title: Predominance of alcohol and illicit drugs among traffic accidents fatalities in an urban area of Brazil.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use among victims of fatal traffic accidents in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil, during the period 2011-2012.
  
  
  
  Blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of drugs from 391 deceased victims of traffic crashes that occurred in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil. The victims included drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, day of the week, and period of the year in which the accidents occurred were recorded. The analyses were performed by a gas chromatography-flame ionization method for alcohol and by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis.
  
  
  
  The results showed that 44.8% (n = 175) of all cases were positive for alcohol and/or illicit drugs. The detection of alcohol and/or drugs was more frequent in young males, aged 17 to 34, whose samples were positive in 46.8% of cases. Small differences among drivers, passengers, and pedestrians were observed (drivers = 45.9%, passengers = 46.4%, and pedestrians = 45.6%). In general, the most prevalent drug was alcohol, with 141 positive cases (36.1%), followed by cocaine, with 47 positive cases (12%). Amphetamines and cannabis had positivity rates of 4.1 and 4.3%, with 16 and 17 positive cases, respectively. The combined use of alcohol and other drugs was found in 36 cases (9.2%). Crack cocaine use was observed in 27.7% of the positive cases for cocaine.
  
  
  
  For the effective reduction of traffic accidents related to driving under influence of drugs (DUID), we suggest the intensification of enforcement actions against the use of alcohol by drivers, the definition of which illicit drugs should be surveyed, as well the cutoff values, the promotion of changing legislation to oblige drivers to provide samples for toxicological testing, and the establishment of public information programs and specific actions aimed at young drivers to promote behavioral changes.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento Médico Legal, Serviço de Laboratório Médico Legal , Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.|b Departamento de Análises Clínicas , Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabrício Souza
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Pelição
authors.affiliation: a Departamento Médico Legal, Serviço de Laboratório Médico Legal , Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.|b Departamento de Análises Clínicas , Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Dadalto
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: a Departamento Médico Legal, Serviço de Laboratório Médico Legal , Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jauber Fornaciari
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pissinate
authors.affiliation: a Departamento Médico Legal, Serviço de Laboratório Médico Legal , Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Mendes Louzada
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.affiliation: a Departamento Médico Legal, Serviço de Laboratório Médico Legal , Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria das Graças Corrêa
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: de Faria
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ester Miyuki
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Nakamura-Palacios
authors.affiliation: d Departamento de Química , Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Spinosa
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: De Martinis
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: DUID; illicit drugs; traffic accidents