title: Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India.
abstract: Indoor air quality and heat exposure have become an important occupational health and safety concern in several workplaces including kitchens of hotels. This study investigated the heat, particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in indoor air of commercial kitchen and its association with kidney dysfunctions among kitchen workers. A cross sectional study was conducted on 94 kitchen workers employed at commercial kitchen in Lucknow city, North India. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect the personal and occupational history of the kitchen workers. The urine analysis for specific gravity and microalbuminuria was conducted among the study subjects. Indoor air temperature, humidity, wet/ dry bulb temperature and humidex heat stress was monitored during cooking activities at the kitchen. Particulate matter (PM) for 1 and 2.5 microns were monitored in kitchen during working hours using Hazdust. PAHS in indoor air was analysed using UHPLC. Urinary hydroxy-PAHs in kitchen workers were measured using GC/MS-MS. Higher indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM1 and PM2.5 (p<0.001) was observed in the kitchen due to cooking process. Indoor air PAHs identified are Napthalene, fluorine, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and indeno [1,2,3-cd) pyrene. Concentrations of all PAHs identified in kitchen were above the permissible OSHA norms for indoor air. Specific gravity of urine was significantly higher among the kitchen workers (p<0.001) as compared to the control group. Also, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was higher (p<0.001) among kitchen workers. Urinary PAH metabolites detected among kitchen workers were 1-NAP, 9-HF, 3-HF, 9-PHN and 1-OHP. Continuous heat exposure in kitchens due to cooking can alter kidney functions viz., high specific gravity of urine in kitchen workers. Exposure to PM, VOCs and PAHs in indoor air and presence of urinary PAHs metabolites may lead to inflammation, which can cause microalbuminuria in kitchen workers, as observed in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.|Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226 028, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Ritul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Mohana Krishna Reddy
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mudiam
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Gubbala Naga Venkata
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bihari
authors.affiliation: Environment Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Nishi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Environment Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Altaf Hussain
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India.
authors.forename: Chandrasekharan Nair
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kesavachandran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons