title: Collisions and coalescence in droplet streams for the production of freeze-dried powders.
abstract: Streams of mono-disperse micro-droplets with diameters ranging from about 20 μm to 100 μm were produced from diluted aqueous solutions containing carbohydrates and proteins using a pinhole type piezoelectric generator with either a 20 μm or a 50 μm single-orifice diaphragm. Image sequences indicating droplet size, velocity, inter-droplet spacing at various distances from the nozzles as well as collision events and coalescence were recorded using a high-speed camera and analysed quantitatively. The size-dependent gradual deceleration of the droplets is superimposed by small scale random movements, which equally affect both large and small droplets and lead to early contacts and coalescence. The loss of mono-dispersity can be reduced by quick cooling since both the nucleation rate and the freezing rate of micro-droplets are extremely dependent upon the temperature of their gaseous environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Süverkrüp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eggerstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanning
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuschel
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommerfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: alf.lamprecht@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Alf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamprecht
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry*; D000465:Algorithms; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water
keywords: Droplet collisions; Lyophilisation; Mono-disperse droplet streams; Porous particles