title: Long-term anti-cariogenic biofilm activity of glass ionomers related to fluoride release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between anti-cariogenic biofilm activities of glass ionomers (G-Is) during the initial and second fluoride release phases and to define relationships between the anti-biofilm activities and fluoride release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluoride release of three commercially available G-Is in a buffer was evaluated for 770 h, and then 70-h-old Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on the G-Is that had been immersed in the buffer for 0, 100, 200, or 700 h. The dry weight, bacterial cell number, water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and accumulated fluoride concentration of the 70-h-old biofilms and fluoride release and acid production rates during biofilm formation were determined. Relationships between the experimental variables and fluoride release rate were also evaluated using linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, fluoride release of the tested G-Is did not exhibit a biphasic pattern during biofilm formation. The release was sustained or did not rapidly decrease even over long immersion periods and was strongly correlated with an increase in accumulated fluoride concentration of the biofilms (R=0.99, R(2)=0.98) and reductions in dry weight, water-insoluble EPSs, and acid production rate of the biofilms (R=-0.99 to -0.96, R(2)=0.92-0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that G-Is can effectively affect acid production, EPS formation, and accumulation of cariogenic biofilms even during the second fluoride release phase, and that the anti-cariogenic biofilm activity is strongly correlated with fluoride release, which may be enhanced by acid production of cariogenic biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-Is can affect cariogenic biofilm formation even during the second fluoride release phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 plus program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Ngoc Phuong Thanh
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 plus program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandit
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 plus program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 plus program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jian-Na
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 plus program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dentjjk@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C015897:glass ionomer; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Cariogenic biofilm formation; Fluoride release rate; Glass ionomers; Long-term anti-biofilm activity; Second fluoride release phase