title: Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling.
abstract: This study was developed to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling, a native species from the Brazilian Pampa. Leaves were collected from four specimens of a single population in each of the four seasons for a year and were extracted in triplicate by hydro-distillation for 2 hours. The yield of EO (% w/w) was calculated on fresh weight basis (FWB), and the 16 oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as statistical tools to evaluate differences in chemical composition. The highest yields were obtained in autumn, spring and summer (2.32-4.38%), while the lowest yields were detected in winter, ranging from 1.15 to 1.91%. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the predominant class of chemical constituents in the EO obtained in all seasons, showing the highest contents in autumn and summer, and pulegone was identified as a major compound, whose contents varied between 54.13 and 81.17%. The EO samples were divided into three chemical groups by HCA and PCA and were assigned to the same group, except for the three samples gathered in winter. The results showed a seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the EO.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Longhi
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mallmann
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Heinzmann
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005410:Flame Ionization; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile