title: Low risk of electromagnetic interference between smartphones and contemporary implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Manufacturers of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) recommend that cell phones be maintained at a distance of ∼15 cm from the implanted device in order to avoid risk of dysfunction due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Data relating to this issue are outdated and do not reflect modern technology. Our aim was to evaluate whether EMI is still an issue with contemporary ICDs and smartphones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consecutive patients implanted with a wireless-enabled ICD were tested for potential interference with two models of recent 4G smartphones in conditions intended to maximize risk of EMI. A magnet effect (due to the phone speakers) was tested by placing the smartphones in the standby mode directly over the ICD generator. The presence of EMI artefacts on the real-time electrograms was evaluated by placing the smartphones in the standby, dialling, and operating modes directly over the generator casing and over the parasternal region in the vicinity of the ventricular lead. A total of 63 patients equipped with 29 different models of single, dual, or biventricular ICDs from five major manufacturers were included. None of the patients showed any evidence of interference with the smartphones during any of the 882 tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of EMI between modern smartphones and contemporary ICDs is low. This is probably due to the filters incorporated in the ICDs and low emission by the phones, as well as the small size of the magnets in the smartphones tested.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT02330900 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland haran.burri@hcuge.ch.
authors: Haran
authors: H
authors: Burri
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Louis Paulin
authors: LP
authors: Mondouagne Engkolo
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Dayal
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Abdul
authors: A
authors: Etemadi
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Makhlouf
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Carine
authors: C
authors: Stettler
authors: Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland.
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Trentaz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000068997:Smartphone; D013557:Switzerland
keywords: Electromagnetic interference; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Magnet effect; Mobile phone; Smartphone