title: Dual contraceptive method use in HIV-serodiscordant Kenyan couples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend dual contraceptive method use with condoms and another contraceptive to reduce both incidence of HIV/sexually transmitted infection transmission and unintended pregnancies. This qualitative study assessed the barriers to and motivations for dual contraceptive use in Kenyan HIV-serodiscordant couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-serodiscordant couples in Nairobi, Kenya, were recruited from two longitudinal cohorts. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted using a semistructured questionnaire. Twelve male and 12 female members of serodiscordant couples and 10 women with incident pregnancies during the cohort studies were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few couples reported using dual contraceptive methods, with men reporting more condom use than women. No HIV-seropositive men or HIV-seronegative women reported using non-condom contraception. Men and women agreed that men play a dominant role in decisions to use both condoms and contraception in HIV-serodiscordant couples. Participants reported that perceptions of side effects, male partner preference, and reproductive desire were critical factors in contraceptive decisions. Both men and women saw dual contraceptive method use as redundant and a sign of possible unfaithfulness. Many participants actively desired pregnancy, but few were able to accurately define monthly fertility windows.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual contraceptive method use was low in these HIV-serodiscordant couples, with some couples finding it unnecessary while using condoms, and others being more focused on conceiving a child. Biomedical HIV prevention, including male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis or antiretroviral therapy to reduce HIV transmission, may be more acceptable strategies to promote safer sexual relations among HIV-serodiscordant couples and safer conception when desired.
authors: Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, WA, USA.
authors: Alison C
authors: AC
authors: Roxby
authors: Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda County Medical Center, Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA, and University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA.|Infectious Disease Fellow, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors: Leïla
authors: L
authors: Ben-Youssef
authors: Physician, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Marx
authors: Senior Clinical Research Scientist, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Freda
authors: F
authors: Kinoti
authors: Senior Clinical Research Scientist, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Rose
authors: R
authors: Bosire
authors: Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, WA, USA.|Assistant Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
authors: Brandon
authors: B
authors: Guthrie
authors: Assistant Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
authors: Romel
authors: R
authors: Mackelprang
authors: Acting Instructor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Kiarie
authors: Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, WA, USA.|Assistant Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.|Professor, Departments of Medicine, Global Health, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Professor, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: John-Stewart
authors: Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, WA, USA.|Assistant Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.|Professor, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Carey
authors: C
authors: Farquhar
keywords: condom; counselling; human immunodeficiency virus; qualitative research; sexually transmitted infections