title: Understanding and Managing the Ictal-Interictal Continuum in Neurocritical Care.
abstract: Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has become an invaluable tool for the assessment of brain function in critically ill patients. However, interpretation of EEG waveforms, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting is fraught with ambiguity. The term ictal-interictal continuum encompasses EEG patterns that are potentially harmful and can cause neuronal injury. There are no clear guidelines on how to treat EEG patterns that lie on this continuum. We advocate the following approaches in a step wise manner: (1) identify and exclude clear electrographic seizures and status epilepticus (SE), i.e., generalized spike-wave discharges at 3/s or faster; and clearly evolving discharges of any type (rhythmic, periodic, fast activity), whether focal or generalized; (2) exclude clear interictal patterns, i.e., spike-wave discharges, periodic discharges, and rhythmic patterns at 1/s or slower with no evolution, unless accompanied by a clear clinical correlate, which would make them ictal regardless of the frequency; (3) consider any EEG patterns that lie in between the above two categories as being on the ictal-interictal continuum; (4) compare the electrographic pattern of the ictal-incterictal continuum to the normal background and unequivocal seizures (if present) from the same patient; (5) when available, correlate ictal-interictal continuum pattern with other markers of neuronal injury such as neuronal specific enolase (NSE) levels, brain imaging findings, depth electrode recordings, data from microdialysis, intracranial pressure fluctuations, and brain oxygen measurement; and (6) perform a diagnostic trial with preferably a nonsedating antiepileptic drug with the endpoint being both clinical and electrographic improvement. Minimize the use of anesthetics or multiple AEDs unless there is clear supporting evidence from ancillary tests or worsening of the EEG patterns over time, which could indicate possible neuronal injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurophysiology and Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. adithya.sivaraju@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Adithya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sivaraju
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. emily.gilmore@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gilmore
keywords: Continuous electroencephalography; Ictal-interictal continuum; Neuromonitoring; Nonconvulsive status epilepticus; Periodic discharges; Rhythmic delta activity