title: Trefoil factor 3 shows anti-inflammatory effects on activated microglia.
abstract: Microglial cells are a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. They can develop a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Shifting the phenotype from M1 to M2 might be an important mechanism to overcome CNS inflammation and to prevent or reduce neuronal damage. Here, we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory protein trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is secreted by astrocytes and that its transcription is significantly reduced after incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, we demonstrate that microglial cells cultured in the presence of TFF3 show reduced expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany.|Institute of Neurosurgery UKSH Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ann-Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Helmers
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spreu
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Janna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneppenheim
authors.affiliation: Anatomical Institute, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24188, Kiel, Germany. rlucius@anat.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3
keywords: Astrocytes; Central nervous system; Inflammation; Microglia; Trefoil factor 3