title: Effect of non-cross-linked calcium on characteristics, swelling behaviour, drug release and mucoadhesiveness of calcium alginate beads.
abstract: In this study, ibuprofen-loaded calcium alginate beads (CABs) with varying amounts of non-cross-linked calcium (NCL-Ca) were prepared using different washing methods. The influence of NCL-Ca on beads properties was investigated. Increasing the number or duration of washes led to significant decreases in the amount of NCL-Ca whereas the impact of the volume of washes was not significant. Approximately 70% of the initial amount of Ca(2+) was NCL-Ca which was removable by washing while only 30% was cross-linked (CL-Ca). Ca(2+) release from the CABs was bimodal; NCL-Ca was burst-released followed by a slower release of CL-Ca. Washing methods and the amount of NCL-Ca had significant influences on the encapsulation efficiency, beads weight, beads swelling, drug release profile and the mucoadhesiveness of CABs. This study highlighted the importance of washing methods and the amount of NCL-Ca to establish CABs properties and understand their behaviour in the simulated intestinal fluids (SIFs).
authors.affiliation: University Al Baath, Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs, Syria.
authors.forename: Adnan Al
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dalaty
authors.affiliation: University Al Baath, Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs, Syria; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, CNRS, Université de Poitiers/ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishops Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najlah
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Raid G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Alany
authors.affiliation: University Al Baath, Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs, Syria; School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, Surrey, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.khoder@kingston.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mouhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoder
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D032701:Biomimetics; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium alginate beads; Cross-linked calcium; Drug release; Encapsulation efficiency; Mucoadhesiveness; Non-cross-linked calcium