title: Double-Blind Crossover Study to Compare Pain Experience During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Administration Using Buffered Two Percent Lidocaine in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Buffering of anesthetic solutions has been suggested to reduce pain on injection and onset of anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to assess the reduction in pain on injection during inferior alveolar nerve block administration in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double blind crossover study was designed where 30 six- to 12-year-old patients received two sessions of inferior alveolar nerve block scheduled one week apart. Two percent lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine was given during one appointment, and a buffered solution was given during the other. Pain on injection was assessed using the sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale, and the time to onset was assessed after gingival probing. The Heft-Parker visual analogue scale (HP-VAS) was self recorded by the patient after administration of local anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When tested using Mann-Whitney analysis, no significant differences were found between the SEM scores (P=0.71) and HP-VAS scores (P=0.93) for the two solutions used. Student's t test was used to assess the difference in the onset of anesthesia, which was also found to be statistically insignificant (P=0.824).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buffered lidocaine did not reduce the pain on injection or time to onset of anesthesia for inferior alveolar nerve block in children.
authors.affiliation: ITS-CDSR Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India. drradhikachopra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, KG Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: ITS-CDSR Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.affiliation: Professor, at the ITS-CDSR Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India.
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandhu
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008340:Mandibular Nerve; D009407:Nerve Block; D010146:Pain; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine