title: Longitudinal functional and NMR assessment of upper limbs in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the value of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and functional assessments for follow-up of ambulatory and nonambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five 53-skippable patients with DMD were included in this study; 15 were nonambulatory at baseline. All patients underwent clinical and functional assessments every 6 months using the Motor Function Measure (MFM), hand grip and key pinch strength, MoviPlate, and NMR spectroscopy and imaging studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upper limb distal strength decreased in nonambulatory patients over the period of 1 year; ambulatory patients showed improvement during the same period. The same applied for several NMRS indices, such as phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate, which decreased in older patients but increased in younger ambulatory patients. Fat infiltration in the upper limbs increased linearly with age. Almost all NMR and functional assessment results correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results underscore complementarity of functional and NMR assessments in patients with DMD. Sensitivity to change of various indices may differ according to disease stage.
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. jy.hogrel@institut-myologie.org.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hogrel
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wary
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moraux
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Noura
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azzabou
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Decostre
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gwenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ollivier
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canal
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lilien
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ledoux
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Annoussamy
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nacera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reguiba
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gidaro
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne Gaelle
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Le Moing
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cardas
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voit
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.affiliation: From the Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Servais
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000473:pathology*