title: Fabrication of composite poly(d,l-lactide)/montmorillonite nanoparticles for controlled delivery of acetaminophen by solvent-displacement method using glass capillary microfluidics.
abstract: Paracetamol (PCM)-loaded composite nanoparticles (NPs) composed of a biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) polymer matrix filled with organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles were fabricated by antisolvent nanoprecipitation in a microfluidic co-flow glass capillary device. The incorporation of MMT in the polymer improved both the drug encapsulation efficiency and the drug loading, and extended the rate of drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). The particle size increased on increasing both the drug loading and the concentration of MMT in the polymer matrix, and decreased on increasing the aqueous to organic flow rate ratio. The drug encapsulation efficiency in the NPs was higher at higher aqueous to organic flow rate ratio due to faster formation of the NPs. The PCM-loaded PLA NPs containing 2 wt% MMT in PLA prepared at an aqueous to organic flow rate ratio of 10 with an orifice size of 200 μm exhibited a spherical shape with a mean size of 296 nm, a drug encapsulation efficiency of 38.5% and a drug loading of 5.4%. The encapsulation of MMT and PCM in the NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: R.Othman@lboro.ac.uk.
authors: Rahimah
authors: R
authors: Othman
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK. Electronic address: G.Vladisavljevic@lboro.ac.uk.
authors: Goran T
authors: GT
authors: Vladisavljević
authors: Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors: Noreen L
authors: NL
authors: Thomas
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA.
authors: Zoltan K
authors: ZK
authors: Nagy
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011091:Polyesters; D012997:Solvents; D001546:Bentonite; D000082:Acetaminophen; C033616:poly(lactide)
keywords: Acetaminophen; Biodegradable nanoparticles; Controlled drug release; Microfludics; Montmorillonite; Nanoprecipitation