title: Morphometry of the lower lumbar intervertebral discs and endplates: comparative analyses of new MRI data with previous findings.
abstract: Variability of the human lower lumbar geometry is related to complications of disc arthroplasty surgery. Accurate morphometric descriptions are essential for the design of artificial intervertebral discs to ensure good prothesis-vertebra contact and better load distribution, and can improve spinal biomechanics. Unfortunately, current knowledge of the lower lumbar geometry is limited either in the representativeness of sample populations or the accuracy and comprehensiveness of measurements. The objective of this study was to establish an accurate and reliable measurement protocol, provide a comprehensive database of lower lumbar geometry, and compare and summarize geometric data as reported in the literature.
  
  
  
  T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of lower lumbar spine (L3-S1), taken from 109 adult subjects, were anonymized from the digital archive of a local hospital. A total of 318 intervertebral discs and 590 endplates met the inclusion criteria and were studied. Linear and planar measurements were performed using OsiriX software, and analyzed using split plot factorial (SPF) analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent student t tests, paired sample t tests, and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc tests.
  
  
  
  Excellent intra- and inter-observer reliabilities were achieved using the proposed measurement protocol. The results of this study indicated that male subjects had significantly larger geometric dimensions. L5/S1 discs had the smallest geometric dimensions compared to the discs at other two levels. Significant craniocaudal differences were found in endplate morpohometry. The error associated with using ellipsoid methods was quantified at each lower lumbar level. A large comprehensive database compiling lower lumbar geometry from many studies was established. This study provides geometric data for the female subjects at the L5/S1 level, previously lacking in the literature.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates the potential of using MRI data to establish a standard measurement protocol for morphometric quantification of the lower lumbar intervertebral discs and vertebral endplates. These results are invaluable in characterizing comprehensive lower lumbar morphometry, which may provide crucial information for planning spinal surgeries, designing artificial intervertebral discs, and for biomechanical modeling of the low lack.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Room 955, Enderis Hall, 2400 E, Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA. tangr@uwm.edu.|Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. tangr@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Ruoliang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.|Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gungor
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sesek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015588:Observer Variation; D059145:Total Disc Replacement / Q000379:methods
keywords: Disc arthroplasty; Endplate; Geometry; Lower lumbar intervertebral disc; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)