title: Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. dissemination during wastewater treatment and comparative detection via immunofluorescence assay (IFA), nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
abstract: Environmental water samples from the Lower Rhine area in Germany were investigated via immunofluorescence assays (IFAs), nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect the presence of Giardia spp. (n=185) and Cryptosporidium spp. (n=227). The samples were concentrated through filtration or flocculation, and oocysts were purified via centrifugation through a sucrose density gradient. For all samples, IFA was performed first, followed by DNA extraction for the nested PCR and LAMP assays. Giardia cysts were detected in 105 samples (56.8%) by IFA, 62 samples (33.5%) by nested PCR and 79 samples (42.7%) by LAMP. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 69 samples (30.4%) by IFA, 95 samples (41.9%) by nested PCR and 99 samples (43.6%) by LAMP. According to these results, the three detection methods are complementary for monitoring Giardia and Cryptosporidium in environmental waters.
authors.affiliation: Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, University of Cologne, Medical School, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, Cologne, Germany; Linksniederrheinische Entwässerungs-Genossenschaft, Friedrich-Heinrich-Allee 64, 47475, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany. Electronic address: gallas-lindemann.c@lineg.de.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallas-Lindemann
authors.affiliation: Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, University of Cologne, Medical School, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, Cologne, Germany; Centre of Dental Medicine, Policlinic of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Isaia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sotiriadou
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, Environmental Health Testing Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plutzer
authors.affiliation: Centre of Dental Medicine, Policlinic of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Noack
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.affiliation: Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, University of Cologne, Medical School, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, Cologne, Germany; Center Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), One Thousand Talent Program of the Chinese Government, Qinghai Academy for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining City, 1# Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Graden, Xining City, Qinghai Province 810016, PR China.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karanis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D005858:Germany; D005872:Giardia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D062065:Wastewater / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Cryptosporidium; Detection; Dissemination; Giardia; LAMP; Wastewater