title: LEADER 5: prevalence and cardiometabolic impact of obesity in cardiovascular high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: baseline global data from the LEADER trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological data on obesity are needed, particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high cardiovascular (CV) risk. We used the baseline data of liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of CV outcome results-A long term Evaluation (LEADER) (a clinical trial to assess the CV safety of liraglutide) to investigate: (i) prevalence of overweight and obesity; (ii) relationship of the major cardiometabolic risk factors with anthropometric measures of adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)]; and (iii) cardiometabolic treatment intensity in relation to BMI and WC.
  
  
  METHODS
  LEADER enrolled two distinct populations of high-risk patients with T2DM in 32 countries: (1) aged ≥50 years with prior CV disease; (2) aged ≥60 years with one or more CV risk factors. Associations of metabolic variables, demographic variables and treatment intensity with anthropometric measurements (BMI and WC) were explored using regression models (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01179048).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean BMI was 32.5 ± 6.3 kg/m(2) and only 9.1 % had BMI <25 kg/m(2). The prevalence of healthy WC was also extremely low (6.4 % according to International Joint Interim Statement for the Harmonization of the Metabolic Syndrome criteria). Obesity was associated with being younger, female, previous smoker, Caucasian, American, with shorter diabetes duration, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), antihypertensive agents, insulin plus oral antihyperglycaemic treatment, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obesity are prevalent in high CV risk patients with T2DM. BMI and WC are related to the major cardiometabolic risk factors. Furthermore, treatment intensity, such as insulin, statins or oral antihypertensive drugs, is higher in those who are overweight or obese; while BP and lipid control in these patients are remarkably suboptimal. LEADER confers a unique opportunity to explore the longitudinal effect of weight on CV risk factors and hard endpoints.
authors: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son Llàtzer, University Institute of Health Science Research (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Majorca, Spain. lmasmiquel@gmail.com.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Masmiquel
authors: Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. leiterl@smh.ca.
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Leiter
authors: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. JOVIDAL@clinic.ub.es.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Vidal
authors: Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. S.C.Bain@swansea.ac.uk.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bain
authors: Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. John.Petrie@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Petrie
authors: Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences and Central Clinical Hospital MSW, Warsaw, Poland. Edward.Franek@cskmswia.pl.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Franek
authors: Diabetes Unit, Internal Medicine Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. ntv502@netvision.net.il.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Raz
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey. comlekci@deu.edu.tr.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Comlekci
authors: Praxis für Prävention und Therapie, Kardio Metabolischen Instituts, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany. prof.dr.jacob@web.de.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Jacob
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium. Luc.Van.Gaal@uza.be.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: van Gaal
authors: Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark. FMMB@novonordisk.com.
authors: F M M
authors: FM
authors: Baeres
authors: Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Steven.marso@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Marso
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Mats.Eriksson@ki.se.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069450:Liraglutide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide