title: Prevalence and correlates of proteinuria in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in sub-Saharan Africa, few community-based screenings have been conducted in Uganda. Opportunities to improve the management of CKD in sub-Saharan Africa are limited by low awareness, inadequate access, poor recognition, and delayed presentation for clinical care. Therefore, the Uganda Kidney Foundation engaged key stakeholders in performing a screening event on World Kidney Day.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study in March 2013 from a convenience sample of adult, urban residents in Kampala, Uganda. We advertised the event using radio and television announcements, newspapers, billboards, and notice boards at public places, such as places of worship. Subsequently, we screened for proteinuria, hypertension, fasting glucose impairment, and obesity in a central and easily-accessible location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 141 adults most of whom were female (57 %), young (64 %; 18-39 years), and had a professional occupation (52 %). The prevalence of proteinuria (13 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 7-19 %), hypertension (38 %; 95 % CI 31-47 %), and impaired fasting glucose (13 %; 95 % CI 9-20 %) were high in this study population. Proteinuria was most prevalent among young (18-39 years) adults (n = 14; 16 %) and among those who reported a history of alcohol intake (n = 10; 32 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of proteinuria was high among a convenience sample of urban residents in a sub-Saharan African setting. These results represent an important effort by the Ugandan Kidney Foundation to increase awareness and recognition of CKD, and they will help formulate additional epidemiological studies on NCDs in Uganda which are urgently needed and now feasible.
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, USA. josephlunyera@gmail.com.|School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. josephlunyera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lunyera
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. john.stanifer@duke.edu.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stanifer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. ingaproc@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Prossie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingabire
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. jwetolu@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Etolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. bagashap@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peace
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagasha
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, USA. joseph.egger@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. uptal.patel@dm.duke.edu.|Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. uptal.patel@dm.duke.edu.
authors.forename: Uptal D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Section of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. gnmutungi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mutungi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. rkalyesubula@gmail.com.|Department of Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. rkalyesubula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalyesubula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose