26 kg for men and <18 kg for women, and the second criteria were the lowest quintile of handgrip strength among the study subjects. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as the combination of class II sarcopenia and being in the two highest quintiles of total body fat percentage among the subjects. The associations of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome were evaluated using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) of metabolic syndrome being compared in people with or without sarcopenia defined in terms of muscle mass were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.47, p=0.008) in men and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.19, p<0.001) in women, which were found to be statistically significant relationships. The RRs of metabolic syndrome being compared in people with or without sarcopenic obesity were 1.31 in men (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.56, p=0.003) and 1.17 in women (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.25, p<0.001), which were likewise found to be statistically significant relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations of sarcopenia defined in terms of muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome were statistically significant in both men and women. Therefore, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity must be considered as part of the community-based management of non-communicable diseases.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jihye
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Yeon-pyo
authors: YP
authors: Hong
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Hyun Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Weonyoung
authors: W
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017097:Electric Impedance; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sarcopenia, Metabolic syndrome X, Association, Muscle strength