title: Occurrence and profiling of multiple nitrosamines in source water and drinking water of China.
abstract: The occurrence of multiple nitrosamines was investigated in 54 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) from 30 cities across major watersheds of China, and the formation potential (FP) and cancer risk of the dominant nitrosamines were studied for profiling purposes. The results showed that N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) were the most abundant in DWTPs, and the concentrations in source water and finished water samples were not detected (ND) -53.6ng/L (NDMA), ND -68.5ng/L (NDEA), ND -48.2ng/L (NDBA). The frequencies of detection in source waters were 64.8%, 61.1% and 51.8%, and 57.4%, 53.7%, and 37% for finished waters, respectively. Further study indicated that the FPs of the three main nitrosamines during chloramination were higher than those during chlorination and in drinking water. The results of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed that ammonia was the most closely associated factor in nitrosamine formation in the investigated source water; however, there was no significant correlation between nitrosamine-FPs and the values of dominant water-quality parameters. The advanced treatment units (i.e., ozonation and biological activated carbon) used in DWTPs were able to control the nitrosamine-FPs effectively after disinfection. The target pollutants posed median and maximum cancer risks of 2.99×10(-5) and 35.5×10(-5) to the local populations due to their occurrence in drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
authors.forename: Wanfeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic address: jwyu@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D054879:Halogenation; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cancer risk; Chloramination; Chlorination; Drinking water; Formation potential; Nitrosamines