title: Dominance relationships in male Nepal gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus).
abstract: Reproductive skew is proposed to link to despotism in dominance hierarchies. While studies illustrating male skew are plentiful, demonstrating the link to despotism is rare. Likewise, it is often unknown which factors (e.g., resource holding potential, age, physical condition) affect a male's dominance rank. Here we investigated correlates of male rank and hierarchy characteristics in Nepal gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus), a population with high male reproductive skew, and compared the results to other multi-male groups of nonhuman primates.
  
  
  
  We collected dyadic displacement interactions from two groups (mean 3.0 and 4.1 adult males) for five years each. We assessed dominance ranks for demographically stable phases (n = 11, n = 28) and analyzed the effects of age and physical condition through linear mixed models (LMM). We analyzed hierarchy characteristics via the program MatMan. We used data from 27 primate groups (cercopithecines, colobines, hominoids) as a comparative sample.
  
  
  
  The highest ranks were attained by adults in one group (LMM, P < 0.091) and by young adults in the other group (LMM, P < 0.001). With some exceptions, rank was highest for males with higher physical condition scores (LMM, P < 0.05). Hierarchies had high directional consistency (mean > 0.93) and linearity (mean >0.81) and were relatively steep (mean >0.66) when compared with other species.
  
  
  
  Dominance rank followed a pattern predicted by resource holding potential, but other individual attributes and group composition also seemed important. As predicted, hierarchy characteristics indicated a despotic system in line with the strong reproductive skew. Across primates, however, the degree of despotism did not appear to match the degree of reproductive skew. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:208-219, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364.
authors.forename: Rachel F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364.|Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borries
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364.|Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D016673:Colobinae / Q000502:physiology*; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal; D012930:Social Dominance
keywords: despotism; dominance hierarchy; male age; physical condition; resource holding potential