title: Using automated feeders to wean calves fed large amounts of milk according to their ability to eat solid feed.
abstract: Dairy calves weaned off milk at an early age show signs of hunger and can lose weight. We examined whether using automated feeders to wean calves according to individual voluntary solid feed intake reduced the effects of weaning. Female Holstein calves were housed in groups of 5 to 9. All calves were fed 12 L/d milk and ad libitum grain starter and hay from automated feeders immediately after grouping, and were allocated to 3 weaning strategies: (1) early-weaned (EW; n=14): weaning began on d 40, and milk allowance gradually decreased until weaning was complete on d 48; (2) late-weaned (LW; n=14): weaning began on d 80 and was completed on d 89; (3) weaned by starter intake (WSI; n=28): weaning began when calves consumed 200g/d of starter and was completed when the calves consumed 1,400g/d. Each day, the automated feeders recorded quantities of milk, starter, and hay eaten by all calves, as well as the frequency of visits to the milk feeder; we used unrewarded visit frequency as a sign of hunger. Body weights (BW) were recorded weekly. We estimated daily digestible energy (DE) intake for each calf based on the milk, hay, and starter consumed. Average daily gains (ADG) were expressed as percent of BW. For calves in WSI, weaning began at 54.7±18.9 d (mean ± SD) of age, the duration of weaning was 21.1±10.6 d, and weaning ended at 75.8±10.7 d of age. Both LW and WSI calves had better ADG from wk 3 to 13 than EW calves. Calves in the WSI group drank less milk and ate more starter than LW calves but had similar ADG. During the period of weaning, EW calves made more unrewarded visits to the milk feeder than LW and WSI calves. Three EW calves lost weight during weaning, whereas all LW and WSI calves gained weight. Calves differ greatly in when they begin to eat solid feed and how quickly they increase the intake in response to a decrease in milk allowance. An advantage of automated feeders is that calves can be weaned at variable ages depending on their ability and willingness to eat solid feed, which reduces signs of hunger and improves weight gains during weaning.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Agassiz, BC, Canada, V0M 1A0.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Passillé
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Agassiz, BC, Canada, V0M 1A0. Electronic address: rushenj@mail.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rushen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D008892:Milk; D014886:Weaning; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: automated feeding; dairy calf; feeding motivation; precision dairying; weaning