title: Mechanism(S) Involved in the Colon-Specific Expression of the Thiamine Pyrophosphate (Tpp) Transporter.
abstract: Microbiota of the large intestine synthesizes considerable amount of vitamin B1 (thiamine) in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). We have recently demonstrated the existence of an efficient and specific carrier-mediated uptake process for TPP in human colonocytes, identified the TPP transporter (TPPT) involved (product of the SLC44A4 gene), and shown that expression of TPPT along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is restricted to the colon. Our aim in this study was to determine the molecular basis of the colon-specific expression of TPPT focusing on a possible epigenetic mechanism. Our results showed that the CpG island predicted in the SLC44A4 promoter is non-methylated in the human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells, but is hyper-methylated in the human duodenal epithelial HuTu80 cells (as well as in the human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE19 cells). In the mouse (where TPPT expression in the GI tract is also restricted to the colon), the CpG island predicted in the Slc44a4 promoter is non-methylated in both the jejunum and colon, thus arguing against possible contribution of DNA methylation in the colon-specific expression of TPPT. A role for histone modifications in the tissue-specific pattern of Slc44a4 expression, however, was suggested by the findings that in mouse colon, histone H3 in the 5'-regulatory region of Slc44a4 is tri-methylated at lysine 4 and acetylated at lysine 9, whereas the tri-methylation at lysine 27 modification was negligible. In contrast, in the mouse jejunum, histone H3 is hyper-trimethylated at lysine 27 (repressor mark). Similarly, possible involvement of miRNA(s) in the tissue-specific expression of TPPT was also suggested by the findings that the 3'-UTR of SLC44A4 is targeted by specific miRNAs/RNA binding proteins in non-colonic, but not in colonic, epithelial cells. These studies show, for the first time, epigenetic mechanisms (histone modifications) play a role in determining the tissue-specific pattern of expression of TPPT in the GI tract.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America.
authors.forename: Svetlana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nabokina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mel Brendan
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America.|Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, 90822, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hamid M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Said
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002460:Cell Line; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013835:Thiamine Pyrophosphate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C583905:SLC44A4 protein, human; D001374:Azacitidine; D013835:Thiamine Pyrophosphate