title: Blood-Borne Markers of Fatigue in Competitive Athletes - Results from Simulated Training Camps.
abstract: Assessing current fatigue of athletes to fine-tune training prescriptions is a critical task in competitive sports. Blood-borne surrogate markers are widely used despite the scarcity of validation trials with representative subjects and interventions. Moreover, differences between training modes and disciplines (e.g. due to differences in eccentric force production or calorie turnover) have rarely been studied within a consistent design. Therefore, we investigated blood-borne fatigue markers during and after discipline-specific simulated training camps. A comprehensive panel of blood-born indicators was measured in 73 competitive athletes (28 cyclists, 22 team sports, 23 strength) at 3 time-points: after a run-in resting phase (d 1), after a 6-day induction of fatigue (d 8) and following a subsequent 2-day recovery period (d 11). Venous blood samples were collected between 8 and 10 a.m. Courses of blood-borne indicators are considered as fatigue dependent if a significant deviation from baseline is present at day 8 (Δfatigue) which significantly regresses towards baseline until day 11 (Δrecovery). With cycling, a fatigue dependent course was observed for creatine kinase (CK; Δfatigue 54±84 U/l; Δrecovery -60±83 U/l), urea (Δfatigue 11±9 mg/dl; Δrecovery -10±10 mg/dl), free testosterone (Δfatigue -1.3±2.1 pg/ml; Δrecovery 0.8±1.5 pg/ml) and insulin linke growth factor 1 (IGF-1; Δfatigue -56±28 ng/ml; Δrecovery 53±29 ng/ml). For urea and IGF-1 95% confidence intervals for days 1 and 11 did not overlap with day 8. With strength and high-intensity interval training, respectively, fatigue-dependent courses and separated 95% confidence intervals were present for CK (strength: Δfatigue 582±649 U/l; Δrecovery -618±419 U/l; HIIT: Δfatigue 863±952 U/l; Δrecovery -741±842 U/l) only. These results indicate that, within a comprehensive panel of blood-borne markers, changes in fatigue are most accurately reflected by urea and IGF-1 for cycling and by CK for strength training and team sport players.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hecksteden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skorski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwindling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.|Schools of Human Movement Studies and Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellmann
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrauti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013177:Sports
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers