title: Assessment of Procedural Pain in Children Using Analgesia Nociception Index: A Pilot Study.
abstract: The Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI), based on heart rate (HR) variability analysis, is known to decrease after a painful stimulus during surgery under general anesthesia in adults. It is measured continuously and noninvasively. We studied ANI response to procedural pain in a pediatric population and ANI measurement's feasibility in this context, across age.
  
  
  
  A prospective, noninterventional pilot study was performed. All children (between 6 mo and under 18 y) undergoing muscle biopsy conducted under analgesia and light sedation were included. Medical staff was blind to the ANI monitor. HR and ANI were recorded and analyzed during 2 periods: T1 before incision and T2 after incision. Pain was assessed by the FLACC scale at T2. We observed ANI and HR variations after incision. ANI, HR, and FLACC were compared between children younger or older than 6 years. Enrollment or technical issues were reported.
  
  
  
  A total of 26 children were included (median age, 6 y; ranging from 6 mo to 16 y; 16 male). ANI decreased from T1 to T2. HR, ANI, or FLACC values were not different in children younger or older than 6 years. No parents or children refused to take part in the study. No technical issues was reported.
  
  
  
  In this pilot study, ANI measurement seems relevant in pediatric procedural pain, across age. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Lille †CIC-IT 1403, University Hospital of Lille §Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Lille ‡UPRES-EA4489, Faculty of Medicine, Lille I & Lille II Universities ∥UPRES-EA2694, Faculty of Medicine, Lille II University, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avez-Couturier
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Jonckheere
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeanne
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vallée
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cuisset
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Logier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000698:Analgesia; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D000073818:Procedural Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives