title: Vitamin D Deficiency Is Not Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy or Maculopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and clinical studies suggest a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and both diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have performed a cross-sectional study in adults with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was evaluated using logistic regression analyses in the presence of demographic and clinical covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  657 adults with diabetes were stratified based on retinopathy grading: No Diabetic Retinopathy (39%), Background Diabetic Retinopathy (37%), Preproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (21%), and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (3%), respectively. There were no differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) between the groups (15.3 ± 9.0 versus 16.4 ± 10.5 versus 15.9 ± 10.4 versus 15.7 ± 8.5 ng/mL, P = NS). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between the severity of retinopathy and serum 25(OH)D. Furthermore, there was no difference in serum 25(OH)D between those with (n = 94, 14%) and those without (n = 563, 86%) Diabetic Maculopathy (16.2 ± 10.0 versus 15.8 ± 9.8, P = NS) and no relationship was demonstrated by logistic regression analyses between the two variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has found no association between serum 25(OH)D and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: Uazman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amjad
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK.
authors.forename: Anges Wan Shan
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK.
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.affiliation: Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Rayaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D