title: Performance of in-pixel circuits for photon counting arrays (PCAs) based on polycrystalline silicon TFTs.
abstract: Photon counting arrays (PCAs), defined as pixelated imagers which measure the absorbed energy of x-ray photons individually and record this information digitally, are of increasing clinical interest. A number of PCA prototypes with a 1 mm pixel-to-pixel pitch have recently been fabricated with polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)-a thin-film technology capable of creating monolithic imagers of a size commensurate with human anatomy. In this study, analog and digital simulation frameworks were developed to provide insight into the influence of individual poly-Si transistors on pixel circuit performance-information that is not readily available through empirical means. The simulation frameworks were used to characterize the circuit designs employed in the prototypes. The analog framework, which determines the noise produced by individual transistors, was used to estimate energy resolution, as well as to identify which transistors contribute the most noise. The digital framework, which analyzes how well circuits function in the presence of significant variations in transistor properties, was used to estimate how fast a circuit can produce an output (referred to as output count rate). In addition, an algorithm was developed and used to estimate the minimum pixel pitch that could be achieved for the pixel circuits of the current prototypes. The simulation frameworks predict that the analog component of the PCA prototypes could have energy resolution as low as 8.9% full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 70 keV; and the digital components should work well even in the presence of significant thin-film transistor (TFT) variations, with the fastest component having output count rates as high as 3 MHz. Finally, based on conceivable improvements in the underlying fabrication process, the algorithm predicts that the 1 mm pitch of the current PCA prototypes could be reduced significantly, potentially to between ~240 and 290 μm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Argus I Building, 519 W. William Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Albert K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koniczek
authors.forename: Larry E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Antonuk
authors.forename: Youcef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Mohri
authors.forename: Qihua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: Jeng Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010784:Photomicrography / Q000379:methods*; D017785:Photons; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014173:Transistors, Electronic
chemical_list: D017655:Silicon Compounds