title: Optimizing subcutaneous injection of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist degarelix.
abstract: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist degarelix has several unique characteristics compared to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs used in the management of prostate cancer. Notable differences of GnRH receptor antagonists include no flare reaction, and a more rapid suppression of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) compared to LHRH analogs. Despite emerging evidence supporting the use of GnRH receptor antagonists over the more widely used LHRH analogs in the management of prostate cancer, physicians may be reluctant to prescribe degarelix. They may be concerned about patient complaints about injection-site reactions (ISRs). The subcutaneous injection of degarelix has been associated with a higher rate of ISRs compared with the intramuscular injections of LHRH analogs. This "How I Do It" article describes techniques and strategies that have been developed by physicians and nurses to reduce the discomfort associated with the subcutaneous delivery of degarelix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barkin
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; C431566:acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide