title: Three-dimensional porous hollow fibre copper electrodes for efficient and high-rate electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction.
abstract: Aqueous-phase electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide requires an active, earth-abundant electrocatalyst, as well as highly efficient mass transport. Here we report the design of a porous hollow fibre copper electrode with a compact three-dimensional geometry, which provides a large area, three-phase boundary for gas-liquid reactions. The performance of the copper electrode is significantly enhanced; at overpotentials between 200 and 400 mV, faradaic efficiencies for carbon dioxide reduction up to 85% are obtained. Moreover, the carbon monoxide formation rate is at least one order of magnitude larger when compared with state-of-the-art nanocrystalline copper electrodes. Copper hollow fibre electrodes can be prepared via a facile method that is compatible with existing large-scale production processes. The results of this study may inspire the development of new types of microtubular electrodes for electrochemical processes in which at least one gas-phase reactant is involved, such as in fuel cell technology.
authors.affiliation: PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kas
authors.affiliation: PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.|College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 47024, 10071 Aljadria, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Khalid Khazzal
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hummadi
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kortlever
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Membranes Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-0899
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.|Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milbrat
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Membranes Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mieke W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Luiten-Olieman
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Membranes Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nieck E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Benes
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc T M
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Koper
authors.affiliation: PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mul