title: Adequacy of Current State Setbacks for Directional High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing in the Marcellus, Barnett, and Niobrara Shale Plays.
abstract: There is an increasing awareness of the multiple potential pathways leading to human health risks from hydraulic fracturing. Setback distances are a legislative method to mitigate potential risks.
  
  
  
  We attempted to determine whether legal setback distances between well-pad sites and the public are adequate in three shale plays.
  
  
  
  We reviewed geography, current statutes and regulations, evacuations, thermal modeling, air pollution studies, and vapor cloud modeling within the Marcellus, Barnett, and Niobrara Shale Plays.
  
  
  
  The evidence suggests that presently utilized setbacks may leave the public vulnerable to explosions, radiant heat, toxic gas clouds, and air pollution from hydraulic fracturing activities.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that setbacks may not be sufficient to reduce potential threats to human health in areas where hydraulic fracturing occurs. It is more likely that a combination of reasonable setbacks with controls for other sources of pollution associated with the process will be required.
  
  
  
  Haley M, McCawley M, Epstein AC, Arrington B, Bjerke EF. 2016. Adequacy of current state setbacks for directional high-volume hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus, Barnett, and Niobrara Shale Plays. Environ Health Perspect 124:1323-1333; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510547.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCawley
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arrington
authors.forename: Elizabeth Ferrell
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Bjerke
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D003120:Colorado; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D000067071:Hydraulic Fracking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013781:Texas