title: Spontaneous cooperation for prosocials, but not for proselfs: Social value orientation moderates spontaneous cooperation behavior.
abstract: Cooperation is essential for the success of societies and there is an ongoing debate whether individuals have therefore developed a general spontaneous tendency to cooperate or not. Findings that cooperative behavior is related to shorter decision times provide support for the spontaneous cooperation effect, although contrary results have also been reported. We show that cooperative behavior is better described as person × situation interaction, in that there is a spontaneous cooperation effect for prosocial but not for proself persons. In three studies, one involving population representative samples from the US and Germany, we found that cooperation in a public good game is dependent on an interaction between individuals' social value orientation and decision time. Increasing deliberation about the dilemma situation does not affect persons that are selfish to begin with, but it is related to decreasing cooperation for prosocial persons that gain positive utility from outcomes of others and score high on the related general personality trait honesty/humility. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous cooperation hypothesis has to be qualified in that it is limited to persons with a specific personality and social values. Furthermore, they allow reconciling conflicting previous findings by identifying an important moderator for the effect.
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Department of Psychology, Gosslerstrasse 14, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mischkowski
authors.affiliation: University of Hagen, Department of Psychology, Universitaetsstrasse 27, D-58097 Hagen, Germany.|Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 10, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glöckner
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005716:Game Theory; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010551:Personality; D012919:Social Behavior