title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in prone position in patients with spinal deformities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The feasibility, safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with spinal deformities were evaluated and the results of a single centre experience were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1999 and December 2014, 16 patients with spinal deformities underwent PCNL. The anomalies included 5 cases with kyphoscoliosis, 4 with post-polio syndrome, 3 with osteogenesis imperfecta, 3 with myotonic dystrophy, and 1 with ankylosing spondylitis. All patients were preoperatively evaluated by an intravenous urogram and computerized tomography to assess the anatomy and appropriate access. The operative details, stone clearance rates, and complications were retrospectivelyanalyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 standard PCNL procedures were performed on 16 renal-units. The mean age of the patients was 30.7 ± 17.2 (5-62) years, and the mean stone burden was 609.6 ± 526.9 (100-1800) mm(2). The mean operative and fluoroscopy times were 76.6 ± 35.1 (35-150) minutes and 12.5 ± 8.5 (3-34) minutes, respectively. At the end of the surgery, 13 (81.2%) of the patients were stone free. The overall success rate was 93.7% with the inclusion of 2 patients with clinically insignificant residual fragments (<3 mm). Complications (31.2%) included haemorrhage requiring a transfusion in 2 patients, prolonged urine leakage requiring double J catheter insertion in 1, infection in 1, and nephrectomy due to bleeding in 1. Mean hospitalization time was 4.6 ± 2.4 (3-13) days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCNL is an effective, safe and minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of kidney stones in patients with spinal deformities, and it can be performed with low morbidity and high success rates. To achieve better results and minimizing the risk factors, systematic and anatomic evaluations for anaesthesia and operative planning are crucial before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Izol
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim Atilla
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Aridogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borekoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gokalp
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Yildirim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bayazit
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova Adana Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeren
keywords: Spinal deformity; kyphoscoliosis; nephrolithiasis; percutaneous nephrolithotomy