title: Astaxanthin ameliorates prenatal LPS-exposed behavioral deficits and oxidative stress in adult offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure leads to behavioral deficits such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia in the adult lives. LPS-exposure resulted in the production of cytokines and oxidative damage. On the contrary, astaxanthin is a carotenoid compound, showed neuroprotective properties via its antioxidant capacity. This study examines the effect of astaxanthin on the prenatal maternal LPS-induced postnatal behavioral deficit in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that prenatal LPS-exposed mice showed extensive immobile phase in the tail suspension test, higher frequent head dipping in the hole-board test and greater hypolocomotion in the open field test. All these values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In addition, a marked elevation of the level of lipid peroxidation, advanced protein oxidation product, nitric oxide, while a pronounced depletion of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione) were observed in the adult offspring mice that were prenatally exposed to LPS. To the contrary, 6-weeks long treatment with astaxanthin significantly improved all behavioral deficits (p < 0.05) and diminished prenatal LPS-induced oxidative stress markers in the brain and liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that prenatal maternal LPS-exposure leads to behavioral deficits in the adults, while astaxanthin ameliorates the behavioral deficits presumably via its antioxidant property.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh. mamun.al-amin@northsouth.edu.|The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. mamun.al-amin@northsouth.edu.
authors: Md Mamun
authors: MM
authors: Al-Amin
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh. rbysltntama@yahoo.com.
authors: Rabeya
authors: R
authors: Sultana
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh. sharmin.sultana@northsouth.edu.
authors: Sharmin
authors: S
authors: Sultana
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh. rahman.mahbubur@northsouth.edu.
authors: Md Mahbubur
authors: MM
authors: Rahman
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh. hasan.reza@northsouth.edu.
authors: Hasan Mahmud
authors: HM
authors: Reza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine