title: Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves protect the pre-pubertal spermatogonial cells from cyclophosphamide-induced damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moringa oleifera Lam. is widely cultivated in Asian and African countries for its medicinal and dietary significance. The leaves are highly nutritious and are known to possess various biological activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-pubertal Swiss albino male mice were injected with single dose of cyclophosphamide (CP, 200mg/kg body weight) or ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOE, 100mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. In combination group, MOE was administered 24h prior to CP injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CP induced a significant decrease in testicular weight (p<0.01) and depletion of germ cells (p<0.001) and higher level of DNA damage (p<0.001) compared to control. The expression of P53, Bax, Cytochrome C (Cyt C) was increased while there was a decrease in the expression of Bcl2, c-Kit and Oct4. Administration of MOE 24h prior to CP treatment ameliorated the depletion (p<0.001), DNA damage (p<0.001) and apoptosis (p<0.01) of germ cells induced by CP. The mitigating effect of MOE appears to be mediated by up-regulating the expression of c-Kit and Oct4 transcripts in P53-independent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MOE protects the spermatogonial cells from CP-induced damage by modulating the apoptotic response elicited by CP and therefore can be considered as an efficient method of male fertility preservation.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Clinical Embryology, Level 2, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Guruprasad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Clinical Embryology, Level 2, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sachin D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Honguntikar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sneha Guruprasad
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kalthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Antony Sylvan
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutalik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manjunath M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Setty
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru-560065, India.
authors.forename: Raksha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalyankumar
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru-560065, India.
authors.forename: Hanumanthappa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Clinical Embryology, Level 2, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: guru.kalthur@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: Guruprasad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalthur
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Clinical Embryology, Level 2, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Satish Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Adiga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D029588:Moringa oleifera; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D046468:Sexual Development; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013076:Sperm Count; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012997:Solvents; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000431:Ethanol; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit
keywords: C-Kit; Cyclophosphamide; Fertility preservation; Moringa oleifera; Oct4; Testicular toxicity