title: The Use of Germinants to Potentiate the Sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis Spores to Peracetic Acid.
abstract: Elimination of Bacillus anthracis spores from the environment is a difficult and costly process due in part to the toxicity of current sporicidal agents. For this reason we investigated the ability of the spore germinants L-alanine (100 mM) and inosine (5 mM) to reduce the concentration of peracetic acid (PAA) required to inactivate B. anthracis spores. While L-alanine significantly enhanced (p = 0.0085) the bactericidal activity of 500 ppm PAA the same was not true for inosine suggesting some form of negative interaction. In contrast the germinant combination proved most effective at 100 ppm PAA (p = 0.0009). To determine if we could achieve similar results in soil we treated soil collected from the burial site of an anthrax infected animal which had been supplemented with spores of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis to increase the level of contamination to 10(4) spores/g. Treatment with germinants followed 1 h later by 5000 ppm PAA eliminated all of the spores. In contrast direct treatment of the animal burial site using this approach delivered using a back pack sprayer had no detectable effect on the level of B. anthracis contamination or on total culturable bacterial numbers over the course of the experiment. It did trigger a significant, but temporary, reduction (p < 0.0001) in the total spore count suggesting that germination had been triggered under real world conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that the application of germinants increase the sensitivity of bacterial spores to PAA. While the results of the single field trial were inconclusive, the study highlighted the potential of this approach and the challenges faced when attempting to perform real world studies on B. anthracis spores contaminated sites.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kafkas Kars, Turkey.
authors: Ozgur
authors: O
authors: Celebi
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kafkas Kars, Turkey.
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Buyuk
authors: Biosafety Unit, Public Health England Porton Down, UK.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Pottage
authors: Biosafety Unit, Public Health England Porton Down, UK.
authors: Ant
authors: A
authors: Crook
authors: Biosafety Unit, Public Health England Porton Down, UK.
authors: Suzanna
authors: S
authors: Hawkey
authors: Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK.
authors: Callum
authors: C
authors: Cooper
authors: Biosafety Unit, Public Health England Porton Down, UK.
authors: Allan
authors: A
authors: Bennett
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kafkas Kars, Turkey.
authors: Mitat
authors: M
authors: Sahin
authors: Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK.
authors: Leslie
authors: L
authors: Baillie
keywords: Bacillus anthracis; bacterial spores; decontamination; environmental; germination; peracetic acid