title: Red ginseng and cancer treatment.
abstract: The ginseng family, including Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng), is commonly used herbal medicine. White ginseng is prepared by air-drying after harvest, while red ginseng is prepared by a steaming or heating process. The anticancer activity of red ginseng is significantly increased, due to the production of active anticancer ginsenosides during the steaming treatment, compared with that of white ginseng. Thus far, anticancer studies have been mostly focused on Asian ginseng. In this article, we review the research progress made in the anticancer activities of red Asian ginseng, red American ginseng and red notoginseng. The major anticancer mechanisms of red ginseng compounds include cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis/paraptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. The structure-function relationship analysis has revealed that the protopanaxadiol group ginsenosides have more potent effects than the protopanaxatriol group. Sugar molecules in ginsenosides inversely impact the antiproliferative potential of these compounds. In addition, ginsenoside stereoselectivity and double bond position also influence the anticancer activity. Future studies should focus on characterizing active red ginseng derivatives as potential anticancer drugs.
authors: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Electronic address: cwang@dacc.uchicago.edu.
authors: Chong-Zhi
authors: CZ
authors: Wang
authors: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Anderson
authors: Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: DU
authors: Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Tong-Chuan
authors: TC
authors: He
authors: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Chun-Su
authors: CS
authors: Yuan
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry; D053723:Panax notoginseng / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D036145:Ginsenosides
keywords: Cancer chemoprevention; Panax ginseng; Panax notoginseng; Panax quinquefolius; Red ginseng