title: Maternal periodontitis decreases plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle of adult offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fetal programming hypothesis suggests that intrauterine stimuli can induce metabolic changes in offspring, increasing the disease risk in adulthood. Periodontal disease may enhance serum cytokine levels. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been associated with reduced glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression, decreased protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate GLUT4 content, and Akt serine phosphorylation status in the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle (GSM), glycemia, insulinemia and change in body weight in offspring of rats with periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Wistar rats were distributed into a control group (CN) and an experimental periodontal disease group (PD), in which a ligature was placed around the mandibular first molars. Seven days after ligature placement, both groups were mated with normal male rats. The ligatures remained throughout pregnancy until weaning, after which the male offspring were distributed into groups: CN-o, control rat offspring; and PD-o, periodontal disease rat offspring. The body weight from 0 to 75days of age was measured. At 75days, the glycemia, insulinemia, TNF-α levels, Akt serine phosphorylation, and GLUT4 content in the GSM were measured in the offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PD-o group showed a low birth weight (LBW), unchanged glycemia, increased insulinemia, insulin resistance, increased TNF-α levels, decreased Akt serine phosphorylation status, and reduced GLUT4 content in the plasma membrane and translocation index after insulin stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal periodontal disease causes LBW, insulin resistance, and alterations in the final stage of insulin signaling in the GSM of adult offspring.
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Maria Sara de Lima Coutinho
authors: MS
authors: Mattera
authors: Preventive and Social Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Brazil.
authors: Fernando Yamamoto
authors: FY
authors: Chiba
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Max Sander de Oliveira da
authors: MS
authors: Mota
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Renato Felipe
authors: RF
authors: Pereira
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Edilson
authors: E
authors: Ervolino
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Antonio Hernandes
authors: AH
authors: Chaves Neto
authors: Department of Pathology and Clinical Propedeutic, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Brazil.
authors: Leda Maria Pescinini
authors: LM
authors: Salzedas
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Natália Francisco
authors: NF
authors: Scaramele
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Cristina Antoniali
authors: CA
authors: Silva
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP, Brazil.
authors: Maristela Mitiko
authors: MM
authors: Okamoto
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP, Brazil.
authors: Ubiratan Fabres
authors: UF
authors: Machado
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis - Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: dorishs@foa.unesp.br.
authors: Doris Hissako
authors: DH
authors: Sumida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glucose transporter type 4; Low birth weight; Periodontal disease; Protein kinase B