title: Systematic review of zinc biochemical indicators and risk of coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor zinc nutritional status is suspected as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Since zinc absorption may be influenced by some nutritional and physiologic factors, it would be better to investigate zinc status through biochemical measurements. The objective of the present study was to review recent studies investigating the association of zinc biomarkers with CHD, systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE database was used for relevant studies published from January 2009 to December 2013 with appropriate keywords. Articles were included in this study if they were human studies, original articles, and published in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six case-control studies and two prospective cohort studies that measured zinc biomarkers were included in the study. Almost all case-control studies suggest that decreased plasma zinc was associated with increased CHD risk. Cohort studies did not support this relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the evidence for this theory is extracted from case-control studies, which might have bias. Prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to investigate whether poor zinc status is associated with increased CHD risk. Consequently, a protective role of zinc in CHD could not be still established.
authors: Researcher, Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Hashemian
authors: Associate Professor, Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Poustchi
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Fatemeh
authors: F
authors: Mohammadi-Nasrabadi
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Azita
authors: A
authors: Hekmatdoost
keywords: Cardiovascular; Coronary Heart Disease; Minerals; Myocardial Infarction; Systematic Review; Zinc