title: A Large-Scale Interface for Optogenetic Stimulation and Recording in Nonhuman Primates.
abstract: While optogenetics offers great potential for linking brain function and behavior in nonhuman primates, taking full advantage of that potential will require stable access for optical stimulation and concurrent monitoring of neural activity. Here we present a practical, stable interface for stimulation and recording of large-scale cortical circuits. To obtain optogenetic expression across a broad region, here spanning primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices, we used convection-enhanced delivery of the viral vector, with online guidance from MRI. To record neural activity across this region, we used a custom micro-electrocorticographic (μECoG) array designed to minimally attenuate optical stimuli. Lastly, we demonstrated the use of this interface to measure spatiotemporal responses to optical stimulation across M1 and S1. This interface offers a powerful tool for studying circuit dynamics and connectivity across cortical areas, for long-term studies of neuromodulation and targeted cortical plasticity, and for linking these to behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: azadehy@phy.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdan-Shahmorad
authors.affiliation: UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diaz-Botia
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kharazia
authors.affiliation: UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ledochowitsch
authors.affiliation: UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Michel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Maharbiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic address: sabes@phy.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Sabes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2