title: Glycemic Control and Excess Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic systemic disease with multiple complications ranging from microvascular to macrovascular diseases. Type 1 diabetes comprises 5 % of adults with diabetes in the US. This population is shown to be at increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Intensive glycemic control has been consistently associated with decreased microvascular complications but trials on macrovascular benefit yielded mixed results over the years. Recent data from long-term observational follow-up studies of major diabetes cardiovascular events and mortality are showing benefits that were not seen with the initial interventional trials. This article will review evidence on the effect of glycemic control on complications in diabetes mellitus with a focus on cardiovascular mortality in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA. mohamed.teleb@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teleb
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA. maryna.popp@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popp Switzer
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. sherif.elhanafi@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elhanafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA. ahmedelfar2001@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elfar
authors.affiliation: Cottonwood Endocrine & Diabetes Center, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA. zinnia.sanjuan@imail.org.
authors.forename: Zinnia T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: San Juan
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Cardiovascular events; Cardiovascular mortality; Diabetes mellitus; Hypoglycemia; Type 1 DM