title: Cognitive Control Over Immediate Reward in Binge Alcohol Drinkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive control deficits, as captured by inhibitory control measures, are indicative of increased impulsivity and are considered a marker for substance use disorder vulnerability. While individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) typically exhibit inhibitory control dysfunction, evidence of impaired inhibitory control among harmful drinkers, who are at increased risk of developing an AUD, is mixed. This study examined the response inhibition of binge drinkers using a task that employed neutral, as well as both immediate and delayed reward contingencies, to determine whether reward induced heightened impulsivity in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Binge alcohol users (n = 42) and controls (n = 42) were administered a Monetary Incentive Control Task that required participants to successfully inhibit a prepotent motor response to both neutral and immediately rewarding stimuli in order to secure a large delayed reward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Binge drinkers had significantly worse response inhibition than controls irrespective of trial condition and even after controlling for differences in weekly intake. Although both binge and control participants exhibited significantly worse inhibitory control in the presence of immediate reward, the control group showed a greater reduction in inhibition accuracy compared to the binge group in reward relative to neutral conditions. Both groups demonstrated significantly enhanced control when forewarned there was an increased chance response inhibition would be required. Control participants secured the delayed reward more often than binge participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the variability in the literature, this study demonstrated consistent generalized impulse control deficits among binge-drinking individuals that were unrelated to reward manipulations. These findings point to mechanisms that may confer vulnerability for transition from binge drinking to AUD.
authors: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors: Antoinette
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9291-6128
authors: A
authors: Poulton
authors: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors: Caitlyn
authors: C
authors: Mackenzie
authors: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors: Kaitlyn
authors: K
authors: Harrington
authors: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Borg
authors: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Hester
mesh_terms: D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Binge Drinking; Cognitive Control; Inhibitory Control; Response Inhibition; Reward