title: Risk Factors Associated with Mortality and Increased Drug Costs in Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors associated with mortality and increased drug costs in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed data from patients hospitalized with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding between January 2001-December 2011. Demographic and clinical characteristics and drug costs were documented. Univariate analysis determined possible risk factors for mortality. Statistically significant variables were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Multiple linear regression analyzed factors influencing drug costs. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included data from 627 patients. Risk factors associated with increased mortality were age > 60, systolic blood pressure<100 mmHg, lack of endoscopic examination, comorbidities, blood transfusion, and rebleeding. Drug costs were higher in patients with rebleeding, blood transfusion, and prolonged hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this patient cohort, re-bleeding rate is 11.20% and mortality is 5.74%. The mortality risk in patients with comorbidities was higher than in patients without comorbidities, and was higher in patients requiring blood transfusion than in patients not requiring transfusion. Rebleeding was associ-ated with mortality. Rebleeding, blood transfusion, and prolonged hospital stay were associated with increased drug costs, whereas bleeding from lesions in the esophagus and duodenum was associated with lower drug costs.
authors.forename: Mingliang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiu-li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing-sen
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qi-yang
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: James W Y
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Yun-sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D057908:Argon Plasma Coagulation; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008309:Mallory-Weiss Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D013917:Thrombin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006490:Hemostatics; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D013917:Thrombin; D004837:Epinephrine