title: Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram-Negative Pathogens Causing Intra-abdominal Infections in Pediatric Patients in Europe-SMART 2011-2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most common type of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is appendicitis, which occurs most frequently in children and young adults. Yet, few studies on the microbiology of pediatric IAI are available, which is problematic because antimicrobial therapy for IAI usually needs to be initiated before microbiological culture results are available. With this study, we aimed to assess whether resistance patterns in pediatric IAI in Europe that would help clinicians select empiric therapy can be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gram-negative pathogens (n = 1259) were collected from pediatric patients as part of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) in 16 European countries from 2011 to 2014. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype were determined by broth microdilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and susceptibility was interpreted according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. An IAI was defined as hospital- or community-associated if cultured ≥48 or <48 hours after admission, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, only imipenem and amikacin exceeded 90% susceptibility when all Gram-negative pathogens were combined, and ertapenem, cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and levofloxacin reached at least 85%. However, resistance, ESBL-positive, and multidrug-resistance (MDR) rates were substantially higher in isolates from patients with hospital-associated IAI than from those with community-associated IAI (eg, 14.1% vs 5.1% MDR isolates, respectively, among all Gram-negative pathogens), higher in isolates from intensive care units than in those from general wards, and higher in isolates from infants than in those from children ≥1 year of age. In addition, MDR rates varied markedly within Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that empiric therapy of pediatric IAI in Europe should reflect not only regional and local resistance patterns but also higher resistance rates in hospital-associated infections, intensive care units, and infants.
authors.affiliation: International Health Management Associates, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois.
authors.forename: Sibylle H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lob
authors.affiliation: International Health Management Associates, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Badal
authors.affiliation: International Health Management Associates, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois.
authors.forename: Meredith A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hackel
authors.affiliation: International Health Management Associates, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Sahm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000583:Amikacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D015378:Imipenem; D000583:Amikacin
keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility; intra-abdominal infections; multidrug resistance; pediatric; surveillance