title: Co-occurrence and distribution of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Brazil.
abstract: Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) were investigated in wheat from the 2009 and 2010 crop years. Samples (n = 745) from commercial fields were collected in four wheat producing regions (WPR) which differed in weather conditions. Analyses were performed using HPLC-DAD. Contamination with ZEN, DON and NIV occurred in 56, 86 and 50%, respectively. Also, mean concentrations were different: DON = 1046 µg kg(-1), NIV < 100 µg kg(-1) and ZEN = 82 µg kg(-1). Co-occurrence of ZEN, DON and NIV was observed in 74% of the samples from 2009 and in 12% from 2010. Wet/cold region WPR I had the highest mycotoxin concentration. Wet/moderately hot region WPR II had the lowest mycotoxin levels. Furthermore, the mean concentration of each mycotoxin was higher in samples from 2009 as compared with those from 2010. Precipitation during flowering or harvest periods may explain these results.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calori-Domingues
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Maria Gil
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Sartori
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nardin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gláucia Vendramini
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Gregório Ribeiro
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirella de Abreu
authors.initials: Mde A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Micotti da
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gloria
authors.affiliation: b Department of Exact Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Tadeu Dos Santos
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Camargo
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002980:Climate; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium; D006801:Humans; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014887:Weather; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C038405:nivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Fusarium mycotoxin; HPLC-DAD; cereal; contamination; wheat producing region