title: Heterotrophic Bioleaching of Sulfur, Iron, and Silicon Impurities from Coal by Fusarium oxysporum FE and Exophiala spinifera FM with Growing and Resting Cells.
abstract: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel containing sulfur and other elements which promote environmental pollution after burning. Also the silicon impurities make the transportation of coal expensive. In this research, two isolated fungi from oil contaminated soil with accessory number KF554100 (Fusarium oxysporum FE) and KC925672 (Exophiala spinifera FM) were used for heterotrophic biological leaching of coal. The leaching were detected by FTIR, CHNS, XRF analyzer and compared with iron and sulfate released in the supernatant. The results showed that E. spinifera FM produced more acidic metabolites in growing cells, promoting the iron and sulfate ions removal while resting cells of F. oxysporum FE enhanced the removal of aromatic sulfur. XRF analysis showed that the resting cells of E. spinifera FM proceeded maximum leaching for iron and silicon (48.8, 43.2 %, respectively). CHNS analysis demonstrated that 34.21 % of sulfur leaching was due to the activities of resting cells of F. oxysporum FE. Also F. oxysporum FE removed organic sulfur more than E. spinifera FM in both growing and resting cells. FTIR data showed that both fungi had the ability to remove pyrite and quartz from coal. These data indicated that inoculations of these fungi to the coal are cheap and impurity removals were faster than autotrophic bacteria. Also due to the removal of dibenzothiophene, pyrite, and quartz, we speculated that they are excellent candidates for bioleaching of coal, oil, and gas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Shekoofeh Sadat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Etemadzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. emtiazi@sci.ui.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Giti
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emtiazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Etemadifar
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005093:Exophiala / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D052836:Heterotrophic Processes; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D013455:Sulfur; D007501:Iron; D012825:Silicon