title: Portable microfluidic and smartphone-based devices for monitoring of cardiovascular diseases at the point of care.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world where about 4 in every 5 CVD deaths happen in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most CVDs are preventable and curable, which is largely dependent on timely and effective interventions, including diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring. However, these interventions are high-cost in high income countries and are usually lacking in LMICs. Thanks to the rapid development of microfluidics and nanotechnology, lots of portable analytical devices are developed for detection of CVDs at the point-of-care (POC). In the meantime, smartphone, as a versatile and powerful handheld tool, has been employed not only as a reader for microfluidic assays, but also as an analyzer for physiological indexes. In this review, we present a comprehensive introduction of the current status and potential development direction on POC diagnostics for CVDs. First of all, we introduce some main facts about CVDs and their standard diagnostic procedures and methods. Second, we discuss about both commercially available POC devices and developed prototypes for detection of CVDs via immunoassays. Subsequently, we report the advances in smartphone-based readout for microfluidic assays. Finally, we present some examples using smartphone, individually or combined with other components or devices, for CVD monitoring. We envision an integrated smartphone-based system capable of functioning blood tests, disease examination, and imaging will come in the future.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Xingye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Xiayu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Xi'an Diandi Biotech Company, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Electronic address: tjlu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tian Jian
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Electronic address: fengxu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D000068997:Smartphone
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); Microfluidics; Mobile health; Nanotechnology; Paper-based diagnostics; Point-of-care testing (POCT)