title: Effects of tillage and poultry manure application rates on Salmonella and fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in tiles draining Des Moines Lobe soils.
abstract: Application of poultry manure (PM) to cropland as fertilizer is a common practice in artificially drained regions of the Upper Midwest United States. Tile-waters have the potential to contribute pathogenic bacteria to downstream waters. This 3-year study (2010-2012) was designed to evaluate the impacts of manure management and tillage practices on bacteria losses to drainage tiles under a wide range of field conditions. PM was applied annually in spring, prior to planting corn, at application rates ranging from 5 to 40 kg/ha to achieve target rates of 112 and 224 kg/ha nitrogen (PM1 and PM2). Control plots received no manure (PM0). Each treatment was replicated on three chisel-plowed (CP) plots and one no-till (NT) plot. Tile-water grab samples were collected weekly when tiles were flowing beginning 30 days before manure application to 100 days post application, and additional grab samples were obtained to target the full spectrum of flow conditions. Manure and tile-water samples were analyzed for the pathogen, Salmonella spp. (SALM), and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Escherichia coli (EC), and enterococci (ENT). All three bacterial genera were detected more frequently, and at significantly higher concentrations, in tile-waters draining NT plots compared to CP plots. Transport of bacteria to NT tiles was most likely facilitated by macropores, which were significantly more numerous above tiles in NT plots in 2012 as determined by smoke-testing. While post-manure samples contained higher concentrations of bacteria than pre-manure samples, significant differences were not seen between low (PM1) and high (PM2) rates of PM application. The highest concentrations were observed under the NT PM2 plot in 2010 (6.6 × 10(3) cfu/100 mL EC, 6.6 × 10(5) cfu/100 mL ENT, and 2.8 × 10(3) cfu/100 mL SALM). Individual and 30-day geometric mean ENT concentrations correlated more strongly to SALM than EC; however, SALM were present in samples with little or no FIB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hruby
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 3358 Elings Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: msoupir@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Soupir
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA ARS, 2110 University Boulevard, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Statistics and Political Science, 509 Ross Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shelley
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 4358 Elings Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D011200:Poultry; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Fecal indicator bacteria; Poultry manure; Salmonella spp.; Tile drainage