title: The Genetic History of Peruvian Quechua-Lamistas and Chankas: Uniparental DNA Patterns among Autochthonous Amazonian and Andean Populations.
abstract: This study focuses on the genetic history of the Quechua-Lamistas, inhabitants of the Lamas Province in the San Martin Department, Peru, who speak their own distinct variety of the Quechua family of languages. It has been suggested that different pre-Columbian ethnic groups from the Peruvian Amazonia, like the Motilones or "shaven heads", assimilated the Quechua language and then formed the current native population of Lamas. However, many Quechua-Lamistas claim to be direct descendants of the Chankas, a famous pre-Columbian indigenous group that escaped from Inca rule in the Andes. To investigate the Quechua-Lamistas and Chankas' ancestries, we compared uniparental genetic profiles (17 STRs of Q-M3 Y-chromosome and mtDNA complete control region haplotypes) among autochthonous Amazonian and Andean populations from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. The phylogeographic and population genetic analyses indicate a fairly heterogeneous ancestry for the Quechua-Lamistas, while they are closely related to their neighbours who speak Amazonian languages, presenting no direct relationships with populations from the region where the ancient Chankas lived. On the other hand, the genetic profiles of self-identified Chanka descendants living in Andahuaylas (located in the Apurimac Department, Peru, in the Central Andes) were closely related to those living in Huancavelica and the assumed Chanka Confederation area before the Inca expansion.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.|Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilza S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jota
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robles-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salazar-Granara
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Paulo R
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paz-Y-Miño
authors.affiliation: Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabricio R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D001838:Bolivia; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004484:Ecuador; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Amazonia; Andes; Chankas; Quechua-Lamistas; Y-SNPs; Y-STRs; human history; indigenous South Americans; mtDNA