title: The influence of trees on the thermal environment and behaviour of grazing heifers in Brazilian Midwest.
abstract: The intensification of the livestock production system has gained prominence over the last decades. In addition to the reduction of grazing areas and increased productivity per hectare, the intercropping involving forest tree species and ruminants has been established as a sustainable production model, generating income and valuation of natural capital. Besides the social, economic, and environmental aspects, the animal welfare is a noteworthy factor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microclimatic conditions in an open-pasture and in silvopastoral systems, considering the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and alterations in animal behavior. Three different pasture arrangements were analyzed in this study: total absence of trees in an open-pasture (ArrA), presence of peripheral trees (Eucalyptus spp.) along the border fences (ArrB), and an intensive wooded area aggregated with pasture (ArrC). A herd of 24 crossbreed heifers (3/4 and 7/8 Holstein-Girolando breed) was evaluated. Behavior data were collected every 15 min starting at 08 h00 with readings ending at 16 h00. THI was used to evaluate the environmental comfort. The THI found in the system with open-pasture and in the two systems with silvopastoral arrangement reached critical levels. The two arrangements with eucalyptus rows were not capable of eliminating heat stress in the conditions found in the north region of Mato Grosso State although better conditions were obtained under the tree canopy. The differences between the microclimatic variables for the three arrangements modified the behavior of the animals regarding their location and activity, except for water consumption.
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Agrosilvopastoral, Rodovia dos Pioneiros MT-222, Km 2,5, Sinop, MT, 78550-970, Brazil. luciano.lopes@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Luciano Bastos
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Mato Grosso - Campus Sinop, Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Mato Grosso - Campus Sinop, Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil.
authors.forename: Douglas Santos
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Agrosilvopastoral, Rodovia dos Pioneiros MT-222, Km 2,5, Sinop, MT, 78550-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta Aparecida
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Carnevalli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001938:Brazil; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D004777:Environment; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006813:Humidity; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Bovine; Heat stress; Silvopastoral; Welfare