title: Phase transition kinetics and surface binding states of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite.
abstract: We have presented a detailed analysis of the phase transition kinetics and binding energy states of solution processed methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin films prepared at ambient conditions and annealed at different elevated temperatures. It is the processing temperature and environmental conditions that predominantly control the crystal structure and surface morphology of MAPbI3 thin films. The structural transformation from tetragonal to cubic occurs at 60 °C with a 30 minute annealing time while the 10 minute annealed films posses a tetragonal crystal structure. The transformed phase is greatly intact even at the higher annealing temperature of 150 °C and after a time of 2 hours. The charge transfer interaction between the Pb 4f and I 3d oxidation states is quantified using XPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajendra Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dennyson Savariraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Karthick
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selvam
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balamuralitharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hee-Je
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: UTM Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA-99354, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijaykumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeong-Dong, Gumjeong-Ku, Busan-609 735, South Korea. prabakar@pusan.ac.kr kprabakar@gmail.com and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA-99354, USA.
authors.forename: Kandasamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabakar