title: Interval aerobic training combined with strength-endurance exercise improves metabolic markers beyond caloric restriction in Zucker rats.
abstract: To investigate the effects of interval aerobic training combined with strength-endurance exercise (IASE) and caloric restriction (CR) on body composition, glycaemic and lipid profile and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two Zucker diabetic fatty rats were randomised into 4 groups (sedentary + CR; sedentary + adlibitum; IASE + CR; and IASE + adlibitum). Training groups conducted an IASE programme in the same session, 5 days/week for 2 months. Body weight, fat and muscle mass and body water were measured using a body composition analyser. Plasma total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, insulin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and 10 were measured. Blood fasting and postprandial glucose were assessed. Body weight was lower in the CR compared to the adlibitum groups (p < 0.001). Fat mass was lower in the CR compared to the adlibitum (p < 0.05) and in the IASE compared to the sedentary groups (p < 0.001), but IASE increased lean mass (p < 0.001). Triglycerides were lower in the CR compared to the adlibitum groups (p < 0.001) whereas total and LDL-cholesterol and fasting glucose were reduced only in the IASE groups (all, p < 0.001). Phospholipids decreased in the CR compared to the adlibitum (p < 0.05) and the IASE compared to the sedentary groups (p < 0.001). The area under the curve after oral glucose tolerance test, insulin and homoeostatic model assessment were lower in the IASE and the CR compared to the sedentary and adlibitum groups, respectively (all, p < 0.001). Adiponectin was lower in the CR groups (p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Overall, IASE as well as CR were both useful interventions, especially when combined. However, IASE showed greater improvements on body composition, inflammatory and glycaemic profile than CR did.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO(+) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: virginiaparicio@ugr.es.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coll-Risco
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camiletti-Moirón
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nebot
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Jurado
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aranda
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D055070:Resistance Training; D013997:Time Factors; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Adiponectin; Body composition; Glucose; Interleukin; Metabolic syndrome; Tumour necrosis factor alpha