title: Exposure to Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors Partially Explains Mean Differences in Self-Regulation between Races.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether differential exposure to pre- and perinatal risk factors explained differences in levels of self-regulation between children of different races (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Other).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple regression models based on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n ≈ 9,850) were used to analyze the impact of pre- and perinatal risk factors on the development of self-regulation at age 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Racial differences in levels of self-regulation were observed. Racial differences were also observed for 9 of the 12 pre-/perinatal risk factors. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a portion of the racial differences in self-regulation was explained by differential exposure to several of the pre-/perinatal risk factors. Specifically, maternal age at childbirth, gestational timing, and the family's socioeconomic status were significantly related to the child's level of self-regulation. These factors accounted for a statistically significant portion of the racial differences observed in self-regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate racial differences in self-regulation may be, at least partially, explained by racial differences in exposure to pre- and perinatal risk factors.
authors.affiliation: School of Criminal Justice, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Criminology & Criminal Justice, School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology (Secondary Appointment), College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Boutwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: J Mitchell
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminal Justice, California State University, Stanislaus, Turlock, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rashaan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeShay
authors.affiliation: College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beaver
authors.affiliation: Criminology & Criminal Justice, School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D044466:Asian People; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States; D044465:White People