title: Emergency Department Prescription Opioids as an Initial Exposure Preceding Addiction.
abstract: Opioid abuse and overdose constitute an ongoing health emergency. Many presume opioids have little potential for iatrogenic addiction when used as directed, particularly in short courses, as is typical of the emergency department (ED) setting. We preliminarily explore the possibility that initial exposure to opioids by EDs could be related to subsequent opioid misuse.
  
  
  
  This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of patients reporting heroin or nonmedical opioid use at an urban, academic ED. We estimated the proportion whose initial exposure to opioids was a legitimate medical prescription and the proportion of those prescriptions that came from an ED. Secondary measurements included the proportion of patients receiving nonopioid substances before initial opioid exposure, the source of opioids between initial exposure and onset of regular nonmedical use, and time from initial prescription to opioid use disorder.
  
  
  
  Of 59 subjects, 35 (59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 47% to 71%) reported they were first exposed to opioids by a legitimate medical prescription, and for 10 of 35 (29%; 95% CI 16% to 45%), the prescription came from an ED. Most medically exposed subjects (28/35; 80%; 95% CI 65% to 91%) reported nonopioid substance use or treatment for nonopioid substance use disorders preceding the initial opioid exposure. Emergency providers were a source of opioids between exposure and onset of regular nonmedical use in 11 of 35 cases (31%; 95% CI 18% to 48%). Thirty-one of the 35 medically exposed subjects reported the time of onset of nonmedical use; median time from exposure to onset of nonmedical use was 6 months for use to get high (N=25; interquartile range [IQR] 2 to 36), 12 months for regular use to get high (N=24; IQR 2 to 36), 18 months for use to avoid withdrawal (N=26; IQR 2 to 38), and 24 months for regular use to avoid withdrawal (N=27; IQR 2 to 48). Eleven subjects (36%; 95% CI 21% to 53%) began nonmedical use within 2 months, and 9 of 11 (82%; 95% CI 53% to 96%) reported nonopioid substance use or treatment for alcohol abuse before initial opioid exposure.
  
  
  
  Although short-term opioid administration by emergency providers is unlikely to cause addiction by itself, ED opioid prescriptions may contribute to the development of addiction in some patients. There is an urgent need for further research to estimate long-term risks of short-course opioid therapy so that the risk of iatrogenic addiction can be appropriately balanced with the benefit of analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ancona
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Gillian A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Cyrus K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yamin
authors.affiliation: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Kimberly W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ruffner
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Shawn W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lindsell
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: lyonsme@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid