title: Cultural values and random breath tests as moderators of the social influence on drunk driving in 15 countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The social influence on drunk driving has been previously observed in several countries. It is noteworthy, however, that the prevalence of alcohol in road fatalities is not the same in all countries. The present study aimed to explore whether cultural values and the number of roadside breath tests moderate the link between the perceived drunk driving of one's peers and self-reported behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the European survey SARTRE 4, the responses of 10,023 car drivers from 15 countries were analyzed. Two cultural values, "tradition" and "conformism," were identified as possibly being linked to social influence. Country scores for these values were taken from the European Social Survey. The number of random roadside breath tests per inhabitant was used as an indicator of drunk-driving enforcement in each country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A hierarchical multilevel modeling analysis confirmed the link between friends' drunk driving and one's own drunk driving in all countries, but the strength of the link was much stronger in some countries (e.g., Italy, Cyprus, and Israel) than in others (e.g., Finland, Estonia, and Sweden). Both the measured value of "tradition" and the number of alcohol breath tests were found to moderate the link between friends' and one's own drunk driving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  European stakeholders should take into account cultural specificities of target countries when designing campaigns against drunk driving.
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR, AME, LPC, F-78000 Versailles, France. Electronic address: julien.cestac@ifsttar.fr.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cestac
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR, AME, LPC, F-78000 Versailles, France. Electronic address: sami.kraiem@ifsttar.fr.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraïem
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR, AME, LPC, F-78000 Versailles, France. Electronic address: jean-pascal.assailly@ifsttar.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Pascal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Assailly
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cultural values; Drunk driving; Norm; Random breath tests; Social influence