title: Variations in Practice to Therapeutic Monitoring of Tacrolimus following Primary Adult Liver Transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited clinical evidence evaluating the correlation between immunosuppressant monitoring practice and transplant outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess current practice of tacrolimus trough monitoring in early post-operative period following liver transplantation (LT), and its impact on outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The duration to trough levels (DTT) were calculated in patients undergoing primary LT. The impact of variability in DTT on graft rejection episodes, serum tacrolimus level and renal function was assessed. These results were converted into a drug level estimation tool, which was validated in a prospective cohort of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2946 events in 274 patients were evaluated. The median DTT was 7:19 hrs (range: 27 min to 19:38 hrs). In 72% (2140 events) of the occasions, DTT was <8 hrs. There was a significant (p=0.022) correlation between DTT and tacrolimus level. Despite clinical decisions were taken to modify the dose of tacrolimus based on trough level, neither did DTT affect the average creatinine levels (p=0.923), nor the variability in DTT did affect acute rejection (p=0.914, and 0.712, respectively). A dose estimation tool was developed and applied to validation cohort (n=612), and returned a moderate R(2) value of 0.50.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant variation in the "real world" monitoring of tacrolimus with DTT in majority of measurements falling below recommendations; reassuringly, this did not lead to adverse transplant sequelae.
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: B V M
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Dasari
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Wolfson Computer Laboratory, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nassir
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.affiliation: Consultant Transplant and HPB Surgeon, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mergentel
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M T P R
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Perera
keywords: Drug monitoring; Immunosuppressive agents [Pharmacological action]; Outcome assessment (Health care); Patient outcome assessment; Tacrolimus; Transplantation