title: [Cost-effectiveness analysis of two breast cancer screening modalities in Shanghai, China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two breast cancer screening modalities conducted in Minhang district of Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  An organized and an opportunistic breast screening programs were implemented among women aged 35-74 years in Minhang district of Shanghai between May 2008 and Oct 2010, and were compared with the results obtained without screening. Costs related to screening were obtained by access to finance data of the screening programs, and costs of first treatment were collected through patient survey and medical reimbursement system query. Information on breast cancer stage was obtained from Shanghai Cancer Registry and confirmed by medical chart review. The effectiveness of screening was evaluated by breast cancer stage improvement.Cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) were computed as costs of gaining a stage improvement from a specified screening strategy when compared with the results obtained without screening. Incremental cost-effectiveness (ICER) which compares the two screening strategies was calculated by dividing the difference in total net costs and the difference in stages improved between the two screening strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five, one hundred and ninety-three and four hundred and seventy-nine breast cancer cases were identified in the organized screening, opportunistic screening and control groups, with an early detection rate of 46.9%, 40.7% and 38.9%, respectively. The costs of screening were 208 yuan per person or 72 453 yuan per case detected in the organized screening group and were 21 yuan per person or 11 640 yuan per case detected in the opportunistic screening group. The total cost was 103 650 yuan per case in the organized screening group, significantly higher than 50 712 yuan in the opportunistic screening group and 35 413 yuan in the control group. However, the average direct medical cost was significantly lower in the organized screening group than that in the opportunistic screening group and control group, with median costs of 11 024 yuan, 13 465 yuan and 14 243 yuan per case, respectively (P<0.001). The additional cost per case detected was 68 237 yuan for the organized screening and 15 299 yuan for opportunistic screening. The CERs were 135 291 yuan and 152 179 yuan per stage improved in the organized screening and opportunistic screening relative to the control group, with ICER of organized versus opportunistic screening being 131 086 yuan per stage improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The organized screening modality and the opportunistic one are both effective in early detecting breast cancer in Chinese women. The organized screening costs more than opportunistic screening, but with a better cost-effectiveness. It may be used as an option in economically developed areas of China.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, School of Public Health and Key laboratory of health safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Guangyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lianfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Yingyao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lilang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.forename: Jieru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Email: wanghong.xu@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wanghong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Email: zhimingshao@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016730:Program Development / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires