title: Dentinal Tubule Penetration of Tricalcium Silicate Sealers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatments for which mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials can be used in dentistry are expanding. Smaller particle size and easier handling properties have allowed the advent of tricalcium silicate sealers including EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), QuickSet2 (Avalon Biomed, Bradenton, FL), NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). The objective of this study was to measure the tubule penetration with these sealers using continuous wave (CW) and single-cone (SC) obturation techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 and obturated with 1 of the previously mentioned sealers mixed with trace amounts of rhodamine using either the CW or SC technique. Teeth were sectioned at 1 mm and 5 mm from the apex and examined under a confocal laser microscope. The percentage of sealer penetration and the maximum sealer penetration were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tricalcium silicate sealers penetrated tubules as deep as 2000 μm (2 mm). The percentage of sealer penetration was much higher 5 mm from the apex, with many specimens having 100% penetration for both SC and warm vertical techniques. MTA Fillapex, a resin-based sealer with less than 20% MTA particles, had significantly greater tubule penetration with a warm vertical technique versus the SC technique at the 1-mm level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, the CW and SC techniques produced similar tubule penetration at both the 1-mm and the 5-mm level with the tricalcium silicate sealers BC Sealer, QuickSet2, and NeoMTA Plus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Greer E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: McMichael
authors.affiliation: Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Bradenton, Florida.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas. Electronic address: LOpperman@bcd.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Opperman
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003804:Dentin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D010087:Oxides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017640:Silicates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014070:Tooth / Q000378:metabolism; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C112894:canals sealer; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C506393:tricalcium silicate
keywords: BC Sealer; NeoMTA Plus; QuickSet2; tricalcium silicate sealers; tubule penetration