title: Exercise-induced skeletal muscle signaling pathways and human athletic performance.
abstract: Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue capable of altering its phenotype in response to external stimuli including exercise. This response is determined by the mode, (endurance- versus resistance-based), volume, intensity and frequency of exercise performed with the magnitude of this response-adaptation the basis for enhanced physical work capacity. However, training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are variable and unpredictable between individuals. With the recent application of molecular techniques to exercise biology, there has been a greater understanding of the multiplicity and complexity of cellular networks involved in exercise responses. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular events mediating adaptation processes in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. We discuss established and novel cell signaling proteins mediating key physiological responses associated with enhanced exercise performance and the capacity for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to modulate training adaptation responses. We also examine the molecular bases underpinning heterogeneous responses to resistance and endurance exercise and the dissociation between molecular 'markers' of training adaptation and subsequent exercise performance.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia.
authors.forename: Donny M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Camera
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Smiles
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: john.hawley@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawley
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D055070:Resistance Training; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: Cell signaling; Endurance exercise; Molecular adaptation responses; Resistance exercise; Responder