title: Potential arsenic exposures in 25 species of zoo animals living in CCA-wood enclosures.
abstract: Animal enclosures are often constructed from wood treated with the pesticide chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which leaches arsenic (As) into adjacent soil during normal weathering. This study evaluated potential pathways of As exposure in 25 species of zoo animals living in CCA-wood enclosures. We analyzed As speciation in complete animal foods, dislodgeable As from CCA-wood, and As levels in enclosure soils, as well as As levels in biomarkers of 9 species of crocodilians (eggs), 4 species of birds (feathers), 1 primate species (hair), and 1 porcupine species (quills). Elevated soil As in samples from 17 enclosures was observed at 1.0-110mg/kg, and enclosures housing threatened and endangered species had As levels higher than USEPA's risk-based Eco-SSL for birds and mammals of 43 and 46mg/kg. Wipe samples of CCA-wood on which primates sit had dislodgeable As residues of 4.6-111μg/100cm(2), typical of unsealed CCA-wood. Inorganic As doses from animal foods were estimated at 0.22-7.8μg/kg bw/d. Some As levels in bird feathers and crocodilian eggs were higher than prior studies on wild species. However, hair from marmosets had 6.37mg/kg As, 30-fold greater than the reference value, possibly due to their inability to methylate inorganic As. Our data suggested that elevated As in soils and dislodgeable As from CCA-wood could be important sources of As exposure for zoo animals.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gress
authors.affiliation: Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Stuchal
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States. Electronic address: lqma@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: L Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000378:metabolism*; D001149:Arsenates / Q000378:metabolism; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006798:Housing; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D015415:Biomarkers; D015386:Hazardous Substances; C040890:chromated copper arsenate; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Birds; Chromated copper arsenate; Crocodilian; Endangered species; Marmosets; Zoo animals