title: Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) play a key role in malaria management and control. The PfHRP-2 based RDT is the most widely used RDT for malaria diagnosis in Ghana. Deletion of pfhrp2 in Plasmodium falciparum parasites affect the diagnostic accuracy of PfHRP-2 based RDT kits. Identifying the prevalence and distribution of P. falciparum parasites with deleted pfhrp2 is important for malaria control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify and confirm the prevalence of pfhrp2 deletant P. falciparum parasites circulating within different regions of Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was extracted from the membrane of spent CareStart™ PfHRP-2 RDT kits and dried filter paper blood blots using Chelex-100. Exon 2 of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic analysis of blood smears from samples that were PfHRP-2 RDT positive revealed a parasite prevalence of 54/114 (47.4 %) and 2/26 (7.7 %) in Accra and Cape Coast, respectively. PCR analysis increased parasite prevalence in the RDT positive samples to 94/114 (82.5 %) and 6/26 (23.1 %) in Accra and Cape Coast respectively. The exon 2 of the pfhrp2 gene was deleted in 18/54 (33.3 %) of the microscopy confirmed and 36.2 % (34/94) of the PCR confirmed RDT positive samples collected in Accra. No RDT sample, confirmed to contain parasites by either PCR or microscopy was negative by pfhrp2 exon 2 PCR in Cape Coast. A survey of an additional 558 DBS revealed that 22.4 % (46/205) and 40 % (44/110) of PCR positive samples in Accra and Cape Coast, respectively, lacked the exon 2 region of pfhrp2 and possibly the entire pfhrp2 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high number of P. falciparum parasites, which lack pfhrp2 exon 2 gene have been identified in two communities in Ghana. Continuous nationwide monitoring of the prevalence of pfhrp2 deletant parasites would be essential to malaria control. The use of RDT kits that are effective at malaria diagnosis despite deletion of pfhrp2, such as the PfHRP-2/PfLDH combo RDT kit could enhance the diagnosis of clinical malaria in Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. lamoah@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Linda Eva
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Amoah
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. joanaabankwa@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abankwa
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Oppongakua@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oppong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000469:parasitology*; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; C514457:HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic