title: Normalization of doxorubicin release from graphene oxide: New approach for optimization of effective parameters on drug loading.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) has been recently introduced as a suitable anticancer drug carrier, which could be loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) as a general chemotherapy agent. Herein, the attempts were made to optimize the effective parameters on both loading and release of DOX on GO. GO and GO-DOX were characterized using transition electron microscopy , zeta potential, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, loading and releasing behaviors of DOX on GO were studied in terms of different temperature and pH values. The primary optimized values of pH and temperature for best-loaded amount of DOX were 8.9 and 309 K, respectively. Moreover, we found that the smallest amount of released DOX, in pH of cancer microenvironment (5.4), occurs when DOX had been previously loaded in pH 7.8 and 310 K. Although the highest amount of loaded DOX was in basic pH, the results of efficient release of DOX from the GO-DOX complex and also cellular toxicity assay revealed that the best pH for loading of DOX on GO was 7.8. Therefore, in addition to optimization of parameters for efficient loading of DOX on GO, this study suggested that normalization of a released drug compared with the amount of a loaded drug could be a new approach for optimization of drug loading on nanocarriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohadeseh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadegari
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghasem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yazdanpanah
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Meisam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sayena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jabbehdari
authors.affiliation: Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haghiralsadat
authors.affiliation: Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yazdian
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA.|Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Lobat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006108:Graphite; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: doxorubicin; drug delivery; graphene oxide; loading and releasing behavior