title: Efficiency in Drug Discovery: Liver S9 Fraction Assay As a Screen for Metabolic Stability.
abstract: A rapid and comprehensive metabolic stability screen at the top of a drug discovery flow chart serves as an effective gate in eliminating low value compounds. This imparts a significant level of efficiency and saves valuable resources. While microsomes are amenable to high throughput automation and are cost effective, their enzymatic make-up is limited to that which is contained in endoplasmic reticulum, thereby informing only on Phase I metabolism. Lack of Phase II metabolism data can become a potential liability later in the process, adversely affecting discovery projects' timelines and budget. Hepatocytes offer a full complement of metabolic enzymes and retain their cellular compartments, better representing liver metabolic function. However, hepatocyte screens are relatively expensive, labor intensive, and not easily automatable. Liver S9 fractions include Phase I and II metabolic enzymes, are relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and amenable to automation, making them a more appropriate screening system. We compare the data from the three systems and present the results.
  
  
  
  Liver S9 and hepatocyte stability assays binned into the same category 70-84% of the time. Microsome and hepatocyte data were in agreement 73-82% of the time. The true rate for stability versus plasma clearance was 45% for hepatocytes and 43% for S9.
  
  
  
  In our opinion, replacing liver microsome and hepatocyte assays with S9 assay for high throughput metabolic screening purposes provides the combined benefit of comprehensive and high quality data at a reasonable expense for drug discovery programs.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Ashutosh A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Dr, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. mmoghadd@celgene.com.
authors.forename: Mehran F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Moghaddam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations