title: Smoking Induced Hemolysis: Spectral and microscopic investigations.
abstract: Smoking is one of the major causes of lifestyle associated mortality and morbidity such as cancer of the oral cavity and lungs, and also cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we have provided evidences for the smoking-induced hemolysis using two methods: spectra of blood components and atomic force microscopic analysis of surface morphology. A total of 62 subjects (control = 31; smoker = 31: 21 male; 10 female in each set) were considered for the study. The findings indicate that smoking leads to potholes on the surface, swelling of shape, rupturing of erythrocytes, removal of hematoporphyrin and flushing into the plasma as metabolites of the erythrocyte. The overall morphology of the erythrocytes of the smoker group appears more like a Mexican hat. The mean surface roughness was 5.5 ± 3 nm for the smoker group, but 1.2 ± 0.2 nm for the control group. Such damages might help the toxins, (CO, peroxidants, aldehydes etc.,) to gain easy access and get strongly absorbed by the hemoglobin, leading to enhanced rates of hemolysis as shown by the spectral features of metabolites. This indicates that the average life span of the smoker's erythrocytes is significantly less than that of the control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.|Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Vadivel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Masilamani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.|King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: AlZahrani
authors.affiliation: Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sandhanasamy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devanesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.|King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: AlQahtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.|Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers, College of Sceince, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA- 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Saleh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: AlSalhi
mesh_terms: D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D009243:NAD