title: Effects of ear canal static pressure on the dynamic behaviour of outer and middle ear in newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the effect of ear canal pressure on the dynamic behaviour of the outer and middle ear in newborns with and without a conductive condition using the sweep frequency impedance (SFI) technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A test battery consisting of automated auditory brainstem response (AABR), transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and 1000-Hz tympanometry (HFT) was performed on 122 ears of 86 healthy newborns and 10 ears of 10 newborns with a conductive condition (failed TEOAE and HFT). The dynamic behaviour of the outer and middle ear, when the pressure applied to the ear canal was varied from 200 to -200daPa, was evaluated in terms of the sound pressure level (SPL) in the ear canal, resonance frequency (RF) and displacement (ΔSPL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of either a positive or negative static pressure to the ear canal of healthy newborns increased the resonance frequency of the outer (RF1) and middle ear (RF2), but decreased the displacements of the outer (ΔSPL1) and middle ear (ΔSPL2). Positive static pressures resulted in lower SPL while negative static pressures resulted in higher SPL than that at ambient pressure (0daPa). At -200daPa, more than 90% of ears showed signs of collapsed ear canal. The dynamic behaviour under various positive and negative static pressures for newborn ears with a conductive condition indicated similar pattern of SPL, RF1 and ΔSPL1 responses for the outer ear as per healthy ears, but abnormal responses for the middle ear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While both positive and negative pressures applied to the ear canal have the same effect of stiffening the outer and middle ear, negative pressure of up to -200daPa resulted in more than 90% of ears with a collapsed ear canal. The results of the present study do not only offer useful clinical information for differentiating healthy ears from ears with a conductive condition, but also provide information on the maturation aspects of the outer and middle ear in newborns.
authors: Audiology Department, Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Australia; Hearing Research Unit for Children, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: venkatesh.aithal@health.qld.gov.au.
authors: Venkatesh
authors: V
authors: Aithal
authors: Hearing Research Unit for Children, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Kei
authors: Hearing Research Unit for Children, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
authors: Carlie
authors: C
authors: Driscoll
authors: Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors: Michio
authors: M
authors: Murakoshi
authors: Department of Intelligent Information System, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Wada
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000502:physiology*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure
keywords: Dynamic behaviour; Ear canal; Middle ear; Newborns; Resonance frequency; Sweep frequency impedance measure