title: Synthesis, characterization and toxicological evaluation of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles using Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri.
abstract: Chromium III oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) are used in pigments for ceramics, dyes, paints and cosmetics. However, few studies addressing the toxic potential of these NPs have been reported in the literature. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of Cr2O3 NPs through acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri and chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. Cr2O3 NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized through TEM, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential (ZP) and surface area analysis. In the acute toxicity tests the EC(50,48h) value obtained with D. magna was 6.79 mg L(-1) and for A. fischeri the EC(50,15min) value was 16.10 mg L(-1) and the EC(50,30min) value was 12.91 mg L(-1). Regarding the chronic toxicity tests with D. magna, effects on longevity (OEC=1.00 mg L(-1)), reproduction (OEC=1.00 mg L(-1)) and growth (OEC=0.50 mg L(-1)) were observed. On the SEM and TEM images, ultrastructural alterations in the organelles of exposed organisms were also observed. Thus, toxicological studies with NPs are of great importance in order to reduce the risk of environmental contamination.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Costa
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Puerari
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cristina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
authors.forename: Denice S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Vicentini
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim, CEP: 99700-970, Erechim - RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cristiane F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Fuzinatto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP: 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Silvia P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Melegari
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
authors.forename: Éder C
authors.initials: ÉC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
authors.forename: Zenilda L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Bouzon
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. Electronic address: william.g.matias@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Matias
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017608:Chromium Compounds; C023600:chromic oxide
keywords: Aliivibrio fischeri; Aquatic toxicology; Chromium (III) oxide nanoparticle; Chronic toxicity; Daphnia magna