title: Fully automated classification of bone marrow infiltration in low-dose CT of patients with multiple myeloma based on probabilistic density model and supervised learning.
abstract: This paper presents a fully automated method for the identification of bone marrow infiltration in femurs in low-dose CT of patients with multiple myeloma. We automatically find the femurs and the bone marrow within them. In the next step, we create a probabilistic, spatially dependent density model of normal tissue. At test time, we detect unexpectedly high density voxels which may be related to bone marrow infiltration, as outliers to this model. Based on a set of global, aggregated features representing all detections from one femur, we classify the subjects as being either healthy or not. This method was validated on a dataset of 127 subjects with ground truth created from a consensus of two expert radiologists, obtaining an AUC of 0.996 for the task of distinguishing healthy controls and patients with bone marrow infiltration. To the best of our knowledge, no other automatic image-based method for this task has been published before.
authors.affiliation: Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: martifr1@cmp.felk.cvut.cz.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: kybic@fel.cvut.cz.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kybic
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: lambert.lukas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lukáš
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: Zuzana.Meckova@vfn.cz.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mecková
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019046:Bone Marrow Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Bone marrow CT; Classification; Femur; Low-dose CT; Multiple myeloma