title: Variations of mucosal-sparing septectomy for endonasal approach to the craniocervical junction.
abstract: Recent advances in surgical techniques have rendered the craniocervical junction (CCJ) accessible transnasally. Endoscopic endonasal transclival and transodontoid approaches are routinely performed in leading skull base centers. Usually, these approaches involve a posterior bony and mucosal septectomy, which may compromise the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF), a robust reconstructive option for repair of large skull base defects. With the possibility of an intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak and the reported success of the PNSF for repair of these defects, preserving the integrity of the PNSF is beneficial during the endoscopic endonasal approach to the CCJ. We describe three new variations/refinements of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the CCJ that preserve the mucosal integrity of the posterior nasal septum and PNSF.
  
  
  
  Photo and video documentation of cadaveric dissections.
  
  
  
  The steps required for the different variations in approaching the CCJ are demonstrated. These three options are: 1) nonopposing Killian incisions with submucosal elevation of PNSFs laterally under the inferior turbinates (the PNSFs are retracted laterally and left attached superiorly onto the nasal septum and laterally under the inferior turbinate); 2) bilateral non-opposing PNSFs tucked beneath their respective middle turbinate or into the sphenoid sinus; and 3) a hybrid approach combining option 1 performed on one side and option 2 on the contralateral side. All three options allowed for a mucosal-sparing septectomy to provide ample access to the CCJ.
  
  
  
  These variations/refinements of the mucosal-sparing approach to the CCJ allowed adequate surgical access with sufficient maneuverability while preserving both PNSFs.
  
  
  
  NA. Laryngoscope, 126:2220-2225, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.. jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.|Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.. jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.. jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.|Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.. jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Soly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baredes
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000601:surgery; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery*; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery*; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000601:surgery; D014420:Turbinates / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Craniocervical junction; endoscopic endonasal transclival approach; endoscopic endonasal transodontoid approach; endoscopic skull base surgery; nasoseptal flap; posterior septectomy; rheumatoid pannus; skull base; skull base approach; skull base surgery