title: The interaction between morphine and propranolol in chemical and electrical seizure models of mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Morphine and propranolol have different effects on seizure. Several studies have shown interaction between adrenergic and opioid systems in different models. In this study, interaction between morphine and propranolol in different seizure models was examined in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, three seizure models, including intravenous pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), intraperitoneal PTZ and electroshock, were examined in mice. Animals were injected with different doses of morphine or propranolol in the 60th and 45th min, before seizure induction, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute administration of propranolol or lower doses of morphine induced an anticonvulsant effect in intravenous PTZ, intraperitoneal PTZ and electroshock-induced seizure models; on the contrary, higher doses of morphine exert proconvulsant effects in all three models. Also additive anticonvulsant effect of propranolol and lower doses of morphine was observed in all examined models. The additive anti-seizure effect of propranolol and lower doses of morphine was blocked by naltrexone in intraperitoneal PTZ model. Moreover, the anticonvulsant effect of propranolol was inhibited by naltrexone in intraperitoneal PTZ seizure model of mice. Propranolol restrained the proconvulsant effects in higher doses of morphine in clonic seizures of intravenous and intraperitoneal PTZ models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, we believe that this is the first study that has indicated the interaction of propranolol and lower doses of morphine in the anticonvulsant effects in three seizure models of intravenous PTZ, intraperitoneal PTZ and electroshock. The involvement of μ-opioid receptor in this interaction was also demonstrated. Simultaneously, we showed the interaction between propranolol and higher doses of morphine in proconvulsant effects.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.|b Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shafaroodi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Elnaz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khosravani
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.|d Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fakhrzad
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.|e Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moezi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine; D011433:Propranolol; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: Maximal electroshock; Mice; Morphine; Pentylenetetrazole; Propranolol; Seizure