title: Time trend of cadmium intake in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to elucidate past and current levels of cadmium (Cd) intake among the general populations in Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, publications reporting dietary intake of cadmium (Cd-D), cadmium concentration in blood (Cd-B) and that in urine (Cd-U) in Korea were retrieved through literature survey for a period from 1975 to 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In practice, 9, 21 and 14 articles were available on Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr (Cd-U as corrected for creatinine concentration), respectively. Linear regression analyses of the reported values as a function of years (i.e., the year when each survey was conducted) showed steady decreases in all of the three exposure markers of Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). Factors possibly contributing for the reduction were discussed including the government-set guideline of 0.2 mg/kg for rice and changes in food habits among general populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been steady decreases in Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). The current estimates for Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr were 6.0-7.4 μg/day, 0.73-0.83 μg/L and 0.60-0.95 μg/g cr, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Busan, Busan, 609-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Seok
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, 137-734, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Taiwa-cho, 981-3298, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan. m-71-ikeda@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Cadmium in blood; Cadmium in diet; Cadmium in urine; General population; Korea; Time trend