title: The combination effects of bendamustine with antimetabolites against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
abstract: Bendamustine combined with other drugs is clinically efficacious for some adult lymphoid malignancies, but to date there are no reports of the use of such combinatorial approaches in pediatric patients. We investigated the in vitro activity of bendamustine combined with other antimetabolite drugs on B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cell lines established from pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed ALL. We also developed a mathematically drown improved isobologram method to assess the data objectively. Three BCP-ALL cell lines; YCUB-2, YCUB-5, and YCUB-6, were simultaneously exposed to various concentrations of bendamustine and cladribine, cytarabine, fludarabine, or clofarabine. Cell growth inhibition was determined using the WST-8 assay. Combinatorial effects were estimated using our improved isobologram method with IC80 (drug concentration corresponding to 80 % of maximum inhibition). Bendamustine alone inhibited ALL cell growth with mean IC80 values of 11.30-18.90 μg/ml. Combinations of bendamustine with other drugs produced the following effects: (1) cladribine; synergistic-to-additive on all cell lines; (2) cytarabine; synergistic-to-additive on YCUB-5 and YCUB-6, and synergistic-to-antagonistic on YCUB-2; (3) fludarabine; additive-to-antagonistic on YCUB-5, and synergistic-to-antagonistic on YCUB-2 and YCUB-6; (4) clofarabine; additive-to-antagonistic on all cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis also showed the combination effects of bendamustine and cladribine. Bendamustine/cladribine or bendamustine/cytarabine may thus represent a promising combination for salvage treatment in childhood ALL.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-8555, Japan. sgoto49@aol.com.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokosuka
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001087:Arabinonucleosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069461:Bendamustine Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D017338:Cladribine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077866:Clofarabine; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000963:Antimetabolites; D001087:Arabinonucleosides; D003561:Cytarabine; D017338:Cladribine; D000077866:Clofarabine; D000069461:Bendamustine Hydrochloride; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine
keywords: Antimetabolite; Bendamustine; Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Combination effect; Isobologram