title: Ultrasound guided double injection of blood into cisterna magna: a rabbit model for treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Double injection of blood into cisterna magna using a rabbit model results in cerebral vasospasm. An unacceptably high mortality rate tends to limit the application of model. Ultrasound guided puncture can provide real-time imaging guidance for operation. The aim of this paper is to establish a safe and effective rabbit model of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage with the assistance of ultrasound medical imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups of 40 each: (1) manual control group, (2) manual model group, (3) ultrasound guided control group, and (4) ultrasound guided model group. The subarachnoid hemorrhage was intentionally caused by double injection of blood into their cisterna magna. Then, basilar artery diameters were measured using magnetic resonance angiography before modeling and 5 days after modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The depth of needle entering into cisterna magna was determined during the process of ultrasound guided puncture. The mortality rates in manual control group and model group were 15 and 23 %, respectively. No rabbits were sacrificed in those two ultrasound guided groups. We found that the mortality rate in ultrasound guided groups decreased significantly compared to manual groups. Compared with diameters before modeling, the basilar artery diameters after modeling were significantly lower in manual and ultrasound guided model groups. The vasospasm aggravated and the proportion of severe vasospasms was greater in ultrasound guided model group than that of manual group. In manual model group, no vasospasm was found in 8 % of rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound guided double injection of blood into cisterna magna is a safe and effective rabbit model for treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
authors: Ultrasound Center, The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, China. chenyongchaosnn@163.com.
authors: Yongchao
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Radiology, The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, China. zhyz_105@163.com.
authors: Youzhi
authors: Y
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Radiology, The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, China. zhangyu105f@163.com.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. zhangzx_0103@sina.com.
authors: Zixuan
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Ultrasound Center, The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, China. lianj105@163.com.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Lian
authors: Ultrasound Center, The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, China. luofc105@yeah.net.
authors: Fucheng
authors: F
authors: Luo
authors: Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. dengxf@ahmu.edu.cn.
authors: Xuefei
authors: X
authors: Deng
authors: School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. kelvin.wong@westernsydney.edu.au.
authors: Kelvin K L
authors: KK
authors: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D002946:Cisterna Magna; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007267:Injections; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011677:Punctures; D011817:Rabbits; D012449:Safety; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*