title: Advising patients on selecting trustful apps for diabetes self-care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a dramatic increase in mobile apps for diabetes self-care. However, their quality is not guaranteed and patients do not have the appropriate tools for careful evaluation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work aims to propose a tool to help patients with diabetes select an appropriate app for self-care.
  
  
  METHODS
  After identifying the conceptual framework of diabetes self-care, we searched Apple US app store and reviewed diabetes self-care apps, considering both generic and diabetes-specific features. Based on an existing tool for representing the benefits and weaknesses of medical apps, we created the pictorial identification schema/Diabetes Self-care tool, which specifically identified medical apps in the diabetes domain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 952 apps retrieved, 67 were for diabetes self-care, while 26 were excluded because they were not updated in the last 12 months. Of the remaining 41, none cost more than 15 USD, and 36 implemented manual data entry. Basic features (data logging, data representation, and data delivery) were implemented in almost all apps, whereas advanced features (e.g., insulin calculator) were implemented in a small percentage of apps. The pictorial identification schema for diabetes was completed by one patient and one software developer for 13 apps. Both users highlighted weaknesses related to the functionalities offered and to their interface, but the patient focused on usability, whereas the software developer focused on technical implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Pictorial Identification Schema/Diabetes Self-care is a promising graphical tool for perceiving the weaknesses and benefits of a diabetes self-care app that includes multiple user profile perspectives.
authors.affiliation: eHealthLAB, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basilico
authors.affiliation: eHealthLAB, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: smarceglia@units.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marceglia
authors.affiliation: eHealthLAB, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Health Informatics Centre, Institutionen för lärande, informatik, Management och etik/LIME Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonacina
authors.affiliation: eHealthLAB, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Engineering in Health and Wellbeing Research Group, IEIIT-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinciroli
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Data display [F02.784.412.221]; Diabetes mellitus [C18.452.394.750]; Medical informatics computing [L01.700.568]; Mobile applications [L01.224.900.685]; Self care [N02.421.784.680]