title: Vegetable intake is associated with lower Frammingham risk scores in Korean men: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observational studies suggest that an association between vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the daily intake of vegetables on a national level and its effect on the risk of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted a cross-sectional design of 2,510 male adults 40-64y of age who participated in the 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Daily intake of vegetable was assessed by 24-h recall, and the consumption frequency of vegetables was determined using a food frequency questionnaire. The odd ratio of CHD risk according to daily intake and frequency of vegetables was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total vegetable intake was inversely and significantly associated with the risk of CHD (Model 1: 4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.96, P for trend = 0.0015), and the significant relationship with CHD risk remained even after adjusting for potential confounders (Model 3: 4th vs. 1st quartile, adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.95, P for trend = 0.0492). Subjects in the higher quartiles of non-salted vegetable intake had 31% lower odds of the risk of CHD compared to those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for various potential confounders in model 3 (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.49-0.97, P for trend = 0.0478). No significant associations between the frequency of vegetable intake (total, green, white and red vegetable) and the risk of CHD were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major results of this study indicate that higher vegetable intake may help prevent CHD in Korean men.
authors: Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea.
authors: Mi-Kyeong
authors: MK
authors: Choi
authors: Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, 95 Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi 11644, Korea.
authors: Yun-Jung
authors: YJ
authors: Bae
keywords: 10-year CHD; FFQ; Framingham risk score; Korean; Vegetables