title: The effects of group and single housing and automated animal monitoring on urinary corticosterone levels in male C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: Mice are used extensively in physiological research. Automated home-cage systems have been developed to study single-housed animals. Increased stress by different housing conditions might affect greatly the results when investigating metabolic responses. Urinary corticosteroid concentration is considered as a stress marker. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of different housing conditions and an automated home-cage system with indirect calorimetry located in an environmental chamber on corticosterone levels in mice. Male mice were housed in different conditions and in automated home-cage system to evaluate the effects of housing and measuring conditions on urine corticosterone levels. Corticosterone levels in single-housed mice in the laboratory animal center were consistently lower compared with the group-housed mice. Single-housed mice in a separate, small animal unit showed a rise in their corticosterone levels a day after they were separated to their individual cages, which decreased during the following 2 days. The corticosterone levels of group-housed mice in the same unit were increased during the first 7 days and then decreased. On day 7, the corticosterone concentrations of group-housed mice were significantly higher compared with that of single-housed mice, including the metabolic measurement protocol. In conclusion, single housing caused less stress when compared with group-housed mice. In addition, the urine corticosterone levels were decreased in single-housed mice before the metabolic measurement started. Thus, stress does not affect the results when utilizing the automated system for measuring metabolic parameters like food and water intake and calorimetry.
authors: Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Remi
authors: R
authors: Kamakura
authors: Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Miia
authors: M
authors: Kovalainen
authors: Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Juhani
authors: J
authors: Leppäluoto
authors: Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Biocenter of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Herzig
authors: Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland kari.makela@oulu.fi.
authors: Kari A
authors: KA
authors: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000652:urine*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: metabolic measurements; mice; stress; urinary corticosterone