title: Energy compensation and nutrient displacement following regular consumption of hazelnuts and other energy-dense snack foods in non-obese individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regular nut consumption reduces cardiovascular disease risk, partly from improvements to dietary quality. Examining how individuals make dietary changes when consuming nuts may reveal key behavioural eating patterns beneficial for the development of dietary interventions. We examined the effects of nuts in comparison with other energy-dense snacks on energy compensation, nutrient displacement, and food group patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 12-week randomised, controlled, parallel study with four arms: ~1100 kJ/day for each of hazelnuts (42 g), chocolate (50 g), potato crisps (50 g), or no added snack food. Diet records, body composition, and physical activity were measured at baseline and week 12, in 102 non-obese participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements in diet quality were observed in the hazelnut group, particularly when consumed as snacks. Intakes of monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and vitamin E were significantly higher (all P < 0.05), whereas saturated fat and carbohydrate were significantly lower (both P ≤ 0.022) in the hazelnut group compared to the other groups. Partial energy compensation did not differ significantly between groups, but nutrient displacement values for MUFA and fibre differed significantly. Within the hazelnut group, there was nearly complete displacement for fibre, partial displacement for energy, protein, total fat, MUFA, PUFA, potassium, folate, and vitamin E, and overcompensation for carbohydrate and sugar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that energy compensation occurs for all three intervention snacks in this non-obese population. Regular nut consumption significantly improves nutrient profiles compared to other snacks with changes occurring at the snack level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors.forename: Siew Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tey
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. rachel.brown@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-7073
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031211:Corylus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D062410:Snacks; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: Energy compensation; Hazelnuts; Nutrient displacement; Nutrient intake; Snack