title: Clinical signs in functional (psychogenic) gait disorders: a brief survey.
abstract: Clinical signs are critical in ascertaining the functional nature of a gait disorder. Four signs of gait impairment have been documented in the course of examining patients with clinically definite functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: "huffing and puffing" during standing and walking, manipulation-resistance dorsiflexion of the first toe, fixed plantar flexion and inversion, and marked discrepancy between ambulation with and without swivel chair assistance. While large studies are needed to ascertain their prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity, the identification of these signs may help elevate the diagnostic certainty of functional gait disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA.
authors.forename: Leonard L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA ; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 260 Stetson St., Suite 4300, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525 USA.
authors.forename: Alberto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Espay
keywords: Clinical signs; Functional gait; Psychogenic gait