title: Breaking the Taboo: Illicit Drug Use among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of illicit drug use in a group of Polish adolescents with type 1 diabetes (DM1) in comparison with a national cohort of their healthy peers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and nine adolescents with DM1, aged 15-18 years, were studied in 2013 with an anonymous questionnaire prepared for the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). The control group was a representative sample of 12114 students at the same age who took part in ESPAD in 2011. Metabolic control was regarded as good if self-reported HbA1c was <8% or poor if HbA1c was ≥8%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was lower among adolescents with DM1 than in the control group [58 (28%) versus 5524 (46%), p = 10(-5)]. Cannabis preparations were the most frequently used substances [38 (18.3%) versus 3976 (33.1%), p = 10(-5)], followed by tranquilizers, sedatives, and amphetamine. Lifetime and last 12-month use of cannabis were associated with poorer glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8%), p < 0.01 and 0.02, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with DM1 report using illicit drugs to a lesser extent than their healthy peers. The use of cannabis is associated with a poorer metabolic control in teens with DM1.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Anna M
authors: AM
authors: Hogendorf
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Fendler
authors: Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Other Dependencies, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Janusz
authors: J
authors: Sieroslawski
authors: Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Bobeff
authors: Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Wegrewicz
authors: Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Kamila I
authors: KI
authors: Malewska
authors: Students' Scientific Circle at the Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Maciej W
authors: MW
authors: Przudzik
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Szmigiero-Kawko
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Sztangierska
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Mysliwiec
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Szadkowska
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Mlynarski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013609:Taboo
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D013287:Illicit Drugs; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human