title: Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction With Concomitant Tibial Tubercle Transfer: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Complications.
abstract: To examine the outcomes and complications of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and concomitant tibial tubercle (TT) transfer.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of published literature on MPFL reconstruction and TT transfer was performed using the following databases: PubMed/Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane. To be included, studies were required to present outcomes and/or complication data for MPFL reconstruction performed in combination with TT transfer. Each study was assessed for quality and level of evidence.
  
  
  
  Five studies consisting of 92 knees met the inclusion criteria. Between 57% and 77% of the patients were female patients, and the mean age at surgery was 20.6 years (range, 19 to 31 years). The mean follow-up period was 38 months (range, 23 to 53 months). Postoperative outcome measures including the Lysholm score, Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and visual analog scale score were similar to those previously reported for isolated MPFL reconstruction. Reported complication rates were lower than 15% and included wound infection, hardware irritation, and stiffness. Four studies were graded as Level IV evidence, and 1 study was graded as Level II evidence. Only 1 study scored greater than 50% in the quality analysis.
  
  
  
  Results from the analyzed studies indicate that MPFL reconstruction combined with TT transfer is a safe and effective procedure, with a low to moderate risk of complications but overall favorable results. TT transfer is most often performed in conjunction with MPFL reconstruction in the setting of malalignment such as an increased TT-to-trochlear groove distance, and although the surgical indications may differ, the outcomes and risk profiles are similar to those of isolated MPFL reconstruction. With the recognition that these patients are difficult to standardize, additional well-designed studies are needed to further investigate the ideal surgical candidates for MPFL reconstruction with concomitant TT transfer.
  
  
  
  Level IV, systematic review of Level II and IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.. Electronic address: jburnh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lattermann
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000601:surgery*; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome