title: Imbalanced production of IL-18 and its antagonist in human diseases, and its implications for HIV-1 infection.
abstract: IL-18 is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. It is produced as a biologically inactive precursor, which is cleaved into its active mature form mainly by caspase-1. The caspase becomes active from its inactive precursor (procaspase-1) upon assembly of an inflammasome. Because of IL-18's potential pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive effects, its biological activities are tightly controlled in the body by its naturally occurring antagonist called IL-18BP. The antagonist is produced in the body both constitutively and in response to an increased production of IL-18 as a negative feedback mechanism. Under physiological conditions, most of IL-18 in the circulation is bound with IL-18BP and is inactive. However, an imbalance in the production of IL-18 and its antagonist (an increase in the production of IL-18 with a decrease, no increase or an insufficient increase in the production of IL-18BP) has been described in many chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. The imbalance results in an increase in the concentrations of free IL-18 (unbound with its antagonist) resulting in increased biological activities of the cytokine that contribute towards pathogenesis of the disease. In this article, we provide an overview of the current biology of IL-18 and its antagonist, discuss how the imbalance occurs in HIV infections and how it contributes towards development of AIDS and other non-AIDS-associated clinical conditions occurring in HIV-infected individuals undergoing combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Finally, we discuss challenges facing immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at restoring balance between IL-18 and its antagonist in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samarani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Ossama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sagala
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Zainab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aldabah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, UQAM, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jenabian
authors.affiliation: McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mehraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, CHUM, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Routy
authors.affiliation: CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Devendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amre
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Electronic address: ali.ahmad@recherche-ste-justine.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020382:Interleukin-18; C118370:interleukin-18 binding protein
keywords: AIDS; Caspase-1; HIV-1; IL-18; IL-18BP; IL-37; Inflammasome; cART