title: Neurochemical abnormalities in anterior cingulate cortex on betel quid dependence: a 2D (1)H MRS investigation.
abstract: The effects of betel quid dependence (BQD) on biochemical changes remain largely unknown. Individuals with impaired cognitive control of behavior often reveal altered neurochemicals in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI) and those changes are usually earlier than structural alteration. Here, we examined BQD individuals (n = 33) and age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy control participants (n = 32) in an 2D (1)H-MRS study to observe brain biochemical alterations in the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) associated with the severity of BQD and duration of BQD. In the bilateral ACC, our study found NAA/Cr were lower in BQD individuals compared to the healthy controls, Cho/Cr and Glx/Cr were higher in individuals with BQD compared to the healthy group, but increase was noted for mI/Cr in BQD individuals only in the left ACC. NAA/Cr ratios of the right ACC negatively correlated with BQDS and duration, NAA/Cr ratios of the left ACC negatively correlated with duration, Glx/Cr ratios of the right ACC positively correlated with BQDS. The findings of the study support previous analyses of a role for ACC area in the mediation of BQ addiction and mechanistically explain past observations of reduced ACC grey matter in BQD patients. These data jointly point to state related abnormalities of BQ effect and provide a novel strategy of therapeutic intervention designed to normalize Glu transmission and function during treating BQ addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Hainan ProvinceHaikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Shixiong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Zhongyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Guoshuai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Mengjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province Haikou 570311, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Suyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
keywords: Betel quid; N-acetylaspartate; anterior cingulated cortex; choline; creatine; glutamate; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; myo-inositol; substance dependence