title: Flow vibration-doubled concentric system coupled with low ratio amine to produce bile acid-macrocapsules of β-cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic β-cell microencapsulation using sodium alginate (SA), polylornithine (PLO) copolymers, and ultrasoluble hydrogels, polystyrenes and polyallamines (PAA), has been heavily studied. However, long-term success remains limited due to poor macrocapsules' physical properties and cell functions. Our study aimed to incorporate percentages of PAA and ursodeoxycholic acid, into SA and PLO dispersion mixture and examine best microencapsulating methods and best macrocapsules containing β-cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microencapsulating parameters were examined and the Flow-Vibrational Nozzle built-in system was screened and found to be most efficient at high frequency (1900 Hz). Macrocapsules were produced with or without ursodeoxycholic acid in percentages: 0.018SA:0.01PLO:0.005PAA:0.04ursodeoxycholic acid (up to 100% H2O). Using the refined microencapsulation method with vibrational frequency of 1900 Hz, macrocapsules with ursodeoxycholic acid had optimized cell viability and biological functions and ameliorated inflammatory biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High frequency and air-pressure with Flow-Vibrational encapsulation using the mixture: 0.018SA:0.01PLO:0.005PAA:0.04ursodeoxycholic acid resulted in better cell biology suggesting potentials in β-cell transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mooranian
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Negrulj
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Salami
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D015415:Biomarkers; D002214:Capsules; D016207:Cytokines; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011073:Polyamines; C063994:polyallylamine; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: bile acid; biomaterials; concentric nozzles; macrocapsules; microencapsulation; vibrational frequency