title: Factors affecting dilation force in balloon dilation of severe esophageal strictures: an experiment using an artificial stricture model.
abstract: The multidiameter balloon catheter is used widely for severe esophageal stricture dilation. However, the relationships between inflation pressure, balloon size, and radial dilation force at the stricture site have not been examined fully.
  
  
  
  We performed an experiment using phantom models to investigate the relationships between inflation pressure, balloon size, and radial dilation force. The balloon dilation procedure was performed for each stricture model using three sizes of balloon: 10-11-12, 12-13.5-15, and 15-16.5-18 mm.
  
  
  
  A positive association between inflation pressure and dilation force was observed for each balloon size. In balloons inflated by targeting the same diameter, the dilation force was higher for smaller balloons than for larger balloons. An inverse association between stricture size and dilation force was observed in the 12-13.5-15 mm balloon (3 vs 5 mm, P = .002; 5 vs 7 mm, P < .001).
  
  
  
  We found relationships between inflation pressure, balloon size, severity of strictures, and dilation force. To perform safe and effective esophageal balloon dilation, the inflation pressure and balloon size should be selected after considering the stricture size and target diameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Supply, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ezoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8914, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horimatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. mmuto@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure
keywords: Balloon dilation; Dilation force; Esophageal strictures