title: Energy drink consumption, health complaints and late bedtime among young adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Energy drinks contain large amounts of caffeine. Their effects on adolescent well-being are poorly known. We examined the relationship of energy drink consumption with health complaints and late bedtime among 13-year-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A classroom survey was conducted on all 7th graders in the Helsinki metropolitan region, Finland (73 % responded; n = 9446). Logistic regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of health complaints increased as energy drink consumption increased from non-consumers to several times/day. Late bedtime (≥11 PM) increased correspondingly. Those consuming energy drinks several times/day exhibited increased odds of experiencing daily health complaints compared with non-consumers: headache OR (adjusted) = 4.6 (2.8-7.7), sleeping problems OR = 3.6 (2.2-5.8), irritation OR = 4.1 (2.7-6.1), tiredness/fatigue OR = 3.7 (2.4-5.7), and late bedtime OR = 7.8 (5.7-10.9). In SEM, energy drink consumption had a direct effect on health complaints and late bedtime and an indirect effect on health complaints via late bedtime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy drinks, late bedtime, and health complaints form a behavior pattern that is worth considering in schools, home and clinical settings when adolescents complain about headaches, problems with sleeping and corresponding symptoms.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland. leena.koivusilta@uta.fi.|University Consortium of Seinäjoki, Kampusranta 9 C, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland. leena.koivusilta@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-1850
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koivusilta
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuoppamäki
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.|Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research (PERLA), University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, 33380, Pitkäniemi, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimpelä
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Adolescents; Caffeine; Energy drinks; Health complaints; Late bedtime