title: Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Functional Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain.
abstract: One of the grand challenges faced by neuroscience is to delineate the determinants of interindividual variation in the comprehensive structural and functional connection matrices that comprise the human connectome. At present, this endeavor appears most tractable at the macroanatomic scale, where intrinsic brain activity exhibits robust patterns of synchrony that recapitulate core functional circuits at the individual level. Here, we use a classical twin study design to examine the heritability of intrinsic functional network properties in 101 twin pairs, including network activity (i.e., variance of a network's specific temporal fluctuations) and internetwork coherence (i.e., correlation between networks' specific temporal fluctuations). Five of 7 networks exhibited significantly heritable (23.3-65.2%) network activity, 6 of the 21 internetwork coherences were significantly heritable (25.6-42.0%), and 11 of the 21 internetwork coherences were significantly influenced by common environmental factors (18.0-47.1%). These results suggest that the source of interindividual variation in functional connectome has a modular architecture: individual modules represented by intrinsic connectivity networks are genetic controlled, while environmental factors influence the interplays between the modules. This work further provides network-specific hypotheses for discovery of the specific genetic and environmental factors influencing functional specialization and integration of the human brain.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Nian
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.|Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R Cameron
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience at the NYU Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Greig I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: de Zubicaray
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hickie
authors.affiliation: Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bandettini
authors.affiliation: Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience at the NYU Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.|Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D063132:Connectome; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: connectome; environmental contribution; heritability; intrinsic connectivity network; twins