title: The validity and reliability of the EValuation of INtervention Scale: preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain management is a priority for infants receiving neonatal care as they undergo many necessary painful and stressful interventions, which are associated with negative short- or long-term consequences. This study aims to validate the content, and test the reliability, of the EValuation of INtervention Scale (EVIN), which is designed to evaluate the use of widely recommended nonpharmacological strategies to reduce neonatal pain and stress during procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The content of the EVIN was validated with multidisciplinary participation (N = 80), and consistency was established via observations on preterm infants (N = 12, at 31-34 weeks' gestation) during interventions in a neonatal unit. A revised scale was tested for inter-rater reliability with observations of invasive (blood sampling, N = 16) and noninvasive (nappy change, N = 18) interventions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine inter-rater reliability. SPSS (PASW Statistics) version 18 was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very good intraclass correlation coefficients (>0.8) for both invasive (0.962) and noninvasive procedures (0.970) were achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the EVIN is suitable for the evaluation of nonpharmacological support during painful or stressful interventions.
authors.affiliation: Therapy Services, Imperial Neonatal Service, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Therapy Services, Imperial Neonatal Service, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.affiliation: Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleberg
authors.affiliation: Statistical Advisory Service, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eliahoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kanwaljeet J S
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Therapy Services, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards*; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Developmental care; NIDCAP; Neonatal pain and stress; Nonpharmacological intervention; Preterm infant