title: A Non-Destructive Method for Distinguishing Reindeer Antler (Rangifer tarandus) from Red Deer Antler (Cervus elaphus) Using X-Ray Micro-Tomography Coupled with SVM Classifiers.
abstract: Over the last decade, biomedical 3D-imaging tools have gained widespread use in the analysis of prehistoric bone artefacts. While initial attempts to characterise the major categories used in osseous industry (i.e. bone, antler, and dentine/ivory) have been successful, the taxonomic determination of prehistoric artefacts remains to be investigated. The distinction between reindeer and red deer antler can be challenging, particularly in cases of anthropic and/or taphonomic modifications. In addition to the range of destructive physicochemical identification methods available (mass spectrometry, isotopic ratio, and DNA analysis), X-ray micro-tomography (micro-CT) provides convincing non-destructive 3D images and analyses. This paper presents the experimental protocol (sample scans, image processing, and statistical analysis) we have developed in order to identify modern and archaeological antler collections (from Isturitz, France). This original method is based on bone microstructure analysis combined with advanced statistical support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. A combination of six microarchitecture biomarkers (bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular separation, trabecular thickness, trabecular bone pattern factor, and structure model index) were screened using micro-CT in order to characterise internal alveolar structure. Overall, reindeer alveoli presented a tighter mesh than red deer alveoli, and statistical analysis allowed us to distinguish archaeological antler by species with an accuracy of 96%, regardless of anatomical location on the antler. In conclusion, micro-CT combined with SVM classifiers proves to be a promising additional non-destructive method for antler identification, suitable for archaeological artefacts whose degree of human modification and cultural heritage or scientific value has previously made it impossible (tools, ornaments, etc.).
authors.affiliation: De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel, Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie-UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.affiliation: EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies oro-faciales, Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France.
authors.forename: Gael Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Rochefort
authors.affiliation: De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel, Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie-UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies oro-faciales, Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Denmat
authors.affiliation: EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies oro-faciales, Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France.|Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires PNVS, Service d'Odontologie Bretonneau, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures, les Espaces et les Sociétés-UMR 5608, University Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pétillon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003670:Deer; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography