title: Carbon dioxide-mediated vasomotion of extra-cranial cerebral arteries in humans: a role for prostaglandins?
abstract: Cerebral blood flow increases during hypercapnia and decreases during hypocapnia; it is unknown if vasomotion of the internal carotid artery is implicated in these responses. Indomethacin, a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (used to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis), has a unique ability to blunt cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity, while other cyclooxygenase inhibitors have no effect. We show significant dilatation and constriction of the internal carotid artery during hypercapnia and hypocapnia, respectively. Indomethacin, but not ketorolac or naproxen, reduced the dilatatory response of the internal carotid artery to hypercapnia The differential effect of indomethacin compared to ketorolac and naproxen suggests that indomethacin inhibits vasomotion of the internal carotid artery independent of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.
  
  
  
  Extra-cranial cerebral blood vessels are implicated in the regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in arterial CO2 ; however, the mechanisms governing CO2 -mediated vasomotion of these vessels in humans remain unclear. We determined if cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin (INDO) reduces the vasomotor response of the internal carotid artery (ICA) to changes in end-tidal CO2 (P ETC O2). Using a randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled study, participants (n = 10) were tested on two occasions, before and 90 min following oral INDO (1.2 mg kg(-1) ) or placebo. Concurrent measurements of beat-by-beat velocity, diameter and blood flow of the ICA were made at rest and during steady-state stages (4 min) of iso-oxic hypercapnia (+3, +6, +9 mmHg P ETC O2) and hypocapnia (-3, -6, -9 mmHg P ETC O2). To examine if INDO affects ICA vasomotion independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition, two participant subsets (each n = 5) were tested before and following oral ketorolac (post 45 min, 0.25 mg kg(-1) ) or naproxen (post 90 min, 4.2 mg kg(-1) ). During pre-drug testing in the INDO trial, the ICA dilatated during hypercapnia at +6 mmHg (4.72 ± 0.45 vs. 4.95 ± 0.51 mm; P < 0.001) and +9 mmHg (4.72 ± 0.45 mm vs. 5.12 ± 0.47 mm; P < 0.001), and constricted during hypocapnia at -6 mmHg (4.95 ± 0.33 vs. 4.88 ± 0.27 mm; P < 0.05) and -9 mmHg (4.95 ± 0.33 vs. 4.82 ± 0.27 mm; P < 0.001). Following INDO, vasomotor responsiveness of the ICA to hypercapnia was reduced by 67 ± 28% (0.045 ± 0.015 vs. 0.015 ± 0.012 mm mmHg P ETC O2(-1) ). There was no effect of the drug in the ketorolac and naproxen trials. We conclude that: (1) INDO markedly reduces the vasomotor response of the ICA to changes in P ETC O2; and (2) INDO may be reducing CO2 -mediated vasomotion via a mechanism(s) independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5657-0059
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hoiland
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tymko
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wildfong
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Monteleone
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ainslie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009288:Naproxen / Q000494:pharmacology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009288:Naproxen; D007213:Indomethacin; D020910:Ketorolac