title: Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test Norms for Mandarin Chinese-Speaking Chinese Children.
abstract: The Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test is commonly used as a clinical visual-verbal ocular motor assessment tool to screen and diagnose reading problems at the onset. No established norm exists for using the DEM test with Mandarin Chinese-speaking Chinese children. This study aims to establish the normative values of the DEM test for the Mandarin Chinese-speaking population in China; it also aims to compare the values with three other published norms for English-, Spanish-, and Cantonese-speaking Chinese children. A random stratified sampling method was used to recruit children from eight kindergartens and eight primary schools in the main urban and suburban areas of Nanjing. A total of 1,425 Mandarin Chinese-speaking children aged 5 to 12 years took the DEM test in Mandarin Chinese. A digital recorder was used to record the process. All of the subjects completed a symptomatology survey, and their DEM scores were determined by a trained tester. The scores were computed using the formula in the DEM manual, except that the "vertical scores" were adjusted by taking the vertical errors into consideration. The results were compared with the three other published norms. In our subjects, a general decrease with age was observed for the four eye movement indexes: vertical score, adjusted horizontal score, ratio, and total error. For both the vertical and adjusted horizontal scores, the Mandarin Chinese-speaking children completed the tests much more quickly than the norms for English- and Spanish-speaking children. However, the same group completed the test slightly more slowly than the norms for Cantonese-speaking children. The differences in the means were significant (P<0.001) in all age groups. For several ages, the scores obtained in this study were significantly different from the reported scores of Cantonese-speaking Chinese children (P<0.005). Compared with English-speaking children, only the vertical score of the 6-year-old group, the vertical-horizontal time ratio of the 8-year-old group and the errors of 9-year-old group had no significant difference (P>0.05); compared with Spanish-speaking children, the scores were statistically significant (P<0.001) for the total error scores of the age groups, except the 6-, 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old age groups (P>0.05). DEM norms may be affected by differences in language, cultural, and educational systems among various ethnicities. The norms of the DEM test are proposed for use with Mandarin Chinese-speaking children in Nanjing and will be proposed for children throughout China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yachun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.|Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Dachang Community Health Service Centers, Liuhe District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yaqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.|Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xirong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.|Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools