title: Tuberculosis Mortality and Living Conditions in Bern, Switzerland, 1856-1950.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) is a poverty-related disease that is associated with poor living conditions. We studied TB mortality and living conditions in Bern between 1856 and 1950.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed cause-specific mortality based on mortality registers certified by autopsies, and public health reports 1856 to 1950 from the city council of Bern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB mortality was higher in the Black Quarter (550 per 100,000) and in the city centre (327 per 100,000), compared to the outskirts (209 per 100,000 in 1911-1915). TB mortality correlated positively with the number of persons per room (r = 0.69, p = 0.026), the percentage of rooms without sunlight (r = 0.72, p = 0.020), and negatively with the number of windows per apartment (r = -0.79, p = 0.007). TB mortality decreased 10-fold from 330 per 100,000 in 1856 to 33 per 100,000 in 1950, as housing conditions improved, indoor crowding decreased, and open-air schools, sanatoria, systematic tuberculin skin testing of school children and chest radiography screening were introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved living conditions and public health measures may have contributed to the massive decline of the TB epidemic in the city of Bern even before effective antibiotic treatment became finally available in the 1950s.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zürcher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballif
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fenner
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012924:Social Conditions; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control