title: Urological Manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura: A Review.
abstract: Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an immune-mediated systemic vasculitis generally found in children. The standard manifestations of HSP are palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and renal complications. Although less common, there are significant urological manifestations associated with HSP. The primary objective of this review is to encourage better understanding and management of HSP by emphasizing the common and rare manifestations of HSP, how they are diagnosed, and the latest treatment options for mild to severe complications. Medline searches of HSP and its urological manifestations were conducted along with searches on current diagnostic and treatment methods. Urological manifestations of HSP involve the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, scrotum, testicle, and penis. Diagnosis and management of HSP are not always clear due to differential diagnosis and diversity of symptom presentation. Treatment for HSP is mainly supportive and includes use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief. In more severe cases, glucocorticoids, methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and peritoneal and hemodialysis are reported successful. It is important to note different symptoms of HSP in order to distinguish HSP from other diseases. Early diagnosis may prevent severe complications. Treatment options vary from conservative to invasive depending on the severity of the disease and time frame of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalpiaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwamb
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Yimei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Walzter
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, SUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Sardar A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
keywords: Bladder; Henoch-Schonlein purpura; Kidney; Nephritis; Penis; Prostate; Scrotum; Ureter