title: A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18-65 years: a socio-ecological approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research shows that sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic consequences even among those considered sufficiently physically active. In order to successfully develop interventions to address this unhealthy behaviour, factors that influence sedentariness need to be identified and fully understood. The aim of this review is to identify individual, social, environmental, and policy-related determinants or correlates of sedentary behaviours among adults aged 18-65 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2000 and September 2015. The search strategy was based on four key elements and their synonyms: (a) sedentary behaviour (b) correlates (c) types of sedentary behaviours (d) types of correlates. Articles were included if information relating to sedentary behaviour in adults (18-65 years) was reported. Studies on samples selected by disease were excluded. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009823).
  
  
  RESULTS
  74 original studies were identified out of 4041: 71 observational, two qualitative and one experimental study. Sedentary behaviour was primarily measured as self-reported screen leisure time and total sitting time. In 15 studies, objectively measured total sedentary time was reported: accelerometry (n = 14) and heart rate (n = 1). Individual level factors such as age, physical activity levels, body mass index, socio-economic status and mood were all significantly correlated with sedentariness. A trend towards increased amounts of leisure screen time was identified in those married or cohabiting while having children resulted in less total sitting time. Several environmental correlates were identified including proximity of green space, neighbourhood walkability and safety and weather.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide further evidence relating to several already recognised individual level factors and preliminary evidence relating to social and environmental factors that should be further investigated. Most studies relied upon cross-sectional design limiting causal inference and the heterogeneity of the sedentary measures prevented direct comparison of findings. Future research necessitates longitudinal study designs, exploration of policy-related factors, further exploration of environmental factors, analysis of inter-relationships between identified factors and better classification of sedentary behaviour domains.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland. grainne.odonoghue@dcu.ie.
authors.forename: Grainne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.affiliation: CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, CRNH-Rhône-Alpes, CENS, Lyon, France. camille.perchoux@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perchoux
authors.affiliation: CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, CRNH-Rhône-Alpes, CENS, Lyon, France. keitly.mensah@chu-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: Keitly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. je.lakerveld@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakerveld
authors.affiliation: EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. hp.vanderploeg@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hidde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Ploeg
authors.affiliation: TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands. claire.bernaards@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernaards
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, School of Health and Life Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK. Sebastien.chastin@gcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sebastien F M
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chastin
authors.affiliation: CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, CRNH-Rhône-Alpes, CENS, Lyon, France. chantal.simon@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland. donal.ogorman@dcu.ie.
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
authors.affiliation: CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, CRNH-Rhône-Alpes, CENS, Lyon, France. julie-anne.nazare@cens-nutrition.com.
authors.forename: Julie-Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nazare
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult