title: Bacteremia in Children Hospitalized with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of bacteremia is considered low in children with acute bronchiolitis. However the rate of occult bacteremia in infants with RSV infection is not well established. The aim was to determine the actual rate and predictive factors of bacteremia in children admitted to hospital due to confirmed RSV acute respiratory illness (ARI), using both conventional culture and molecular techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter study (GENDRES-network) was conducted between 2011-2013 in children under the age of two admitted to hospital because of an ARI. Among those RSV-positive, bacterial presence in blood was assessed using PCR for Meningococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to conventional cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  66 children with positive RSV respiratory illness were included. In 10.6% patients, bacterial presence was detected: H. influenzae (n = 4) and S. pneumoniae (n = 2). In those patients with bacteremia, there was a previous suspicion of bacterial superinfection and had received empirical antibiotic treatment 6 out of 7 (85.7%) patients. There were significant differences in terms of severity between children with positive bacterial PCR and those with negative results: PICU admission (100% vs. 50%, P-value = 0.015); respiratory support necessity (100% vs. 18.6%, P-value < 0.001); Wood-Downes score (mean = 8.7 vs. 4.8 points, P-value < 0.001); GENVIP scale (mean = 17 vs. 10.1, P-value < 0.001); and length of hospitalization (mean = 12.1 vs. 7.5 days, P-value = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteremia is not frequent in infants hospitalized with RSV respiratory infection, however, it should be considered in the most severe cases.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cebey-López
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.|Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jacobo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pardo-Seco
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.|Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Carballa
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Nazareth
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinón-Torres
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinón-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Justicia-Grande
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivero-Calle
authors.affiliation: Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinnock
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP - www.genvip.org), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.|Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinón-Torres
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000254:growth & development; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents