title: Cytokine-release kinetics of platelet-rich plasma according to various activation protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the cytokine-release kinetics of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) according to different activation protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two manual preparation procedures (single-spin (SS) at 900 g for five minutes; double-spin (DS) at 900 g for five minutes and then 1500 g for 15 minutes) were performed for each of 14 healthy subjects. Both preparations were tested for platelet activation by one of three activation protocols: no activation, activation with calcium (Ca) only, or calcium with a low dose (50 IU per 1 ml PRP) of thrombin. Each preparation was divided into four aliquots and incubated for one hour, 24 hours, 72 hours, and seven days. The cytokine-release kinetics were evaluated by assessing PDGF, TGF, VEGF, FGF, IL-1, and MMP-9 concentrations with bead-based sandwich immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of cytokine released from PRP varied over time and was influenced by various activation protocols. Ca-only activation had a significant effect on the DS PRPs (where the VEGF, FGF, and IL-1 concentrations were sustained) while Ca/thrombin activation had effects on both SS and DS PRPs (where the PDGF and VEGF concentrations were sustained and the TGF and FGF concentrations were short). The IL-1 content showed a significant increase with Ca-only or Ca/thrombin activation while these activations did not increase the MMP-9 concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SS and DS methods differed in their effect on cytokine release, and this effect varied among the cytokines analysed. In addition, low dose of thrombin/calcium activation increased the overall cytokine release of the PRP preparations over seven days, relative to that with a calcium-only supplement or non-activation.Cite this article: Professor J. H. Oh. Cytokine-release kinetics of platelet-rich plasma according to various activation protocols. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:37-45. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000540.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors: Y H
authors: YH
authors: Roh
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors: K U
authors: KU
authors: Park
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea ohjh1@snu.ac.kr.
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Oh
keywords: activation; cytokine; growth factor; kinetics; platelet-rich plasma; preparation