title: Neurosurgery and Telemedicine in the United States: Assessment of the Risks and Opportunities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telemedicine has seen substantial growth in the past 20 years, related to technologic advancements and evolving reimbursement policies. The risks and opportunities of neurosurgical telemedicine are nuanced.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed general and peer-reviewed literature as it relates to telemedicine and neurosurgery, with particular attention to best practices, relevant state and federal policy conditions, economic evaluations, and prospective clinical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite technologic development, growing interest, and increasing reimbursement opportunities, telemedicine's utilization remains limited because of concerns regarding an apparent lack of need for telemedicine services, lack of widespread reimbursement, lack of interstate licensure reciprocity, lack of universal access to necessary technology, concerns about maintaining patient confidentiality, and concerns and limited precedent regarding liability issues. The Veterans Health Administration, a component of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, represents a setting in which these concerns can be largely obviated and is a model for telemedicine best practices. Results from the VA demonstrate substantial cost savings and patient satisfaction with remote care for chronic neurologic conditions. Overall, the economic and clinical benefits of telemedicine will likely come from 1) diminished travel times and lost work time for patients; 2) remote consultation of subspecialty experts, such as neurosurgeons; and 3) remote consultation to assist with triage and care in time-sensitive scenarios, including acute stroke care and "teletrauma."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telemedicine is effective in many health care scenarios and will become more relevant to neurosurgical patient care. We favor proceeding with legislation to reduce barriers to telemedicine's growth.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Electronic address: elyne.kahn@gmail.com.
authors: Elyne N
authors: EN
authors: Kahn
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: La Marca
authors: New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, Morristown, New Jersey, USA.
authors: Catherine A
authors: CA
authors: Mazzola
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States
keywords: Health policy; Neurosurgery; Telemedicine