title: Progress and prospects for L2-based human papillomavirus vaccines.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a worldwide public health problem, particularly in resource-limited countries. Fifteen high-risk genital HPV types are sexually transmitted and cause 5% of all cancers worldwide, primarily cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Skin HPV types are generally associated with benign disease, but a subset is linked to non-melanoma skin cancer. Licensed HPV vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from L1 major capsid antigen of key high risk HPVs are effective at preventing these infections but do not cover cutaneous types and are not therapeutic. Vaccines targeting L2 minor capsid antigen, some using capsid display, adjuvant and fusions with early HPV antigens or Toll-like receptor agonists, are in development to fill these gaps. Progress and challenges with L2-based vaccines are summarized.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Rosie T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: b Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology , Medical University Vienna (MUW) , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schellenbacher
authors.affiliation: c Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM , USA.
authors.forename: Bryce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chackerian
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.|d Department of Oncology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.|e Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Richard B S
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
keywords: L2; adjuvant; anogenital cancer; capsid display; cervical cancer; human papillomavirus; multimer; non-melanoma skin cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; toll-like receptor agonist