title: Do we manage incontinence in children and adults with special needs adequately? ICI-RS 2014.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review studies on the associations of incontinence and special needs in children and adults and to outline future directions in research and clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of literature was conducted. Open questions and future directions were discussed during the ICI-RS meeting in 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Special needs comprise a wide variety of conditions and disabilities. Individuals with special needs carry a greater risk for all types of incontinence. There is a high tendency for incontinence to persist from childhood into adulthood. Many people do not receive adequate medical care for their incontinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More detailed research is needed, especially in the adult population with special needs. Assessment and treatment of incontinence should be offered routinely to all those with special needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospitals UMC Utrecht and AMC Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom P V M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urogynaecology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rantell
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychology and Social Work, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieuwhof-Leppink
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty of the Ruprechts-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jasmin Katrin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urogynaecology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060305:Transition to Adult Care; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ICI-RS; daytime urinary incontinence; faecal incontinence; intellectual disability; neurodevelopmental disorders; nocturnal enuresis; special needs