title: An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of four electronic apex locators using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium hand files.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of working length (WL) determination of four electronic apex locators (EALs), namely, Root ZX (RZX), Elements diagnostic unit and apex locator (ELE), SybronEndo Mini Apex locator (MINI) and Propex pixi (PIXI) using Stainless steel (SS) and nickel-titanium (NiTi) hand files. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference between canal length determination by SS and NiTi files of 4 EALs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty extracted, single rooted human teeth were decoronated and the canal orifice flared. The actual length (AL) was assessed visually, and the teeth were embedded in an alginate model. The electronic length (EL) measurements were recorded with all four EALs using SS and NiTi files at '0.5' reading on display. The differences between the AL and EL were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained with each EAL with SS and NiTi files were compared with AL. A paired sample t test showed that there was a statistical significant difference between EAL readings with SS and NiTi files for RZX and MINI (p < 0.05). The accuracy of RZX, ELE, MINI and PIXI within ± 0.5 mm of AL with SS/NiTi files were 93.3%/70%, 90%/91.7%, 95%/68.3%, and 83.3%/83.3%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that Root ZX was statistically more accurate with NiTi files compared to SS files, while MINI was statistically more accurate with SS files compared to NiTi files. ELE and PIXI were not affected by the alloy type of the file used to determine WL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Paras Mull
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0486-3095
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gehlot
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Vinutha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manjunath
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS University, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mysore Krishnaswamy
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Manjunath
keywords: Electronic apex locator; Elements Apex locator; Mini Apex Locator; NiTi hand files; Propex pixi; Root ZX