title: Target Plate Material Influence on Fullerene-C60 Laser Desorption/Ionization Efficiency.
abstract: Systematic laser desorption/ionization (LDI) experiments of fullerene-C60 on a wide range of target plate materials were conducted to gain insight into the initial ion formation in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The positive and negative ion signal intensities of precursor, fragment, and cluster ions were monitored, varying both the laser fluence (0-3.53 Jcm(-2)) and the ion extraction delay time (0-950 ns). The resulting species-specific ion signal intensities are an indication for the ionization mechanisms that contribute to LDI and the time frames in which they operate, providing insight in the (MA)LDI primary ionization. An increasing electrical resistivity of the target plate material increases the fullerene-C60 precursor and fragment anion signal intensity. Inconel 625 and Ti90/Al6/V4, both highly electrically resistive, provide the highest anion signal intensities, exceeding the cation signal intensity by a factor ~1.4 for the latter. We present a mechanism based on transient electrical field strength reduction to explain this trend. Fullerene-C60 cluster anion formation is negligible, which could be due to the high extraction potential. Cluster cations, however, are readily formed, although for high laser fluences, the preferred channel is formation of precursor and fragment cations. Ion signal intensity depends greatly on the choice of substrate material, and careful substrate selection could, therefore, allow for more sensitive (MA)LDI measurements. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Guido P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zeegers
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Günthardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland. zenobi@org.chem.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zenobi
mesh_terms: D004553:Electric Conductivity; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013814:Thermal Conductivity
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; C069837:fullerene C60
keywords: C60; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; Electrospray deposition; Fullerene; Ionization mechanism; LDI; MALDI; Thermal conductivity