title: The tooth exposome in children's health research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exposome concept proposes a comprehensive assessment of environmental exposures from the prenatal period onwards. However, determining exposure timing, especially over the prenatal period, is a major challenge in environmental epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For decades, teeth have been used to estimate long-term cumulative exposure to metals. Recently developed high-dimensional analytical methods, which combine sophisticated histological and chemical analysis to precisely sample tooth layers that correspond to specific life stages, have the potential to reconstruct the exposome in the second and third trimesters of prenatal development and during early childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A retrospective temporal exposomic approach that precisely measures exposure intensity 'and timing' during prenatal and early childhood development would substantially aid epidemiologic investigations, particularly case-control studies of rare health outcomes.
authors: aSenator Frank R Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA *Syam S. Andra, Christine Austin, and Manish Arora contributed equally to the writing of this article.
authors: Syam S
authors: SS
authors: Andra
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Austin
authors: Manish
authors: M
authors: Arora
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008670:Metals