title: Development of Suberin Fatty Acids and Chloramphenicol-Loaded Antimicrobial Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats Intended for Wound Therapy.
abstract: Suberin fatty acids (SFAs) isolated from outer birch bark were investigated as an antimicrobial agent and biomaterial in nanofibrous mats intended for wound treatment. Electrospinning (ES) was used in preparing the composite nonwoven nanomats containing chloramphenicol (CAM; as a primary antimicrobial drug), SFAs, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (as a carrier polymer for ES). The X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and texture analysis were used for the physicochemical and mechanical characterization of the nanomats. ES produced nanofibrous mats with uniform structure and with an average fiber diameter ranging from 370 to 425 nm. Microcrystalline SFAs and crystalline CAM were found to undergo a solid-state transformation during ES processing. The ES process caused also the loss of CAM in the final nanofibers. In the texture analysis, the SFAs containing nanofibers exhibited significantly higher maximum detachment force to an isolated pig skin (p < 0.05) than that obtained with the reference nanofibers. CAM exists in an amorphous form in the nanofibers which needs to be taken into account in controlling the physical storage stability. In conclusion, homogeneous composite nanofibrous mats for wound healing can be electrospun from the ternary mixture(s) of CAM, SFAs, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinämäki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laidmäe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Liisi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rammo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Urve
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Paaver
authors.affiliation: Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Sveinung G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ingebrigtsen
authors.affiliation: Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Nataša
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Škalko-Basnet
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halenius
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yliruusi
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alakurtti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: karin.kogermann@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D011108:Polymers; D002701:Chloramphenicol; C065875:suberin; D011205:Povidone
keywords: antimicrobial agent/drug; electrospun nanofibers; nanotechnology; nonwoven nanomats; physical characterization; polymeric biomaterials; polymeric drug carrier; solvent evaporation; suberin fatty acids; wound therapy