title: Development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hand disinfectants are important for the prevention of virus transmission in the health care system and environment. The development of broad antiviral spectrum hand disinfectants with activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses is limited due to a small number of permissible active ingredients able to inactivate viruses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new hand disinfectant was developed based upon 69.39 % w/w ethanol and 3.69 % w/w 2-propanol. Different amounts of citric acid and urea were added in order to create a virucidal claim against poliovirus (PV), adenovirus type 5 (AdV) and polyomavirus SV40 (SV40) as non-enveloped test viruses in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) as soil load. The exposure time was fixed to 60 s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the addition of 2.0 % citric acid and 2.0 % urea an activity against the three test viruses was achieved demonstrating a four log10 reduction of viral titers. Furthermore, this formulation was able to inactivate PV, AdV, SV40 and murine norovirus (MNV) in quantitative suspension assays according to German and European Guidelines within 60 s creating a virucidal claim. For inactivation of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 15 s exposure time were needed to demonstrate a 4 log10 reduction resulting in a claim against enveloped viruses. Additionally, it is the first hand disinfectant passing a carrier test with AdV and MNV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this new formulation with a low alcohol content, citric acid and urea is capable of inactivating all enveloped and non-enveloped viruses as indicated in current guidelines and thereby contributing as valuable addition to the hand disinfection portfolio.
authors: Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland. Georgios.ionidis@oroclean.com.
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Ionidis
authors: Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland. Judith.huebscher@oroclean.com.
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Hübscher
authors: Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland. Thomas.jack@oroclean.com.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Jack
authors: Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany. Britta.becker@brillhygiene.com.
authors: Britta
authors: B
authors: Becker
authors: Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany. Birthe.Bischoff@brillhygiene.com.
authors: Birte
authors: B
authors: Bischoff
authors: Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany. Daniel.todt@twincore.de.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Todt
authors: Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany. Veronika.Hodasa@brillhygiene.com.
authors: Veronika
authors: V
authors: Hodasa
authors: Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany. Florian.Brill@brillhygiene.com.
authors: Florian H H
authors: FH
authors: Brill
authors: Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany. eike.steinmann@twincore.de.
authors: Eike
authors: E
authors: Steinmann
authors: Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany. jochen.steinmann@brillhygiene.de.
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Steinmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019343:Citric Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D064548:Hand Sanitizers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000187:drug effects; D014508:Urea; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000187:drug effects; D014776:Virus Cultivation
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D064548:Hand Sanitizers; D019343:Citric Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D014508:Urea