title: Delivery of ibuprofen by natural macroporous sporopollenin exine capsules extracted from Phoenix dactylifera L.
abstract: Sporopollenin macroporous capsules (SMCs) were extracted from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) spores and coated by a natural polymer composite (chitosan with glutaraldehyde). The polymer coated macroporous capsules SMC@poly were used in the in vitro-controlled delivery of ibuprofen. The materials obtained were characterized through spectral, thermal, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The IBU loading and releasing was studied by investigating the changes in various factors such as pH, temperature, and initial concentration. The results revealed that the loading of IBU increased when the concentration of IBU was decreased, following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum loading of the IBU was observed at pH6.0 (97.2%, with 50mg/mL). The releasing results indicate that IBU was released faster when the pH was changed from 1.4 to 7.4. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the SMC, SMC@poly, and SMC@poly-IBU were tested against human intestinal Caco-2 cell line using MTT assay, and the results revea'led that all the materials in this study were biocompatible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: alshehri@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Saad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alshehri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Surfactant Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamad A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Al-Lohedan
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anis Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Eida
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Farraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Norah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alhokbany
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zuheir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alhousine
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: tahamed@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Tansir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahamad
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D008422:Materials Testing; D065749:Phoeniceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001704:Biopolymers; D002214:Capsules; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Chitosan; Drug delivery; Ibuprofen; Sporopollenin