title: Graphene Oxide Attenuates the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of PCB 52 via Activation of Genuine Autophagy.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO), owing to its large surface area and abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, is emerging as a potential adsorbent for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which accumulate over time and are harmful to both natural ecosystems and human health. However, the effect of GO against PCB-induced toxicity remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of GO against PCB 52 induced cytotoxic and genotoxic response in mammalian cells at various exposure conditions and clarify the protective role of autophagy. Pretreatment with GO dramatically decreased PCB 52 induced cytotoxicity and CD59 gene mutation in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells. The toxic response in cells either pretreated with PCB 52 and then treated with GO or concurrently treated with GO and PCB 52 did not differ significantly from the toxic response in the cells treated with PCB 52 alone. Using autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine and wortmannin) and inducers (trehalose and rapamycin), we found that genuine autophagy induced by GO was involved in decreasing PCB 52 induced toxicity. These findings suggested that GO has an antagonistic effect against the toxicity of PCB 52 mainly by triggering a genuine autophagic process, which might provide new insights into the potential application of GO in PCB disposal and environmental and health risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xinan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yaguang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Mudi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shaopeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University , New York, New York 10032, United States.
authors.forename: Tom K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hei
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhaoxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province , Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D018957:CD59 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006822:Hybrid Cells; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D014199:Trehalose / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D018957:CD59 Antigens; D009153:Mutagens; D010087:Oxides; C009407:2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl; C025946:3-methyladenine; D006108:Graphite; D014199:Trehalose; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D000225:Adenine; D020123:Sirolimus; D000077191:Wortmannin