title: Isatis indigotica root polysaccharides as adjuvants for an inactivated rabies virus vaccine.
abstract: Adjuvants can enhance vaccine immunogenicity and induce long-term enhancement of immune responses. Thus, adjuvants are important for vaccine research. Polysaccharides isolated from select Chinese herbs have been demonstrated to possess various beneficial functions and excellent adjuvant abilities. In the present study, the polysaccharides IIP-A-1 and IIP-2 were isolated from Isatis indigotica root and compared with the common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide via intramuscular co-administration of inactivated rabies virus rCVS-11-G into mice. Blood was collected to determine virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers and B and T lymphocyte activation status. Inguinal lymph node samples were collected and used to measure B lymphocyte proliferation. Splenocytes were isolated, from which antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected via ELISpot, ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. The results revealed that both types of polysaccharides induce more rapid changes and higher VNA titers than aluminum hydroxide. Flow cytometry assays revealed that the polysaccharides activated more B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and more B and T lymphocytes in the blood than aluminum hydroxide. Antigen-specific cellular immune responses showed that IIP-2 strongly induced T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen and high levels of cytokine secretion from splenocytes, whereas aluminum hydroxide induced proliferation in only a small number of lymphocytes and the secretion of only small quantities of cytokines. Collectively, these data suggest that the polysaccharide IIP-2 exhibits excellent adjuvant activity and can enhance both cellular and humoral immunity.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Weijiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xuexing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xianghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Yuwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: Shanjunjie001@126.com.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China. Electronic address: yst62041@163.com.
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xianzhu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D031219:Isatis / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: Adjuvant; Antibody titer; Cellular immunity; Polysaccharide; Rabies vaccine