title: Are coping strategies and locus of control orientation associated with health-related quality of life in older adults with and without depression?
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between coping and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in older adults (aged ≥60 years) with and without depression. This cross-sectional study included 144 depressed inpatients from seven psychogeriatric hospital units in Norway and 106 community-living older adults without depression. HRQoL was measured using Euro Qol Group's EQ-5D Index and visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). Two aspects of coping were of primary interest for HRQoL: locus of control (LOC) and ways of coping (WOC). Measures of depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning, instrumental activities of daily living, and general physical health were included as covariates. In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, stronger external LOC was associated with poorer HRQoL in both depressed and non-depressed older adults. In the fully-specified regression models for both groups, the association between stronger external LOC and poorer HRQoL remained significant for the EQ-VAS score but not the EQ-5D Index. WOC was not associated with HRQoL in either group. Total amount of explained variance in fully-specified models was considerably lower in the sample of depressed, hospitalized older adults (17.1% and 15.5% for EQ-5D index and EQ-VAS, respectively), than in the sample of non-depressed, community-based older adults (45.8% and 48.9% for EQ-5D Index and EQ-VAS, respectively). One aspect of coping (LOC orientation) was associated with HRQoL in both depressed and non-depressed older adult samples, and therefore may be an important target for intervention for both groups. Differences in the amount of variance explained in models for the two groups warrant further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. Electronic address: Anne-Sofie.Helvik@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Helvik
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Guro Hanevold
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bjørkløf
authors.affiliation: Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Corazzini
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Selbæk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centre for Studies and Research on Aging, Institute Vital Brazil, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jerson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laks
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Østbye
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Coping resources; Elderly; General Medical Health Rating scale; Quality of life; The Montgomery–Aasberg Depression Rating Scale; Well-being