title: Confirmation of PDZD7 as a Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss Gene.
abstract: PDZD7 was identified in 2009 in a family with apparent nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. However, subsequent clinical reports have associated PDZD7 with digenic Usher syndrome, the most common cause of deaf-blindness, or as a modifier of retinal disease. No further reports have validated this gene for nonsyndromic hearing loss, intuitively calling correct genotype-phenotype association into question. This report describes a validating second case for biallelic mutations in PDZD7 causing nonsyndromic mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss. It also provides detailed audiometric and ophthalmologic data excluding Usher syndrome in both the present proband (proband 1) and the first proband described in 2009 (proband 2).
  
  
  
  Proband 1 was sequenced using a custom-designed next generation sequencing panel consisting of 151 deafness genes. Bioinformatics analysis and filtering disclosed two PDZD7 sequence variants (c.1648C>T, p.Q550* and c.2107del, p.S703Vfs*20). Segregation testing followed in the family. For both probands, audiograms were collected and analyzed for progressive hearing loss and detailed ophthalmic evaluations were performed including electroretinography.
  
  
  
  Proband 1 demonstrated a prelingual, nonsyndromic, sensorineural hearing loss that progressed in the higher frequencies between 4 and 9 years old. PDZD7 segregation analysis confirmed biallelic inheritance (compound heterozygosity). Mutation analysis determined the c.1648C>T mutation as novel and reported the c.2107del deletion as rs397516633 with a calculated minor allele frequency of 0.000018. Clinical evaluation spanning well over a decade in proband 2 disclosed bilateral, nonprogressive hearing loss. Both probands showed healthy retinas, excluding Usher syndrome-like changes in the eye.
  
  
  
  PDZD7 is confirmed as a bona fide autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss gene. In both probands, there was no evidence of impaired vision or ophthalmic pathology. As the current understanding of PDZD7 mutations bridge Mendelian and complex phenotypes, the authors recommend careful variant interpretation, since PDZD7 is one of many genes associated with both Usher syndrome and autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss. Additional reports are required for understanding the complete phenotypic spectrum of this gene, including the possibility of high-frequency progression, as well as noise-induced hearing loss susceptibility in adult carriers. This report rules out all forms of Usher syndrome with an onset before 12 and 15 years old in probands 1 and 2, respectively. However, due to the young ages of the probands, this report is uninformative regarding older patients.
authors: 1Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 2Institute of Human Genetics, 3Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; and 4Division of Communication Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Vona
authors: Stanislav
authors: S
authors: Lechno
authors: Michaela A H
authors: MA
authors: Hofrichter
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Hopf
authors: Anne K
authors: AK
authors: Läig
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Haaf
authors: Annerose
authors: A
authors: Keilmann
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Zechner
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Bartsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C000611545:PDZD7 protein, human