title: Development of a symmetric echo planar imaging framework for clinical translation of rapid dynamic hyperpolarized13C imaging.
abstract: To develop symmetric echo planar imaging (EPI) and a reference scan framework for hyperpolarized13C metabolic imaging.
  
  
  
  Symmetric, ramp-sampled EPI with partial Fourier reconstruction was implemented on a 3T scanner. The framework for acquiring a reference scan on the1H channel and applied to13C data was described and validated in both phantoms and in vivo metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate.
  
  
  
  Ramp-sampled, symmetric EPI provided a substantial increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of the phantom experiments. The reference scan acquired on the1H channel yielded13C phantom images that varied in mean signal intensity <2%, compared with13C images reconstructed with a reference scan directly measured on the13C channel. The structural similarity index and dynamic time course from in vivo13C data further support the application of a1H reference scan to13C data to mitigate Nyquist ghost artifacts.
  
  
  
  Ramp-sampled, symmetric EPI with spectral-spatial excitation of a single metabolite provides a fast, robust, and clinically efficacious approach to acquire hyperpolarized13C dynamic molecular imaging data. The gains of this efficient sampling, combined with partial Fourier methods, enables large matrix sizes required for human studies. Magn Reson Med 77:826-832, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peder E Z
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D051381:Rats; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes
keywords: echoplanar imaging; hyperpolarized 13C; reference scan; spectroscopic imaging