title: Bisphosphonates: Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, clinical applications in children, and effects on tooth development.
abstract: Bisphosphonates (BPs) avidly bind to calcium crystals and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, making them useful for treatment of skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta and metastatic bone diseases. BPs therapeutically act by causing toxic effects on osteoclasts or interfering with specific intracellular pathways in those cells. BPs that possess nitrogen in their composition are called nitrogen-containing BPs (NBPs) and include alendronate, pamidronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate. Simple BPs or non-NBPs do not have nitrogen in their composition, include etiodronate and clodronate, and were the first to be tested in animals and clinically used. Because BPs may be administered to pregnant women or children during deciduous and permanent teeth development, it is expected that they might disturb tooth eruption and development. A review of current literature on pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of BPs in children, and their effects on tooth eruption and development is presented.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA CEP 45.029-094, Brazil. Electronic address: anapratess@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Prates
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, S/N, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, Salvador, BA CEP 40.170-115, Brazil. Electronic address: r.fernandes88@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Renan Fernandes
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: do Espírito Santo
authors.affiliation: Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901, Areião, Piracicaba, SP CEP 13.414-903, Brazil. Electronic address: serglin@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Sérgio Roberto Peres
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Line
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Av. Ademar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, BA CEP 40.170-110, Brazil. Electronic address: pintogra@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Maria das Graças Farias
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Rua Augusto Viana, S/N, Canela, Salvador, BA CEP 40.110-060, Brazil. Electronic address: pablomoura@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Pablo de Moura
authors.initials: Pde M
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA CEP 40.110-902, Brazil. Electronic address: m.toralles@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria Betânia Pereira
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toralles
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, S/N, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA CEP 40.110-902, Brazil. Electronic address: arespiritosanto@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Alexandre Ribeiro
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: do Espírito Santo
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009063:Dental Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates
keywords: Bisphosphonates; Dental enamel; Dentin; Odontogenesis; Tooth