title: Using routinely collected health data for surveillance, quality improvement and research: Framework and key questions to assess ethics, privacy and data access.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of health data for public health, surveillance, quality improvement and research is crucial to improve health systems and health care. However, bodies responsible for privacy and ethics often limit access to routinely collected health data. Ethical approvals, issues around protecting privacy and data access are often dealt with by different layers of regulations, making approval processes appear disjointed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a comprehensive framework for defining the ethical and privacy status of a project and for providing guidance on data access.
  
  
  METHODS
  The framework comprises principles and related questions. The core of the framework will be built using standard terminology definitions such as ethics-related controlled vocabularies and regional directives. It is built in this way to reduce ambiguity between different definitions. The framework is extensible: principles can be retired or added to, as can their related questions. Responses to these questions should allow data processors to define ethical issues, privacy risk and other unintended consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The framework contains three steps: (1) identifying possible ethical and privacy principles relevant to the project; (2) providing ethics and privacy guidance questions that inform the type of approval needed; and (3) assessing case-specific ethics and privacy issues. The outputs from this process should inform whether the balance between public interests and privacy breach and any ethical considerations are tipped in favour of societal benefits. If they are then this should be the basis on which data access is permitted. Tightly linking ethical principles to governance and data access may help maintain public trust.
authors: University of Surrey. s.lusignan@surrey.ac.uk.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: De Lusignan
authors: Research Fellow, University of Surrey. h.s.liyanage@surrey.ac.uk.
authors: Harshana
authors: H
authors: Liyanage
authors: Legal Expert, Serectrix snc, Italy. ct.diiorio@serectrix.eu.
authors: Concetta Tania
authors: CT
authors: Di Iorio
authors: Senior Research Fellow, University of Surrey, UK. t.chan@surrey.ac.uk.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Chan
authors: Professor of General Practice, UNSW Medicine, Australia. siaw@unsw.edu.au.
authors: Siaw-Teng
authors: ST
authors: Liaw
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D058996:Quality Improvement