title: Global Health Diplomacy, Monitoring & Evaluation, and the Importance of Quality Assurance & Control: Findings from NIMH Project Accept (HPTN 043): A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial of Community Mobilization, Mobile Testing, Same-Day Results, and Post-Test Support for HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Provision and scale-up of high quality, evidence-based services is essential for successful international HIV prevention interventions in order to generate and maintain intervention uptake, study integrity and participant trust, from both health service delivery and diplomatic perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed quality assurance (QAC) procedures to evaluate staff fidelity to a cluster-randomized trial of the NIMH Project Accept (HPTN 043) assessing the effectiveness of a community-based voluntary counseling and testing strategy. The intervention was comprised of three components-Mobile Voluntary Counseling and Testing (MVCT), Community Mobilization (CM) and Post-Test Support Services (PTSS). QAC procedures were based on standardized criteria, and were designed to assess both provider skills and adherence to the intervention protocol. Supervisors observed a random sample of 5% to 10% of sessions each month and evaluated staff against multiple criteria on scales of 1-5. A score of 5 indicated 100% adherence, 4 indicated 95% adherence, and 3 indicated 90% adherence. Scores below 3 were considered unsatisfactory, and protocol deviations were discussed with the respective staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first year of the intervention, the mean scores of MVCT and CM staff across the 5 study sites were 4 (95% adherence) or greater and continued to improve over time. Mean QAC scores for the PTSS component were lower and displayed greater fluctuations. Challenges to PTSS staff were identified as coping with the wide range of activities in the PTSS component and the novelty of the PTSS process. QAC fluctuations for PTSS were also associated with new staff hires or changes in staff responsibilities. Through constant staff monitoring and support, by Year 2, QAC scores for PTSS activities had reached those of MVCT and CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of a large-sale, evidence based HIV intervention requires extensive QAC to ensure implementation effectiveness. Ongoing appraisal of study staff across sites ensures consistent and high quality delivery of all intervention components, in keeping with the goals of the study protocol, while also providing a forum for corrective feedback, additional supervision and retraining of staff. QAC ensures staff fidelity to study procedures and is critical to the successful delivery of multi-site HIV prevention interventions, as well as the delivery of services scaled up in programmatic situations.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kevany
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gertrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khumalo-Sakutukwa
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Basant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chingono
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D003256:Community Participation; D000067551:Diplomacy; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology