title: Geometrical force constraint method for vessel and x-ray angiogram simulation.
abstract: This study proposes a novel geometrical force constraint method for 3-D vasculature modeling and angiographic image simulation. For this method, space filling force, gravitational force, and topological preserving force are proposed and combined for the optimization of the topology of the vascular structure. The surface covering force and surface adhesion force are constructed to drive the growth of the vasculature on any surface. According to the combination effects of the topological and surface adhering forces, a realistic vasculature can be effectively simulated on any surface. The image projection of the generated 3-D vascular structures is simulated according to the perspective projection and energy attenuation principles of X-rays. Finally, the simulated projection vasculature is fused with a predefined angiographic mask image to generate a realistic angiogram. The proposed method is evaluated on a CT image and three generally utilized surfaces. The results fully demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jingfan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Weijian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: Danni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Yitian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yongtian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular
keywords: Vascular tree; angiogram; force constraint; simulation