title: In Vitro Inhibition of Cholera Toxin Production in Vibrio cholerae by Methanol Extract of Sweet Fennel Seeds and Its Components.
abstract: A newly emerged Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant strain with multidrug resistance is considered a threat to public health. Recent strategies to suppress virulence factors production instead of bacterial growth may lead to less selective pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. The use of spices and their active constituents as the inhibitory agents against cholera toxin (CT) production in V. cholerae may be an alternative approach to treat cholera. In this study, we examined the potential of sweet fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. dulce) methanol extract to inhibit CT production in V. cholerae without affecting viability. The methanol extract of sweet fennel seeds significantly inhibited CT production in various V. cholerae strains, regardless of serogroup or biotype. Interestingly, trans-anethole and 4-allylanisole, essential oil components of sweet fennel seeds, also demonstrated similar effects. Here, we report that sub-bactericidal concentrations of sweet fennel seed methanol extract and its major components can drastically inhibit CT production in various V. cholerae strains.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: M Shamim Hasan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.forename: Sharda Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: Nityananda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinenoya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramamurthy
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iwaoka
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D030001:Foeniculum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000432:Methanol; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D000432:Methanol