title: Tissue Sampling Guides for Porcine Biomedical Models.
abstract: This article provides guidelines for organ and tissue sampling adapted to porcine animal models in translational medical research. Detailed protocols for the determination of sampling locations and numbers as well as recommendations on the orientation, size, and trimming direction of samples from ∼50 different porcine organs and tissues are provided in the Supplementary Material. The proposed sampling protocols include the generation of samples suitable for subsequent qualitative and quantitative analyses, including cryohistology, paraffin, and plastic histology; immunohistochemistry;in situhybridization; electron microscopy; and quantitative stereology as well as molecular analyses of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and electrolytes. With regard to the planned extent of sampling efforts, time, and personnel expenses, and dependent upon the scheduled analyses, different protocols are provided. These protocols are adjusted for (I) routine screenings, as used in general toxicity studies or in analyses of gene expression patterns or histopathological organ alterations, (II) advanced analyses of single organs/tissues, and (III) large-scale sampling procedures to be applied in biobank projects. Providing a robust reference for studies of porcine models, the described protocols will ensure the efficiency of sampling, the systematic recovery of high-quality samples representing the entire organ or tissue as well as the intra-/interstudy comparability and reproducibility of results.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Minitüb GmbH, Tiefenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haesner
authors.affiliation: Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun-Reichhart
authors.affiliation: Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Streckel
authors.affiliation: Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Pathology Science, DSM, AstraZeneca, Sweden.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seeliger
authors.affiliation: Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany blutke@patho.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blutke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011897:Random Allocation; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
keywords: biobank; biomedical research; minipig; necropsy; organ/specimen collection; pig; systematic random sampling