title: Potential host-related risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in Saudi women of childbearing age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) in women may differ between individuals, age, and the community. This study aimed to evaluate host related risk factors for rUTI in sexually active Saudi women during the childbearing period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted in five healthcare centers and included married, nonpregnant women aged 18-40 years. A total of 217 women had rUTI (cases) and 252 did not (controls). A validated questionnaire, with a face-to-face interview, was applied to assess various demographic, behavioral, medical, and sexual data. Additionally, a thorough physical examination, saliva and blood analyses, uroflowmetry, and genitourinary ultrasonography were performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant host related risk factors associated with rUTI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, attributable risks for rUTI were a history of childhood UTI [odds ratio (OR) = 6.8)] back-to-front douching/wiping after bowel movement (OR = 2.6), younger age at first intercourse (OR = 6.3), increased frequency of sexual intercourse (OR = 4.8), obstructed urinary flow (OR = 1.9), and genital prolapse (OR = 3.4). A total of 9.68 % of cases and none of the controls had high postvoid residual urine (positive predictive value for rUTI = 100 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first reported study to evaluate host related risk factors for rUTI in childbearing-age women in Saudi Arabia. Study findings indicate the association between rUTI and various factors that have been already established, with addition of improper rectal hygiene as a potential risk for recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. abulfotouhahmed@yahoo.com.|Department of Urology, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. abulfotouhahmed@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abul-Fotouh Abdel-Maguid
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Awatif Abdel-Karim
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Solyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.|Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sanaa Moharram
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kamal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003075:Coitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000150:complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000150:complications; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Recurrence; Risk factors; Urinary tract infection; Women