title: Profiles of Childhood Trauma in Patients with Alcohol Dependence and Their Associations with Addiction-Related Problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high occurrence of childhood trauma in individuals with alcohol dependence is well-recognized. Nevertheless, researchers have rarely studied which types of childhood trauma often co-occur and how these combinations of different types and severities of childhood trauma are related to the patients' current addiction-related problems. We aimed to identify childhood trauma profiles in patients with alcohol dependence and examined relations of these trauma profiles with the patients' current addiction-related problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 347 alcohol-dependent patients, 5 types of childhood trauma (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Childhood trauma profiles were identified using cluster analysis. The patients' current severity of addiction-related problems was assessed using the European Addiction Severity Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 6 profiles that comprised different types and severities of childhood trauma. The patients' trauma profiles predicted the severity of addiction-related problems in the domains of psychiatric symptoms, family relationships, social relationships, and drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood trauma profiles may provide more useful information about the patient's risk of current addiction-related problems than the common distinction between traumatized versus nontraumatized patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Annett
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-8047
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lotzin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Schönfels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wingenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Addiction-Related Problems; Adverse Child-Rearing Environment; Alcohol Dependence; Alcohol Use Disorders; Childhood Trauma