title: Geography and Timing of Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in New York State from 1992 to 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In New York State (NYS), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was first reported in a human in 1971, in horses in 1970, and in pheasants in 1952.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following work for the interval from 1970 to 1991, we identified cases in vertebrates from 1992 to 2012, through a passive surveillance system involving veterinarians in clinical practice, county health departments, and the Departments of Agriculture and Markets, Environmental Conservation, and Health, of the State of New York.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an 11-year hiatus, from 1992 to 2002, no case in any vertebrate was observed. In a re-emergence, from 2003 to 2012, disease occurred in 12 counties, including 7 counties where disease had never been documented. Vertebrate cases included 4 cases in humans and 77 nonhuman occurrences; in 58 horses, Equus ferus caballus L.; 2 deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; 6 dogs, Canis familiaris; 10 birds; and 1 flock of pheasants, Phasianus colchicus L. These were the first reported cases in NYS in white-tailed deer, the domestic dog, and in five species of birds: American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm; American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis L.; bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus L.; blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata (L.); and red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin. One crow was dually infected with EEE virus and West Nile virus. The northern, southern, and southeastern borders of the state were newly affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The geographic area, time periods, and vertebrate species with risk of EEE disease expanded from 1992 to 2012.
authors.affiliation: 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: JoAnne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: 2 Vector Surveillance Unit, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health, State of New York, Albany, New York.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lukacik
authors.affiliation: 3 Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center , Department of Health, State of New York, Slingerlands, New York.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: 2 Vector Surveillance Unit, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health, State of New York, Albany, New York.
authors.forename: P Bryon
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Backenson
authors.affiliation: 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds / Q000821:virology; D003670:Deer / Q000821:virology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs / Q000821:virology; D004663:Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020242:Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006736:Horses / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: Arthropod-borne; Bird; Deer; Dog; Eastern equine encephalitis virus; Encephalitis; Horse; Mosquito; New York State; Pheasant; Vertebrate