title: Cognitive function at rest and during exercise following breakfast omission.
abstract: It has been suggested that breakfast omission, as opposed to breakfast consumption, has the detrimental effects on cognitive function. However, the effects of acute exercise following breakfast omission on cognitive function are poorly understood, particularly during exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of breakfast and exercise on cognitive function. Ten participants completed cognitive tasks at rest and during exercise in the breakfast consumption or omission conditions. Blood glucose concentration was measured immediately after each cognitive task. We used cognitive tasks to assess working memory [Spatial Delayed Response (DR) task] and executive function [Go/No-Go (GNG) task]. The participants cycled ergometer for 30 min while keeping their heart rate at 140 beats·min(-1). Accuracy of the GNG task was lower at rest in the breakfast omission condition than that in the breakfast consumption condition (Go trial: P=0.012; No-Go trial: P=0.028). However, exercise improved accuracy of the Go trial in the breakfast omission condition (P=0.013). Reaction time in the Go trial decreased during exercise relative to rest in both conditions (P=0.002), and the degree of decreases in reaction time was not different between conditions (P=0.448). Exercise and breakfast did not affect the accuracy of the Spatial DR task. The present results indicate that breakfast omission impairs executive function, but acute exercise improved executive function even after breakfast omission. It appears that beneficial effects of acute exercise on cognitive function are intact following breakfast omission.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komiyama
authors.affiliation: Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Japan; Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuno
authors.affiliation: Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyonaga
authors.affiliation: Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-communications, Japan. Electronic address: soichi.ando@uec.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ando
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D062408:Breakfast; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Blood glucose; Brain; Cognition; Fasting