title: Persistent inflammation and recovery after intensive care: A systematic review.
abstract: Physical weakness is common after critical illness; however, it is not clear how best to treat it. Inflammation characterizes critical illness, is associated with loss of muscle mass during critical illness, and potentially modifies post-intensive care unit (ICU) recovery. We sought to identify published reports on the prevalence of systemic inflammation after critical illness and its association with physical recovery.
  
  
  
  This is a systematic review of the literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CPCI-SSH, and CPCI-S from January 1982 to December 2011.
  
  
  
  From 7433 references, 207 full-text articles were reviewed, 57 were eligible, and 22 were included. Inflammation was present in most patients at ICU discharge according to C-reactive protein concentration (range, 70%-100%), procalcitonin (range, 89%-100%), tumor necrosis factor α (100%), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (range, 92%-95%). Fewer patients had elevated myeloperoxidase concentrations (range, 0%-56%). At hospital discharge, 9 (90%) of 10 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients had elevated C-reactive protein. No studies tested the association between inflammation and physical recovery.
  
  
  
  Inflammation is present in most patients at ICU discharge, but little is known or has been investigated about persistent inflammation after this time point. No studies have explored the relationship between persistent inflammation and physical recovery. Further research is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: david.m.griffith@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Steff
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000534:rehabilitation; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D010351:Patient Discharge; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation*
keywords: Critical illness; Inflammation; Intensive care; Quality of life; Recovery; Rehabilitation