title: The relationship between hypertension and health-related quality of life: adjusted by chronic pain, chronic diseases, and life habits in the general middle-aged population in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between hypertension and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) adjusted by chronic pain, other chronic diseases, and life habits in the general middle-aged population in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a population-based cross-sectional study. In this study, 1117 participants aged 40-65 years and living in Shika Town completed a self-administered questionnaire including Short Form-36 (SF-36). The scores of SF-36 among hypertensives were compared with those of normotensives. The independent association of hypertension with each SF-36 subscale was analyzed using a multiple linear regression model adjusted by age, BMI, chronic pain, chronic diseases, sleep, exercise, and occupational status. We analyzed two groups; Group 1 which contained 846 participants completed the questionnaire without coronary heart disease and cerebral vascular disease, Group 2 which contained 686 participants without coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, or diseases accompanied by chronic pain (gastroduodenal ulcer, fracture, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and disc herniation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group 2, hypertensive women had a lower general health perception than normotensive women [unstandardized coefficients; B = -8.84, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) = -13.3 to -4.34, standardized coefficients; β = -0.200, p < 0.001], whereas hypertensive men had higher social functioning than normotensive men (B = 5.66, 95 % CI = 1.30-10.0, β = 0.149, p < 0.05) after adjusting by chronic pain and life habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may be due to the sex difference in the light of the perception for health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitoma
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Olando Enoch
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Anyenda
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Thao Thi Thu
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamagishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Science, Kobe Shoin Women's University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Masae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hibino
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kambayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hitomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shikura
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan. hiro-n@po.incl.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Nakamura
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiroyuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Chronic pain; Health-related quality of life; Hypertension; Sex difference