title: Fish Intake in Pregnancy and Child Growth: A Pooled Analysis of 15 European and US Birth Cohorts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal fish intake in pregnancy has been shown to influence fetal growth. The extent to which fish intake affects childhood growth and obesity remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether fish intake in pregnancy is associated with offspring growth and the risk of childhood overweight and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, population-based birth cohort study of singleton deliveries from 1996 to 2011 in Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Massachusetts. A total of 26,184 pregnant women and their children were followed up at 2-year intervals until the age of 6 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumption of fish during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated offspring body mass index percentile trajectories from 3 months after birth to 6 years of age. We defined rapid infant growth as a weight gain z score greater than 0.67 from birth to 2 years and childhood overweight/obesity at 4 and 6 years as body mass index in the 85th percentile or higher for age and sex. We calculated cohort-specific effect estimates and combined them by random-effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This multicenter, population-based birth cohort study included the 26,184 pregnant women and their children. The median fish intake during pregnancy ranged from 0.5 times/week in Belgium to 4.45 times/week in Spain. Women who ate fish more than 3 times/week during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with higher body mass index values from infancy through middle childhood compared with women with lower fish intake (3 times/week or less). High fish intake during pregnancy (>3 times/week) was associated with increased risk of rapid infant growth, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.22 (95% CI, 1.05-1.42) and increased risk of offspring overweight/obesity at 4 years (aOR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.99-1.32]) and 6 years (aOR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.01-1.47]) compared with an intake of once per week or less. Interaction analysis showed that the effect of high fish intake during pregnancy on rapid infant growth was greater among girls (aOR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.59]) than among boys (aOR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.92-1.34]; P = .02 for interaction).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High maternal fish intake during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of rapid growth in infancy and childhood obesity. Our findings are in line with the fish intake limit proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece2Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medici.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stratakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Theano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roumeliotaki
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal5Epidemology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain7Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain.
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basterrechea
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Biostatistics Paris Sorbonne Cité, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Early Origin of the Child Development and Health Team, Villejuif, France9Université Paris Descartes, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Aline
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggesbø
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health System, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forastiere
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Govarts
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Biostatistics Paris Sorbonne Cité, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Early Origin of the Child Development and Health Team, Villejuif, France9Université Paris Descartes, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heude
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iszatt
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cecily
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mommers
authors.affiliation: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain18Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murcia
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain7Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Reference Centre for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention in Piemonte, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polańska
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Reference Centre for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention in Piemonte, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richiardi
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium21University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoeters
authors.affiliation: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain22Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain23Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.affiliation: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain22Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain24Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vrijheid
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tanja G M
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Vrijkotte
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alet H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wijga
authors.affiliation: Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands27CAPHR.
authors.forename: Maurice P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeegers
authors.affiliation: Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain28Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain29Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain30National School of Public Health, A.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D014481:United States