title: Inactivation of Salmonella in Shell Eggs by Hot Water Immersion and Its Effect on Quality.
abstract: Thermal inactivation kinetics of heat resistant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs processed by hot water immersion were determined and the effects of the processing on egg quality were evaluated. Shell eggs were inoculated with a composite of heat resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strains PT8 C405, 2 (FSIS #OB030832), and 6 (FSIS #OB040159). Eggs were immersed in a circulating hot water bath for various times and temperatures. Come-up time of the coldest location within the egg was 21 min. SE was reduced by 4.5 log at both hot water immersion treatments of 56.7 C for 60 min and 55.6 °C for 100 min. Decimal reduction times (D-values) at 54.4, 55.6, and 56.7 °C were 51.8, 14.6, and 9.33 min, respectively. The z-value was 3.07 °C. Following treatments that resulted in a 4.5 log reduction (56.7 °C/60 min and 55.6 °C/100 min), the surviving population of SE remained static during 4 wk of refrigerated storage. After processing under conditions resulting in 4.5 log reductions, the Haugh unit and albumen height significantly increased (P < 0.01) and yolk index significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The shell dynamic stiffness significantly increased (P < 0.05), while static compression shell strength showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Vitelline membrane strength significantly increased (P < 0.05); although, no significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in vitelline membrane elasticity. In summary, the hot water immersion process inactivated heat resistant SE in shell eggs by 4.5 log, but also significantly affected several egg quality characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pa, 19038, U.S.A.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Geveke
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pa, 19038, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gurtler
authors.affiliation: Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Ga., 30605, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Deana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pa, 19038, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Andrew B W
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bigley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology*; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Salmonella; egg; food processing; food quality; pasteurization