title: Effect of surface modifications on the bond strength of zirconia ceramic with resin cement resin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface modifications on the tensile bond strength between zirconia ceramic and resin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zirconia ceramic surfaces were treated with 150-μm abrasive alumina particles, 150-μm abrasive zirconia particles, argon-ion bombardment, gas plasma, and piranha solution (H2SO4:H2O2=3:1). In addition, slip casting surfaces were examined. Untreated surfaces were used as the control group. Tensile bond strengths (TBS) were measured after water storage for 3 days or 150 days with additional 37,500 thermal cycling for artificial aging. Statistical analyses were performed with 1-way and 3-way ANOVA, followed by comparison of means with the Tukey HSD test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After storage in distilled water for three days at 37 °C, the highest mean tensile bond strengths (TBS) were observed for zirconia ceramic surfaces abraded with 150-μm abrasive alumina particles (TBS(AAP)=37.3 MPa, TBS(CAAP)=40.4 MPa), and 150-μm abrasive zirconia particles (TBS(AZP)=34.8 MPa, TBS(CAZP)=35.8 MPa). Also a high TBS was observed for specimens treated with argon-ion bombardment (TBS(BAI)=37.8 MPa). After 150 days of storage, specimens abraded with 150-μm abrasive alumina particles and 150-μm abrasive zirconia particles revealed high TBS (TBS(AAP)=37.6 MPa, TBS(CAAP)=33.0 MPa, TBS(AZP)=22.1 MPa and TBS(CAZP)=22.8 MPa). A high TBS was observed also for specimens prepared with slip casting (TBS(SC)=30.0 MPa). A decrease of TBS was observed for control specimens (TBS(UNT)=12.5 MPa, TBS(CUNT)=9.0 MPa), specimens treated with argon-ion bombardment (TBS(BAI)=10.3 MPa) and gas plasma (TBS(GP)=11.0 MPa). A decrease of TBS was observed also for specimens treated with piranha solution (TBS(PS)=3.9 MPa, TBS(CPS)=4.1 MPa). A significant difference in TBS after three days storage was observed for specimens treated with different methods (p<0.001). Thermal cycling significantly reduced TBS for all groups (p<0.001) excluding groups: AAP(p>0.05), CAAP(p>0.05) and SC(p>0.05). However, the failure patterns of debonded specimens prepared with 150-μm abrasive zirconia particles were 96.7% cohesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of zirconia ceramic surfaces with abrasive zirconia particles is a promising method to increase the tensile bond strength without significant damage of the ceramic surface itself. An alternative promising method is slip casting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kiel University, Germany. Electronic address: lhallmann@proth.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Lubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hallmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.affiliation: Department of Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Oleksander
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polonskyi
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute of Ceramic Technology and Systems, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannes
authors.affiliation: Design & Materials Division, Institute of System Engineering, HES-SO Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Köbel
authors.affiliation: Plasma Technology Group, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trottenberg
authors.affiliation: Plasma Technology Group, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bornholdt
authors.affiliation: Plasma Technology Group, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: Plasma Technology Group, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D002516:Ceramics; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Airborne particles abrasion; Argon-ion bombardment; Gas plasma; Piranha etching; Tensile bond strength