title: Time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids in serum from Danish pregnant women 2008-2013.
abstract: We aimed to estimate the levels and time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) in serum of 1533 Danish pregnant nulliparous women between 2008 and 2013. The selection criterion of only including nulliparous women was chosen to avoid confounding from parity. The serum samples were analyzed for sixteen PFAAs using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We investigated the time trends for seven PFAAs, which were detected in more than 50% of the samples: perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). We found that the serum levels of all seven PFAAs decreased during the period from 2008 to 2013; on average PFHxS decreased with 7.0% per year, PFHpS with 14.8%, PFOS with 9.3%, PFOA with 9.1%, PFNA with 6.2%, PFDA with 6.3%, and PFUnA with 7.1% per year. Adjustment for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), educational level and gestational age at blood sampling did not change the time trends much. To our knowledge, we are the first to report decreasing trends of PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA since year 2000, thereby indicating that the phase-out of these compounds are beginning to show an effect on human serum levels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard-Olesen
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cathrine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Manhai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghisari
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bodil H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bech
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nohr
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tine B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: ebj@ph.au.dk.
authors.forename: Eva C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bonefeld-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003718:Denmark; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Bio-monitoring; Perfluorinated compounds; Pregnant women; Serum concentrations; Temporal changes; Trends