title: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for neuroimaging in cochlear implant recipients.
abstract: Functional neuroimaging can provide insight into the neurobiological factors that contribute to the variations in individual hearing outcomes following cochlear implantation. To date, measuring neural activity within the auditory cortex of cochlear implant (CI) recipients has been challenging, primarily because the use of traditional neuroimaging techniques is limited in people with CIs. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technology that offers benefits in this population because it is non-invasive, compatible with CI devices, and not subject to electrical artifacts. However, there are important considerations to be made when using fNIRS to maximize the signal to noise ratio and to best identify meaningful cortical responses. This review considers these issues, the current data, and future directions for using fNIRS as a clinical application in individuals with CIs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, 1001 Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences, University of California-Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bortfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Penfield, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Levitin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: joghalai@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Oghalai
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013060:Speech; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cochlear implant; Hearing loss; Neuroimaging; Speech; fNIRS