title: Spectroscopic and biological activity studies of the chromium-binding peptide EEEEGDD.
abstract: While trivalent chromium has been shown at high doses to have pharmacological effects improving insulin resistance in rodent models of insulin resistance, the mechanism of action of chromium at a molecular level is not known. The chromium-binding and transport agent low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) has been proposed to be the biologically active form of chromium. LMWCr has recently been shown to be comprised of a heptapeptide of the sequence EEEEDGG. The binding of Cr(3+) to this heptapeptide has been examined. Mass spectrometric and a variety of spectroscopic studies have shown that multiple chromic ions bind to the peptide in an octahedral fashion through carboxylate groups and potentially small anionic ligands such as oxide and hydroxide. A complex of Cr and the peptide when administered intravenously to mice is able to decrease area under the curve in intravenous glucose tolerance tests. It can also restore insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myotubes rendered insulin resistant by treating them with a high-glucose media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Hirohumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
authors.forename: Machender R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kandadi
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
authors.forename: Evgeniy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panzhinskiy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Ebony
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Love
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Preshus M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Juliette J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Commodore
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
authors.forename: Sreejayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA. jvincent@bama.ua.edu.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002857:Chromium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D002857:Chromium; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Chromium; Glucose tolerance test; Myotubes; Peptide; Spectroscopy