title: A social neuroscience-informed model for teaching and practising compassion in health care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empathy and compassion are important catalysts for the healing process, but some research suggests their decline during training and practice. Compassion involves recognition, understanding, emotional resonance and empathic concern for another's concerns, distress, pain and suffering, coupled with their acknowledgement, and motivation and relational action to ameliorate these conditions.
  Neuroscientists have identified neural networks that generate shared representations of directly experienced and observed feelings, sensations and actions. When shared representations evoke empathic concern or compassion for another's painful situation, humans experience altruistic motivation to help. The resulting behaviours are associated with activation of areas in the brain associated with affiliation and reward.
  Activation of these neural networks is sensitive to multiple inter- and intrapersonal influences. These include the ability to focus one's attention, the ability to receive and accurately interpret input about distress, the perspective one adopts in order to understand another's experience, self-other boundary awareness, the degree to which one values another's welfare, the ability to recognise and regulate one's own emotions, the ability to attend to one's own wellbeing through self-care and self-compassion, effective communication skills, reflection and meta-cognition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current research suggests that compassion can be modulated through education and training and is associated with positive emotions, a sense of affiliation, reward and prosocial behaviours. A compassion process model and framework with examples of educational goals, interventions and resources for curriculum development are described. However, education must be aligned with changes in clinical practice to sustain compassionate care.
authors.affiliation: The Schwartz Center for Compassionate Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA.|Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School - Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lown
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D017145:Models, Educational; D009042:Motivation; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000193:education*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations