title: HPTN 068: A Randomized Control Trial of a Conditional Cash Transfer to Reduce HIV Infection in Young Women in South Africa-Study Design and Baseline Results.
abstract: Young women in South Africa are at high risk for HIV infection. Cash transfers offer promise to reduce HIV risk. We present the design and baseline results from HPTN 068, a phase III, individually randomized trial to assess the effect of a conditional cash transfer on HIV acquisition among South African young women. A total of 2533 young women were randomized to receive a monthly cash transfer conditional on school attendance or to a control group. A number of individual-, partner-, household- and school-level factors were associated with HIV and HSV-2 infection. After adjusting for age, all levels were associated with an increased odds of HIV infection with partner-level factors conveying the strongest association (aOR 3.05 95 % CI 1.84-5.06). Interventions like cash transfers that address structural factors such as schooling and poverty have the potential to reduce HIV risk in young women in South Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, McGavran Greenberg Building CB#7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. apettif@email.unc.edu.|MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. apettif@email.unc.edu.|Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. apettif@email.unc.edu.|Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. apettif@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pettifor
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.|Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.|School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selin
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gómez-Olivé
authors.affiliation: Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ryan G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wonderful
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mabuza
authors.affiliation: SCHARP, Seattle, WA, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Chirayath
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suchindran
authors.affiliation: HPTN Laboratory Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piwowar-Manning
authors.affiliation: SCHARP, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rhian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Twine
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Tamu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: FHI360, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laeyendecker
authors.affiliation: HPTN Laboratory Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agyei
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.|Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå, Sweden.|INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tollman
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.|Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå, Sweden.|INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009042:Motivation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011203:Poverty; D060926:Remuneration; D012306:Risk; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students
keywords: Adolescents; Cash transfers; Education; HIV; HIV prevention; South Africa; Young women