title: Multiscale Modeling in the Clinic: Drug Design and Development.
abstract: A wide range of length and time scales are relevant to pharmacology, especially in drug development, drug design and drug delivery. Therefore, multiscale computational modeling and simulation methods and paradigms that advance the linkage of phenomena occurring at these multiple scales have become increasingly important. Multiscale approaches present in silico opportunities to advance laboratory research to bedside clinical applications in pharmaceuticals research. This is achievable through the capability of modeling to reveal phenomena occurring across multiple spatial and temporal scales, which are not otherwise readily accessible to experimentation. The resultant models, when validated, are capable of making testable predictions to guide drug design and delivery. In this review we describe the goals, methods, and opportunities of multiscale modeling in drug design and development. We demonstrate the impact of multiple scales of modeling in this field. We indicate the common mathematical and computational techniques employed for multiscale modeling approaches used in pharmacometric and systems pharmacology models in drug development and present several examples illustrating the current state-of-the-art models for (1) excitable systems and applications in cardiac disease; (2) stem cell driven complex biosystems; (3) nanoparticle delivery, with applications to angiogenesis and cancer therapy; (4) host-pathogen interactions and their use in metabolic disorders, inflammation and sepsis; and (5) computer-aided design of nanomedical systems. We conclude with a focus on barriers to successful clinical translation of drug development, drug design and drug delivery multiscale models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. ceclancy@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Colleen E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Yaling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Elebeoba E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortoleva
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Aleksander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Popel
authors.affiliation: Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sluka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. eckmanndm@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eckmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical
keywords: Drug delivery; Mathematical; Multiscale modeling; Pharmacology; Simulation