title: Cytotoxicity of various chemicals and mycotoxins in fresh primary duck embryonic fibroblasts: a comparison to HepG2 cells.
abstract: To screen cost-effectively the overall toxicity of a sample, particularly in the case of food and feed ingredient quality control, a sensitive bioassay is necessary. With the wide variety of cytotoxicity assays, performance comparison between assays using different cells has become of interest. Fresh primary duck embryonic fibroblasts (DEF) were hypothesized to be a sensitive tool for in vitro cytotoxicity screening; cell viability of DEF in response to various cytotoxins was determined and compared with response of HepG2 cells. The IC50 values by the alamar blue assay in the DEF cells had a high correlation (R(2)  = 0.96) with those obtained in HepG2 cells. Within the same toxin, primary DEF yielded significantly lower IC50 values than that obtained from HepG2 cells using the MTT and alamar blue assay. Additionally, primary DEF responded to all mycotoxins tested using the alamar blue assay, while HepG2 was less sensitive, particularly at short exposure times. The estimated IC50 for aflatoxin B1 , fumonisins B1 and deoxynivalenol in DEF after 72 h incubation were 3.69, 4.19 and 1.26 μg ml(-1) , respectively. Results from the current study suggest that primary DEF are more sensitive to cytotoxins and mycotoxins compared to HepG2, and thus may have great potential as an effective tool for cytotoxicity assessment. The question remains whether in vitro IC50 values can accurately predict in vivo toxicity; however, the current study accentuates the need for further attention to identify sensitive cell models for in vitro cytotoxicity screening and subsequent exploration of species-specific prediction models for in vivo toxicity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Maple Leaf Farms, Leesburg, IN, 46538, USA.
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.affiliation: Maple Leaf Farms, Leesburg, IN, 46538, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
authors.forename: Kolapo M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ajuwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. applegt@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Applegate
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004372:Ducks / Q000196:embryology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D013045:Species Specificity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Alamar blue; HepG2; MTT; cytotoxicity assay; mycotoxin; primary duck embryonic fibroblast