title: Intra-Arterial Therapy and Post-Treatment Infarct Volumes: Insights From the ESCAPE Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of reperfusion therapy in acute ischemic stroke is to limit brain infarction. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the beneficial effect of endovascular treatment on functional outcome could be explained by a reduction in post-treatment infarct volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion With Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization Times (ESCAPE) trial was a multicenter randomized open-label trial with blinded outcome evaluation. Among 315 enrolled subjects (endovascular treatment n=165; control n=150), 314 subject's infarct volumes at 24 to 48 hours on magnetic resonance imaging (n=254) or computed tomography (n=60) were measured. Post-treatment infarct volumes were compared by treatment assignment and recanalization/reperfusion status. Appropriate statistical models were used to assess relationship between baseline clinical and imaging variables, post-treatment infarct volume, and functional status at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median post-treatment infarct volume in all subjects was 21 mL (interquartile range =65 mL), in the intervention arm, 15.5 mL (interquartile range =41.5 mL), and in the control arm, 33.5 mL (interquartile range =84 mL; P<0.01). Baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (P<0.01), site of occlusion (P<0.01), baseline noncontrast computed tomographic scan Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) (P<0.01), and recanalization (P<0.01) were independently associated with post-treatment infarct volume, whereas age, sex, treatment type, intravenous alteplase, and time from onset to randomization were not (P>0.05). Post-treatment infarct volume (P<0.01) and delta National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (P<0.01) were independently associated with 90-day modified Rankin Scale, whereas laterality (left versus right) was not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the primary results of the ESCAPE trial and show that the biological underpinning of the success of endovascular therapy is a reduction in infarct volume.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01778335.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Fahad S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Al-Ajlan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Demchuk
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minhas
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Farahna
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sabiq
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Zarina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Assis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willinsky
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Montanera
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Ashfaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Alexandre Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Poppe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Tudor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jovin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Biggya L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sapkota
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Blaise W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fanale
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tampieri
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Cheemun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Dar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dowlatshahi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Jai J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.).
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (F.S.A.-A., M.G., A.M.D., P.M., F.S., Z.A., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary (M.D.H., B.K.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (R.W., W.J.M.); Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Alberta, Edmonton (J.L.R.); Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (J. Thornton); Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (D.W.); Department of Radiology, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (D.R.); Department of Neurosciences, CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal (A.Y.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (T.G.J.); Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Erlanger Hospital, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga (B.W.B.); Division of Radiology, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (T.K.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto (F.L.S., C.F.); Colorado Neurological Institute, Engelwood (D.F.F., D.T.); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (J. Teitelbaum); Department of Radiology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.L.); Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax (J.J.S.); and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary (M.G., A.M.D., P.A.B., M.D.H., B.K.M.). docbijoymenon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: cerebrovascular disease/stroke; infarct size; ischemic stroke; management; modified Rankin Scale; stroke