title: Correlation between histological outcome and surgical cartilage repair technique in the knee: A meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compare histological outcomes after microfracture (MF), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), and osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review using PubMed MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane Collaboration Library. Inclusion criteria limited to English language studies International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grading criteria for cartilage analysis after ACI (autologous chondrocyte implantation), MF (microfracture), or OATS (osteochondral autografting) repair techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three studies investigating 1511 patients were identified. Thirty evaluated ACI or one of its subtypes, six evaluated MF, and seven evaluated OATS. There was no evidence of publication bias (Begg's p=0.48). No statistically significant correlation was found between percent change in clinical outcome and percent biopsies showing ICRS Excellent scores (R(2)=0.05, p=0.38). Percent change in clinical outcome and percent of biopsies showing only hyaline cartilage were significantly associated (R(2)=0.24, p=0.024). Mean lesion size and histological outcome were not correlated based either on percent ICRS Excellent (R(2)=0.03, p=0.50) or percent hyaline cartilage only (R(2)=0.01, p=0.67). Most common lesion location and histological outcome were not correlated based either on percent ICRS Excellent (R(2)=0.03, p=0.50) or percent hyaline cartilage only (R(2)=0.01, p=0.67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microfracture has poorer histologic outcomes than other cartilage repair techniques. OATS repairs primarily are comprised of hyaline cartilage, followed closely by cell-based techniques, but no significant difference was found cartilage quality using ICRS grading criteria among OATS, ACI-C, MACI, and ACI-P.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV, meta-analysis.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Alex C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: DiBartola
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Everhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Sports Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.affiliation: Penn Center for Advanced Cartilage Repair and Osteochondritis Dissecans Treatment; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Sports Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Cartilage Restoration Program, United States. Electronic address: David.Flanigan@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Flanigan
mesh_terms: D054544:Arthroplasty, Subchondral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
keywords: ACI; Cartilage; Histology; Microfracture; OATS