title: Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation area.
abstract: With the second highest gross domestic product in Africa, South Africa is known to have a high pesticide usage, including the highly persistent and banned group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). South Africa is also one of few countries to still actively spray DDT as malaria vector control. The aim of the study was to determine the degree to which aquatic biota in selected rivers of the world renowned Kruger National Park (KNP) are exposed to by use of OCPs in the catchments outside the KNP and how this exposure relates to human health. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) are economically important apex predators and was selected as bioindicator for this study. Fish were sampled from the KNP sections of the Luvuvhu, Letaba and Olifants rivers during the high and low flow periods from 2010 to 2011 within the KNP and 19 OCPs were determined in muscle tissue using GC-ECD techniques. Significant flow related and spatial OCP bioaccumulation was observed. Tigerfish from the Luvuvhu River displayed the highest OCP bioaccumulation. Concentrations of the majority of the OCPs including the DDTs were the highest levels ever recorded from South African freshwater systems and in many cases the concentrations were higher than most contaminated areas from around the world. The concentrations found in H. vittatus muscle also exceeded maximum residue levels in edible fat as set by the European Union. The health risk assessment also demonstrated that the levels of OCPs pose very high cancer risks to the local populations consuming tigerfish, as high as 2 in 10 increased risk factor. This is of concern not only when managing the water resources of the conservation area but also for surrounding communities consuming freshwater fish. Contaminants enter the park from outside the borders and pose potential risks to the mandated conservation of aquatic biota within the KNP.
authors: Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa. Electronic address: gerberrjl@gmail.com.
authors: Ruan
authors: R
authors: Gerber
authors: Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: Nico J
authors: NJ
authors: Smit
authors: Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
authors: Johan H J
authors: JHJ
authors: Van Vuren
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors: Shouta M M
authors: SMM
authors: Nakayama
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors: Yared B
authors: YB
authors: Yohannes
authors: Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors: Yoshinori
authors: Y
authors: Ikenaka
authors: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors: Mayumi
authors: M
authors: Ishizuka
authors: Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Wepener
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000378:metabolism; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D013019:South Africa; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT
keywords: Chlordane; DDE; HCH; Kruger National Park; Lindane; Multivariate analysis; Tigerfish