title: Metabolic Syndrome in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome increases risk for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and its prevalence increases with increasing age and body mass index. Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are now living longer and accruing coronary artery disease risk factors. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in ACHD patients is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ACHD patients at our center to quantify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an ACHD population. Using case-control matching, we constructed a comparable control group from a population-based sample of 150 104 adults. International Diabetes Federation criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. We used logistic regression to compare the risk of metabolic syndrome across the resulting cohorts, which were composed of 448 ACHD patients and 448 controls matched by age and sex. Mean age of both groups was 32.4±11.3 years, and 51.3% were female. Obesity was present in 16.1% of the ACHD patients and 16.7% of the controls. Metabolic syndrome was more common in ACHD patients than in controls (15.0% versus 7.4%; odds ratio 1.82, 95% CI 1.25-2.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that metabolic syndrome is more common among adults with congenital heart disease than in the general population. Thus, patients with congenital heart disease should be screened for metabolic syndrome and risk factors mitigated where possible to prevent atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Preventive cardiology should be included during routine ACHD care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA jason.deen@seattlechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Jason F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Eric V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.affiliation: Axio Research, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: April E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Slee
authors.affiliation: Axio Research, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arterburn
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Portman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: atherosclerosis; congenital heart disease; metabolic syndrome; risk stratification