title: Elucidating the role of free polycations in gene knockdown by siRNA polyplexes.
abstract: Future improvements of non-viral vectors for siRNA delivery require better understanding of intracellular processing and vector interactions with target cells. Here, we have compared the siRNA delivery properties of a lipid derivative of bPEI 1.8kDa (DOPE-PEI) with branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) with average molecular weights of 1.8kDa (bPEI 1.8kDa) and 25kDa (bPEI 25kDa). We find mechanistic differences between the DOPE-PEI conjugate and bPEI regarding siRNA condensation and intracellular processing. bPEI 1.8kDa and bPEI 25kDa have similar properties with respect to condensation capability, but are very different regarding siRNA decondensation, cellular internalization and induction of reporter gene knockdown. Lipid conjugation of bPEI 1.8kDa improves the siRNA delivery properties, but with markedly different formulation requirements and mechanisms of action compared to conventional PEIs. Interestingly, strong knockdown using bPEI 25kDa is dependent on the presence of a free vector fraction which does not increase siRNA uptake. Finally, we have investigated the effect on lysosomal pH induced by these vectors to elucidate the differences in the proton sponge effect between lipid conjugated PEI and conventional PEI: Neither DOPE-PEI nor bPEI 25kDa affected lysosomal pH as a function of time, underlining that the possible proton sponge effect is not associated with changes in lysosomal pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene silencing therapy has the potential to treat diseases which are beyond the reach of current small molecule-based medicines. However, delivery of the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) remains a bottleneck to clinical implementation, and the development of safe and efficient delivery systems would be one of the most important achievements in medicine today. A major reason for the lack of progress is insufficient understanding of cell-polyplex interaction. We investigate siRNA delivery using polyethyleneimine (PEI) based vectors and examine how crucial formulation parameters determine the challenges associated with PEI as a delivery vector. We further evaluate how lipid conjugation of PEI influences formulation, cytotoxicity and polymer interaction with cells and cargo as well as the proton sponge capabilities of the vectors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas C B
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Klauber
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Søndergaard
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Rupa R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sawant
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Torchilin
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: tlan@nanotech.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Andresen
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D008156:Luciferases; D011073:Polyamines; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: Non-viral gene delivery; Polycation; Polyethyleneimine; Proton sponge effect; siRNA