title: Prenatal, perinatal, and childhood vitamin D exposure and their association with childhood allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of early-life vitamin D in childhood allergy is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess vitamin D exposure in early life by multiple modalities and ascertain its association with childhood allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand two hundred forty-eight mother-child pairs from a US prebirth cohort unselected for any disease were studied. Vitamin D exposure was assessed by measures of maternal intake during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in mothers during pregnancy, cord blood, and children at school age (median age, 7.7 years; interquartile range, 1.0 years). Tests for associations between vitamin D exposure with ever allergic rhinitis, serum total IgE level, and allergen sensitization at school age were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations between maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and serum 25(OH)D levels in pregnant mothers, cord blood, and children at school age were weak to moderate (r = -0.03 to 0.53). Each 100 IU/d of food-based vitamin D intake during the first and second trimesters (equivalent to the amount of vitamin D in an 8-ounce serving of milk) was associated with 21% and 20% reduced odds of ever allergic rhinitis at school age (odds ratios of 0.79 [95% CI, 0.67-0.92] and 0.80 [95% CI, 0.68-0.93]), respectively. There were no associations between maternal supplemental vitamin D intake or serum 25(OH)D levels at any time point with ever allergic rhinitis. There were no associations between any vitamin D exposure and serum total IgE level or allergen sensitization at school age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of foods containing vitamin D in maternal diets during pregnancy may have beneficial effects on childhood allergic rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Electronic address: supinda@post.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Supinda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bunyavanich
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.affiliation: Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Platts-Mills
authors.affiliation: Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Workman
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sordillo
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Augusto A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Litonjua
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Allergic rhinitis; allergy; atopy; childhood; food; perinatal; prenatal; sensitization; supplement; vitamin D