title: Concentration profiles, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soils from Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site, Accra, Ghana.
abstract: The concentrations of eighteen (18) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the 16 USEPA's priority PAHs as well as two alkyl-substituted naphthalenes were determined in dumpsite soils collected from different sampling sites within the Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site in Accra, Ghana. Following their isolation with ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, the concentrations of the PAHs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Loss-on-ignition (LOI) method was employed for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil samples. The mean Σ18PAHs obtained were 3006, 5627, 3046, 5555, and 7199 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for sampling sites A (mosque), B (dismantling site), C (residential house/police station), D (personal computer repairers' shop) and E (e-waste open burning area), respectively. In all cases, the prevalence of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene was generally observed across the sampling sites. In this study, PAHs with two to three rings and four to six rings exhibited strong positive correlations, whereas BbF and BkF showed weak positive and negative correlations with other PAHs investigated. With the exception of BbF and BkF, all the PAHs had moderate to strong positive correlations with the TOC. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration is a useful indicator of the carcinogenic potency of environmental matrices and these ranged between 111 and 454 ng g(-1), which are generally below the 'safe' level of 600 ng g(-1) established for the protection of the environment and human health. Interestingly, the seven carcinogenic PAHs were the major contributors to the BaPeq concentrations accounting between 97.7 and 98.3 %. Despite the minimal risk to cancer via exposure to the investigated dumpsite soil as indicated in the present study, the prolonged exposure to these pollutants via various exposure pathways may result in increased risk to cancer over time. The application of several methodological approaches for PAH source apportionment, including the use of molecular diagnostic ratios, mostly implicated pyrogenic processes as the main sources of PAHs into the investigated dumpsite soils. Furthermore, their compositional profiles across the sampling sites also suggest similar sources of PAHs into the dumpsite soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa. adegbenrop@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Adegbenro P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Daso
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Akortia
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jonathan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Molecular diagnostic ratio; PAHs; Risk assessment; Soil contamination; e-Waste dismantling site