title: The developmental effect of difenoconazole on zebrafish embryos: A mechanism research.
abstract: Difenoconazole is a widely used triazole fungicide and has been reported to have negative impacts on zebrafish embryos. To investigate the mechanism of its developmental toxicity, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L difenoconazole for 96 h. The morphological and physiological indicators of embryo development were tested. The total cholesterol (TCHO) level, triglyceride (TG) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured at 96 hpf (hours post-fertilization). In addition, the transcription of genes related to embryo development, the antioxidant system, lipid synthesis and metabolism was quantified. Our results showed that a large suite of symptoms were induced by difenoconazole, including hatching regression, heart rate decrease, growth inhibition and teratogenic effects. 0.5 mg/L difenoconazole could significantly increase the TG content of zebrafish embryos at 96 hpf, while no apparent change in the TCHO and MDA level was observed post 96 h exposure. Q-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) results showed that the transcription of genes related to embryonic development was decreased after exposure. Genes related to hatching, retinoic acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis were up-regulated by difenoconazole.
authors: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Center of Fishery Resources and Ecology Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Xiyan
authors: X
authors: Mu
authors: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Tingting
authors: T
authors: Chai
authors: Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, PR China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Wang
authors: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Lizhen
authors: L
authors: Zhu
authors: Center of Fishery Resources and Ecology Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Huang
authors: Center of Fishery Resources and Ecology Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Gongming
authors: G
authors: Shen
authors: Center of Fishery Resources and Ecology Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors: Yingren
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: Lxf1966@263.net.
authors: Xuefeng
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: Wangchengju@cau.edu.cn.
authors: Chengju
authors: C
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004148:Dioxolanes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C115058:difenoconazole
keywords: Developmental effect; Difenoconazole; Embryo; Lipid; Zebrafish