title: Locomotive syndrome is associated not only with physical capacity but also degree of depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of locomotive syndrome (LS) have recently been increasing. Although physical performance measures for LS have been well investigated to date, studies including psychiatric assessment are still scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate both physical and mental parameters in relation to presence and severity of LS using a 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale (GLFS-25) questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 elderly people aged over 60 years who were members of our physical-fitness center and displayed well-being were enrolled in this study. Firstly, using the previously determined GLFS-25 cutoff value (=16 points), subjects were divided into two groups accordingly: an LS and non-LS group in order to compare each parameter (age, grip strength, timed-up-and-go test (TUG), one-leg standing with eye open, back muscle and leg muscle strength, degree of depression and cognitive impairment) between the groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test followed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Secondly, a multiple linear regression was conducted to determine which variables showed the strongest correlation with severity of LS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirmed 110 people for non-LS (73%) and 40 people for LS using the GLFS-25 cutoff value. Comparative analysis between LS and non-LS revealed significant differences in parameters in age, grip strength, TUG, one-leg standing, back muscle strength and degree of depression (p < 0.006, after Bonferroni correction). Multiple logistic regression revealed that functional decline in grip strength, TUG and one-leg standing and degree of depression were significantly associated with LS. On the other hand, we observed that the significant contributors towards the GLFS-25 score were TUG and degree of depression in multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that LS is associated with not only the capacity of physical performance but also the degree of depression although most participants fell under the criteria of LS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan. Electronic address: tatsunon31-ik@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsunori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikemoto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Young-Chang P
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ushida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013577:Syndrome