title: Effects of gastric pH on oral drug absorption: In vitro assessment using a dissolution/permeation system reflecting the gastric dissolution process.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gastric pH on the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs using an in vitro system. A dissolution/permeation system (D/P system) equipped with a Caco-2 cell monolayer was used as the in vitro system to evaluate oral drug absorption, while a small vessel filled with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was used to reflect the gastric dissolution phase. After applying drugs in their solid forms to SGF, SGF solution containing a 1/100 clinical dose of each drug was mixed with the apical solution of the D/P system, which was changed to fasted state-simulated intestinal fluid. Dissolved and permeated amounts on applied amount of drugs were then monitored for 2h. Similar experiments were performed using the same drugs, but without the gastric phase. Oral absorption with or without the gastric phase was predicted in humans based on the amount of the drug that permeated in the D/P system, assuming that the system without the gastric phase reflected human absorption with an elevated gastric pH. The dissolved amounts of basic drugs with poor water solubility, namely albendazole, dipyridamole, and ketoconazole, in the apical solution and their permeation across a Caco-2 cell monolayer were significantly enhanced when the gastric dissolution process was reflected due to the physicochemical properties of basic drugs. These amounts resulted in the prediction of higher oral absorption with normal gastric pH than with high gastric pH. On the other hand, when diclofenac sodium, the salt form of an acidic drug, was applied to the D/P system with the gastric phase, its dissolved and permeated amounts were significantly lower than those without the gastric phase. However, the oral absorption of diclofenac was predicted to be complete (96-98%) irrespective of gastric pH because the permeated amounts of diclofenac under both conditions were sufficiently high to achieve complete absorption. These estimations of the effects of gastric pH on the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs were consistent with observations in humans. In conclusion, the D/P system with the gastric phase may be a useful tool for better predicting the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble basic drugs. In addition, the effects of gastric pH on the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs may be evaluated by the D/P system with and without the gastric phase.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan. Electronic address: makoto@pharm.setsunan.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukahori
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikemura
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higashino
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D015766:Albendazole / Q000378:metabolism; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014867:Water; D004008:Diclofenac; D004176:Dipyridamole; D015766:Albendazole; D007654:Ketoconazole
keywords: Basic drug; Dissolution; Poorly water-soluble drug; Solubility; Stomach