title: Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a new instrument measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging- Anxiety Questionnaire.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Questionnaires measuring patients' anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations have been the same as used in a wide range of conditions. To learn about patients' experience during examination and to evaluate interventions, a specific questionnaire measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychometric cross-sectional study with test-retest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new questionnaire, Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire, was designed from patient expressions of anxiety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging-scanners. The sample was recruited between October 2012-October 2014. Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. Criterion-related validity, known-group validity and test-retest was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients referred for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of either the spine or the heart, were invited to participate. The development and validation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire resulted in 15 items consisting of two factors. Cronbach's alpha was found to be high. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire correlated higher with instruments measuring anxiety than with depression scales. Known-group validity demonstrated a higher level of anxiety for patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of the heart than for those examining the spine. Test-retest reliability demonstrated acceptable level for the scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire bridges a gap among existing questionnaires, making it a simple and useful tool for measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jonkoping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ahlander
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Linkoping University, Sweden.|Center for Collaborative Palliative Care, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristofer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Årestedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Linkoping University, Sweden.|Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linkoping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engvall
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maret
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ericsson
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety; instrument development; magnetic resonance imaging; nurse; nursing; reliability; validity