title: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation of Hindi Version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain for Use in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVES : This study translates the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) into Hindi and examines the psychometric properties of the translated version (Hindi PCS [Hi-PCS]) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS : Forward and backward translations were performed from English to Hindi according to standard methodology. A final version was evaluated by a committee of clinical experts and Hi-PCS was then pilot-tested in 10 patients with CLBP. Cross-cultural validation of the resulting adapted Hi-PCS was done by administering Hi-PCS at baseline to 100 patients with CLBP (≥ 12 weeks pain) who were able to read and write in Hindi, and re-administering Hi-PCS after 3 days. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis. Psychometric properties including internal consistency; test-retest reliability; and convergent validity with pain severity, functional disability, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were also assessed. RESULTS : Principal component analysis observed a three-factor structure, which explained 58% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis elicited the best fit as judged by the model fit indices. Hi-PCS as a whole was deemed to be internally consistent (Cronbach's α = 0.76). Intraclass correlation coefficient for the Hi-PCS is 0.923 (95% CI: 0.875-0.953). Hi-PCS was moderately correlated with pain intensity (r = 0.651) and functional disability (r = 0.352), and negatively correlated with QoL (r = -0.380). CONCLUSIONS : PCS translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Hindi demonstrated good factor structure along adequate psychometric properties and could be recommended for use in CLBP research in India.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar (Mohali), India dipikabansal079@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dipika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar (Mohali), India.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gudala
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar (Mohali), India.
authors.forename: Sreenu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavudiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Babita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghai
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar (Mohali), India.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019303:Multilingualism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014175:Translating
keywords: Cross-Cultural Adaptation; Hindi; Pain; Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Quality of Life; Translation; Validation