title: Tin Tungstate Nanoparticles: A Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy.
abstract: The nanoparticulate inorganic photosensitizer β-SnWO4 is suggested for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of near-surface tumors via reiterated 5 min blue-light LED illumination. β-SnWO4 nanoparticles are obtained via water-based synthesis and comprise excellent colloidal stability under physiological conditions and high biocompatibility at low material complexity. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects were investigated with a spontaneously metastasizing (4T1 cells) orthotopic breast cancer BALB/c mouse model. Besides protamine-functionalized β-SnWO4 (23 mg/kg of body weight, in PBS buffer), chemotherapeutic doxorubicin was used as positive control (2.5 mg/kg of body weight, in PBS buffer) and physiological saline (DPBS) as a negative control. After 21 days, treatment with β-SnWO4 resulted in a clearly inhibited growth of the primary tumor (all tumor volumes below 3 cm(3)) as compared to the doxorubicin and DPBS control groups (volumes up to 6 cm(3)). Histological evaluations of lymph nodes and lungs as well as the volume of ipsilateral lymph nodes show a remarkable antimetastatic effect being similar to chemotherapeutic doxorubicin but-according to blood counts-at significantly reduced side effects. On the basis of low material complexity, high cytotoxicity under blue-light LED illumination at low dark and long-term toxicity, β-SnWO4 can be an interesting addition to PDT and the treatment of near-surface tumors, including skin cancer, esophageal/gastric/colon tumors as well as certain types of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seidl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ungelenk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zittel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Materials Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bergfeldt
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) , Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sleeman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feldmann
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C588367:SnWO4; D017971:Tin Compounds; D017973:Tungsten Compounds
keywords: antimetastatic; nanoparticle; photodynamic therapy; tin tungstate; tumor