title: Prevalence and intensity of bacteraemia following orthodontic procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a possibility that bacteria may enter the blood stream during some non-surgical manipulation procedures, which include orthodontic treatment procedures (alginate impression taking, separator placement, band cementation, and archwire change).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of bacteraemia associated with orthodontic procedures in patients seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 subjects who presented at the Orthodontic Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital and who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Four orthodontic procedures were investigated: alginate impression taking, separator placement, band cementation and archwire placement. Subjects were randomly placed in one of the four procedure groups. Peripheral blood was collected for microbiologic analysis before the orthodontic procedures and within 2 min of completion of the procedures. The BACTEC automated blood culture system and the lysis filtration method of blood culturing were used for microbiological analysis of the blood samples. The Wilcoxon signed rank test, the McNemar χ(2) test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman and point bi-serial correlations were used for statistical evaluation at the P<0.05 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the prevalence and intensity of bacteraemia was observed following separator placement. The predominant bacteria isolated from the blood cultures were Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separator placement induced the highest levels of bacteraemia. Use of a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse is recommended prior to separator placement in orthodontic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Onyinye Dorothy
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Umeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Electronic address: osanu@unilag.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Oluwatosin Oluyemi
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Sanu
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ifeoma Linda
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Utomi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Francisca Obiageri
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Nwaokorie
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D009970:Orthodontics; D015995:Prevalence; D013210:Staphylococcus
keywords: Intensity of bacteraemia; Orthodontic procedures; Prevalence of bacteraemia