title: Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome: Myth or new treatment target?
abstract: Low-grade intestinal inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and this role is likely to be multifactorial. The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence on the spectrum of mucosal inflammation in IBS, highlighting the relationship of this inflammation to the pathophysiology of IBS and its connection to clinical practice. We carried out a bibliographic search in Medline and the Cochrane Library for the period of January 1966 to December 2014, focusing on publications describing an interaction between inflammation and IBS. Several evidences demonstrate microscopic and molecular abnormalities in IBS patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying low-grade inflammation in IBS may help to design clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of drugs that target this pathophysiologic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinagra
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pompei
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomasello
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cappello
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano Cristian
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Morreale
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amvrosiadis
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Attilio Ignazio
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Lo Monte
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Aroldo Gabriele
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Emanuele Sinagra, Francesca Rossi, Dario Raimondo, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raimondo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004751:Enteritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Inflammation; Irritable bowel syndrome; Mast cells; Neuroendocrine cells; Pathology