title: Avian Influenza Virus and DIVA Strategies.
abstract: Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The main concern surrounding this option has been the inability of the conventional serological tests to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to virus infection. In attempts to address this issue, at least six strategies have been formulated, aiming to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), namely (i) sentinel birds, (ii) subunit vaccine, (iii) heterologous neuraminidase (NA), (iv) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein, (v) matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein, and (vi) haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) glycoprotein. This short review briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of these DIVA strategies, together with the feasibility and practicality of the options as a part of the surveillance program directed toward the eventual eradication of AIV from poultry in countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .|2 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Sabah, Malaysia .
authors.forename: Noor Haliza
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: 3 School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .
authors.forename: Jagoda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ignjatovic
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peaston
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .
authors.forename: Farhid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hemmatzadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring / Q000662:veterinary*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000097:blood; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000097:blood; D000072739:Sentinel Species / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D012698:Serologic Tests; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D009439:Neuraminidase