title: Metabolic syndrome diagnosis and widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia significantly increase prostate cancer risk: results from a multicenter biopsy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To test in multicenter setting if patients affected of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and initial widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (wHGPIN) diagnosis are at higher risk of prostate cancer (PCa) on repeat biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients clinical charts from three European Academic Hospital were reviewed in order to identify patients with initial diagnosis of HGPIN undergone to repeat biopsy. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were adopted to minimize patient heterogeneity. MetS was defined according to Word Heart Organization criteria while initial wHGPIN when ≥ 4 cores biopsy were involved. A multivariate logistic model was computed to assess the association between PCa and clinical-pathological variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 283 patients were scheduled. Median age was 67 years (IQR 62-72). MetS was diagnosed in 116/283 (41%) patients and PCa was detected in 84/283 (29.7%) patients. In particular, PCa was more frequently diagnosed in patients affected of wHGPIN and MetS (45/86, 52.3%) than in patients with wHGPIN and normal metabolic profile (28/95, 29.5%), p = 0.002. The multivariate logistic model confirmed that wHGPIN and MetS are independent risk factors for following PCa diagnosis, respectively OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.01-5.71, p = 0.04), OR 2.79 (95% CI 1.49-5.22, p = 0.01) while total PSA and DRE findings are not able to predict PCa at repeat biopsy, OR 1.05 (95% CI 0.98-1.03 p = 0.69) and OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.55-1.84, p = 0.96) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  wHGPIN is positively associated to PCa; assessing metabolic profile and repeat prostate biopsy is advisable in patients with initial diagnosis of wHGPIN.
authors: Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy. cicione@unicz.it.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Cicione
authors: La Sapienza University, Via Grottarossa, 00189, Roma, Italy. cosimodenunzio@virgilio.it.
authors: Cosimo
authors: C
authors: De Nunzio
authors: La Sapienza University, Via Grottarossa, 00189, Roma, Italy. andrea.tubaro@tin.it.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Tubaro
authors: Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy. cantiello@unicz.it.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Cantiello
authors: Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy. stefanomanno85@gmail.com.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Manno
authors: Braga Hospital, Sete Fontes, São Victor, Braga, Portugal. carlos.oliveira81@gmail.com.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Oliveira
authors: Braga Hospital, Sete Fontes, São Victor, Braga, Portugal. estevaolima@ecsaude.uminho.pt.
authors: Estevao
authors: E
authors: Lima
authors: Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy. damiano@unicz.it.
authors: Rocco
authors: R
authors: Damiano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors