title: Evidence-Based Development and Rationale for Once-Daily Rivaroxaban Dosing Regimens Across Multiple Indications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, has been developed to meet clinical needs in a broad range of indications in adults: prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip or knee replacement surgery, treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism, prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation having one or more risk factors, and in Europe, prevention of atherothrombotic events after an acute coronary syndrome in patients with elevated cardiac biomarkers. However, the precise dose and regimen vary with the indication, leading to this effort to provide clarity concerning the appropriate use of rivaroxaban. This article reviews the clinical development program for rivaroxaban and summarizes the evidence for each approved, indication-specific dose regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although initially investigated for twice-daily dosing, early observations, including the finding that the pharmacodynamic effects of rivaroxaban last longer than the elimination half-life, suggested that once-daily dosing might be attainable and effective. These observations were evaluated within the extensive phase II program, which, together with pharmacology studies, provides the evidence underpinning the selection of once-daily regimens for most, but not all, of the approved clinical indications for rivaroxaban.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence for each dosing regimen demonstrates that although pharmacology studies are of paramount importance, dose regimens must be subjected to careful empirical validation. Once-daily dosing was shown to be clinically appropriate for most rivaroxaban indications. Furthermore, a "one size fits all" approach to dosing frequency is unlikely to result in a regimen that yields optimal patient outcomes across different indications.
authors.affiliation: Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany dagmar.kubitza@bayer.com.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubitza
authors.affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Whippany, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.affiliation: Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Misselwitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000069552:Rivaroxaban / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban
keywords: anticoagulant; evidence-based medicine; pharmacodynamics; pharmacology; rivaroxaban