title: Biological activities of polyphenols-enriched propolis from Argentina arid regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propolis is a bioactive natural product collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from plant sources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the effect of propolis extracts from arid region of Argentina, on the activity/expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, and as potential free radical scavenger, antifungal and anthelmintic agent as well as to get a first insight into the polyphenolic profile of the active fractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two propolis samples were collected in different time from hives located in Tucumán, Argentina. They are representative of the collection time of the raw material for phytotherapeutical purposes. Ethanolic extracts from both propolis were obtained. The PEEs were analyzed for total polyphenol (TP), non-flavonoid phenols (NFP) and flavonoid (FP) content followed by HPLC-DAD analysis and identification of components by HPLC-MS/MS(n). The potentiality as anti-inflammatory (LOX, COX, iNOS enzymes), antioxidant, antifungal and nematicidal was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PEEs contain high levels of TP, NFP and FP, including cinnamic acid, caffeic acid prenyl ester, caffeoyl dihydrocaffeate and caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester, liquiritigenin, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone and 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone. The PEEs in vitro reduced the activity of LOX and COX-2. Pretreatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PEEs before the induction of inflammatory state, inhibited NO overproduction and the iNOS protein expression was significantly decreased. The PEEs exhibited antioxidant, antifungal (Candida sp.) and nematicidal effect (C. elegans).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show the potential use of characterized PEEs from arid regions of Argentina as phytomedicine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), INQUINOA.CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ana Lilia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), INQUINOA.CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: María Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Alberto
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), INQUINOA.CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Iris Catiana
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Zampini
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), INQUINOA.CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ana Soledad
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.affiliation: INTA, Famaillá, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, España.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmeda-Hirschmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), INQUINOA.CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Electronic address: misla@tucbbs.com.ar.
authors.forename: María Inés
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Isla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001118:Argentina; D001516:Bees; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Anthelmintic; Anti-inflammatory; Antifungal; Argentina; Polyphenols; Propolis