title: Production of phenol-rich bio-oil during catalytic fixed-bed and microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel shell.
abstract: Catalytic fixed-bed and microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel shell using activated carbon (AC) and lignite char (LC) as catalysts and microwave receptors are investigated. The effects of process parameters including temperature and biomass:catalyst ratio on the yield and composition of pyrolysis products were studied. The addition of catalyst increased the bio-oil yield, but decreased the selectivity of phenol in fixed-bed. Catalytic microwave pyrolysis of PKS significantly enhanced the selectivity of phenol production. The highest concentration of phenol in bio-oil of 64.58 %(area) and total phenolics concentration of 71.24 %(area) were obtained at 500°C using AC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated that concentration of OH, CH, CO and CO functional groups in char samples decreased after pyrolysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis clearly indicated the development of liquid phase in biomass particles during microwave pyrolysis, and the mechanism is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
authors.forename: Joy Esohe
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Omoriyekomwan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahmasebi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: jianglong.yu@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jianglong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D056804:Biofuels; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002384:Catalysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D003031:Coal; D008872:Microwaves; D009821:Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D003031:Coal; D009821:Oils; D010636:Phenols; D014866:Waste Products; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Biomass; Catalytic pyrolysis; Microwave irradiation; Phenolic compounds