title: Considering Age Variation When Coining Drugs as High versus Low Hepatic Extraction Ratio.
abstract: The hepatic extraction ratio (EH) is commonly considered an "inherent attribute" of drug. It determines the main physiological and biological elements of the system (patient attributes) that are most significant in interindividual variability of clearance. The EH consists of three age-dependent parameters: fraction of unbound drug in blood (fu.B), hepatic intrinsic clearance of unbound drug (CLu.int,H), and hepatic blood flow (QH). When the age-effects on these elements are not proportional, a given drug may shift from so-called high extraction status to low extraction. To demonstrate the impact of age-related changes on fu.B, CLu int,H, and QH, the EH of midazolam and two hypothetical drugs with 10-fold higher and 10-fold lower CLu.int,H than midazolam were investigated in pediatrics based on known ontogeny functions. The EH was simulated using Simcyp software, version 14. This was then complemented by a comprehensive literature survey to identify the commonly applied covariates in pediatric population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) studies. Midazolam EH decreased from 0.6 in adults to 0.02 at birth, making its clearance much more susceptible to changes in CLu.int,H and fu.B than in adults and reducing the impact of QH on clearance. The drug with 10-fold higher CLu.int,H was categorized as high extraction from 4 days old onward whereas the drug with 10-fold lower CLu.int,H remained low extraction from birth to adulthood. Approximately 50% of collected PopPK studies (n = 120) did not consider interaction between age and other covariates. Interaction between covariates and age should be considered as part of studies involving younger pediatric patients. The EH cannot be considered an inherent drug property without considering the effect of age.
authors: Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom (F.S., K.A., A.R.H.); Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.K.); Centre for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.R.H.).
authors: Farzaneh
authors: F
authors: Salem
authors: Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom (F.S., K.A., A.R.H.); Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.K.); Centre for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.R.H.).
authors: Khaled
authors: K
authors: Abduljalil
authors: Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom (F.S., K.A., A.R.H.); Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.K.); Centre for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.R.H.).
authors: Yoshiteru
authors: Y
authors: Kamiyama
authors: Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom (F.S., K.A., A.R.H.); Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.K.); Centre for Applied Pharmaceutical Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.R.H.) amin.rostami@manchester.ac.uk.
authors: Amin
authors: A
authors: Rostami-Hodjegan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D065669:Hepatobiliary Elimination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam