title: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a Novel Approach for Treating Oropharyngeal Dysphagia.
abstract: In recent years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a technique used to produce human central neurostimulation, has attracted increased interest and been applied experimentally in the treatment of dysphagia. This review presents a synopsis of the current research for the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on dysphagia. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the effects of rTMS and the results from studies on both healthy volunteers and dysphagic patients. The clinical studies on dysphagia have primarily focussed on dysphagia post-stroke. We discuss why it is difficult to draw conclusions for the efficacy of this neurostimulation technique, given the major differences between studies. The intention here is to stimulate potential research questions not yet investigated for the application of rTMS on dysphagic patients prior to their translation into clinical practice for dysphagia rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raginis-Zborowska
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Taha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lodhi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, UK. shaheen.hamdy@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Shaheen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamdy
mesh_terms: D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain; Neurophysiology; Neurostimulation; Rehabilitation; Swallowing disorders