title: A portable respiratory rate estimation system with a passive single-lead electrocardiogram acquisition module.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among vital signs of acutely ill hospital patients, respiratory rate (RR) is a highly accurate predictor of health deterioration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study proposes a system that consists of a passive and non-invasive single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition module and an ECG-derived respiratory (EDR) algorithm in the working prototype of a mobile application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before estimating RR that produces the EDR rate, ECG signals were evaluated based on the signal quality index (SQI). The SQI algorithm was validated quantitatively using the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2011 training data set. The RR extraction algorithm was validated by adopting 40 MIT PhysioNet Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated RR showed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4 compared with the ``gold standard'' RR. The proposed system was used to record 20 ECGs of healthy subjects and obtained the estimated RR with MAE of 0.7 bpm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that the proposed hardware and algorithm could replace the manual counting method, uncomfortable nasal airflow sensor, chest band, and impedance pneumotachography often used in hospitals. The system also takes advantage of the prevalence of smartphone usage and increase the monitoring frequency of the current ECG of patients with critical illnesses.
authors.forename: Nazrul Anuar
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Nayan
authors.forename: Nur Sabrina
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Risman
authors.forename: Rosmina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaafar
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Respiratory rate; algorithm; e-health system; mobile applications; single-lead ECG