title: Biodentine Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-induced TRPA1 Expression in Odontoblastlike Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels have emerged as important cellular sensors in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, with TRPA1 playing a central role in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. The functionality of TRP channels has been shown to be modulated by inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation on odontoblast TRPA1 expression and to determine the effect of Biodentine (Septodent, Paris, France) on inflammatory-induced TRPA1 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to study TRPA1 expression in pulp tissue from healthy and carious human teeth. Pulp cells were differentiated to odontoblastlike cells in the presence of 2 mmol/L beta-glycerophosphate, and these cells were used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, calcium imaging, and patch clamp studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunofluorescent staining revealed TRPA1 expression in odontoblast cell bodies and odontoblast processes, which was more intense in carious versus healthy teeth. TRPA1 gene expression was induced in cultured odontoblastlike cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha, and this expression was significantly reduced in the presence of Biodentine. The functionality of the TRPA1 channel was shown by calcium microfluorimetry and patch clamp recording, and our results showed a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced TRPA1 responses after Biodentine treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this study showed TRPA1 to be modulated by caries-induced inflammation and that Biodentine reduced TRPA1 expression and functional responses.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: El Karim
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Maelíosa T C
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McCrudden
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McGahon
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeanneau
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giraud
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Electronic address: f.lundy@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Fionnuala T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lundy
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: About
mesh_terms: D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003785:Dental Pulp Capping; D005994:Glycerophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005994:Glycerophosphates; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017640:Silicates; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; C473350:TRPA1 protein, human; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C506393:tricalcium silicate; C031463:beta-glycerophosphoric acid
keywords: Biodentine; dental pulp; human; inflammation; pulp capping; transient receptor potential channel