title: How Protective Mechanisms Interact to Prevent Overnight Calcium Phosphate Precipitation - An Observational Study to Determine Factors Against Calcium Phosphate Lithogenesis in a Healthy Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As restful, non-interrupted sleep is essential for normal mental and physical functioning, the urine flow rate (UFR) overnight remains low. Due to this reduced UFR, the kidneys produce a lower urine volume, which may lead to supersaturation of lithogens in the renal collecting system. The protective mechanisms that prevent the rise in the concentration of the lithogenic substances in urine, such as calcium phosphate, are explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were collected from 26 subjects every 2-3 h during daylight with one nocturnal collection; the UFR was calculated in the median time for each collection period. Urinary constituents for calcium phosphate precipitation including electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, citrate, and pH were measured. Comparisons within individuals were done by paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calcium excretion rate fell significantly overnight (from 2.4 ± 0.2 µmol/min during the daytime to 1.5 ± 0.3 µmol/min, p < 0.05), in parallel with sodium excretion (54 ± 16 µmol/min from its daytime 127 ± 12 µmol/min, p < 0.05), preventing nocturnal calcium concentration from increasing (3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l daytime to 2.5 ± 0.5 mmol/l overnight), while citrate concentration did not change significantly. The total urine phosphate concentration rose significantly overnight (daytime 18.7 ± 1.4 µmol/min vs. nocturnal 20.9 ± 1.7 µmol/min), but the concentration of divalent phosphate did not increase in the overnight period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the UFR was lower overnight, there was no evidence that the risk of calcium phosphate precipitate formation in healthy subjects was increased.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shafiee
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Mitchell L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000652:urine*; D002951:Citrates / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine; D012016:Reference Values; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002951:Citrates; D010710:Phosphates