title: Mechanistic evaluation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and naphthalene isomer fingerprints in microwave pyrolysis of biomass.
abstract: Isomer distribution patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) products of woody biomass. The feedstocks included bark and impregnated wood. The results indicated that isomer distributions in MAP are more selective compared to those reported from wood burning and waste incineration. Favored formation of 4-MoCDF and highly selective chlorine substitution at the 2,4-position observed during MAP suggested a preferred formation pathway of PCDFs involving (chloro)phenol precursors followed by subsequent chlorination. The PCDD distribution was dominated by isomers typically formed from chlorophenol condensation at relatively low temperature. The PCN isomer distributions showed a tendency for sequential chlorination from non-substituted naphthalene at successive positions. The presence of isomers such as 1-MoCDD, 4-MoCDF, 1,2,3-TriCN with low thermodynamic stability indicates that kinetic factors may be important in the MAP process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE -901 87, Sweden.
authors.forename: Qiuju
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands, ECN Biomass and Energy Efficiency, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariusz K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cieplik
authors.affiliation: Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Vitaliy L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Budarin
authors.affiliation: Biorenewables Development Centre, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gronnow
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE -901 87, Sweden. Electronic address: stina.jansson@umu.se.
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jansson
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D017745:Incineration; D007536:Isomerism; D007700:Kinetics; D008872:Microwaves; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009281:Naphthalenes; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
keywords: Biomass thermochemical conversion; Dioxin-like compounds; PCDD; PCDF; PCN; Persistent organic pollutants