title: Differential migration and the link between winter latitude, timing of migration, and breeding in a songbird.
abstract: Patterns of connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds can have important implications for individual fitness and population dynamics. Using light-level geolocators and stable hydrogen isotopes (δ(2)H) in feathers, we evaluated differential migration of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) breeding on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada in relation to sex, age, and body size. Based on geolocators recovered from 38 individuals between 2012 and 2014, the winter distribution was centered in North Carolina (median latitude 34°, range 26°-41°), with males overwintering, on average, approximately 275 km further north than females. Based on analyses of tail feather samples collected from 106 individuals from the same population between 2008 and 2012, males and adults had more negative δ(2)H values than females and juveniles, respectively, providing additional evidence that males wintered north of females and that adults wintered north of juveniles. Winter latitude and δ(2)H values within each sex were not found to be related to body size. From geolocator data, males returned to the breeding grounds, on average, 14 days earlier than females. For males, there was some evidence that arrival date on the breeding grounds was negatively correlated with winter latitude and that individuals which arrived earlier tended to breed earlier. Thus, benefits for males of early arrival on the breeding grounds may have contributed to their wintering farther north than females. Social dominance may also have contributed to age and sex differences in winter latitude, whereby dominant males and adults forced subordinate females and juveniles further south.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. bwoodwor@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Bradley K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy E M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, 04011, USA.
authors.forename: Sheela P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Turbek
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Bryant C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Dossman
authors.affiliation: Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.affiliation: Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada.|International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Leonard I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Wassenaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.|Wildlife Research Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
authors.forename: Greg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, 04011, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Wheelwright
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: D Ryan
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005241:Feathers; D012621:Seasons; D020308:Songbirds
keywords: Carryover effects; Light-level geolocator; Protandry; Savannah sparrow; Stable isotopes