title: Does Social Context Matter? Income Inequality, Racialized Identity, and Health Among Canada's Aboriginal Peoples Using a Multilevel Approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Debates surrounding the importance of social context versus individual level processes have a long history in public health. Aboriginal peoples in Canada are very diverse, and the reserve communities in which they reside are complex mixes of various cultural and socioeconomic circumstances. The social forces of these communities are believed to affect health, in addition to individual level determinants, but no large scale work has ever probed their relative effects. One aspect of social context, relative deprivation, as indicated by income inequality, has greatly influenced the social determinants of health landscape. An investigation of relative deprivation in Canada's Aboriginal population has never been conducted. This paper proposes a new model of Aboriginal health, using a multidisciplinary theoretical approach that is multilevel.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study explored the self-rated health of respondents using two levels of determinants, contextual and individual. Data were from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. There were 18,890 Registered First Nations (subgroup of Aboriginal peoples) on reserve nested within 134 communities. The model was assessed using a hierarchical generalized linear model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant variation at the contextual level. Subsequently, a sequential logistic regression analysis was run. With the sole exception culture, demographics, lifestyle factors, formal health services, and social support were significant in explaining self-rated health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-significant effect of social context, and by extension relative deprivation, as indicated by income inequality, is noteworthy, and the primary role of individual level processes, including the material conditions, social support, and lifestyle behaviors, on health outcomes is illustrated. It is proposed that social structure is best conceptualized as a dynamic determinant of health inequality and more multilevel theoretical models of Aboriginal health should be developed and tested.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G1C9, Canada. nspence@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Spence
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D012931:Social Environment; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aboriginal peoples; Canada; Income inequality; Inequality; Multilevel; Policy; Public health; Relative deprivation