title: Cost Effectiveness of Paliperidone Long-Acting Injectable Versus Other Antipsychotics for the Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  French clinical recommendations suggest prescribing long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics to patients with a maintenance treatment indication in schizophrenia. Despite this, and due to their relatively high acquisition and administration costs, LAIs are still underused in clinical practice in France, thus highlighting the need for pharmacoeconomic evaluations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to estimate the cost effectiveness of paliperidone LAI (or paliperidone palmitate), a once-monthly second-generation LAI antipsychotic, compared with the most common antipsychotic medications for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was developed to simulate the progression of a cohort of schizophrenic patients through four health states (stable treated, stable non-treated, relapse and death) and to consider up to three lines of treatment to account for changes in treatment management. Paliperidone LAI was compared with risperidone LAI, aripiprazole LAI, olanzapine LAI, haloperidol LAI (or haloperidol decanoate) and oral olanzapine. Costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and number of relapses were assessed over 5 years based on 3-month cycles with a discount rate of 4% and from a French health insurance perspective. Patients were considered to be stabilised after a schizophrenic episode and would enter the model at an initiation phase, followed by a prevention of relapse phase if successful. Data (e.g. relapse or discontinuation rates) for the initiation phase came from randomised clinical trials, whereas relapse rates in the prevention phase were derived from hospitalisation risks based on real-life French data to capture adherence effects. Safety and utility data were derived from international publications. Additionally, costs were retrieved from French health insurance databases and publications. Finally, expert opinion was used for validation purposes or in case of gaps in data. The robustness of results was assessed through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All LAI antipsychotics were found to have similar costs over 5 years: approximatively €55,000, except for paliperidone LAI which had a discounted cost of €50,880. Oral olanzapine was less costly than LAIs (i.e. €50,379 after 5 years) but was associated with fewer QALYs gained and relapses avoided. Paliperidone LAI dominated aripiprazole LAI, olanzapine LAI and haloperidol LAI in terms of costs per QALY, and it was associated with slightly fewer QALYs when compared with risperidone LAI (i.e. 3.763 vs 3.764). This resulted in a high incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (i.e. €4,770,018 per QALY gained) for risperidone LAI compared with paliperidone LAI. Paliperidone LAI was more costly than olanzapine oral but associated with more QALYs (i.e. ICER of €2411 per QALY gained for paliperidone LAI compared with oral olanzapine). Paliperidone LAI had a probability of being the optimal strategy in more than 50% of cases for a willingness-to-pay threshold of €8000 per QALY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind to assess the cost effectiveness of antipsychotics based on French observational data. Paliperidone LAI appeared to be a cost-effective option in the treatment of schizophrenia from the French health insurance perspective.
authors.affiliation: Amaris, 204 rue du Saint-Sacrement, Espace Rezomont 3ième étage, Montréal, QC H2Y 1W8, Canada. sylvain.druais@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Druais
authors.affiliation: Amaris, London, UK.
authors.forename: Agathe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doutriaux
authors.affiliation: Amaris, London, UK.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cognet
authors.affiliation: Janssen Cilag, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godet
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine of Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lançon
authors.affiliation: University of Paris-Dauphine, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Samalin
authors.affiliation: Janssen Cilag, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guillon
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016527:Drug Costs; D005602:France; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012008:Recurrence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate