title: The prevalence and characteristics of hallucinations, delusions and minor phenomena in a non-demented population sample aged 60 years and over.
abstract: Psychotic phenomena can occur in non-clinical subjects. The goals of this study were to assess the prevalence of delusions, hallucinations and minor 'psychotic' phenomena (visual illusions, feeling of presence and passage hallucinations) and to describe the characteristics of the latter in a non-clinical older population.
  
  
  
  Three hundred and thirteen individuals aged 60 years and older, without cognitive deficits (according to mini-mental state examination scores) or patent psychotic disease, answered a structured questionnaire focusing on delusions, hallucinations and minor phenomena that they had experienced in the previous month. The study sample was stratified by age and gender according to French demographic characteristics.
  
  
  
  Twenty per cent of participants reported one or more psychotic phenomena. These subjects did not differ from those without psychotic symptoms as regards their age, mini-mental state examination scores or education. Minor phenomena were the most common (13%). Hallucinations, in any sensory modality, occurred in 9% of participants. No verbal auditory hallucinations or delusions were reported. The prevalence of minor phenomena increased with age and was associated with the use of psychoactive drugs.
  
  
  
  By extending the spectrum of psychotic symptoms to minor phenomena, we found that psychotic symptoms were common in a non-clinical older population. Whether the increasing prevalence of minor phenomena with age is due to prodromal neurodegenerative disease or to other factors remains to be investigated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Neurochirurgie, Université Paris-Est. Inserm U955, eq. 14, Créteil, France. soulas.th@gmail.com.|Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, EA 4057, Université Paris-Descartes, Boulogne, France. soulas.th@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soulas
authors.affiliation: APHP, Service de neurologie, GH Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, Equipe 1, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.|Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France.|Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cleret de Langavant
authors.affiliation: APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Neurochirurgie, Université Paris-Est. Inserm U955, eq. 14, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Monod
authors.affiliation: APHP, Service de neurologie, GH Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, Equipe 1, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.|Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France.|Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fénelon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003702:Delusions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: feeling of presence; hallucinations; illusions; non-clinical population; psychoactive drugs