title: Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation End Products in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress, which occurs as a result of an imbalance between free-radical production and antioxidant defense mechanisms, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders, including thyroid diseases. Importantly, it has been correlated to thyroid dysfunction. This study investigated the changes in oxidative balance in euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) by means of specific serum tests, such as derived reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test. In addition, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs)--compounds formed by the transformation of proteins--were evaluated as potential new markers of oxidative stress in this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 134 euthyroid subject: 71 newly diagnosed HT patients (63 females; M age = 38 ± 13 years) and 63 age and sex-matched healthy controls. None of them were on thyroxine therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum d-ROMs were elevated, and BAP decreased in HT patients compared with controls (p < 0.001), and the two parameters were inversely correlated (r = -0.211; p = 0.027), clearly indicating an enhanced oxidative stress. Furthermore, AGE levels were higher in HT patients (M = 223.18 AU/g prot) than in controls (M = 189.636 AU/g prot; p = 0.020) and inversely correlated with BAP levels (r = -0.196; p = 0.037). In uni- and multivariate analysis, serum antithyroperoxidase antibodies were the main predictors for d-ROMs (p = 0.006), BAP (p < 0.001), and AGEs (p = 0.014), irrespective of thyrotropin and/or free thyroxine values. No differences in AOPPs levels were found between patients and controls (p = 0.923).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidants are increased and antioxidants decreased in euthyroid HT patients. As a result, the oxidative/antioxidative balance is shifted toward the oxidative side. Moreover, this study reports on a possible significant involvement of AGEs in HT, thus contributing to a better definition of the redox homoeostasis dysregulation in HT.
authors: 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Rosaria M
authors: RM
authors: Ruggeri
authors: 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Teresa M
authors: TM
authors: Vicchio
authors: 2 Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Mariateresa
authors: M
authors: Cristani
authors: 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Rosaria
authors: R
authors: Certo
authors: 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Caccamo
authors: 4 Department of Economics, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Alibrandi
authors: 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Giovinazzo
authors: 2 Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Antonina
authors: A
authors: Saija
authors: 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Campennì
authors: 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .|5 Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Trimarchi
authors: 6 School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .
authors: Sebastiano
authors: S
authors: Gangemi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000097:blood*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005609:Free Radicals; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D016877:Oxidants; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine; D010100:Oxygen