title: The XIIIth International Physiological Congress in Boston in 1929: American physiology comes of age.
abstract: In the 19th century, the concept of experimental physiology originated in France with Claude Bernard, evolved in Germany stimulated by the teaching of Carl Ludwig, and later spread to Britain and then to the United States. The goal was to develop a physicochemical understanding of physiological phenomena. The first International Physiological Congress occurred in 1889 in Switzerland with an emphasis on experimental demonstrations. The XIIIth Congress, the first to be held outside of Europe, took place in Boston, MA, in 1929. It was a watershed meeting and indicated that American physiology had come of age. Meticulously organized, it was the largest congress to date, with over 1,200 participants from more than 40 countries. Getting to the congress was a cultural adventure, especially for the 400 scientists and their families from over 20 European countries, who sailed for 10 days on the S.S. Minnekahda. Many of the great physiologists of the world were in attendance, including 22 scientists who were either or would become Nobel Laureates. There were hundreds of platform presentations and many experimental demonstrations. The meeting was not without controversy as a conflict, still not completely settled, arose over the discovery of ATP. After the meeting, hundreds of participants made a memorable trip to the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, MA, which culminated in a "good old fashioned Cape Cod Clambake." Although not as spectacular as the 1929 congress, the physiological congresses have continued with goals similar to those established more than a century ago.
authors: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Rall.1@osu.edu.
authors: Jack A
authors: JA
authors: Rall
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston; D003226:Congresses as Topic / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality / Q000266:history; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States
keywords: ATP discovery; Boston Physiological Congress; Carl Ludwig; Claude Bernard; Ivan Pavlov; William Beaumont