title: Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Japanese version of the Cumberland ankle instability tool.
abstract: Purpose To study validity and reliability of a Japanese version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and to determine the optimal cutoff score. Methods In this study, the questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted into Japanese. The psychometric properties tested in the Japanese version of the CAIT were measured for criteria validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability in 111 collegiate soccer athletes. We also established the questionnaire cutoff score for discriminating between individuals with and without CAI. Results There was a significant correlation between the Japanese version of the CAIT and the Karlsson score (r = 0.604, p < 0.001). The questionnaire had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.833) and reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.826, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.732-0.888]. The optimal cutoff score was ≤25, which was consistent with previous reports. Conclusions The Japanese version of the CAIT has been shown to be a valid and reliable questionnaire for determining the presence of CAI. We expect that researchers and clinicians will use the Japanese version of the CAIT in Japan. Implications for Rehabilitation Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), which not only increases recurrence rate of ankle sprain but also decreases athletic performance, is a residual symptom after ankle sprain. Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, which has the reliability and validity to assess CAI, will be critically useful in assessment procedure for CAI. It is preferable for clinicians and researchers to use the native language version of the CAIT.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sports Medicine , Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunugi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sports Medicine , Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.|b Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masunari
authors.affiliation: c Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology , Michigan Technology University , Michigan , USA.
authors.forename: Byungjoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sports Medicine , Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: d Faculty of Health Care , Teikyo Heisei University , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Naruto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sports Medicine , Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Shumpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056352:Athletes; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007564:Japan; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CAIT; Japanese version; cross-cultural adaptation; reliability and validity