title: Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations.
abstract: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have contributed to unprecedented reductions in poverty and improvement in the lives of millions of men, women, and children in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, hundreds of millions of children under 5 y of age are not reaching their developmental potential. This article reviews the scientific basis for early childhood nutrition and child development interventions, the impact of integrated interventions on children's linear growth and cognitive development, and implementation strategies for integrated nutrition and child development programs. Advances in brain science have documented that the origins of adult health and well-being are grounded in early childhood, from conception through age 24 mo (first 1000 d) and extending to age 5 y (second 1000 d). Young children with adequate nutrition, nurturant caregiving, and opportunities for early learning have the best chances of thriving. Evidence from adoption, experimental, and quasi-experimental studies has shown that stunting prevention is sensitive during the first 1000 d, and sensitivity to child development interventions extends through the second 1000 d. Cognitive development responds to interventions post–1000 d with effect sizes that are inversely associated with initial age and length of program exposure. Integrated interventions need governance structures that support integrated policies and programming, with attention to training, supervision, and monitoring. The MDGs have been replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with targets for the next 15 y. Achievement of the SDGs depends on children receiving adequate nutrition, nurturant caregiving, and learning opportunities from conception through age 5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. mblack@peds.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Escamilla
authors.forename: Sylvia Fernandez
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects