title: Interleukin-35 is upregulated in response to influenza virus infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia.
abstract: Postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. What causes this increased susceptibility is not well elucidated. IL-35 is a newly described cytokine in infectious tolerance. A murine model was established to study postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia and evaluate the role of IL-35 in host defense against postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia. Pulmonary IL-35 was rapidly up-regulated during murine influenza infection, which was partially mediated by type I IFN-α/β receptor signaling pathway. Secondary pneumococcal infection led to a synergistic IL-35 response in influenza-infected mice. Clinical analysis showed that IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in the patients with influenza infection compared with healthy individuals and influenza infection could induce IL-35 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data suggest that IL-35 contributes to the increased susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia at least in part by inhibiting the early immune response.
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Chuan-jiang
authors: CJ
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Shi-hui
authors: SH
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Mu
authors: M
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Sheng-yuan
authors: SY
authors: Li
authors: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. Electronic address: xufang828@126.com.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060085:Coinfection / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D053765:Interleukin-12 Subunit p35 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C097732:EBI3 protein, human; C499601:Ebi3 protein, mouse; D053765:Interleukin-12 Subunit p35; D007378:Interleukins; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; C532417:interleukin-35, human; C569375:interleukin-35, mouse
keywords: IL-35; Immune response; Infection; Influenza; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae