title: Degradation of Insecticides in Poultry Manure: Determining the Insecticidal Treatment Interval for Managing House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations in Poultry Farms.
abstract: It is crucial to understand the degradation pattern of insecticides when designing a sustainable control program for the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), on poultry farms. The aim of this study was to determine the half-life and degradation rates of cyromazine, chlorpyrifos, and cypermethrin by spiking these insecticides into poultry manure, and then quantitatively analyzing the insecticide residue using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The insecticides were later tested in the field in order to study the appropriate insecticidal treatment intervals. Bio-assays on manure samples were later tested at 3, 7, 10, and 15 d for bio-efficacy on susceptible house fly larvae. Degradation analysis demonstrated that cyromazine has the shortest half-life (3.01 d) compared with chlorpyrifos (4.36 d) and cypermethrin (3.75 d). Cyromazine also had a significantly greater degradation rate compared with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. For the field insecticidal treatment interval study, 10 d was the interval that had been determined for cyromazine due to its significantly lower residue; for ChCy (a mixture of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin), the suggested interval was 7 d. Future work should focus on the effects of insecticide metabolites on targeted pests and the poultry manure environment.
authors.forename: Song-Quan
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Abdul Hafiz
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ab Majid
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006793:Houseflies; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011200:Poultry
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D008372:Manure; D010573:Pesticide Residues