title: Autophagy response in the liver of pigeon exposed to avermectin.
abstract: Pesticide residues are an important aspect of environmental pollution. Environmental avermectin residues have produced adverse effects in organisms. Many pesticides exert their toxic effects via the mechanism of autophagy. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in autophagy levels and in autophagy-related genes, including LC3, Beclin 1, Dynein, ATG5, TORC1, and TORC2, resulting from exposure to subchronic levels of AVM in liver tissue in the king pigeon model. We observed abundant autophagic vacuoles with extensively degraded organelles, autophagosomal vacuoles, secondary lysosomes, and double-membrane structures in the liver. The expression levels of the autophagy-related genes LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin 1, ATG5, and Dynein were up-regulated; however, TORC1 and TORC2 expression levels were down-regulated. These changes occurred in a concentration-dependent manner after AVM exposure for 30, 60, and 90 days in pigeons. Taken together, these results suggested that AVM increased the autophagic flux and that upregulation of autophagy might be closely related to the hepatotoxicity of AVM in birds.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xian-Song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ci
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pervez Ahmed
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Khoso
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weijia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Daqing Normal College, Daqing, 163712, People's Republic of China. limingjinwen@126.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China. lishu@neau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D010856:Columbidae; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin
keywords: Autophagy; Avermectin; Liver tissue; Pesticide; Pigeon; Residue