title: Keep Your Scanners Peeled: Gaze Behavior as a Measure of Automation Trust During Highly Automated Driving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The feasibility of measuring drivers' automation trust via gaze behavior during highly automated driving was assessed with eye tracking and validated with self-reported automation trust in a driving simulator study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Earlier research from other domains indicates that drivers' automation trust might be inferred from gaze behavior, such as monitoring frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gaze behavior and self-reported automation trust of 35 participants attending to a visually demanding non-driving-related task (NDRT) during highly automated driving was evaluated. The relationship between dispositional, situational, and learned automation trust with gaze behavior was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was a consistent relationship between drivers' automation trust and gaze behavior. Participants reporting higher automation trust tended to monitor the automation less frequently. Further analyses revealed that higher automation trust was associated with lower monitoring frequency of the automation during NDRTs, and an increase in trust over the experimental session was connected with a decrease in monitoring frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that (a) the current results indicate a negative relationship between drivers' self-reported automation trust and monitoring frequency, (b) gaze behavior provides a more direct measure of automation trust than other behavioral measures, and (c) with further refinement, drivers' automation trust during highly automated driving might be inferred from gaze behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential applications of this research include the estimation of drivers' automation trust and reliance during highly automated driving.
authors: BMW Group, Munich, GermanyTechnische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany Sebastian.Hergeth@bmw.de.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Hergeth
authors: BMW Group, Munich, GermanyTechnische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors: Lutz
authors: L
authors: Lorenz
authors: BMW Group, Munich, Germany.
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Vilimek
authors: BMW Group, Munich, GermanyTechnische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors: Josef F
authors: JF
authors: Krems
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008875:Middle Aged; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: autonomous driving; eye tracking; human–automation interaction; trust in automation; vehicle design