title: Male non-gonococcal urethritis: From microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect microorganisms responsible for male acute urethritis and to define the microbiology of non-gonococcal urethritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study comprised 424 men with symptoms and signs compatible with acute urethritis. Their urethral swabs and first-voided urine underwent detection of the microorganisms. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of Mycoplasma genitalium-, Ureaplasma urealyticum-, Haemophilus influenza-, adenovirus- or Herpes simplex virus-positive monomicrobial non-gonococcal urethritis, or all-examined microorganism-negative urethritis in heterosexual men were compared with urethritis positive only for Chlamydia trachomatis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 127 men (30.0%). In 297 men with non-gonococcal urethritis, C. trachomatis was detected in 143 (48.1%). In 154 men with non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis, M. genitalium (22.7%), M. hominis (5.8%), Ureaplasma parvum (9.1%), U. urealyticum (19.5%), H. influenzae (14.3%), Neisseria meningitidis (3.9%), Trichomonas vaginalis (1.3%), human adenovirus (16.2%), and Herpes simplex virus types 1 (7.1%) and 2 (2.6%) were detected. Although some features of monomicrobial non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis or all-examined microorganism-negative urethritis were significantly different from those of monomicrobial chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis, most features were superimposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predicting causative microorganisms in men with non-gonococcal urethritis based on demographic and clinical features is difficult. However, the present study provides useful information to better understand the microbiological diversity in non-gonococcal urethritis, and to manage patients with non-gonococcal urethritis appropriately.
authors: iClinic, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Ito
authors: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Nozomu
authors: N
authors: Hanaoka
authors: Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Shimuta
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Kensaku
authors: K
authors: Seike
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Tsuchiya
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Mitsuru
authors: M
authors: Yasuda
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Shigeaki
authors: S
authors: Yokoi
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Nakano
authors: Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Ohnishi
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Deguchi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D014526:Urethritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology
keywords: Haemophilus influenzae; Herpes simplex virus; genital mycoplasmas; human adenovirus; non-gonococcal urethritis