title: Physical properties and hydration behavior of a fast-setting bioceramic endodontic material.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the physical properties and the hydration behaviour of the fast-setting bioceramic iRoot FS Fast Set Root Repair Material (iRoot FS) and three other endodontic cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  iRoot FS, Endosequence Root Repair Material Putty (ERRM Putty), gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate (G-MTA & W-MTA), and intermediate restorative material (IRM) were evaluated. The setting time was measured using ANSI/ADA standards. Microhardness was evaluated using the Vickers indentation test. Compressive strength and porosity were investigated at 7 and 28 days. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed for the hydration test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  iRoot FS had the shortest setting time of the four bioceramic cements (p < .001). The microhardness values of iRoot FS, ERRM Putty and MTA increased at different rates over the 28 days period. At day one, ERRM Putty had the lowest microhardness of the bioceramic cements (p < .001), but reached the same level as MTA at 4, 7 and 28 days. The microhardness of iRoot FS was lower than that of W-MTA at 7 and 28 days (p < .05). The porosity of the materials did not change after 7 days (p < .05). The compressive strength values at 28 days were significantly greater for all bioceramic groups compared to those at 7 days (p < .01). ERRM Putty had the highest compressive strength and the lowest porosity of the evaluated bioceramic cements (p < .05), followed by iRoot FS, W-MTA, and G-MTA, respectively. DSC showed that iRoot FS hydrated fastest, inducing an intense exothermic reaction. The ERRM Putty did not demonstrate a clear exothermic peak during the isothermal calorimetry test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iRoot FS had a faster setting time and hydrating process than the other bioceramic cements tested. The mechanical properties of iRoot FS, G-MTA and W-MTA were relatively similar.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.|Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Tian-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. yashen@dentistry.ubc.ca.|Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. yashen@dentistry.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mobuchon
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hieawy
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhe-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Jingzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate