title: The use of a robotic tibial rotation device and an electromagnetic tracking system to accurately reproduce the clinical dial test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine whether a robotic tibial rotation device and an electromagnetic tracking system could accurately reproduce the clinical dial test at 30° of knee flexion; (2) compare rotation data captured at the footplates of the robotic device to tibial rotation data measured using an electromagnetic sensor on the proximal tibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two unilateral ACL-reconstructed patients were examined using a robotic tibial rotation device that mimicked the dial test. The data reported in this study is only from the healthy legs of these patients. Torque was applied through footplates and was measured using servomotors. Lower leg motion was measured at the foot using the motors. Tibial motion was also measured through an electromagnetic tracking system and a sensor on the proximal tibia. Load-deformation curves representing rotational motion of the foot and tibia were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Off-axis motions including medial-lateral translation and anterior-posterior translation were also measured using the electromagnetic system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The robotic device and electromagnetic system were able to provide axial rotation data and translational data for the tibia during the dial test. Motion measured at the foot was not correlated to motion of the tibial tubercle in internal rotation or in external rotation. The position of the tibial tubercle was 26.9° ± 11.6° more internally rotated than the foot at torque 0 Nm. Medial-lateral translation and anterior-posterior translation were combined to show the path of the tubercle in the coronal plane during tibial rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information captured during a manual dial test includes both rotation of the tibia and proximal tibia translation. All of this information can be captured using a robotic tibial axial rotation device with an electromagnetic tracking system. The pathway of the tibial tubercle during tibial axial rotation can provide additional information about knee instability without relying on side-to-side comparison between knees. The translation of the proximal tibia is important information that must be considered in addition to axial rotation of the tibia when performing a dial test whether done manually or with a robotic device. Instrumented foot position cannot provide the same information.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: University Orthopedics, 441 Armour PL NE, Decatur, GA, 30324, USA. stinton@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Stinton
authors.affiliation: Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.|HKF - International Center for Hip, Knee, Foot Surgery and Sportstraumatology, ATOS Klinik, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siebold
authors.affiliation: Suburban Orthopaedics, Bartlett, IL, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freedberg
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: University Orthopedics, 441 Armour PL NE, Decatur, GA, 30324, USA.|Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Branch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dial test; Knee laxity; Posterolateral corner; Robotic knee testing; Rotatory instability