title: The Frequency of Signs of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Children with Epidermolysis Bullosa.
abstract: To determine the frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in children with epidermolysis bullosa (EB).
  
  
  
  Hospital-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  One hundred five children with different forms of EB.
  
  
  
  Prospective ophthalmic examination of children with EB presenting over seventeen months including meibomian gland assessment using a recognized classification.
  
  
  
  Frequency of MGD.
  
  
  
  One hundred five children were recruited, 8.6% with junctional EB, 34.3% with simplex EB, 34.3% with autosomal recessive dystrophic EB, and 22.9% autosomal dominant dystrophic EB. Mean age was 7.42 years (range, 0.08-17.75 years). Ninety-two children (87.62%) demonstrated 1 or more features of MGD.
  
  
  
  Most children with EB exhibit signs of MGD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective ocular surface evaluation in children with EB to include lid margin evaluation using a recognized classification system. Our findings help explain some of the ocular surface anomalies seen in children with EB.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sophie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Minakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jemima E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mellerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UPMC Childrens Eye Center, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: nischalkk@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nischal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004820:Epidermolysis Bullosa / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology