title: Crowding and visual acuity measured in adults using paediatric test letters, pictures and symbols.
abstract: Crowding refers to the degradation of visual acuity for target optotypes with, versus without, surrounding features. Crowding is important clinically, however the effect of target-flanker spacing on acuity for symbols and pictures, compared to letters, has not been investigated. Five adults with corrected-to-normal vision had visual acuity measured for modified single target versions of Kay Pictures, Lea Symbols, HOTV and Cambridge Crowding Cards, tests. Single optotypes were presented in isolation and with surrounding features placed 0-5 stroke-widths away. Visual acuity measured with Kay Picture optotypes is 0.13-0.19logMAR better than for other test optotypes and varies significantly across picture. The magnitude of crowding is strongest when the surrounding features abut, or are placed 1 stroke-width away from the target optotype. The slope of the psychometric function is steeper in the region just beyond maximum crowding. Crowding is strongest and the psychometric function steepest, with the Cambridge Crowding Cards arrangement, than when any single optotype is surrounded by a box. Estimates of crowding extent are less variable across test when expressed in units of stroke-width, than optotype-width. Crowding for single target presentations of letters, symbols and pictures used in paediatric visual acuity tests can be maximised and made more sensitive to change in visual acuity, by careful selection of optotype, by surrounding the target with similar flankers, and by using a closer target-flanker separation than half an optotype-width.
authors.affiliation: Anglia Vision Research, Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah J H
authors.initials: SJH
authors.lastname: Lalor
authors.affiliation: Anglia Vision Research, Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Monika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Formankiewicz
authors.affiliation: Anglia Vision Research, Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sarah.waugh@anglia.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Waugh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003441:Crowding; D006801:Humans; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Crowding; Paediatric visual acuity charts; Psychometric function slopes; Symbol and picture optotypes; Visual acuity