title: Modulating effects of orally supplied Euglena gracilis on the physiological responses of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis, exposed to sewage water pollution in a Patagonian river (Argentina).
abstract: In order to test if orally supplied Euglena sp. cells modulate the physiological status of bivalves during bioremediation procedures, we evaluated the effect of Euglena gracilis diet on the immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of Diplodon chilensis exposed to sewage water pollution. Mussels were fed for 90 days with E. gracilis (EG) or Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV, control diet), and then exposed for 10 days at three sites along the Pocahullo river basin: 1) an unpolluted site, upstream of the city (control, C); 2) upstream (UpS) and 3) downstream (DoS) from the main tertiary-treated sewage discharge, in the city of San Martín de los Andes, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Our results show that the total hemocyte number decreases while pollution load increases along the river course for both, EG and SV mussels. Phagocytic activity is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones under all conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes increases with the increase in the pollution load, being significantly higher for EG mussels than for SV ones at DoS; no changes are observed for total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC). Hemocytes' viability is increased for E. gracilis diet at C and remains unchanged in this group of mussels when exposed at the polluted sites. Lysosomal membrane stability is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones for all conditions, although it is decreased at polluted sites compared with that at C. Antioxidant (catalase) and detoxifying (gluthatione S-transferase) defenses are generally lower in gills and digestive gland of EG mussels than in SV ones. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) is evident in gills of EG mussels at C, and in digestive gland of the same group, at all the sites. Gill mass factor (GF) is affected by the E. gracilis diet; it is increased at C and decreased at polluted sites when compared with that of SV ones. Digestive gland mass factor (DGF) is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones. In D. chilensis, continuous and long term feeding with E. gracilis cells favors immune response and reduces the damage caused by sewage pollution exposure on hemocytes. Nevertheless, diet and transplantation procedures may produce negative effects on the oxidative balance of gills and digestive gland and should be taken into account for bioremediation strategies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA-CITAAC), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, CP: 8300, Neuquén, Argentina. Electronic address: vabianchi@comahue-conicet.gob.ar.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Iara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rocchetta
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Visitación
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Luquet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D005056:Euglena gracilis / Q000276:immunology*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D045483:Rivers; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bioremediation; Bivalve; Immune response; Metabolic condition; Oxidative stress; Paramylon; Urban pollution