title: Teaching neurons to respond to placebos.
abstract: We analysed the placebo response at the single-neuron level in the thalamus of Parkinson patients to see the differences between first-time administration of placebo and administration after pharmacological pre-conditioning. When the placebo was given for the first time, it induced neither clinical improvement, as assessed through muscle rigidity reduction at the wrist, nor neuronal changes in thalamic neurons. However, if placebo was given after two, three or four prior administrations of an anti-Parkinson drug, apomorphine, it produced both clinical and neuronal responses. Both the magnitude and the duration of these placebo responses depended on the number of prior exposures to apomorphine, according to the rule: the greater the number of previous apomorphine administrations, the larger the magnitude and the longer the duration of the clinical and neuronal placebo responses. These findings show that learning plays a crucial role in the placebo response and suggest that placebo non-responders can be turned into placebo responders, with important clinical implications.
  
  
  
  Placebos have been found to affect the patient's brain in several conditions, such as pain and motor disorders. For example, in Parkinson's disease, a placebo treatment induces a release of dopamine in the striatum and changes the activity of neurons in both thalamic and subthalamic nuclei. The present study shows that placebo administration for the first time induces neither clinical nor neuronal improvement in Parkinson patients who undergo implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation. However, this lack of placebo responsiveness can be turned into substantial placebo responses following previous exposure to repeated administrations of the anti-Parkinson agent apomorphine. As the number of apomorphine administrations increased from one to four, both the clinical response and the neuronal activity in the ventral anterior and anterior ventrolateral thalamus increased. In fact, after four apomorphine exposures, placebo administration induced clinical responses that were as large as those to apomorphine, along with long-lasting neuronal changes. These clinical placebo responses following four apomorphine administrations were again elicited after a re-exposure to a placebo 24 h after surgery, but not after 48 h. These data indicate that learning plays a crucial role in placebo responsiveness and suggest that placebo non-responders can be turned into responders, with important implications in the clinical setting.
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy. fabrizio.benedetti@unito.it.|Plateau Rosa Labs, Breuil-Cervinia, Italy, Zermatt, Switzerland. fabrizio.benedetti@unito.it.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Benedetti
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Frisaldi
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Carlino
authors: Giancarlo Quarta Foundation, Milan, Italy.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Giudetti
authors: Giancarlo Quarta Foundation, Milan, Italy.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Pampallona
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy.
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Zibetti
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy.
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Lanotte
authors: University of Turin Medical School, Neuroscience Department, Turin, Italy.
authors: Leonardo
authors: L
authors: Lopiano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D015990:Placebo Effect; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D010919:Placebos; D001058:Apomorphine