title: Rearing history and allostatic load in adult western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in human care.
abstract: Disrupted rearing history is a psychological and physical stressor for nonhuman primates, potentially resulting in multiple behavioral and physiological changes. As a chronic, soma-wide stressor, altered rearing may be best assessed using a holistic tool such as allostatic load (AL). In humans, AL estimates outcomes of lifetime stress-induced damage. We predicted mother-reared gorillas would have lower AL than nursery-reared and wild-caught conspecifics. We estimated AL for 27 gorillas housed at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium between 1956 and 2014. AL estimates were calculated using biomarkers obtained during previous anesthetic events. Biomarkers in the high-risk quartile were counted toward a gorilla's AL. Rearing history was categorized as mother-reared, nursery-reared, and wild-caught. Using ANCOVA, rearing history and AL are significantly associated when age and sex are entered as covariates. Wild-caught gorillas have significantly higher AL than mother-reared gorillas. Neither wild-caught nor mother-reared gorillas are significantly different from nursery-reared gorillas. When examined by sex, males of all rearing histories have significantly lower AL than females. We suggest males face few stressors in human care and ill effects of rearing history do not follow. Wild-caught females have significantly higher AL than mother-reared females, but neither is significantly different from nursery-reared females. Combined with our previous work on AL in this group, wherein females had twofold higher AL than males, we suggest females in human care face more stressors than males. Disrupted rearing history may exacerbate effects of these stressors. Providing opportunities for females to choose their distance from males may help reduce their AL.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Edes
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.|Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Crews
mesh_terms: D052636:Allostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology
keywords: allostasis; apes; captivity; stress