title: Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis.
abstract: Cannabis use has been reported to induce long-lasting psychotic disorders and a dose-response relationship has been observed. We performed a systematic review of studies that investigate the association between the degree of cannabis consumption and psychosis and a meta-analysis to quantify the magnitude of effect. Published studies were identified through search of electronic databases, supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies. Studies were considered if they provided data on cannabis consumption prior to the onset of psychosis using a dose criterion (frequency/amount used) and reported psychosis-related outcomes. We performed random effects meta-analysis of individual data points generated with a simulation method from the summary data of the original studies. From 571 references, 18 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 10 were inserted in the meta-analysis, enrolling a total of 66 816 individuals. Higher levels of cannabis use were associated with increased risk for psychosis in all the included studies. A logistic regression model gave an OR of 3.90 (95% CI 2.84 to 5.34) for the risk of schizophrenia and other psychosis-related outcomes among the heaviest cannabis users compared to the nonusers. Current evidence shows that high levels of cannabis use increase the risk of psychotic outcomes and confirms a dose-response relationship between the level of use and the risk for psychosis. Although a causal link cannot be unequivocally established, there is sufficient evidence to justify harm reduction prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK;
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK;
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Forti
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Cathryn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK;
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, London, UK evangelos.vassos@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vassos
mesh_terms: D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: dose response; drug use; psychotic disorders; schizophrenia; systematic review