title: In vitro analysis of the microbiological sealing of tapered implants after mechanical cycling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior and bacterial microleakage at the implant/abutment-tapered interface following mechanical cycling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of screwless (Morse taper) implants (G1 and G2) and two groups of prosthetic screwed implants (G3 and G4) were tested. One group from each model (G2 and G4) were submitted to mechanical cycling, 500,000 cycles per sample, at a load of 120 N at 2 Hz prior to analysis. Microbiological analysis was performed via immersion of all samples in an Escherichia coli-containing suspension, incubated at 37 °C. After 14 days, the abutments were removed from their respective implants, registering the removal force (G1 and G2) or reverse torque (G3 and G4), and the presence of bacterial leakage was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the tapered surfaces of the selected samples. The Student t, binomial, and G tests were used for statistical analysis at a 5 % significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no significant difference between removal force, reverse torque, and contamination values when comparing implants of the same type. However, when the four groups were compared, contamination differed significantly (p = 0.044), with G1 having the least number of contaminated samples (8.3 %). SEM analysis showed superficial defects and damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The abutment removal force or torque was not affected by mechanical cycling. Bacterial sealing of the implant/abutment tapered interface was not effective for any condition analyzed. Imprecise machining of implant parts does not allow a sufficient contact area between surfaces to provide effective sealing and prevent bacterial leakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microscopic gap caused by unsatisfactory implant/abutment adaptation, surface irregularities, and plastic deformation of all parts enabled bacterial contamination of the oral implants.
authors.affiliation: Oral Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil. dcca@terra.com.br.
authors.forename: Deceles Cristina Costa
authors.initials: DCC
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Oral Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Sérgio Perri
authors.initials: PSP
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Department, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Nelson
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Oral Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vedovatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Ferreira
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000044:Dental Abutments / Q000382:microbiology*; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D003763:Dental Leakage; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020878:Device Removal; D004926:Escherichia coli; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Bacterial sealing; Mechanical cycling; Tapered connection