title: Novel Therapies for Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases.
abstract: C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 and its interferon(IFN)γ-dependent chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL11) are implicated in the immune-pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), Graves disease (GD) and Graves Ophthalmopathy (GO). In tissue, recruited Th1 lymphocytes produce IFNγ, enhancing the tissue secretion of IFNγ-inducible chemokines, initiating and perpetuating the autoimmune process. Patients with AT (with hypothyroidism), and with GO and GD, particularly in the active phase, have high IFNγ-inducible chemokines. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ or -α agonists and methimazole exert an immune-modulation on CXCR3 chemokines in AT, GD and GO. Other studies are ongoing to evaluate new molecules acting as antagonists of CXCR3, or blocking CXCL10, in Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), GD and GO. Recently, novel molecules targeting the various agents involved in the pathogenesis of GO, such as rituximab, have been proposed as an alternative to corticosteroids. However, randomized and controlled studies are needed to generalize these interesting results.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia Martina
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and of Emergency , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nasini
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colaci
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy.
authors.forename: Dilia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giuggioli
authors.affiliation: d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.affiliation: d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benvenga
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy.
authors.forename: Clodoveo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015195:Drug Design; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Autoimmune thyroiditis; CXCL10; CXCR3; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Graves disease; chemokines; corticosteroids; rituximab; teprotumumab; tocilizumab