title: Factors Influencing Dislodgeable 2, 4-D Plant Residues from Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis) Athletic Fields.
abstract: Research to date has confirmed 2,4-D residues may dislodge from turfgrass; however, experiments have not been conducted on hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis), the most common athletic field turfgrass in subtropical climates. More specifically, previous research has not investigated the effect of post-application irrigation on dislodgeable 2,4-D residues from hybrid bermudagrass and across turfgrass species, research has been nondescript regarding sample time within a d (TWD) or conducted in the afternoon when the turfgrass canopy is dry, possibly underestimating potential for dislodgement. The effect of irrigation and TWD on 2,4-D dislodgeability was investigated. Dislodgeable 2,4-D amine was reduced > 300% following irrigation. From 2 to 7 d after treatment (DAT), ≤ 0.5% of applied 2,4-D was dislodged from irrigated turfgrass, while ≤ 2.3% of applied 2,4-D was dislodged when not irrigated. 2,4-D dislodgeability decreased as TWD increased. Dislodgeable 2,4-D residues declined to < 0.1% of the applied at 1 DAT- 13:00, and increased to 1 to 3% of the applied 2 DAT- 5:00, suggesting 2,4-D re-suspended on treated turfgrass vegetation overnight. In conclusion, irrigating treated turfgrass reduced dislodgeable 2,4-D. 2,4-D dislodgeability increased as TWD decreased, which was attributed to non-precipitation climatic conditions favoring turfgrass canopy wetness. This research will improve turfgrass management practices and research designed to minimize human 2,4-D exposure.
authors: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors: Matthew D
authors: MD
authors: Jeffries
authors: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors: Travis W
authors: TW
authors: Gannon
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors: James T
authors: JT
authors: Brosnan
authors: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors: Khalied A
authors: KA
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors: Gregory K
authors: GK
authors: Breeden
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003020:Clothing; D031744:Cynodon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D012995:Solubility; D013177:Sports; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid