title: Combining isoflurane anesthesia with midazolam and butorphanol in rats.
abstract: Representative inhalant anesthetic agent, isoflurane is commonly used during surgery in rats. However, isoflurane mediates relatively strong respiratory depression. In human and veterinary medicine, sedatives and analgesics are co-administered to complement the anesthetic action of inhalant anesthesia. The present study aimed to establish the novel balanced anesthesia that combines midazolam and butorphanol with isoflurane (MBI) in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups, and administered either isoflurane monoanesthesia or isoflurane with midazolam (2.5 mg/kg, ip) and butorphanol (2.0 mg/kg, ip). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in each group was evaluated. Induction and recovery times were measured in each group. Adverse reactions during induction were also recorded. In each group, vital signs were assessed for 1 h under 1.5×MAC of isoflurane. Instability of vital signs was assessed under each anesthesia by calculating coefficient of variance. Compared with isoflurane monoanesthesia, MBI anesthesia caused 32% MAC reduction (isoflurane monoanesthesia: 1.30 ± 0.09%, MBI 0.87 ± 0.08%, P<0.05). MB premedication mediated smooth sedating action with low incidence of adverse reactions such as urination and defecation. Isoflurane monoanesthsesia remarkably decreased respiratory rate and saturation O2 (SPO2). In contrast, MBI anesthesia resulted in a relatively stable respiratory rate without decreases in SPO2 during the anesthetic period. In summary, MB premedication is effective for attenuating respiratory depression induced by isoflurane, and achieving smooth induction. This anesthetic protocol serves as a novel option for appropriate anesthesia in rats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Azabu University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Kaho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maesato
authors.forename: Reiichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Tomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inomata
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019329:Idazoxan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D007530:Isoflurane; D002077:Butorphanol; D019329:Idazoxan