title: Imprints of multiple glacial refugia in the Pyrenees revealed by phylogeography and palaeodistribution modelling of an endemic spider.
abstract: Mediterranean mountain ranges harbour highly endemic biota in islandlike habitats. Their topographic diversity offered the opportunity for mountain species to persist in refugial areas during episodes of major climatic change. We investigate the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations in shaping the demographic history and distribution ranges in the spider Harpactocrates ravastellus, endemic to the Pyrenees. Gene trees and multispecies coalescent analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences unveiled two distinct lineages with a hybrid zone around the northwestern area of the Catalan Pyrenees. The lineages were further supported by morphological differences. Climatic niche-based species distribution models (SDMs) identified two lowland refugia at the western and eastern extremes of the mountain range, which would suggest secondary contact following postglacial expansion of populations from both refugia. Neutrality test and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses indicated that several local populations underwent severe bottlenecks followed by population expansions, which in combination with the deep population differentiation provided evidence for population survival during glacial periods in microrefugia across the mountain range, in addition to the main Atlantic and Mediterranean (western and eastern) refugia. This study sheds light on the complexities of Quaternary climatic oscillations in building up genetic diversity and local endemicity in the southern Europe mountain ranges.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.|Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.|Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bidegaray-Batista
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.|Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Gracia
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.|Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maiorano
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3998-4815
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guisan
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.|Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.
authors.forename: Alfried P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.|Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arnedo
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D057231:Climate Change; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D000068236:Refugium; D013030:Spain; D013112:Spiders / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Climatic oscillations; glacial refugia; mitochondrial genes; mountain species; nuclear intron