title: In vitro fermentation of alginate and its derivatives by human gut microbiota.
abstract: Alginate (Alg) has a long history as a food ingredient in East Asia. However, the human gut microbes responsible for the degradation of alginate and its derivatives have not been fully understood yet. Here, we report that alginate and the low molecular polymer derivatives of mannuronic acid oligosaccharides (MO) and guluronic acid oligosaccharides (GO) can be completely degraded and utilized at various rates by fecal microbiota obtained from six Chinese individuals. However, the derivative of propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) was not hydrolyzed. The bacteria having a pronounced ability to degrade Alg, MO and GO were isolated from human fecal samples and were identified as Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Alg, MO and GO can increase the production level of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but GO generates the highest level of SCFA. Our data suggest that alginate and its derivatives could be degraded by specific bacteria in the human gut, providing the basis for the impacts of alginate and its derivates as special food additives on human health.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Miaomiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Guangsheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
authors.forename: Qingsen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiuxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiong'e
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yeshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. Electronic address: glyu@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: xxww101@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003470:Culture Media; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C000613194:propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate; C007896:guluronic acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C008324:mannuronic acid
keywords: Alginate and its derivatives; Bacteroides ovatus; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Bacteroides xylanisolvens; Human gut microbiota; Hydrolyze