title: Spatial environmental heterogeneity affects plant growth and thermal performance on a green roof.
abstract: Green roofs provide ecosystem services, including stormwater retention and reductions in heat transfer through the roof. Microclimates, as well as designed features of green roofs, such as substrate and vegetation, affect the magnitude of these services. Many green roofs are partially shaded by surrounding buildings, but the effects of this within-roof spatial environmental heterogeneity on thermal performance and other ecosystem services have not been examined. We quantified the effects of spatial heterogeneity in solar radiation, substrate depth and other variables affected by these drivers on vegetation and ecosystem services in an extensive green roof. Spatial heterogeneity in substrate depth and insolation were correlated with differential growth, survival and flowering in two focal plant species. These effects were likely driven by the resulting spatial heterogeneity in substrate temperature and moisture content. Thermal performance (indicated by heat flux and substrate temperature) was influenced by spatial heterogeneity in vegetation cover and substrate depth. Areas with less insolation were cooler in summer and had greater substrate moisture, leading to more favorable conditions for plant growth and survival. Spatial variation in substrate moisture (7%-26% volumetric moisture content) and temperature (21°C-36°C) during hot sunny conditions in summer could cause large differences in stormwater retention and heat flux within a single green roof. Shaded areas promote smaller heat fluxes through the roof, leading to energy savings, but lower evapotranspiration in these areas should reduce stormwater retention capacity. Spatial heterogeneity can thus result in trade-offs between different ecosystem services. The effects of these spatial heterogeneities are likely widespread in green roofs. Structures that provide shelter from sun and wind may be productively utilized to design higher functioning green roofs and increase biodiversity by providing habitat heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biology and Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, 928 Robie St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buckland-Nicks
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biology and Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, 928 Robie St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biology and Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, 928 Robie St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada. Electronic address: jlundholm@smu.ca.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundholm
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Constructed ecosystems; Ecosystem services; Environmental variability; Geographic Information Systems (GIS); Green roof; Heat flux