title: Oral biomarkers in exercise-induced neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: In this article, we review candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) in oral cavity, potential of oral biomarkers as markers of neuroplasticity, and literature on the effects of exercise on oral cavity biomarkers in PD. We first describe how pathophysiological pathways of PD may be transduced from brain stem and ganglia to oral cavity through the autonomic nervous system or transduced by a reverse path. Next we describe the effects of exercise in PD and potential impact on oral cavity. We propose that biomarkers in oral cavity may be useful targets for describing exercise-induced brain neuroplasticity in PD. Nevertheless, much research remains to be carried out before applying these biomarkers for the determination of disease state and therapeutic response to develop strategies to mitigate motor or non-motor symptoms in PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J-Lc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mougeot
authors.affiliation: Carolinas Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9476
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA. farah.mougeot@carolinashealthcare.org.
authors.forename: Fkb
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mougeot
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009055:Mouth / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Parkinson's disease; exercise; neuroplasticity; oral biomarkers; salivary glands