title: A cryoinjury model in neonatal mice for cardiac translational and regeneration research.
abstract: The introduction of injury models for neonatal mouse hearts has accelerated research on the mechanisms of cardiac regeneration in mammals. However, some existing models, such as apical resection and ligation of the left anterior descending artery, produce variable results, which may be due to technical difficulties associated with these methods. Here we present an alternative model for the study of cardiac regeneration in neonatal mice in which cryoinjury is used to induce heart injury. This model yields a reproducible injury size, does not induce known mechanisms of cardiac regeneration and leads to a sustained reduction of cardiac function. This protocol uses reusable cryoprobes that can be assembled in 5 min, with the entire procedure taking 15 min per pup. The subsequent heart collection and fixation takes 2 d to complete. Cryoinjury results in a myocardial scar, and the size of injury can be scaled by the use of different cryoprobes (0.5 and 1.5 mm). Cryoinjury models are medically relevant to diseases in human infants with heart disease. In summary, the myocardial cryoinjury model in neonatal mice described here is a useful tool for cardiac translational and regeneration research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Polizzotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, and Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernhard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Haubner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Josef M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Penninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, and Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kühn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D012038:Regeneration; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical