title: Use and Effectiveness of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) and Multiple Daily Insulin Injection Therapy (MIT) in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: Today continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is frequently used in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The present cross-sectional trial aimed to document current practice, quality of diabetes control and incidence of acute complications in different age-groups under CSII vs. multiple daily insulin injection therapy (MIT). Moreover the survey analyzed socio-demographic backgrounds of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 901 patients (age 11.5±4.0, diabetes duration 4.0±3.6 years) was entered in the database. Clinical data, laboratory parameters and, using a standardized questionnaire, socio-demographic data were assessed. For age-related analyses patients were allocated to 4 groups: pre-school children (< 6 years), pre-adolescents (≥ 6 and<11 years), adolescents (≥ 11 and<16 years) and young adults (≥ 16 and<22 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the cohort n=194 had a CSII, n=707 had a MIT. Patients with CSII vs. MIT had a longer diabetes duration, they used more frequently insulin analogues, performed more frequently blood-glucose self-tests and had a lower insulin dosage per kilogram body weight. In respect of HbA1c, the mean amplitude of blood-glucose excursions, but also of lipids, creatinine, microalbuminuria and blood pressure, there were no differences in neither age-group between patients with CSII and MIT. In patients with CSII and MIT, there was a tendency (p<0.05) towards an increase in HbA1c in adolescents and young adults and there was a decrease (p<0.05 for tendency) in the frequency of hypoglycaemia from the age group of young adults to pre-school children. Adolescents and young adults with CSII had a higher educational level. Pre-adolescents, adolescents and young adults with CSII have also better diabetes-related knowledge. Moreover, in all age-groups, the parents of patients with CSII had mostly a lower unemployment rate and higher educational levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present analyses demonstrate that in all age-groups CSII provides convenient and flexible insulin delivery during routine treatment of type 1 diabetes. There is reasonable quality of diabetes control accompanied by a low incidence of hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis. However, under CSII and MIT there is an increase of HbA1c towards adolescence. It must also highlighted that CSII seems to be expansive and that CSII is more frequently used in patients with better educational levels and deriving from higher social classes.
authors.affiliation: MEDIGREIF-Inselklinik Heringsdorf GmbH, Fachklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Ostseebad Heringsdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiel
authors.affiliation: MEDIGREIF-Inselklinik Heringsdorf GmbH, Fachklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Ostseebad Heringsdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burgard
authors.affiliation: MEDIGREIF-Inselklinik Heringsdorf GmbH, Fachklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Ostseebad Heringsdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perenthaler
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steveling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin