title: Bedside lung ultrasound in the evaluation of acute decompensated heart failure.
abstract: Dyspnea is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department (ED) and a leading cause of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU) and medical wards. Ultrasound (US) has traditionally been considered inadequate to explore the aerated lung. However, in the past 15 years LUS gained broader application, at least in part thanks to the interpretation of the artefacts generated by the interaction of US and lung structures/content. The total reflection of US beam occurring at the pleural level determines the artefactual image of the aerated lung: an homogenous 'foggy-like' picture under the pleural line. As the air content of the lungs decreases due to interstitial imbibition, deposition of collagen or presence of blood, vertical artefacts -arising from the pleural line and moving synchronously with the respiration- called B-lines appear. Multiple and bilateral B-lines identify the alveolar-interstitial syndrome (AIS). The most common cause of AIS is the wet lung: the more the congestion burden, the more the extent of the B-lines, which become confluent until the so-called white lung in case of pulmonary edema. Many studies showed a higher accuracy of LUS in diagnosing acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) as compared to chest X-ray As recently shown, the integration of LUS to clinical assessment allow to differentiate cardiogenic dyspnea with sensitivity and specificity greater than 95 %. Moreover, LUS can easily detect pleural effusion -frequently present in ADHF-appearing as an anechoic area in the recumbent area of the thorax, delimited inferiorly by the diaphragmatic dome and superiorly by the aerated lung.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, via GB Grassi 74, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leidi
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, via GB Grassi 74, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, via GB Grassi 74, Milan, Italy. chiaracogliati@fastwebnet.it.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cogliati
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016477:Artifacts; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: B-lines; Heart failure; Lung ultrasound