title: Is Intimate Partner and Client Violence Associated with Condomless Anal Intercourse and HIV Among Male Sex Workers in Lima, Peru?
abstract: Violence experience can increase HIV risk behaviors; however, literature is scarce on violence among male sex workers (MSWs) globally. In 2014, 210 Peruvian MSWs (median age 24.9) were interviewed about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence and condom use with non-paying intimate partners and clients and were tested for HIV. Multivariable models examined relationships between violence in the past 6 months, condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) in the past 3 months and HIV infection. HIV infection (24 %), CLAI (43 %), being a violence victim (42 %) and perpetrator (39 %) were common. In separate multivariable models, being a violence victim [adjusted prevalence ratio aPR = 1.49 (95 % CI 1.09-2.03)] and perpetrator [aPR = 1.39 (1.03-1.87)] were associated with CLAI. Further, being a victim [aPR = 1.65 (1.04-2.62)] was associated with HIV infection. Violence, which was significantly associated with CLAI and HIV infection, is common among Peruvian MSWs, reinforcing the importance of violence awareness and prevention as HIV risk-reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Ave., CHS 12-105, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. george.paul.e@gmail.com.|Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. george.paul.e@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7209-2827
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Ave., CHS 12-105, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.|Epidemiology, STD, and HIV Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, STD, and HIV Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.|Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, STD, and HIV Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Perez-Lu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Ave., CHS 12-105, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Ave., CHS 12-105, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pamina M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gorbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060386:Sex Workers; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Client violence; HIV; Intimate partner violence; Lima, Peru; Male sex work