title: Application of first order kinetics to characterize MTBE natural attenuation in groundwater.
abstract: Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was a gasoline oxygenate that became widely used in reformulated gasoline as a means to reduce air pollution in the 1990s. Unfortunately, many of the underground storage tanks containing reformulated gasoline experienced subsurface releases which soon became a health concern given the increase in public and private water supplies containing MTBE. Many states responded to this by banning the use of MTBE as an additive, including Connecticut. Although MTBE dissipates by natural attenuation, it continues to be prevalent in groundwater long after the Connecticut ban in 2004. This study estimated the rate of the natural attenuation in groundwater following the Connecticut ban by evaluating the MTBE concentration two years prior to and two years after the MTBE ban at eighty-three monitoring wells from twenty-two retail gasoline stations where MTBE contamination was observed. Sites chosen for this study had not undergone active remediation ensuring no artificial influence to the natural attenuation processes that controls the migration and dissipation of MTBE. Results indicate that MTBE has dissipated in the natural environment, at more than 80% of the sites and at approximately 82% of the individual monitoring wells. In general, dissipation approximated first order kinetics. Dissipation half-lives, calculated using concentration data from the two year period after the ban, ranged from approximately three weeks to just over seven years with an average half-life of 7.3 months with little variability in estimates for different site characteristics. The accuracy of first order estimates to predict further MTBE dissipation were tested by comparing predicted concentrations with those observed after the two year post-ban period; the predicted concentrations closely match the observed concentrations which supports the use of first order kinetics for predictions of this nature.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Earth Science Department, Eastern Connecticut State University, 83 Windham Street, Willimantic, CT 06226, United States. Electronic address: metcalfm@easternct.edu.
authors.forename: Meredith J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States. Electronic address: graham.stevens@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States. Electronic address: gary.robbins@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D003237:Connecticut; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005742:Gasoline; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D062070:Hydrology / Q000379:methods*; D007700:Kinetics; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether
keywords: Dissipation; First order kinetics; Half-life; MTBE; Natural attenuation; Reformulated gasoline