title: Neural Correlates of Vocal Production and Motor Control in Human Heschl's Gyrus.
abstract: The present study investigated how pitch frequency, a perceptually relevant aspect of periodicity in natural human vocalizations, is encoded in Heschl's gyrus (HG), and how this information may be used to influence vocal pitch motor control. We recorded local field potentials from multicontact depth electrodes implanted in HG of 14 neurosurgical epilepsy patients as they vocalized vowel sounds and received brief (200 ms) pitch perturbations at 100 Cents in their auditory feedback. Event-related band power responses to vocalizations showed sustained frequency following responses that tracked voice fundamental frequency (F0) and were significantly enhanced in posteromedial HG during speaking compared with when subjects listened to the playback of their own voice. In addition to frequency following responses, a transient response component within the high gamma frequency band (75-150 Hz) was identified. When this response followed the onset of vocalization, the magnitude of the response was the same for the speaking and playback conditions. In contrast, when this response followed a pitch shift, its magnitude was significantly enhanced during speaking compared with playback. We also observed that, in anterolateral HG, the power of high gamma responses to pitch shifts correlated with the magnitude of compensatory vocal responses. These findings demonstrate a functional parcellation of HG with neural activity that encodes pitch in natural human voice, distinguishes between self-generated and passively heard vocalizations, detects discrepancies between the intended and heard vocalization, and contains information about the resulting behavioral vocal compensations in response to auditory feedback pitch perturbations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is a significant contribution to our understanding of sensor-motor mechanisms of vocal production and motor control. The findings demonstrate distinct functional parcellation of core and noncore areas within human auditory cortex on Heschl's gyrus that process natural human vocalizations and pitch perturbations in the auditory feedback. In addition, our data provide evidence for distinct roles of high gamma neural oscillations and frequency following responses for processing periodicity in human vocalizations during vocal production and motor control.
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Speech Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, r-behroozmand@sc.edu.
authors.forename: Roozbeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behroozmand
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-5478
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
authors.forename: Kirill V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Nourski
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Speech Physiology Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brugge
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
authors.forename: Jeremy D W
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Greenlee
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D000069280:Electrocorticography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D065818:Gamma Rhythm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010898:Pitch Perception; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ECoG; auditory feedback; pitch perturbation; sensory-motor integration; vocal production; voice motor control