title: Repeatability of a dynamic rollover test system.
abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize the rollover crash and to evaluate the repeatability of the Dynamic Rollover Test System (DRoTS) in terms of initial roof-to-ground contact conditions, vehicle kinematics, road reaction forces, and vehicle deformation.
  
  
  
  Four rollover crash tests were performed on 2 pairs of replicate vehicles (2 sedan tests and 2 compact multipurpose van [MPV] tests), instrumented with a custom inertial measurement unit to measure vehicle and global kinematics and string potentiometers to measure pillar deformation time histories. The road was instrumented with load cells to measure reaction loads and an optical encoder to measure road velocity. Laser scans of pre- and posttest vehicles were taken to provide detailed deformation maps.
  
  
  
  Initial conditions were found to be repeatable, with the largest difference seen in drop height of 20 mm; roll rate, roll angle, pitch angle, road velocity, drop velocity, mass, and moment of inertia were all 7% different or less. Vehicle kinematics (roll rate, road speed, roll and pitch angle, global Z' acceleration, and global Z' velocity) were similar throughout the impact; however, differences were seen in the sedan tests because of a vehicle fixation problem and differences were seen in the MPV tests due to an increase in reaction forces during leading side impact likely caused by disparities in roll angle (3° difference) and mass properties (2.2% in moment of inertia [MOI], 53.5 mm difference in center of gravity [CG] location).
  
  
  
  Despite those issues, kinetic and deformation measures showed a high degree of repeatability, which is necessary for assessing injury risk in rollover because roof strength positively correlates with injury risk (Brumbelow 2009). Improvements of the test equipment and matching mass properties will ensure highly repeatable initial conditions, vehicle kinematics, kinetics, and deformations.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seppi
authors.affiliation: a Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toczyski
authors.affiliation: a Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia.
authors.forename: Jeff R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.affiliation: a Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: DRoTS; crashworthiness; kinematics; repeatability; rollover; vehicle dynamics