title: Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer's disease in the NACC.
abstract: Depression may be a prodrome to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We assessed whether AD neuropathology is associated with depression in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia (dAD).
  
  
  
  All clinical and neuropathological data for this study came from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC). Healthy control (HC, n = 120), MCI (n = 77), and mild dAD (n = 93) patients who underwent brain autopsy were included. In regression models with Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as the outcome, neuritic plaque (NP) score or Braak Stages of neurofibrillary (NF) pathology were covariates.
  
  
  
  GDS was not associated with cognitive status, NP score, Braak Stages, or their interaction. In both models, a history of TIAs, depression within the last 2 years, current benzodiazepine use, and greater severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with greater depression. In the Braak Stages model, less education was another significant predictor.
  
  
  
  Depression in early AD appears to be independent of NP and NF pathology. Studies are needed to investigate other mechanisms that may be responsible for depression in MCI and dAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA. sarah-mccutcheon@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Dingfen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troncoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Vassilis E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Koliatsos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Constantine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jeannie-Marie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Leoutsakos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001344:Autopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000473:pathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; dementia; late-life depression; mild cognitive impairment; neuropathology; neuropsychiatric symptoms