title: Exploring Subclinical Phenotypic Features in Twin Pairs Discordant for Cleft Lip and Palate.
abstract: Monozygotic twins of an individual with an orofacial cleft have a significantly elevated risk for orofacial cleft compared with the general population, but still the concordance rate for orofacial cleft in monozygotic twins is about 40% to 50%. The goal of this study was to determine whether unaffected cotwins have an increased frequency of orbicularis oris muscle defects, a subclinical form of orofacial cleft. The presence of such defects may reduce the overall rate of discordance.
  
  
  
  A total of 63 discordant monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, 262 unaffected nontwin siblings, and 543 controls with no history of orofacial clefts were assessed for orbicularis oris defects by high-resolution ultrasound. Frequencies were compared by the Fisher exact test.
  
  
  
  Unaffected cotwins from discordant monozygotic pairs had a higher frequency of defects (12.5%) than the other test groups (6.38% to 6.99%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .74).
  
  
  
  In this study, orbicularis oris defects were not statistically significantly more common among the unaffected twins from orofacial cleft discordant twin pairs. The trends in the results warrant future studies with larger sample sizes and additional subclinical phenotypes.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Jenna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Kaare
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marazita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
keywords: discordant; orofacial cleft; subclinical phenotypes; twin pairs