title: Effects of light shading and climatic conditions on the metabolic behavior of flonicamid in red bell pepper.
abstract: The degradation behavior of flonicamid and its metabolites (4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA) and N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG)) was evaluated in red bell pepper over a period of 90 days under glass house conditions, including high temperature, low and high humidity, and in a vinyl house covered with high density polyethylene light shade covering film (35 and 75%). Flonicamid (10% active ingredient) was applied (via foliar application) to all fruits, including those groups grown under normal conditions (glass house) or under no shade cover (vinyl house). Samples were extracted using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe "QuEChERS" method and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The method performance, including linearity, recovery, limits of detection (LOD), and quantitation (LOQ), was satisfactory. Throughout the experimental period, the residual levels of flonicamid and TFNG were not uniform, whereas that of TFNA remained constant. The total sum of the residues (flonicamid and its metabolites) was higher in the vinyl house with shade cover than in the glass house, under various conditions. The total residues were significantly higher when the treatment was applied under high light shade (75%). The flonicamid half-life decreased from 47.2 days (under normal conditions) to 28.4 days (at high temperatures) in the glass house, while it increased from 47.9 days (no shade cover) to 66 days (75% light shading) in the vinyl house. High humidity leads to decreases in the total sum of flonicamid residues in red bell pepper grown in a glass house, because it leads to an increase in the rate of water loss, which in turn accelerates the volatilization of the pesticide. For safety reasons, it is advisable to grow red bell pepper under glass house conditions because of the effects of solar radiation, which increases the rate of flonicamid degradation into its metabolites.
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Da-I
authors: DI
authors: Jung
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Waziha
authors: W
authors: Farha
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea. abdelaty44@hotmail.com.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt. abdelaty44@hotmail.com.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Abd El-Aty
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Woo
authors: SW
authors: Kim
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Md Musfiqur
authors: MM
authors: Rahman
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeong-Heui
authors: JH
authors: Choi
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Md Humayun
authors: MH
authors: Kabir
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: So Jeong
authors: SJ
authors: Im
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young-Jun
authors: YJ
authors: Lee
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors: Lieu T B
authors: LT
authors: Truong
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ho-Chul
authors: HC
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565-851, Republic of Korea.
authors: Geon-Jae
authors: GJ
authors: Im
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea. jhshim@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors: Jae-Han
authors: JH
authors: Shim
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002980:Climate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D013472:Sunlight; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D009536:Niacinamide; C524822:flonicamid
keywords: Degradation; Flonicamid; Glass house; Half-life; Humidity; Metabolites; Shade cover; Temperature; Vinyl house