title: The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer and their relationship to development in Asia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal cancer is the most common cancer in less developed countries. It is necessary to understand epidemiology of the cancer for planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer, and its relationship with Human Development Index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was an Ecological study, which conducted based on GLOBOCAN project of WHO for Asian counters. We assess the correlation between standardized incidence rates (SIR) and standardized mortality rates (SMR) of esophageal cancer with HDI and its components with using of SPSS18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 337,698 incidence (70.33% were males and 29.87% females. Sex ratio was 2.37) and 296,734 death (69.45% in men and 30.54% in women. The sex ratio was 2.27) esophageal cancer was recorded in Asian countries in 2012. Five countries with the highest SIR and SMR of esophageal cancer were Turkmenistan, Mongolia and Tajikistan, Bangladesh and China respectively. Correlation between HDI and SIR was -0.211 (P=0.159), in men -0.175 (P=0.244) and in women -0.231 (P=0.123). Also between HDI and SMR -0.250 (P=0.094) in men -0.226 (P=0.131) and in women -0.251 (P=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of esophageal cancer is more in less developed and developing countries. Statistically significant correlation was not found between standardized incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer, and HDI and its dimensions, except for life expectancy at birth.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pakzad
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadian-Hafshejani
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pakzad
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadian
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salehiniya
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 2 Epidemiologist, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran ; 3 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 4 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Ilam University Of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 5 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ; 6 Deputy of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; 7 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 8 Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 9 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Zohre
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Momenimovahed
keywords: Asia; epidemiology; esophageal cancer; incidence; inequality; mortality