title: Esterase phenotyping in human liver in vitro: specificity of carboxylesterase inhibitors.
abstract: 1. Esterases may play a major role in the clearance of drugs with functional groups amenable to hydrolysis, particularly in the case of ester prodrugs. To understand the processes involved in the elimination of such drugs, it is necessary to determine the esterases involved. However, the tools currently available for this enzyme phenotyping are relatively scarce. 2. The work was aimed at summarizing the selectivity of esterase inhibitors for carboxylesterases 1 and 2 (CES1 and CES2) in the human liver to clarify their suitability for esterase phenotyping. Eserine, at around 10 μM, was found to be a highly specific CES2 inhibitor, whereas other esterase inhibitors turned out less selective. When used together with tacrine, which inhibits cholinesterases but not CES, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (inhibitor of paraoxonases), the involvement of the hydrolyzing esterases in the hepatic clearance of a drug can be elucidated. 3. The second approach to esterase phenotyping is based on data from recombinant or isolated esterases, together with relative activity factors, which relate their activities to those of the same enzymes in subcellular fractions. 4. These two approaches will help to characterize the hydrolytic metabolism of drug candidates in a similar manner as practiced routinely for the oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umehara
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zollinger
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town, Rondebosch , Cape Town , South Africa , and.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kigondu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witschi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juif
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town, Rondebosch , Cape Town , South Africa , and.|c Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch , Cape Town , South Africa.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chibale
authors.affiliation: a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland .
authors.forename: Gian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camenisch
mesh_terms: D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004950:Esterases; D043182:Carboxylesterase
keywords: Butyrylcholinesterase; eserine; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; fraction hydrolyzed; relative activity factor; tacrine