title: Evolution of Clinical Pharmacy in the USA and Future Directions for Patient Care.
abstract: This paper describes key events in pharmaceutical education, training, practice, and research that have occurred over the past 55 years. Some of these events included the development of the doctor of pharmacy degree, residency training, and co-location of clinical pharmacists in patient care areas. These changes not only necessitated more specialized training but then led to board certification to ensure quality patient care. Specific examples of the research that have supported the involvement of clinical pharmacists in direct patient care will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Room 527, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. barry-carter@uiowa.edu.|Department of Family Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. barry-carter@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care / Q000639:trends*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000639:trends*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000639:trends*