title: Photoacoustic microscopy of arteriovenous shunts and blood diffusion in early-stage tumors.
abstract: Angiogenesis in a tumor region creates arteriovenous (AV) shunts that cause an abnormal venous blood oxygen saturation ( sO2 ) distribution. Here, we applied optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy to study the AV shunting in vivo. First, we built a phantom to image sO2 distribution in a vessel containing converged flows from two upstream blood vessels with different sO2 values. The phantom experiment showed that the blood from the two upstream vessels maintained a clear sO2 boundary for hundreds of seconds, which is consistent with our theoretical analysis using a diffusion model. Next, we xenotransplanted O-786 tumor cells in mouse ears and observed abnormal sO2 distribution in the downstream vein from the AV shunts in vivo. Finally, we identified the tumor location by tracing the sO2 distribution. Our study suggests that abnormal sO2 distribution induced by the AV shunts in the vessel network may be used as a new functional benchmark for early tumor detection.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
authors.forename: Chenghung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
authors.forename: Jinyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Urology Division, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Urology Division, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arbeit
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United StatesbWashington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, M.
authors.forename: Lihong V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004058:Diffusion; D004423:Ear / Q000098:blood supply; D004867:Equipment Design; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen