title: Epidemiology of brucellosis, Q Fever and Rift Valley Fever at the human and livestock interface in northern Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: Northern Côte d'Ivoire is the main livestock breeding zone and has the highest livestock cross-border movements in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to provide updated epidemiological data on three neglected zoonotic diseases, namely brucellosis, Q Fever and Rift Valley Fever (RVF). We conducted three-stage cross-sectional cluster surveys in livestock and humans between 2012 and 2014 in a random selection of 63 villages and a sample of 633 cattle, 622 small ruminants and 88 people. We administered questionnaires to capture risk factors and performed serological tests including the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Brucella spp. indirect and competitive ELISAs, Coxiella burnetii indirect ELISA and RVF competitive ELISA. The human seroprevalence for Brucella spp. was 5.3%. RBPT-positive small ruminants tested negative by the indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence of Brucella spp. in cattle adjusted for clustering was 4.6%. Cattle aged 5-8 years had higher odds of seropositivity (OR=3.5) than those aged ≤4years. The seropositivity in cattle was associated with having joint hygromas (OR=9), sharing the pastures with small ruminants (OR=5.8) and contact with pastoralist herds (OR=11.3). The seroprevalence of Q Fever was 13.9% in cattle, 9.4% in sheep and 12.4% in goats. The seroprevalence of RVF was 3.9% in cattle, 2.4% in sheep and 0% in goats. Seropositive ewes had greater odds (OR=4.7) of abortion than seronegative ones. In cattle, a shorter distance between the night pens and nearest permanent water bodies was a protective factor (OR=0.1). The study showed that the exposure to the three zoonoses is rather low in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Within a One Health approach, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of control measures should be assessed for an integrated control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: youssouf.kanoute@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Youssouf B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kanouté
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Lanada, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Biégo G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Gragnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.affiliation: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Bassirou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonfoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schelling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002002:Brucella / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008297:Male; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D012295:Rift Valley Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012296:Rift Valley fever virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Brucellosis; Côte d’Ivoire; Human; Livestock; Q Fever; Rift Valley Fever