title: Comprehensive Study of Mediterranean (Croatian) Propolis Peculiarity: Headspace, Volatiles, Anti-Varroa-Treatment Residue, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Properties.
abstract: Eight propolis samples from Croatia were analyzed in detail, to study the headspace, volatiles, anti-Varroa-treatment residue, phenolics, and antioxidant properties. The samples exhibited high qualitative/quantitative variability of the chemical profiles, total phenolic content (1,589.3-14,398.3 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/l EtOH extract), and antioxidant activity (11.1-133.5 mmol Fe(2+) /l extract and 6.2-65.3 mmol TEAC (Trolox® equivalent antioxidant capacity)/l extract). The main phenolics quantified by HPLC-DAD at 280 and 360 nm were vanillin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, chrysin, galangin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. The major compounds identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), and subsequent GC-FID and GC/MS analyses were α-eudesmol (up to 19.9%), β-eudesmol (up to 12.6%), γ-eudesmol (up to 10.5%), benzyl benzoate (up to 28.5%), and 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol (up to 18.1%). Vanillin was determined as minor constituent by SDE/GC-FID/MS and HPLC-DAD. The identified acaricide residue thymol was ca. three times more abundant by HS-SPME/GC-FID/MS than by SDE/GC-FID/MS and was not detected by HPLC-DAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, N. Tesle 10/V, HR-21000 Split.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jerković
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Marko Marulić Polytechnic in Knin, Petra Krešimira IV 30, HR-22300 Knin.
authors.forename: Zvonimir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Marijanović
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Borowska 211a, PL-50-556 Wrocław.
authors.forename: Piotr M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kuś
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, IT-09124 Cagliari, (phone: +39-070-6758644; fax: +39-070-6758612). tuberoso@unica.it.
authors.forename: Carlo I G
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Tuberoso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017523:Croatia; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013943:Thymol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D057077:Varroidae / Q000187:drug effects; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D013943:Thymol; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Croatia; DPPH; FRAP; GC/MS Analysis; HPLC-DAD Analysis; Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME); Phenolics; Propolis; Thymol acaricide residue; Volatiles