title: Crystal structure and chemotherapeutic efficacy of the novel compound, gallium tetrachloride betaine, against breast cancer using nanotechnology.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor efficacy of a novel synthesized compound, betaine gallium-tetrachloride (BTG), alone or combined with ZnO-nanoparticles (BTG + ZnO-NPs) on the incidence of 7, 12-dimethylbenz-anthrathene-induced mammary tumor in female rats. Crystal and molecular structure of the prepared BTG were identified using X-ray crystallography. In vitro study revealed BTG more cytotoxic than BTG + ZnO-NPs on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. In vivo study demonstrated that the blood antioxidant status of tumor-bearing rats (DMBA group) was significantly lower than normal noticeable by a significant decrease in GSH content, GPx, SOD, and CAT activities associated with a significantly high MDA content. Both treatments have significantly elevated SOD and CAT activities with a concomitant decrease of MDA level compared to DMBA group. However, BTG + ZnO-NPs accentuated the decrease of GSH regarding DMBA group. The results showed also that both treatments significantly activate caspase-3 enzyme and apoptosis in mammary glands. Their administration to tumor-bearing rats was found to significantly reduce plasma iron and iron-binding capacity (TIBC) compared to DMBA group. Regarding liver function, both treatments significantly reduced the increase of ALT and AST activities compared to DMBA group. However, BTG + ZnO-NPs decreased albumin below normal level. Histopathological studies showed that normalization of tissue structures was higher in BTG than BTG + ZnO-NPs treatment. According to the results obtained, it is observed that the antitumor effect of BTG alone was as strong as BTG + ZnO-NPs and even more efficient in some aspects accordingly, a combination is not needed. Thus, the novel synthetic gallium derivatives may potentially present a new hope for the development of breast cancer therapeutics, which should attract further scientific and pharmaceutical interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al Majmaah University, KSA and National Center for Radiation Research and Technology. Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Kandil.eman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kandil
authors.affiliation: Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdelfattah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mostafa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005708:Gallium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D001622:Betaine; D005708:Gallium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Betaine; Breast cancer; Gallium trichloride; ZnO-nanoparticles