title: A Molecular Method to Discriminate between Mass-Reared Sterile and Wild Tsetse Flies during Eradication Programmes That Have a Sterile Insect Technique Component.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Government of Senegal has embarked several years ago on a project that aims to eradicate Glossina palpalis gambiensis from the Niayes area. The removal of the animal trypanosomosis would allow the development more efficient livestock production systems. The project was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management strategy including a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The released sterile male flies originated from a colony from Burkina Faso.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monitoring the efficacy of the sterile male releases requires the discrimination between wild and sterile male G. p. gambiensis that are sampled in monitoring traps. Before being released, sterile male flies were marked with a fluorescent dye powder. The marking was however not infallible with some sterile flies only slightly marked or some wild flies contaminated with a few dye particles in the monitoring traps. Trapped flies can also be damaged due to predation by ants, making it difficult to discriminate between wild and sterile males using a fluorescence camera and / or a fluorescence microscope. We developed a molecular technique based on the determination of cytochrome oxidase haplotypes of G. p. gambiensis to discriminate between wild and sterile males. DNA was isolated from the head of flies and a portion of the 5' end of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I was amplified to be finally sequenced. Our results indicated that all the sterile males from the Burkina Faso colony displayed the same haplotype and systematically differed from wild male flies trapped in Senegal and Burkina Faso. This allowed 100% discrimination between sterile and wild male G. p. gambiensis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This tool might be useful for other tsetse control campaigns with a SIT component in the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) and, more generally, for other vector or insect pest control programs.
authors.affiliation: Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Soumaïla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagabeleguem
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal.|CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.|Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gimonneau
authors.affiliation: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Momar Talla
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Seck
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marc J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vreysen
authors.affiliation: Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Baba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sall
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rayaissé
authors.affiliation: Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sidibé
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France.|CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.|National Institute for Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control and Eradication, Livestock Development Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.|Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign Coordination Office, Rural Economy and Agriculture Department, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000635:transmission*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV