title: Knowledge-light adaptation approaches in case-based reasoning for radiotherapy treatment planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy treatment planning aims at delivering a sufficient radiation dose to cancerous tumour cells while sparing healthy organs in the tumour-surrounding area. It is a time-consuming trial-and-error process that requires the expertise of a group of medical experts including oncologists and medical physicists and can take from 2 to 3h to a few days. Our objective is to improve the performance of our previously built case-based reasoning (CBR) system for brain tumour radiotherapy treatment planning. In this system, a treatment plan for a new patient is retrieved from a case base containing patient cases treated in the past and their treatment plans. However, this system does not perform any adaptation, which is needed to account for any difference between the new and retrieved cases. Generally, the adaptation phase is considered to be intrinsically knowledge-intensive and domain-dependent. Therefore, an adaptation often requires a large amount of domain-specific knowledge, which can be difficult to acquire and often is not readily available. In this study, we investigate approaches to adaptation that do not require much domain knowledge, referred to as knowledge-light adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed two adaptation approaches: adaptation based on machine-learning tools and adaptation-guided retrieval. They were used to adapt the beam number and beam angles suggested in the retrieved case. Two machine-learning tools, neural networks and naive Bayes classifier, were used in the adaptation to learn how the difference in attribute values between the retrieved and new cases affects the output of these two cases. The adaptation-guided retrieval takes into consideration not only the similarity between the new and retrieved cases, but also how to adapt the retrieved case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The research was carried out in collaboration with medical physicists at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, UK. All experiments were performed using real-world brain cancer patient cases treated with three-dimensional (3D)-conformal radiotherapy. Neural networks-based adaptation improved the success rate of the CBR system with no adaptation by 12%. However, naive Bayes classifier did not improve the current retrieval results as it did not consider the interplay among attributes. The adaptation-guided retrieval of the case for beam number improved the success rate of the CBR system by 29%. However, it did not demonstrate good performance for the beam angle adaptation. Its success rate was 29% versus 39% when no adaptation was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained empirical results demonstrate that the proposed adaptation methods improve the performance of the existing CBR system in recommending the number of beams to use. However, we also conclude that to be effective, the proposed adaptation of beam angles requires a large number of relevant cases in the case base.
authors.affiliation: Operations Management and Information Systems Division, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. Electronic address: sanja.petrovic@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: Operations Management and Information Systems Division, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. Electronic address: psxgk@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gulmira
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khussainova
authors.affiliation: Operations Management and Information Systems Division, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. Electronic address: rupa.jagannathan@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rupa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D000069550:Machine Learning; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Adaptation-guided retrieval; Case-based reasoning; Machine-learning tools; Radiotherapy treatment planning