title: The Preventive Effect of L-Lysine on Lysozyme Glycation in Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: Lysozyme is a bactericidal enzyme whose structure and functions change in diabetes. Chemical chaperones are small molecules including polyamines (e.g. spermine), amino acids (e.g. L-lysine) and polyols (e.g. glycerol). They can improve protein conformation in several stressful conditions such as glycation. In this study, the authors aimed to observe the effect of L-lysine as a chemical chaperone on structure and function of glycated lysozyme. In this study, in vitro and in vivo effects of L-lysine on lysozyme glycation were investigated. Lysozyme was incubated with glucose and/or L-lysine, followed by an investigation of its structure by electrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy and also assessment of its bactericidal activity against M. lysodeikticus. In the clinical trial, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomly divided into two groups of 25 (test and control). All patients received metformin and glibenclamide for a three months period. The test group was supplemented with 3 g/day of L-lysine. The quantity and activity of lysozyme and other parameters were then measured. Among the test group, L-lysine was found to reduce the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the sera of patients with T2DM and in vitro condition. This chemical chaperone reversed the alteration in lysozyme structure and function due to glycation and resulted in increased lysozyme activity. Structure and function of glycated lysozyme are significantly improved by l-lysine; therefore it can be considered an effective therapeutic supplementation in T2DM, decreasing the risk of infection in these patients.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. AND Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Mirmiranpour
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Shahnaz
authors: S
authors: Khaghani
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: S Zahra
authors: SZ
authors: Bathaie
authors: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Manouchehr
authors: M
authors: Nakhjavani
authors: Departments of Toxicology/ Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Kebriaeezadeh
authors: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Ebadi
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Siavash
authors: S
authors: Gerayesh-Nejad
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Zangooei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D009113:Muramidase; D005947:Glucose; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Chemical chaperone; L-lysine; Lysozyme; Type 2 diabetes