title: Brain network dysregulation, emotion, and complaints after mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of brain networks in emotion regulation and post-traumatic complaints in the sub-acute phase after non-complicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four patients with mTBI (34 with and 20 without complaints) and 20 healthy controls (group-matched for age, sex, education, and handedness) were included. Resting-state fMRI was performed at four weeks post-injury. Static and dynamic functional connectivity were studied within and between the default mode, executive (frontoparietal and bilateral frontal network), and salience network. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was used to measure anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding within-network functional connectivity, none of the selected brain networks were different between groups. Regarding between-network interactions, patients with complaints exhibited lower functional connectivity between the bilateral frontal and salience network compared to patients without complaints. In the total patient group, higher HADS-D scores were related to lower functional connectivity between the bilateral frontal network and both the right frontoparietal and salience network, and to higher connectivity between the right frontoparietal and salience network. Furthermore, whereas higher HADS-D scores were associated with lower connectivity within the parietal midline areas of the bilateral frontal network, higher HADS-A scores were related to lower connectivity within medial prefrontal areas of the bilateral frontal network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional interactions of the executive and salience networks were related to emotion regulation and complaints after mTBI, with a key role for the bilateral frontal network. These findings may have implications for future studies on the effect of psychological interventions.
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Harm J
authors: HJ
authors: van der Horn
authors: BCN NeuroImaging Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Edith J
authors: EJ
authors: Liemburg
authors: Department of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Myrthe E
authors: ME
authors: Scheenen
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Myrthe E
authors: ME
authors: de Koning
authors: BCN NeuroImaging Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan-Bernard C
authors: JB
authors: Marsman
authors: Department of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jacoba M
authors: JM
authors: Spikman
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Joukje
authors: J
authors: van der Naalt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: brain networks; emotion regulation; fMRI; mild traumatic brain injury; post-traumatic complaints