title: Shoulder dystocia: prediction and management.
abstract: Shoulder dystocia is a complication of vaginal delivery and the primary factor associated with brachial plexus injury. In this review, we discuss the risk factors for shoulder dystocia and propose a framework for the prediction and prevention of the complication. A recommended approach to management when shoulder dystocia occurs is outlined, with review of the maneuvers used to relieve the obstruction with minimal risk of fetal and maternal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Meghan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Erb palsy; birth trauma; brachial plexus injury; diabetes; macrosomia; shoulder dystocia