title: Exposure characterization of three major insecticide lines in urine of young children in Japan-neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and pyrethroids.
abstract: The use of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides has increased over the past decade not only in Japan but also worldwide, while organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides are still conventionally used in agriculture and domestic pest control. However, limited data are currently available on the NEO exposure levels, especially in children, who are particularly vulnerable to environmental toxicants. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the exposure to NEOs, as well as OPs and PYRs, in three-year-old Japanese children by assessing the range, distribution, and seasonal differences of the urinary concentrations of seven NEOs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and nitenpyram); four OP metabolites (dialkylphosphates [DAPs]), including dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate; and three PYR metabolites (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid, and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid). Urine samples were collected from 223 children (108 males and 115 females) in the summer and winter months. The detection rates of NEOs were 58% for dinotefuran, 25% for thiamethoxam, 21% for nitenpyram, and <16% for all other NEOs. The median and maximum concentrations of the sum of the seven NEOs (ΣNEO) were 4.7 and 370.2nmol/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary ΣNEO, dimethylphosphate, and all PYR metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter (p<0.05). The creatinine-adjusted concentration of ΣNEO significantly correlated with those of all DAPs (p<0.05) but not with those of the PYR metabolites. Moreover, the NEO-detected group showed higher urinary ΣDAP (sum of four OP metabolites) concentrations than the group without NEO detection. These findings suggest that children in Japan are environmentally exposed to the three major insecticide lines, and that the daily exposure sources of NEOs are common to those of OPs.
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors: Aya
authors: A
authors: Osaka
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan. Electronic address: ueyama@met.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Ueyama
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors: Takaaki
authors: T
authors: Kondo
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Nomura
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors: Yuka
authors: Y
authors: Sugiura
authors: Food Safety and Quality Research Center, Tokai COOP Federation, Aichi 480-1103, Japan.
authors: Isao
authors: I
authors: Saito
authors: Okazaki City Public Health Center, Okazaki 444-0014, Japan.
authors: Kunihiko
authors: K
authors: Nakane
authors: Okazaki City Public Health Center, Okazaki 444-0014, Japan.
authors: Ayuko
authors: A
authors: Takaishi
authors: Okazaki City Public Health Center, Okazaki 444-0014, Japan.
authors: Hiroko
authors: H
authors: Ogi
authors: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Wakusawa
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan.
authors: Yuki
authors: Y
authors: Ito
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan. Electronic address: kamijima@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp.
authors: Michihiro
authors: M
authors: Kamijima
mesh_terms: D000691:Anabasine / Q000652:urine; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000652:urine*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins; D000691:Anabasine
keywords: Biomonitoring; Children; Insecticide; Neonicotinoid; Urine