title: Current and future economic burden of diabetes among working-age adults in Asia: conservative estimates for Singapore from 2010-2050.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes not only imposes a huge health burden but also a large economic burden worldwide. In the working-age population, cost of lost productivity can far exceed diabetes-related medical cost. In this study, we aimed to estimate the current and future indirect and excess direct costs of diagnosed type 2 diabetes among the working-age population in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously-published epidemiological model of diabetes was adapted to forecast prevalence among working-age patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the absence of interventions. The current methodology of the American Diabetes Association was adopted to estimate the costs of diabetes for this population. Diabetes-related excess direct medical costs were obtained from a local cost study while indirect costs were calculated using the human capital approach applied to local labor force statistics. These cost were estimated conservatively from a societal perspective on a per patient basis and projected to the overall Singapore population from 2010 to 2050.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2010, total economic costs per working-age patient were estimated to be US$5,646 (US$4,432-US$10,612), of which 42% were excess direct medical costs and 58% indirect productivity-related losses. Total cost is projected to rise to US$7,791 (US$5,741-US$12,756) in 2050, with the share of indirect costs rising to 65%. Simultaneous increases in prevalence imply that the total economic costs of diabetes for the entire working-age population will increase by 2.4 fold from US$787 million in 2010 to US$1,867 million in 2050.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By current projections, diabetes in Singapore represents a growing economic burden. Among the working-age population, the impact of productivity loss will become increasingly significant. Prevention efforts to reduce overall prevalence should also engage stakeholders outside the health sector who ultimately bear the indirect burden of disease.
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: May Ee
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Png
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore. jyoong@usc.edu.|University of Southern California, Center for Economic and Social Research, Los Angeles, USA. jyoong@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoong
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Thao Phuong
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hwee Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wee
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics*; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069597:Presenteeism; D015995:Prevalence; D018582:Sick Leave; D012846:Singapore; D055815:Young Adult