title: Pain in the Elderly.
abstract: Pain management in the elderly has increasingly become problematic in the USA as the aged population grows. The proportion of the population over 65 continues to climb and may eclipse 20 % in the next decade. In order to effectively diagnosis and treat these patients, a proper history and physical exam remain essential; pain assessment scales such as the Verbal Descriptor Scales (VDS), the Numerical Rating Scales (NRS), and the Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) often but not always prove beneficial. The conditions most frequently afflicting this population include osteoarthritis, diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and lower back pain which include spondylosis and radiculopathies. While the normal aging process does not necessarily guarantee symptoms of chronic pain, elderly individuals are far more likely to develop these painful conditions than their younger counterparts. There are many effective treatment modalities available as potential therapeutic interventions for elderly patients, including but not limited to analgesics such as NSAIDs and opioids, as well as multiple interventional pain techniques. This review will discuss chronic pain in the elderly population, including epidemiology, diagnostic tools, the multitude of co-morbidities, and common treatment modalities currently available to physicians.
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Ken P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ehrhardt
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Juan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ripoll
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Ira W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Padnos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. alankaye44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Arthritis; Back pain; Chronic pain; Elderly; NSAIDs; Opioids; Pain