title: Determining the Pathogenic Potential of Non-sporulating Molds Isolated from Cutaneous Specimens.
abstract: Although non-sporulating molds (NSM) are frequently isolated from patients and have been recognized as agents of pulmonary disease, their clinical significance in cutaneous specimens is relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to identify NSM and to determine the keratinolytic activity of isolates from cutaneous sites. NSM isolates from clinical specimens such as skin, nail, and body fluids were identified based on their ribosomal DNA sequences. Of 17 NSM isolates (7 Ascomycota, 10 Basidiomycota), eleven were identified to species level while five were identified to the genus level. These include Schizophyllum commune, a known human pathogen, Phoma multirostrata, a plant pathogen, and Perenniporia tephropora, a saprophyte. To determine fungal pathogenicity, keratinolytic activity, a major virulence factor, was evaluated ex vivo using human nail samples by measuring dye release from keratin azure, for NSM along with pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Fusarium spp.) and nonpathogenic (endophyte) fungi for comparison. This study showed that pathogenic fungi had the highest keratinolytic activity (7.13 ± 0.552 keratinase units) while the nonpathogenic endophytes had the lowest activity (2.37 ± 0.262 keratinase units). Keratinolytic activity of two Ascomycota NSM (Guignardia mangiferae and Hypoxylon sp.) and one Basidiomycota NSM (Fomitopsis cf. meliae) was equivalent to that of pathogenic fungi, while Xylaria feejeensis showed significantly higher activity (p < 0.05) than nonpathogenic endophytes. These results indicate that the pathogenic ability of NSM is species dependent; clinical isolates, especially more frequently isolated species, may be involved in disease etiology.
authors: Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Nantha Kumar
authors: NK
authors: Jeyaprakasam
authors: Bacteriology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Mohd Fuat Abdul
authors: MF
authors: Razak
authors: Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Noor Azimah Binti
authors: NA
authors: Ahmad
authors: Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. jacinta@ukm.edu.my.
authors: Jacinta
authors: J
authors: Santhanam
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000382:microbiology; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D009262:Nails / Q000382:microbiology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D037521:Virulence Factors; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C035855:keratinase
keywords: Cutaneous; Dermatophytes; Keratinase enzyme; Non-sporulating molds; Pathogenicity