title: Limitations of Significance Testing in Clinical Research: A Review of Multiple Comparison Corrections and Effect Size Calculations with Correlated Measures.
abstract: Modern clinical research commonly uses complex designs with multiple related outcomes, including repeated-measures designs. While multiple comparison corrections and effect size calculations are needed to more accurately assess an intervention's significance and impact, understanding the limitations of these methods in the case of dependency and correlation is important. In this review, we outline methods for multiple comparison corrections and effect size calculations and considerations in cases of correlation and summarize relevant simulation studies to illustrate these concepts.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, United Kingdom; and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Terrie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vasilopoulos
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhatariya
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size