title: Size and Charge Dependence of Ion Transport in Human Nail Plate.
abstract: The electrical properties of human nail plate are poorly characterized yet are a key determinate of the potential to treat nail diseases, such as onychomycosis, using iontophoresis. To address this deficiency, molar conductivities of 17 electrolytes comprising 12 ionic species were determined in hydrated human nail plate in vitro. Cation transport numbers across the nail for 11 of these electrolytes were determined by the electromotive force method. Effective ionic mobilities and diffusivities at infinite dilution for all ionic species were determined by regression analysis. The ratios of diffusivities in nail to those in solution were found to correlate inversely with the hydrodynamic radii of the ions according to a power law relationship having an exponent of -1.75 ± 0.27, a substantially steeper size dependence than observed for similar experiments in skin. Effective diffusivities of cations in nail were 3-fold higher than those of comparably sized anions. These results reflect the strong size and charge selectivity of the nail plate for ionic conduction and diffusion. The analysis implies that efficient transungual iontophoretic delivery of ionized drugs having radii upward of 5 Å (molecular weight, ca. ≥ 340 Da) will require chemical or mechanical alteration of the nail plate.
authors.affiliation: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004.
authors.forename: Sudhir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Baswan
authors.affiliation: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004.
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004.
authors.forename: Terri D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: LaCount
authors.affiliation: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004. Electronic address: gerald.kasting@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kasting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D002412:Cations / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009262:Nails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations
keywords: diffusion; iontophoresis; membrane transport; mobility; nail; permeability; structure–transport relationship