title: Predictors of Delayed Healthcare Seeking Among American Muslim Women.
abstract: Delayed care seeking is associated with adverse health outcomes. For Muslim women, delayed care seeking might include religion-related motivations, such as a preference for female clinicians, concerns about preserving modesty, and fatalistic beliefs. Our study assesses associations between religion-related factors and delayed care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians.
  
  
  
  Surveys were distributed to Muslim women attending mosque and community events in Chicago. Survey items included measures of religiosity, religious fatalism, discrimination, modesty, and alternative medicine utilization and worship practices. The outcome measure asked for levels of agreement to the statement "I have delayed seeking medical care when no woman doctor is available to see me."
  
  
  
  Two hundred fifty-four women completed the survey with nearly equal numbers of African Americans (26%), Arab Americans (33%), and South Asians (33%). Fifty-three percent reported delays in care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians. In multivariate analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors, higher religiosity (odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, p < 0.01) and modesty levels (OR = 1.4, p < 0.001) were positively associated with delayed care seeking. Having lived in the United States for >20 years (OR = 0.22, p < 0.05) was negatively associated with delayed care seeking.
  
  
  
  Many American Muslim women reported delays in care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians. Women with higher levels of modesty and self-rated religiosity had higher odds of delaying care. Women who had lived in the United States for longer durations had lower odds of delaying care. Our research highlights the need for gender-concordant providers and culturally sensitive care for American Muslims.
authors.affiliation: 1 Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.|2 Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Milkie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.affiliation: 1 Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azmat
authors.affiliation: 1 Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Tala
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Radejko
authors.affiliation: 1 Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.|2 Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.|3 MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Aasim I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Padela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002641:Chicago; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D014481:United States