title: Deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile: The Very Large Database of Lipids (VLDL-3) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-sectional studies have found an association between deficiencies in serum vitamin D, as measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and an atherogenic lipid profile. These studies have focused on a limited panel of lipid values including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study examines the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and an extended lipid panel (Vertical Auto Profile) while controlling for age, gender, glycemic status, and kidney function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Very Large Database of Lipids, which includes US adults clinically referred for analysis of their lipid profile from 2009 to 2011. Our study focused on 20,360 subjects who had data for lipids, 25(OH)D, age, gender, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Subjects were split into groups based on serum 25(OH)D: deficient (<20 ng/mL), intermediate (≥ 20-30 ng/mL), and optimal (≥ 30 ng/mL). The deficient group was compared to the optimal group using multivariable linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable-adjusted linear regression, deficient serum 25(OH)D was associated with significantly lower serum HDL-C (-5.1%) and higher total cholesterol (+9.4%), non-HDL-C (+15.4%), directly measured LDL-C (+13.5%), intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+23.7%), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+19.0%), remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (+18.4%), and TG (+26.4%) when compared with the optimal group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficient serum 25(OH)D is associated with significantly lower HDL-C and higher directly measured LDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoproteins cholesterol, remnant lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG. Future trials examining vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risk should consider using changes in an extended lipid panel as an additional outcome measurement.
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lupton
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kamil F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Faridi
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Seth S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sristi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Atherotech Diagnostics Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Krishnaji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: edonnell@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Michos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D; Glycemic status; Kidney function; Lipid; Lipoprotein; Vitamin D