title: Growth, microcystin-production and proteomic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa under long-term exposure to amoxicillin.
abstract: Ecological risk of antibiotics due to the induction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been widely investigated, while studies on the hazard of antibiotic contaminants via the regulation of cyanobacteria were still limited. This study focused on the long-term action effect and mechanism of amoxicillin (a broadly used antibiotic) in Microcystis aeruginosa at environmentally relevant concentrations through 30 days of semi-continuous culture. Amoxicillin stimulated the photosynthesis activity and the production of microcystins, and interaction of differential proteins under amoxicillin exposure further manifested the close correlation between the two processes. D1 protein, ATP synthase subunits alpha and beta, enolase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase were candidate target positions of amoxicillin in M. aeruginosa under long-term exposure. Amoxicillin affected the cellular biosynthesis process and the metabolism of carbohydrate and nucleoside phosphate according to the proteomic responses. Under exposure to amoxicillin, stimulated growth rate at the beginning phase and increased production and release of microcystins during the whole exposure period would lead to a higher contamination of M. aeruginosa cells and microcystins, indicating that amoxicillin was harmful to aquatic environments through the promotion of cyanobacterial bloom.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China. Electronic address: liuying2010@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Baoyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000187:drug effects; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D052998:Microcystins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps / Q000235:genetics; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D052998:Microcystins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C078588:microcystin; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Antibiotic toxicity; Combined pollution; Photosynthesis activity; Protein–protein interaction network; Semi-continuous culture; Two-dimensional electrophoresis