title: Pharmacogenetics of Risperidone and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: Objective. To identify the frequency of obesity and metabolic complications in child and adolescent users of risperidone. Potential associations with clinical parameters and SNPs of the HTR2C, DRD2, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, and CYP2D6 genes were analyzed. Methods. Samples from 120 risperidone users (8-20 years old) were collected and SNPs were analyzed, alongside assessment of chronological and bone ages, prescribed and weight-adjusted doses, use of other psychotropic drugs, waist circumference, BMI z-scores, blood pressure, HOMA-IR index, fasting levels of serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, and leptin. Results. Thirty-two (26.7%) patients were overweight and 5 (4.2%) obese. Hypertension was recorded in 8 patients (6.7%), metabolic syndrome in 6 (5%), and increased waist circumference in 20 (16.7%). The HOMA-IR was high for 22 patients (18.3%), while total cholesterol and triglycerides were high in 20 (16.7%) and 41 (34.2%) patients, respectively. SNP associations were found for LEP, HTR2C, and CYP2D6 with BMI; CYP2D6 with blood pressure, ALT, and HOMA-IR; HTR2C and LEPR with leptin levels; MC4R and DRD2 with HOMA-IR; HTR2C with WC; and LEP with ALT. Conclusions. Although not higher than in the general pediatric population, a high frequency of patients was overweight/obese, with abnormalities in metabolic parameters and some pharmacogenetic associations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amilton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dos Santos-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), Unicamp, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taciane Barbosa
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), Unicamp, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maricilda Palandi
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Osmar Henrique
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Della Torre
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lúcia Arisaka
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Perez
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Neto
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), FCM-Unicamp, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Esposito
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sewaybricker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Salum
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloisa Helena Rubello Valler
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Celeri
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), FCM-Unicamp, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, FCM-Unicamp, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerra-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalgalarrondo