title: Ceratonia siliqua L. hydroethanolic extract obtained by ultrasonication: antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds profile and effects in yogurts functionalized with their free and microencapsulated forms.
abstract: Bioactive extracts were obtained from powdered carob pulp through an ultrasound extraction process and then evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity. Ten minutes of ultrasonication at 375 Hz were the optimal conditions leading to an extract with the highest antioxidant effects. After its chemical characterization, which revealed the preponderance of gallotannins, the extract (free and microencapsulated) was incorporated in yogurts. The microspheres were prepared using an extract/sodium alginate ratio of 100/400 (mg mg(-1)) selected after testing different ratios. The yogurts with the free extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the samples added with the encapsulated extracts, showing the preserving role of alginate as a coating material. None of the forms significantly altered the yogurt's nutritional value. This study confirmed the efficiency of microencapsulation to stabilize functional ingredients in food matrices maintaining almost the structural integrity of polyphenols extracted from carob pulp and furthermore improving the antioxidant potency of the final product.
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. iferreira@ipb.pt and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal. barreiro@ipb.pt and Rural Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic of Tunisia, 43, Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis, Mahrajene, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Irada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rached
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. iferreira@ipb.pt and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal. barreiro@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal. barreiro@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Isabel P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: GIP-USAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Celestino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santos-Buelga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alírio E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Rural Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic of Tunisia, 43, Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis, Mahrajene, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferchichi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal. barreiro@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Filomena
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. iferreira@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Isabel C F R
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014465:Ultrasonics; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005503:Food Additives; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols