title: Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2002 to 2008.
abstract: Long-term exposure to ground-level ozone is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The association remains uncertain between long-term exposure to ozone and life expectancy. We assessed the associations between seasonal mean daily 8-hour maximum (8-hr max) ozone concentrations measured during the ozone monitoring seasons and life expectancy at birth in 3109 counties of the conterminous U.S. during 2002 to 2008. We used latent class growth analysis to identify latent classes of counties that had distinct mean levels and rates of change in ozone concentrations over the 7-year period and used linear regression analysis to determine differences in life expectancy by ozone levels. We identified 3 classes of counties with distinct seasonal mean daily 8-hr max ozone concentrations and rates of change. When compared with the counties with the lowest ozone concentrations, the counties with the highest ozone concentrations had 1.7- and 1.4-year lower mean life expectancy in males and females (both P < 0.0001), respectively. The associations remained statistically significant after controlling for potential confounding effects of seasonal mean PM2.5 concentrations and other selected environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and health-related factors (both P < 0.0001). A 5 ppb higher ozone concentration was associated with 0.25 year lower life expectancy in males (95% CI: -0.30 to -0.19) and 0.21 year in females (95% CI: -0.25 to -0.17). We identified 3 classes of counties with distinct mean levels and rates of change in ozone concentrations. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to a higher ozone concentration may be associated with a lower life expectancy.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Heath (CL, LSB, AV, JRQ); Division of Global HIV/AIDS, National Center for Global Heath (X-JW); and Division of Bacterial Disease, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (YH).
authors.forename: Chaoyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lina S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Balluz
authors.forename: Ambarish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Qualters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008017:Life Expectancy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone