title: Nanodrug formulations to enhance HIV drug exposure in lymphoid tissues and cells: clinical significance and potential impact on treatment and eradication of HIV/AIDS.
abstract: Although oral combination antiretroviral therapy effectively clears plasma HIV, patients on oral drugs exhibit much lower drug concentrations in lymph nodes than blood. This drug insufficiency is linked to residual HIV in cells of lymph nodes. While nanoformulations improve drug solubility, safety and delivery, most HIV nanoformulations are intended to extend plasma levels. A stable nanodrug combination that transports, delivers and accumulates in lymph nodes is needed to clear HIV in lymphoid tissues. This review discusses limitations of current oral combination antiretroviral therapy and advances in anti-HIV nanoformulations. A 'systems approach' has been proposed to overcome these limitations. This concept has been used to develop nanoformulations for overcoming drug insufficiency, extending cell and tissue exposure and clearing virus for treating HIV/AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metastasis Alert & Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.|Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeling
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Josefin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koehn
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metastasis Alert & Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.|Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Rodney Jy
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D036103:Nanotechnology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: HIV; combination antiretroviral therapy; cure for AIDS; long-acting; lymphatic drug insufficiency; nanoformulation; systems approach; targeted drug delivery