title: Degradation of fluorescent high-visibility colors used in safety garments for the Australian railway industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the compliance of four fluorescent orange high-visibility garment substrates that are predominantly used in the Australian railway industry. While Special Purpose Orange (SPO), a shade of the Fluorescent orange (Fl-orange) is recommended by most Australian states as the high-visibility background color of a safety garment, there appear to be variations in the background color of clothing used by line-workers and rail contractors. The color of the garment was assessed for compliance with the Australian Standard AS/NZS 1906.2.2010 for high-visibility materials for safety garments. The results were also compared with ANSI Z535.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photometric and colorimetric assessments of the background color of the garment substrates were performed using a spectrophotometer and were evaluated for compliance with the Standards after washing and exposure to UV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectrophotometry measurements showed that Fl-orange background color for all samples except one complied with the AS/NZS 1906.2 Standard for daytime high-visibility garments after 20 washes but failed to comply after exposure to UV. It was also found that the chromaticity coordinates of the corners of the Fl-orange color space, specified in the AS/NZS 1906.4.2010 Standard are much wider and yellower when compared with the ANSI Z535.1.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards. The sample that failed to comply with the Australian and American Standards however complied with the ISO Standard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrespective of the Standard used, the research has shown the degrading effect of washing and light exposure and raises the questions as to how regularly, and under what conditions high-visibility garments need to be replaced. These findings will provide information for safety garment manufacturers about the characteristics and performance of high-visibility safety garments which make them conspicuous during daytime use. This research recommends that colors for railway workers should be chosen based on the conspicuity, commercial viability, reproducibility and durability rather than simply adopting standards from other industry domains or other countries.
authors.affiliation: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: arun.vijayan@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vijayan
authors.affiliation: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Saniyat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padhye
authors.affiliation: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003116:Color / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards*; D011890:Railroads; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety
keywords: Chromaticity; Degradation; Fluorescent orange; High-visibility safety garments; Railway