title: Reduced Short- and Long-Latency Afferent Inhibition Following Acute Muscle Pain: A Potential Role in the Recovery of Motor Output.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Corticomotor output is reduced in response to acute muscle pain, yet the mechanisms that underpin this effect remain unclear. Here the authors investigate the effect of acute muscle pain on short-latency afferent inhibition, long-latency afferent inhibition, and long-interval intra-cortical inhibition to determine whether these mechanisms could plausibly contribute to reduced motor output in pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational same subject pre-post test design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurophysiology research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy, right-handed human volunteers (n = 22, 9 male; mean age ± standard deviation, 22.6 ± 7.8 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticomotor output, short-latency afferent inhibition, long-latency afferent inhibition, and long-interval intra-cortical inhibition before, during, immediately after, and 15 minutes after hypertonic saline infusion into right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Pain intensity and quality were recorded using an 11-point numerical rating scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with baseline, corticomotor output was reduced at all time points (p = 0.001). Short-latency afferent inhibition was reduced immediately after (p = 0.039), and long-latency afferent inhibition 15 minutes after (p = 0.035), the resolution of pain. Long-interval intra-cortical inhibition was unchanged at any time point (p = 0.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest short- and long-latency afferent inhibition, mechanisms thought to reflect the integration of sensory information with motor output at the cortex, are reduced following acute muscle pain. Although the functional relevance is unclear, the authors hypothesize a reduction in these mechanisms may contribute to the restoration of normal motor output after an episode of acute muscle pain.
authors.affiliation: *Brain Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity Unit, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: *Brain Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity Unit, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Lucinda Sian
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chipchase
authors.affiliation: *Brain Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity Unit, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Siobhan May
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schabrun
keywords: Experimental Muscle Pain; Long-Interval Intracortical Inhibition; Long-Latency Afferent Inhibition; Sensorimotor Integration; Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation