title: Percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure in Very Preterm Infants: Feasibility and Complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in term neonates is established, but data regarding outcomes in infants born very preterm (<32 weeks of gestation) are minimal, and no published criteria exist establishing a minimal weight of 4 kg as a suitable cutoff. We sought to analyze outcomes of percutaneous PDA occlusion in infants born very preterm and referred for PDA closure at weights <4 kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrospective analysis (January 2005-January 2014) was done at a single pediatric center. Procedural successes and adverse events were recorded. Markers of respiratory status (need for mechanical ventilation) were determined, with comparisons made before and after catheterization. A total of 52 very preterm infants with a median procedural weight of 2.9 kg (range 1.2-3.9 kg) underwent attempted PDA closure. Twenty-five percent (13/52) of infants were <2.5 kg. Successful device placement was achieved in 46/52 (88%) of infants. An adverse event occurred in 33% of cases, with an acute arterial injury the most common complication. We observed no association between weight at time of procedure and the risk of an adverse event. No deaths were attributable to the PDA closure. Compared to precatheterization trends, percutaneous PDA closure resulted in improved respiratory status, including less exposure to mechanical ventilation (mixed effects logistic model, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among infants born very preterm, percutaneous PDA closure at weights <4 kg is generally safe and may improve respiratory health, but risk of arterial injury is noteworthy. Randomized clinical trials are needed to assess clinically relevant differences in outcomes following percutaneous PDA closure versus alternative (surgical ligation) management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH carl.backesjr@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Carl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Backes
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cheatham
authors.affiliation: The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Deyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Molly K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Vidu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Ralf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheatham
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000209:etiology
keywords: arterial thrombosis; catheterization; complications; ductus arteriosus, patent; neonatal; pediatrics