title: Impact of Pharmacogenetic Markers of CYP2D6 and DRD2 on Prolactin Response in Risperidone-Treated Thai Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to identify the impact of pharmacogenetic markers associated with prolactin concentration in risperidone-treated children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-seven children and adolescents with autism, aged 3 to 19 years, received risperidone. The clinical data of patients were recorded from medical records. Prolactin levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Three CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms, CYP2D6*4 (1846G>A), *10 (100C>T), and *41 (2988G>A), 1 gene deletion (*5), and DRD2 Taq1A (rs1800497) polymorphism were genotyped by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 common allelic frequencies were CYP2D6*10 (55.10%), *1 (32.65%), and *5 (6.12%), respectively. Patients were grouped according to their CYP2D6 genotypes. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of prolactin among the CYP2D6 genotypes. In addition, there were no statistical differences in the prolactin response among the CYP2D6-predicted phenotypes of extensive metabolizer and intermediate metabolizer. The DRD2 genotype frequencies were Taq1A A2A2 (38.77%), A1A2 (41.50%), and A1A1 (19.73%), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in prolactin level of patients among the 3 groups (P = 0.033). The median prolactin level in patients with DRD2 Taq1A A2A2 (17.80 ng/mL) was significantly higher than A1A2 (17.10 ng/mL) and A1A1 (12.70 ng/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DRD2 Taq1A A2A2 polymorphisms may play a significant role in the hyperprolactinemia- associated with risperidone treatment in children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorder. Many drugs used chronically in psychiatric diseases exert their effects mainly through the dopamine D2 receptor. It is therefore possible that these drugs could alter the expression of any dopamine receptor, thus affecting the pharmacodynamics characteristics and toxicity of drug substrates during pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University; †Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok; and ‡Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health Services, Ministry of Public Health, Samut Prakan, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chonlaphat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sukasem
authors.forename: Yaowaluck
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hongkaew
authors.forename: Nattawat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ngamsamut
authors.forename: Apichaya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puangpetch
authors.forename: Natchaya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanwong
authors.forename: Montri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamnanphon
authors.forename: Bhunnada
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chamkrachchangpada
authors.forename: Ananya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinrachatanant
authors.forename: Penkhae
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Limsila
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C581293:DRD2 protein, human; D005819:Genetic Markers; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D011388:Prolactin; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D018967:Risperidone