title: In vitro activity of Sorghum bicolor extracts, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, against Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: We investigated dried red leaf extracts of Sorghum bicolor for activity against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. S. bicolor red leaf extracts were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation using ethanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. Analysis of the crude and fractionated extracts from S. bicolor using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) showed that they contained significant amounts of apigeninidin, luteolinidin, 7-methoxyapigeninidin, 5-methoxyapigeninidin, 5-methoxyluteolinidin, 7-methoxyluteolinidin 5,7-dimethoxyapigeninidin or 5,7-dimethoxyluteolinidin, based on mass per charge (m/z). When tested in vitro, the IC50s for inhibitory activity against T. gondii tachyzoites' growth of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were 2.3- and 4-fold, respectively, lower than their cytotoxic IC50s in mammalian cells. Ethyl acetate extracts fractionated in chloroform-methanol and chloroform had IC50s against T. gondii that were 56.1- and 3-fold lower than their respective cytotoxic IC50s in mammalian cells. These antiparasitic activities were found to be consistent with those of the respective pure 3-deoxyanthocyanidin compounds identified to be contained in the fractions in significant amounts. Further, we observed that, the position and number of methoxy groups possessed by the 3-deoyanthocyanidins influenced their antiparasitic activity. Together, our findings indicate that S. bicolor red-leaf 3-deoxyanthocyanidins-rich extracts have potent in vitro inhibitory activity against the proliferative stage of T. gondii parasites.
authors: Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Abugri
authors: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA. Electronic address: whwit35@illinois.edu.
authors: William H
authors: WH
authors: Witola
authors: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.
authors: Jesse M
authors: JM
authors: Jaynes
authors: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.
authors: Nashar
authors: N
authors: Toufic
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D045868:Sorghum / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D047310:Apigenin; D010936:Plant Extracts; C104027:apigeninidin; D000094162:Phytoalexins; C518537:luteolinidin
keywords: 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins extracts; Antiparasitic compounds; Sorghum bicolor; Toxoplasma gondii