title: Repurposing antipsychotics as glioblastoma therapeutics: Potentials and challenges.
abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor, with tragically little therapeutic progress over the last 30 years. Surgery provides a modest benefit, and GBM cells are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Despite significant development of the molecularly targeting strategies, the clinical outcome of GBM patients remains dismal. The challenges inherent in developing effective GBM treatments have become increasingly clear, and include resistance to standard treatments, the blood-brain barrier, resistance of GBM stem-like cells, and the genetic complexity and molecular adaptability of GBM. Recent studies have collectively suggested that certain antipsychotics harbor antitumor effects and have potential utilities as anti-GBM therapeutics. In the present review, the anti-tumorigenic effects and putative mechanisms of antipsychotics, and the challenges for the potential use of antipsychotic drugs as anti-GBM therapeutics are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Ku
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Cancer Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: DO-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Jeongwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: antipsychotics; glioblastoma; therapy