title: Evaluation of biomarkers for the prediction of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.
abstract: Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Women with type 1 diabetes are considered a high-risk group for developing pre-eclampsia. Much research has focused on biomarkers as a means of screening for pre-eclampsia in the general maternal population; however, there is a lack of evidence for women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  To undertake a systematic review to identify potential biomarkers for the prediction of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  We searched Medline, EMBASE, Maternity and Infant Care, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they measured biomarkers in blood or urine of women who developed pre-eclampsia and had pre-gestational type 1 diabetes mellitus Data collection and analysis A narrative synthesis was adopted as a meta-analysis could not be performed, due to high study heterogeneity.
  
  
  
  A total of 72 records were screened, with 21 eligible studies being included in the review. A wide range of biomarkers was investigated and study size varied from 34 to 1258 participants. No single biomarker appeared to be effective in predicting pre-eclampsia; however, glycaemic control was associated with an increased risk while a combination of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors seemed to be potentially useful.
  
  
  
  Limited evidence suggests that combinations of biomarkers may be more effective in predicting pre-eclampsia than single biomarkers. Further research is needed to verify the predictive potential of biomarkers that have been measured in the general maternal population, as many studies exclude women with diabetes preceding pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wotherspoon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCance
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. Electronic address: v.holmes@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biomarkers; Pre-eclampsia; Prediction; Systematic review; Type 1 diabetes