title: Environmental behavior of engineered nanomaterials in porous media: a review.
abstract: A pronounced increase in the use of nanotechnology has resulted in nanomaterials being released into the environment. Environmental exposure to the most common engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), such as carbon-based and metal-based nanomaterials, can occur directly via intentional injection for remediation purposes, release during the use of nanomaterial-containing consumer goods, or indirectly via different routes. Recent reviews have outlined potential risks assessments, toxicity, and life cycle analyses regarding ENM emission. In this review, inevitable release of ENMs and their environmental behaviors in aqueous porous media are discussed with an emphasis on influencing factors, including the physicochemical properties of ENMs, solution chemistry, soil hydraulic properties, and soil matrices. Major findings of laboratory column studies and numerical approaches for the transport of ENMs are addressed, and studies on the interaction between ENMs and heavy metal ions in aqueous soil environments are examined. Future research is also presented with specific research directions and outlooks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 300 Main Street, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Chang Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 300 Main Street, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Kyoung Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, Kokyungmeon, Young-cheon, Gyeongbuk 770-849, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, Kokyungmeon, Young-cheon, Gyeongbuk 770-849, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Namguk
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Her
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ahjeong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 300 Main Street, SC 29208, USA. Electronic address: yoony@cec.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Yeomin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: Engineered nanomaterials; Porous media; Sorption modeling; Transport