title: Clark's Nutcracker Breeding Season Space Use and Foraging Behavior.
abstract: Considering the entire life history of a species is fundamental to developing effective conservation strategies. Decreasing populations of five-needle white pines may be leading to the decline of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). These birds are important seed dispersers for at least ten conifer species in the western U.S., including whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an obligate mutualist of Clark's nutcrackers. For effective conservation of both Clark's nutcrackers and whitebark pine, it is essential to ensure stability of Clark's nutcracker populations. My objectives were to examine Clark's nutcracker breeding season home range size, territoriality, habitat selection, and foraging behavior in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, a region where whitebark pine is declining. I radio-tracked Clark's nutcrackers in 2011, a population-wide nonbreeding year following a low whitebark pine cone crop, and 2012, a breeding year following a high cone crop. Results suggest Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) communities are important habitat for Clark's nutcrackers because they selected it for home ranges. In contrast, they did not select whitebark pine habitat. However, Clark's nutcrackers did adjust their use of whitebark pine habitat between years, suggesting that, in some springs, whitebark pine habitat may be used more than previously expected. Newly extracted Douglas-fir seeds were an important food source both years. On the other hand, cached seeds made up a relatively lower proportion of the diet in 2011, suggesting cached seeds are not a reliable spring food source. Land managers focus on restoring whitebark pine habitat with the assumption that Clark's nutcrackers will be available to continue seed dispersal. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Clark's nutcracker populations may be more likely to be retained year-round when whitebark pine restoration efforts are located adjacent to Douglas-fir habitat. By extrapolation, whitebark pine restoration efforts in other regions may consider prioritizing restoration of whitebark pine stands near alternative seed sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Taza D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Schaming
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D028223:Pinus / Q000502:physiology; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology; D014197:Trees; D014959:Wyoming