title: Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy.
abstract: The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt droplets-all of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Axson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Camile M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.affiliation: Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Abigail C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
authors.forename: Vicki H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Grassian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: M Dale
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Grant B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.affiliation: Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burkart
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gianneschi