title: Effects of diuron and carbofuran pesticides in their pure and commercial forms on Paramecium caudatum: The use of protozoan in ecotoxicology.
abstract: Toxic effects of diuron and carbofuran on Paramecium caudatum were evaluated. Acute and chronic tests were conducted with diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial formulations, Diuron Nortox(®) 500 SC and Furadan(®) 350 SC, respectively. The sensitivity range of P. caudatum to reference substance sodium chloride was established. A preliminary risk assessment of diuron and carbofuran for Brazilian water bodies was performed. The tests indicated that toxicity of pure diuron and its commercial formulation was similar, while the commercial product carbofuran was more toxic than its pure form. In acute tests, readings were carried out at 2, 3, 4 and 6 h and showed an increase of mortality with increasing exposure time. The sensitivity of P. caudatum to NaCl ranged from 3.31 to 4.44 g L(-1), averaging 3.88 g L(-1). For diuron, the 6 h LC50 was 64.6 ± 3.3 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 62.4 ± 2.5 mg L(-1) for its commercial formulation. Carbofuran active ingredient was less toxic than that of diuron, presenting a 6 h LC50 of 142.0 ± 2.4 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 70.4 ± 2.2 mg L(-1) for its commercial product. Chronic tests showed that these pesticides cause significant decrease on population growth, generation number and biomass of P. caudatum. The 24 h IC50 was 7.10 ± 0.58 mg L(-1) for pure diuron, 6.78 ± 0.92 mg L(-1) for commercial diuron, 22.95 ± 3.57 mg L(-1) for pure carbofuran and 4.98 ± 0.62 mg L(-1) for commercial carbofuran. Preliminary risk assessment indicated that diuron and carbofuran present potential ecological risks for Brazilian water bodies. P. caudatum was a suitable and sensitive test organism to evaluate diuron and carbofuran toxicity to freshwater protozooplankton and, taking into account the relevant role of protozoans in aquatic environments, we strongly recommend its inclusion in ecotoxicological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: laine_mansano@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Adrislaine S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mansano
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierozzi
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiessa M A
authors.initials: TMA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eny M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Odete
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirna H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Regali-Seleghim
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000633:toxicity*; D004237:Diuron / Q000633:toxicity*; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D048488:Paramecium caudatum / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D004237:Diuron; D002235:Carbofuran
keywords: Ciliate; Ecological risk; Herbicide; Insecticide; Toxicity