title: Prevalence of very low birthweight, malformation, and low Apgar score among newborns in Brazil according to maternal urban or rural residence at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adverse birth outcomes are a major public health issue in rural areas, where several environmental risk factors, including pesticides, may endanger the health of women of reproductive age. We investigated the prevalence of selected birth outcomes among newborns from mothers living in urban and rural areas of a Brazilian municipality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about all live births that occurred between 2004 and 2006 in the Municipality of Nova Friburgo, Brazil, was retrieved from the Live Birth Information System. Newborns were classified as rural or urban, according to the mother's residence address.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newborns from rural areas had a higher prevalence of very low-birthweight, low Apgar score, and malformation. On Poisson regression with adjustment for several confounders, rural offspring were more likely to have the aforementioned outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women in rural areas are at higher risk of giving birth to an infant with very low-birthweight, low 5-min Apgar score and malformations detectable at birth, regardless of socioeconomic and gestational conditions.
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Environment Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rezende Chrisman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inês Eschenique
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosalina Jorge
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Koifman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koifman
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moraes Mello Boccolini
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brazil; birth certificate; pregnancy outcome; rural population