title: Nitrates in drinking water: relation with intensive livestock production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An excess of nitrates causes environmental pollution in receiving water bodies and health risk for human, if contaminated water is source of drinking water. The directive 91/676/ CEE [1] aims to reduce the nitrogen pressure in Europe from agriculture sources and identifies the livestock population as one of the predominant sources of surplus of nutrients that could be released in water and air. Directive is concerned about cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry and their territorial loads, but it does not deal with fish farms. Fish farms effluents may contain pollutants affecting ecosystem water quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of multivariate statistical analysis, this paper aims to establish what types of farming affect the presence of nitrates in drinking water in the province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. In this regard, we have used data from official sources on nitrates in drinking water and data Arvet database, concerning the presence of intensive farming in the considered area. For model selection we have employed automatic variable selection algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified fish farms as a major source of nitrogen released into the environment, while pollution from sheep and poultry has appeared negligible. We would like to emphasize the need to include in the "Nitrate Vulnerable Zones" (as defined in Directive 91/676/CEE [1]), all areas where there are intensive farming of fish with open-system type of water use. Besides, aquaculture open-system should be equipped with adequate downstream system of filtering for removing nitrates in the wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention, Asl CN 1, Veterinary Service, Area Animal Sanity, Racconigi (CN), Italy;
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giammarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quatto
keywords: Drinking water; Fish; Nitrates