title: Relationship Between Alcohol Drinking Pattern and Risk of Proteinuria: The Kansai Healthcare Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate alcohol consumption has been reported to be associated with a decreased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Whether drinking pattern is associated with the risk of proteinuria is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 9154 non-diabetic Japanese men aged 40-55 years, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), no proteinuria, and no use of antihypertensive medications at entry. Data on alcohol consumption were obtained by questionnaire. We defined "consecutive proteinuria" as proteinuria detected twice consecutively as 1+ or higher on urine dipstick at annual examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 81 147 person-years follow-up period, 385 subjects developed consecutive proteinuria. For subjects who reported drinking 4-7 days per week, alcohol consumption of 0.1-23.0 g ethanol/drinking day was significantly associated with a decreased risk of consecutive proteinuria (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.80) compared with non-drinkers. However, alcohol consumption of ≥69.1 g ethanol/drinking day was significantly associated with an increased risk of consecutive proteinuria (HR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.01-3.14). For subjects who reported drinking 1-3 days per week, alcohol consumption of 0.1-23.0 g ethanol/drinking day was associated with a decreased risk of consecutive proteinuria (HR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.51-1.12), and alcohol consumption of ≥69.1 g ethanol/drinking day was associated with an increased risk of consecutive proteinuria (HR 1.58; 95% CI, 0.72-3.46), but these associations did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with frequent alcohol consumption of 0.1-23.0 g ethanol/drinking day had the lowest risk of consecutive proteinuria, while those with frequent alcohol consumption of ≥69.1 g ethanol/drinking day had an increased risk of consecutive proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Tomoshige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogawa Sato
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinuhata
authors.forename: Mikiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oue
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kambe
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires