title: Neighborhood Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in the Food and Alcohol Environment: Are There Differences by Commercial Data Sources?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined neighborhood racial and socioeconomic disparities and the density of food and alcohol establishments. We also examined whether these disparities differed by data source.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included commercial data for 2003 and 2009 from InfoUSA and Dun and Bradstreet (D&B) in 416 census tracts in Allegheny County, PA. Food and alcohol establishment densities were calculated by using area and population data from the 2000 US census. Differences between InfoUSA and D&B of food and alcohol densities across neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics were tested using correlations and two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences by data source in the association between neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics and food/alcohol establishment density. There was a positive correlation between grocery store/supermarket density and percentage black, poverty, and percentage without a car among D&B data but not in InfoUSA. Alcohol outlet density (AOD) increased as neighborhood poverty increased for both data sources, but the mean difference in AOD between InfoUSA and D&B was highest among neighborhoods with 25-50 % poverty (Cohen's d -0.49, p < 0.001) compared to neighborhoods with lower or higher poverty (2003 data). Mean grocery store density increased as percentage poverty increased, but only among D&B (2009 data).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in commercial data in the location and numeration of food and alcohol establishments are associated with neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics and may introduce biases concerning neighborhood food and alcohol environments, racial and socioeconomic disparities, and health.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. ddm11@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Dara D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Cecily R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hardaway
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabio
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Disparity; Food and alcohol; Neighborhood