title: Molecular Evidence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Prostate Tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is detectable in both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between infective chronic prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma. Many bacteria have been found in the prostate of patients with chronic prostatitis, BPH, and PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred consecutive patients with prostate diseases were enrolled in the study. Detection of H. pylori DNA in prostate tissue from patients with BPH and PCa was performed using both immunohistochemistry and PCR, and the results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Odds ratios and the Fisher Exact test were used for the analysis of the associations between the variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the patients, 78% had BPH and 19% had PCa. While immunohistochemistry showed no positive sample for H. pylori, PCR combined with sequencing detected H. pylori DNA in prostate tissue samples from 5 patients. However, statistical analysis of the data showed that BPH and PCa are not significantly associated with the presence of H. pylori DNA in prostate tissue (odds ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.09-23.34, one-tailed Chi-square value = 0.660, p > 0.05). The limitation of this study was the small number of PCa patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides, for the first time, molecular evidence of the presence of H. pylori DNA in prostatic tissue of patients with BPH and PCa. It paves the way for further comprehensive studies to examine the association of H. pylori infection with BPH and PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Marhoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Allal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouhtit
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Aisha O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Al-Abri
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Krishna P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Venkiteswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Qassim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Al-Busaidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Josephkunju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Haddabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shareef
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aquil
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Intisar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Hashmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Ishita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ganguly
keywords: Benign prostate hyperplasia; Helicobacter pylori infection; PCR; Prostate cancer