title: Co-combination of islets with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Islet transplantation is a commonly therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus. However, avascular phase and the poor formation of blood vessels in the late period lead to islet allograft loss which contributed to inefficiency and short-acting of islet transplantation. Recently, to speed up new angiogenesis and increase the density of blood vessels around transplanted islets became the hotspot in research of islet transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we undergone co-combination transplantation of allogeneic islet and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) into non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and investigated the influence of BM-MSCs in transplanted islet function and neovascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mice of co-combination transplantation of islet with BM-MSCs, level of blood glucose was improved compared with only BM-MSCs transplanted mice; proliferation of islet cell was enhanced while apoptosis of islet cell was reduced; 2, 4, and 8 weeks post transplantation, peripheral vascular density of islet grafts were significantly more than the islet transplantation group alone; donor lymphocytic chimerism in graft was increased. In result of immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that BM-MSCs can migrate to transplanted islet, differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), and also secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BM-MSCs can migrate to transplanted islet and promote neovascularization. Also, it enhanced allograft immune tolerance of islet grafts via increasing donor lymphocytic chimerism.
authors.affiliation: The sixth Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Kui
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The sixth Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: The sixth Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: The sixth Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China. Electronic address: baolinb@163.com.
authors.forename: Bao-Lin
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002678:Chimera; D005260:Female; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Islet graft revascularization; Islet transplantation; Mesenchymal stem cell; Type 1 diabetes mellitus