title: Advances in understanding gender difference in cardiometabolic disease risk.
abstract: Gender differences exist in cardiovascular or metabolic disease risk, beyond the protective effect of estrogens, mostly burdening the postmenopausal female. We aimed to review herein sex differences in pro-inflammatory states, the independence of inflammation from insulin resistance, differences in high-density lipoprotein dysfunction, in gene-environment interactions, and in the influence of current and former smoking on cardiometabolic risk. Sex differences in absorption of long-chain fatty acids are highlighted. Differences exist in the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease, men being more likely to develop coronary heart disease as a first event, compared to women who have cerebrovascular disease or heart failure as a first event. Autoimmune activation resulting from pro-inflammatory states, a fundamental mechanism for numerous chronic diseases in people prone to metabolic syndrome, is much more common in women, and these constitute major determinants. Therapeutic approaches to aspects related to sex difference are briefly reviewed.
authors: a Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Altan
authors: A
authors: Onat
authors: b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Faculty , Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey.
authors: Yusuf
authors: Y
authors: Karadeniz
authors: c Mehmet Akif İnan Training Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University.
authors: Eyyup
authors: E
authors: Tusun
authors: a Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Hüsniye
authors: H
authors: Yüksel
authors: d Institute of Cardiology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors: Ayşem
authors: A
authors: Kaya
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019468:Disease Management; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; gender difference; high-density lipoprotein dysfunction; obesity; pro-inflammatory state