title: Potential Mechanisms for IgG4 Inhibition of Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions.
abstract: IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in human serum, representing less than 5% of all IgG. Increases in IgG4 occur following chronic exposure to antigen and are generally associated with states of immune tolerance. In line with this, IgG4 is regarded as an anti-inflammatory antibody with a limited ability to elicit effective immune responses. Furthermore, IgG4 attenuates allergic responses by inhibiting the activity of IgE. The mechanism by which IgG4 inhibits IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has been investigated using a variety of model systems leading to two proposed mechanisms. First by sequestering antigen, IgG4 can function as a blocking antibody, preventing cross-linking of receptor bound IgE. Second IgG4 has been proposed to co-stimulate the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIb, which can negatively regulate FcεRI signaling and in turn inhibit effector cell activation. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural features of human IgG4 have shed light on the unique functional and immunologic properties of IgG4. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of IgG4 biology and reassess the mechanisms by which IgG4 functions to inhibit IgE-mediated allergic responses.
authors.affiliation: Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. louisa.james@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Louisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London and Department of Allergy, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK. stephen.till@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Till
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology*; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; C080571:Fc gamma receptor IIB; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Allergen immunotherapy; Allergy; Blocking antibodies; Hypersensitivity; IgE; IgG4