title: Fatal echinococcosis in three lemurs in the United Kingdom--A case series.
abstract: Tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus reside in the small intestine of a number of carnivorous species, predominantly canids. In enzootic areas, hydatidosis caused by taeniid metacestodes can present a significant problem in accidental intermediate hosts, including humans. Whereas the United Kingdom is currently considered free of Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Echinococcus equinus are endemic in the UK and have been reported in a variety of captive mammals. The presentation of echinoccocosis in non-human primates widely parallels disease in humans, and public health concerns are related to the four genera, E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. In contrast, sporadic outbreaks and individual hydatid disease cases in non-human primates have been associated with several Echinococcus and Taenia species. Here we describe three fatal cases of cystic echinococcosis in two captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and one captive red-ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata rubra) and provide molecular tapeworm characterisation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this includes the first report of Echinococcus ortleppi in a UK born ring-tailed lemur and provides the first in depth case reports of echinococcosis due to E. equinus in UK born ring-tailed and red ruffed lemurs with detailed clinical and pathological findings. The cestode life cycle and implications for zoo collections are discussed.
authors.affiliation: International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire BD21 4NQ, UK(1). Electronic address: d.denk@izvg.co.uk.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Denk
authors.affiliation: Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK(2).
authors.forename: Belgees
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boufana
authors.affiliation: International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire BD21 4NQ, UK(1).
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.affiliation: International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire BD21 4NQ, UK(1).
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Stidworthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000469:parasitology*; D004443:Echinococcosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004446:Echinococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D007900:Lemur / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018419:Primate Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: E. equinus; E. ortleppi; Echinococcus; Hydatid cyst disease; Lemur; Non-human primate