title: Effect of oxygen availability and pH on the furan concentration formed during thermal preservation of plant-based foods.
abstract: Thermally treated fruit- and vegetable-based foods are important contributors to the furan exposure of children and adults. Furan reduction by adding or removing precursors from the product has proven to be challenging because of major food constituents and interactions involved in the reaction pathways leading to furan formation. Instead of intervening at the precursor level, it might be more feasible to influence these formation pathways by adjusting the matrix properties of the product. As opposed to many previous literature sources, the present study investigated the effects of oxygen availability (normal versus reduced) and pH (acid versus low acid) on the furan formation in a real food system. Different combinations of both matrix properties were prepared in a reconstituted potato purée and subjected to a thermal treatment with a pasteurisation or sterilisation intensity. Irrespective of the addition of the furan precursors ascorbic acid, fructose and fatty acids, a considerable furan reduction was observed for the sterilised purées (F121(10) = 15 min) with either a reduced oxygen availability (0.1-1.8 mg l(-1)) or at pH 3. The effects of both matrix properties were less pronounced in the pasteurised purées (P90(10) = 10 min), because of the lower furan concentrations. Even though the mechanisms of furan reduction for both types of matrix properties could not be fully elucidated, the results showed that lowering the oxygen concentration or pH prior to thermal processing offers a powerful, additional strategy for furan mitigation in thermally treated plant-based foods.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmers
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grauwet
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanden Avenne
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verhaeghe
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Biniam T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe) , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) , KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Loey
mesh_terms: D005519:Food Preservation; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Furan; oxygen; pH; precursor; thermal pasteurisation; thermal sterilisation