title: Experimental manipulations of pain catastrophizing influence pain levels in patients with chronic pain and healthy volunteers.
abstract: Pain catastrophizing (PC) has been related to pain levels in both patients experiencing acute or chronic pain and in healthy volunteers exposed to experimental pain. Still, it is unclear whether high levels of pain catastrophizing lead to high levels of pain or vice versa. We therefore tested whether levels of pain catastrophizing could be increased and decreased in the same participant through hypnotic suggestions and whether the altered level of situation-specific pain catastrophizing was related to increased and decreased pain levels, respectively. Using the spontaneous pain of 22 patients with chronic tension-type headache and experimentally induced pain in 22 healthy volunteers, participants were tested in 3 randomized sessions where they received 3 types of hypnotic suggestions: Negative (based on the 13 items in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale), Positive (coping-oriented reversion of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale), and Neutral (neutral sentence) hypnotic suggestions. The hypnotic suggestions significantly increased and decreased situation-specific PC in both patients and healthy volunteers (P < 0.001). Also, the levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness were significantly altered in both patients and healthy volunteers (P < 0.001). Furthermore, regression analyses showed that changes in pain catastrophizing predicted changes in pain in patients (R = 0.204-0.304; P < 0.045) and in healthy volunteers (R = 0.328-0.252; P < 0.018). This is the first study to successfully manipulate PC in positive and negative directions in both patients with chronic pain and healthy volunteers and to show that these manipulations significantly influence pain levels. These findings may have important theoretical and clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Research Department, Spinal Cord Injury Center of Western Denmark, Department of Neurology, Regional Hospital of Viborg, Viborg, Denmark Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kjøgx
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zachariae
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Troels S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vase
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult