title: Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversy on the effects of the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cell phone use alters cytokine expression in the saliva produced by the parotid glands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine expression profile was determined by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self-reported cell phone use and laterality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) salivary levels by ELISA. After multiple testing correction, decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1β salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (P < 0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL-10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids (P = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL-10 and IL-1β levels, consistent with a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that may be related to heat production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa Carvalho
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabrício Tinôco Alvim
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Efigênia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renan Pedra
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel Costa
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Eitan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Cavaliéri
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. rsgomez@ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Ricardo Santiago
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000075782:Cell Phone Use / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000378:metabolism*; D011840:Radiation, Nonionizing / Q000009:adverse effects; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: inflammation; interleukin 1 β; interleukin 10; molecular alteration; non-ionizing radiation