title: An exploratory intervention study suggests clinical benefits of training in chronic stroke to be paralleled by changes in brain activity using repeated fMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies demonstrated changes in sensorimotor network activation over time after stroke that have been interpreted as partly compensatory. Locomotor and balance trainings may improve both mobility and cognition even in chronic stroke and thereby impact on cerebral activation patterns. We here aimed at testing these assumptions in an exploratory study to inform subsequent larger intervention studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients (73.3±4.4 years) with a chronic lacunar stroke (mean interval 3.7 years after the acute event with a range from 2 to 4 years) and residual leg paresis leading to gait disturbance received a guided 5-week training focusing on mobility, endurance, and coordination. Before and afterward, they underwent clinical, neuropsychological, and gait assessments and brain MRI at 3 T including a functional ankle movement paradigm. Sixteen healthy controls (HCs; 68.8±5.4 years) followed the same protocol without intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After training, patients had improved in mobility, memory, and delayed recall of memory. While cerebral activations in HC remained completely unaltered, patients showed increased activations in the right precentral gyrus, the right and left superior frontal gyri, and the right frontal lobe, with bipedal ankle movements after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this exploratory study of chronic stroke, we found not only significant effects of physical training on mobility but also distinct aspects of cognition already with a small number of highly selected patients. These improvements were paralleled by alterations in cerebral activity possibly reflecting neuronal plasticity. Larger studies including randomization are needed.
authors: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Landsmann
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Pinter
authors: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Pirker
authors: Albert Schweitzer Clinic Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Gerald
authors: G
authors: Pichler
authors: Albert Schweitzer Clinic Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Schippinger
authors: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Elisabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Weiss
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Mathie
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Gattringer
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Franz
authors: F
authors: Fazekas
authors: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Enzinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009068:Movement; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D020127:Recovery of Function; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cognition; lacunar stroke; mobility; neuronal plasticity; rehabilitation; training