title: Interrelationship Between Periapical Lesion and Systemic Metabolic Disorders.
abstract: Periapical periodontitis, also known as periapical lesion, is a common dental disease, along with periodontitis (gum disease). Periapical periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, caused by endodontic infection, and its development is regulated by the host immune/inflammatory response. Metabolic disorders, which are largely dependent on life style such as eating habits, have been interpreted as a "metabolically-triggered" low-grade systemic inflammation and may interact with periapical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation. The host immune system is therefore considered the common fundamental mechanism of both disease conditions.
  
  
  
  We have reviewed >200 articles to discuss the interrelationship between periapical lesions and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and their common pathological background in immunology/osteoimmunology and cytokine biology.
  
  
  
  An elevated inflammatory state caused by metabolic disorders can impact the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfere with wound healing after endodontic treatment. Although additional well-designed clinical studies are needed, periapical lesions appear to affect insulin sensitivity and exacerbate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  
  
  
  Immune regulatory cytokines produced by various cell types, including immune cells and adipose tissue, play an important role in this interrelationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02494, U.S.A. hsasaki@forsyth.org.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Kimito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Battaglino
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines