title: Synchrotron radiation (SR) diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) mode.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate microstructural changes in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) rabbit model under diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) technology of synchrotron radiation (SR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) models were obtained within two months after 5 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride. Blood exams, urine tests and kidney histological studies were carried out after the 5 rabbits were humanely sacrificed by hyperanesthesia. The kidney tissues were fixed in 4% formalin for one week before DEI experiment, with another 5 normal rabbits used as the control group. The experiment was performed at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) with a 4W1A beam line (beam energy was 14keV). On routine scanning process, the rocking curve was detected, and slope position on the curve was selected to make a 360° spatial CT scan; DEI reconstruction software was used to generate a 3-dimensional image, from which the difference in grey value between the chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) group and the control group was measured and analyzed using MATLAB and SPSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without radio-contrast, DEI provided clear visibility of the microstructures including artery, vein, straight collecting ducts, papillary tubules, glomeruli in both the chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) group and the control group, with a spatial resolution as low as 10μm. MATLAB grey value extraction and SPSS analysis showed that cortex of CGN group (91 to 112) lost more gray value compared to the control group (121 to 141), T tests P <  0.05. Equivalant cortical ROI (data points 450×80) quantitative analysis showed that gross grey value of CGN group (ranking from 55 to 160) was smaller than the control group (ranking from 75 to 175). DEI images correlated well with pathologic images. Morphological changes in the microstructure of contstartabstractCGN kidney was revealed, due to the advantage of phase-contrast imaging (PCI) mechanism, and the diagnostic value of CGN by synchrotron radiation (SR) phase-contrast imaging (PCI) technology was evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synchrotron radiation (SR) diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) experiment makes non-contrast CGN diagnosis possible in the rabbit model studied. With improvement of laboratory equipment and image analyzer in clinical practice, diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) could fundamentally become a new diagnostic method for CGN.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department of Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Department of Radiology, People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen-Chen
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department of Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Department of Radiology, People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Arun Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department of Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Department of Radiology, People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yi-Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qing-Xi
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pei-Ping
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li-Jin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu-Dong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of applicative statistical mathematics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: A-Shan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guang-Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Synchrotron radiation (SR); chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN); diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI); phase contrast imaging (PCI)