title: Insular Cortex is Critical for the Perception, Modulation, and Chronification of Pain.
abstract: An increasing body of neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of the brain suggest that the insular cortex (IC) integrates multimodal salient information ranging from sensation to cognitive-affective events to create conscious interoception. Especially with regard to pain experience, the IC has been supposed to participate in both sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational aspects of pain. In this review, we discuss the latest data proposing that subregions of the IC are involved in isolated pain networks: the posterior sensory circuit and the anterior emotional network. Due to abundant connections with other brain areas, the IC is likely to serve as an interface where cross-modal shaping of pain occurs. In chronic pain, however, this mode of emotional awareness and the modulation of pain are disrupted. We highlight some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes of the pain modulation system that contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain in the IC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Changbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Fancheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. xubz@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dopamine; Emotion; GABA; Insular cortex; Molecular mechanism; Neural network; Pain