title: Nutrition in the Cardiac Newborns: Evidence-based Nutrition Guidelines for Cardiac Newborns.
abstract: Both protein and energy malnutrition are common in neonates and infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). Neonates with CHD are at increased risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), particularly the preterm population. Mortality in patients with CHD and NEC is higher than for either disease process alone. Standardized feeding protocols may affect both incidence of NEC and growth failure in infants with CHD. The roles of human milk and probiotics have not yet been explored in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: hkarpen@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Karpen
mesh_terms: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005183:Failure to Thrive / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008895:Milk, Human; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Breast milk; Congenital heart disease; Feeding; Growth; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Neonates; Nutrition