title: Effects of socio-demographic factors on parental monitoring, and regimen adherence among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A moderation analysis.
abstract: Parental monitoring of adolescent diabetes care is an important predictor of adolescent regimen adherence. To date, no studies have investigated whether socio-demographic factors are associated with low levels of parental monitoring or differences in parental monitoring styles, and their moderating effects in families of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether youth and family socio-demographic factors moderated the relationship between monitoring and youth regimen adherence (i.e., mean frequency of blood glucose testing [BGT]). Data were collected from 267 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed. Socio-demographic factors accounted for 17.1% of the variance in adherence. After parental monitoring scales were entered, R2in all eight equations increased and R2change score in six of eight equations were significant. All models were significant after the interaction terms were entered. In the adolescent report models, parent age and family structure were both independently associated with adherence and also moderated the association between adolescent-report parental monitoring and adherence to diabetes care, in particular, adolescent report of parental direct observation/presence during diabetes care. In the parent report models, income was moderated the association between parent-report youth disclosure and adherence. Research should focus on identifying additional modifiable factors that place families at risk for low levels of parental monitoring of diabetes care. Future clinical research is needed to help identify risk factors for low levels of parental monitoring and develop interventions to promote optimal parenting skills that can support youth diabetes care.
authors: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors: Liying
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors: Deborah A
authors: DA
authors: Ellis
authors: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Naar-King
authors: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Moltz
authors: Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors: April I
authors: AI
authors: Carcone
authors: Department of Pediatrics, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI; Department of Pediatrics, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI.
authors: Bassem
authors: B
authors: Dekelbab
keywords: Adherence; Adolescents; Metabolic control; Parental monitoring; Socio-demographic factors