title: The Effects of Sub-Regional Climate Velocity on the Distribution and Spatial Extent of Marine Species Assemblages.
abstract: Many studies illustrate variable patterns in individual species distribution shifts in response to changing temperature. However, an assemblage, a group of species that shares a common environmental niche, will likely exhibit similar responses to climate changes, and these community-level responses may have significant implications for ecosystem function. Therefore, we examine the relationship between observed shifts of species in assemblages and regional climate velocity (i.e., the rate and direction of change of temperature isotherms). The assemblages are defined in two sub-regions of the U.S. Northeast Shelf that have heterogeneous oceanography and bathymetry using four decades of bottom trawl survey data and we explore temporal changes in distribution, spatial range extent, thermal habitat area, and biomass, within assemblages. These sub-regional analyses allow the dissection of the relative roles of regional climate velocity and local physiography in shaping observed distribution shifts. We find that assemblages of species associated with shallower, warmer waters tend to shift west-southwest and to shallower waters over time, possibly towards cooler temperatures in the semi-enclosed Gulf of Maine, while species assemblages associated with relatively cooler and deeper waters shift deeper, but with little latitudinal change. Conversely, species assemblages associated with warmer and shallower water on the broad, shallow continental shelf from the Mid-Atlantic Bight to Georges Bank shift strongly northeast along latitudinal gradients with little change in depth. Shifts in depth among the southern species associated with deeper and cooler waters are more variable, although predominantly shifts are toward deeper waters. In addition, spatial expansion and contraction of species assemblages in each region corresponds to the area of suitable thermal habitat, but is inversely related to assemblage biomass. This suggests that assemblage distribution shifts in conjunction with expansion or contraction of thermal habitat acts to compress or stretch marine species assemblages, which may respectively amplify or dilute species interactions to an extent that is rarely considered. Overall, regional differences in climate change effects on the movement and extent of species assemblages hold important implications for management, mitigation, and adaptation on the U.S. Northeast Shelf.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kleisner
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Analie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fratantoni
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucey
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, c/o Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University Forrestal Campus, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vincent S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Malin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D018533:Biomass; D057231:Climate Change; D015146:Midwestern United States; D008954:Models, Biological