title: Diabetes and Menopause.
abstract: During menopause, women's body composition, sex hormone profile, and metabolic profile may change dramatically. In this review, we summarize studies examining whether the menopausal transition and physiologic factors characterizing the transition are associated with increased risk of diabetes. We review the evidence for estrogen therapy and diabetes risk and studies examining the relationship between diabetes and menarche, which represents an extension of the reproductive life span at the opposite end of the age spectrum. Although studied less extensively, the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of ovarian failure, and we review this literature. In conclusion, we note that the evidence linking menopausal sex hormone changes with increased diabetes risk is weak, although rapid changes as observed with oophorectomy may increase risk. Further studies should investigate the contradictory effects of estrogen therapy upon hepatic and glucose metabolism in mid-life women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Room 6618, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. ckarvone@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Carrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Karvonen-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Room 5541, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. sungkyun@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sung Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Room 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. cathkim@umich.edu.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Room 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. cathkim@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Diabetes; Estrogen therapy; Menarche; Menopause; Women