title: Abnormal Pressure Pain, Touch Sensitivity, Proprioception, and Manual Dexterity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often display an abnormal reactivity to tactile stimuli, altered pain perception, and lower motor skills than healthy children. Nevertheless, these motor and sensory deficits have been mostly assessed by using clinical observation and self-report questionnaires. The present study aims to explore somatosensory and motor function in children with ASD by using standardized and objective testing procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tactile and pressure pain thresholds in hands and lips, stereognosis, proprioception, and fine motor performance of the upper limbs were assessed in high-functioning children with ASD (n = 27) and compared with typically developing peers (n = 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ASD showed increased pain sensitivity, increased touch sensitivity in C-tactile afferents innervated areas, and diminished fine motor performance and proprioception compared to healthy children. No group differences were observed for stereognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased pain sensitivity and increased touch sensitivity in areas classically related to affective touch (C-tactile afferents innervated areas) may explain typical avoiding behaviors associated with hypersensitivity. Both sensory and motor impairments should be assessed and treated in children with ASD.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISPa), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brugmann University Hospital, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Samar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hatem
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISPa), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8652-948X
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montoya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology