title: Neuropsychological Test Performance in Cognitively Normal Spanish-speaking Nonagenarians with Little Education.
abstract: To find associations of age, sex, and education with neuropsychological test performance in cognitively normal Spanish-speaking Costa Rican nonagenarians with little education; to provide norms; and to compare their performance with similar Puerto Ricans. For 95 Costa Ricans (90-102 years old, 0-6 years of education), multiple regression assessed associations with demographics of performance on six neuropsychological tests. Analyses of covariance compared them with 23 Puerto Ricans (90-99 years old). Younger age and being female-but not education-were associated with better performance on some neuropsychological tests, in particular episodic memory. The Puerto Ricans performed better on learning and memory tasks. In cognitively intact Spanish-speaking nonagenarians with little or no education, education did not affect test performance. Additional studies of the effect of education on cognitive performance are warranted in other samples with extremely low education or old age. National differences in performance highlight the importance of group-specific norms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. elizabeth.guerrero-berroa@mssm.edu.|James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Rd. Room# 1F-01, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA. elizabeth.guerrero-berroa@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Berroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmeidler
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Molecular y celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.|Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raventos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Molecular y celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.|Hospital Nacional de Geriatria Y Gerontologia de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.|The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Michal Schnaider
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beeri
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Program, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carrión-Baralt
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Molecular y celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mora-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Molecular y celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.|James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Rd. Room# 1F-01, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.|James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Rd. Room# 1F-01, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003364:Costa Rica; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004493:Education; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: CERAD; Demographics; Hispanics; Neuropsychology; Nonagenarians