title: Establishment of a novel therapeutic vector targeting the trigeminal ganglion in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection begins in corneal epithelium cells and then progresses through the sensory nerve endings and finally travels up forward to the trigeminal ganglion (TG), where it remains as latent virus. The available anti-HSV therapies do not completely suppress the recurrence of active HSV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to establish a novel replication-defective (rd) HSV-1 (rdHSV) vector (rdHSV-interferon gamma [IFNγ]) that could effectively target the TG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant HSV-1 virus was inserted into a shuttle plasmid carrying IFNγ to establish the rdHSV-IFNγ vector. Safety was evaluated in vitro by 50% cellular cytotoxicity in transfected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and in vivo by Kaplan-Meier survival estimate and infection rate. Wistar rats were immunized with rdHSV-IFNγ to evaluate the TG targeting efficiency. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays were used to evaluate IFNγ mRNA and protein expression and rdHSV-IFNγ localization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rdHSV-IFNγ vector was successfully constructed and showed high in vitro safety and overall survival and a corneal infection rate similar to that of control rats immunized with saline (control group; P>0.05). Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays confirmed IFNγ expression and effective TG targeting on days 14 and 21, which increased with postimmunization time. Moreover, IFNγ was expressed sufficiently in the TG tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rdHSV-IFNγ can act as an effective gene transporting vector that carries the therapeutic genes to the TG and triggers its expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shi-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xian-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The No 1 Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015195:Drug Design; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D016849:Keratitis, Herpetic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: interferon gamma; replication-defective HSV-1; therapeutic gene; trigeminal ganglion