title: Continental Island Formation and the Archaeology of Defaunation on Zanzibar, Eastern Africa.
abstract: With rising sea levels at the end of the Pleistocene, land-bridge or continental islands were formed around the world. Many of these islands have been extensively studied from a biogeographical perspective, particularly in terms of impacts of island creation on terrestrial vertebrates. However, a majority of studies rely on contemporary faunal distributions rather than fossil data. Here, we present archaeological findings from the island of Zanzibar (also known as Unguja) off the eastern African coast, to provide a temporal perspective on island biogeography. The site of Kuumbi Cave, excavated by multiple teams since 2005, has revealed the longest cultural and faunal record for any eastern African island. This record extends to the Late Pleistocene, when Zanzibar was part of the mainland, and attests to the extirpation of large mainland mammals in the millennia after the island became separated. We draw on modeling and sedimentary data to examine the process by which Zanzibar was most recently separated from the mainland, providing the first systematic insights into the nature and chronology of this process. We subsequently investigate the cultural and faunal record from Kuumbi Cave, which provides at least five key temporal windows into human activities and faunal presence: two at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one during the period of post-LGM rapid sea level rise and island formation, and two in the late Holocene (Middle Iron Age and Late Iron Age). This record demonstrates the presence of large mammals during the period of island formation, and their severe reduction or disappearance in the Kuumbi Cave sequence by the late Holocene. While various limitations, including discontinuity in the sequence, problematize attempts to clearly attribute defaunation to anthropogenic or island biogeographic processes, Kuumbi Cave offers an unprecedented opportunity to examine post-Pleistocene island formation and its long-term consequences for human and animal communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Saint Louis University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Prendergast
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Géologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8538 du CNRS, 75231 Paris, France.|Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rouby
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
authors.forename: Paramita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Punnwong
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.affiliation: Office of Lifelong Learning, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.|Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kourampas
authors.affiliation: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.|British Institute in Eastern Africa, British Academy, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Ceri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shipton
authors.affiliation: Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lambeck
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.|Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Boivin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001106:Archaeology; D059552:Caves; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005580:Fossils; D006801:Humans; D013636:Tanzania