title: Depression motivates quit attempts but predicts relapse: differential findings for gender from the International Tobacco Control Study.
abstract: To determine whether signs of current depression predict attempts to quit smoking, and short-term abstinence among those who try, and to test moderating effects of gender and cessation support (pharmacological and behavioural).
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort with approximately annual waves. Among smokers at one wave we assessed outcomes at the next wave using mixed-effects logistic regressions.
  
  
  
  Waves 5-8 of the Four Country International Tobacco Control Study: a quasi-experimental cohort study of smokers from Canada, USA, UK and Australia.
  
  
  
  A total of 6811 tobacco smokers who participated in telephone surveys.
  
  
  
  Three-level depression index: (1) neither low positive affect (LPA) nor negative affect (NA) in the last 4 weeks; (2) LPA and/or NA but not diagnosed with depression in the last 12 months; and (3) diagnosed with depression. Outcomes were quit attempts and 1-month abstinence among attempters.
  
  
  
  Depression positively predicted quit attempts, but not after controlling for quitting history and motivational variables. Controlling for all covariates, depression consistently negatively predicted abstinence. Cessation support did not moderate this effect. There was a significant interaction with gender for quit attempts (P = 0.018) and abstinence (P = 0.049) after controlling for demographics, but not after all covariates. Depression did not predict abstinence among men. Among women, depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49-0.81] and diagnosis (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.34-0.63) negatively predicted abstinence.
  
  
  
  Smokers with depressive symptoms or diagnosis make more quit attempts than their non-depressed counterparts, which may be explained by higher motivation to quit, but they are also more likely to relapse in the first month. These findings are stronger in women than men.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Hua-Hie
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Pierre-Antoine
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dugué
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000628:therapy; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
keywords: Cessation support; Depression; depressive symptoms; gender; relapse; smoking cessation