title: Electrochemical sensing of etoposide using carbon quantum dot modified glassy carbon electrode.
abstract: In this study, enhancement of the electrochemical signals of etoposide (ETO) measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is demonstrated. In comparison with a bare GCE, the modified GCE exhibited a higher sensitivity towards electrochemical detection of ETO. The lowest limit of detection was observed to be 5 nM ETO. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed for the further study of the working electrode surface after the modification with CQDs. Finally, the GCE modified with CQDs under optimized conditions was used to analyse real samples of ETO in the prostate cancer cell line PC3. After different incubation times (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h), these samples were then prepared prior to electrochemical detection by the GCE modified with CQDs. High performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection method was employed to verify the results from the GCE modified with CQDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Hoai Viet
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richtera
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Amitava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moulick
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Blv. Zog I, No.2/1, 1001, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Kledi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xhaxhiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudr
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cernei
authors.affiliation: Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union and Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Komenskeho namesti 2, Brno CZ-662 43, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Polanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Zbynek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.affiliation: Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union and Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Komenskeho namesti 2, Brno CZ-662 43, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masarik
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kopel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiborova
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eckschlager
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union. kizek@sci.muni.cz and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic, European Union.
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, Wrocław PL-50 556, Poland, European Union.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kizek
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005047:Etoposide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D002244:Carbon; D011205:Povidone