title: Regulation of exercise blood flow: Role of free radicals.
abstract: During exercise, oxygen and nutrient rich blood must be delivered to the active skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and brain through the complex and highly regulated integration of central and peripheral hemodynamic factors. Indeed, even minor alterations in blood flow to these organs have profound consequences on exercise capacity by modifying the development of fatigue. Therefore, the fine-tuning of blood flow is critical for optimal physical performance. At the level of the peripheral circulation, blood flow is regulated by a balance between the mechanisms responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Once thought of as toxic by-products of in vivo chemistry, free radicals are now recognized as important signaling molecules that exert potent vasoactive responses that are dependent upon the underlying balance between oxidation-reduction reactions or redox balance. Under normal healthy conditions with low levels of oxidative stress, free radicals promote vasodilation, which is attenuated with exogenous antioxidant administration. Conversely, with advancing age and disease where background oxidative stress is elevated, an exercise-induced increase in free radicals can further shift the redox balance to a pro-oxidant state, impairing vasodilation and attenuating blood flow. Under these conditions, exogenous antioxidants improve vasodilatory capacity and augment blood flow by restoring an "optimal" redox balance. Interestingly, while the active skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and brain all have unique functions during exercise, the mechanisms by which free radicals contribute to the regulation of blood flow is remarkably preserved across each of these varied target organs.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Electronic address: joel.trinity@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Trinity
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Broxterman
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals
keywords: Antioxidant; Hyperemia; Oxidative stress; Redox balance; Vascular function; Vasodilation