title: Distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies of IL1A, IL4, NFKB1 and PAR1 variants in Native American, African, European and Brazilian populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inflammatory response plays a key role at different stages of cancer development. Allelic variants of the interleukin 1A (IL1A), interleukin 4 (IL4), nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFKB1) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) genes may influence not only the inflammatory response but also susceptibility to cancer development. Among major ethnic or continental groups, these polymorphic variants present different allelic frequencies. In admixed populations, such as the Brazilian population, data on distribution of these polymorphisms are limited. Here, we collected samples of cancer-free individuals from the north, northeast, midwest, south and southeast regions of Brazil and from the three main groups that gave rise to the Brazilian population: Native Americans from the Brazilian Amazon, Africans and Europeans. We describe the allelic distributions of four IL1A (rs3783553), IL4 (rs79071878), NFKB1 (rs28362491) and PAR1 (rs11267092) gene polymorphisms, which the literature describes as polymorphisms with a risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotypic distribution of the four polymorphisms was statistically distinct between Native Americans, Africans and Europeans. For the allelic frequency of these polymorphisms, the Native American population was the most distinct among the three parental populations, and it included the greatest number of alleles with a risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer. The PAR1 gene polymorphism allelic distribution was similar among all Brazilian regions. For the other three markers, the northern region population was statistically distinct from other Brazilian region populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IL1A, IL4, NFKB1 and PAR1 gene polymorphism allelic distributions are homogeneous among the regional Brazilian populations, except for the northern region, which significantly differs from the other four Brazilian regions. Among the parental populations, the Native American population exhibited a higher incidence of alleles with risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer, which can indicate greater susceptibility to this disease. These genetic data may be useful for future studies on the association between these polymorphisms and cancer in the investigated populations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. marcosmata52@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Marcos A T
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Amador
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. giovannaccavalcante@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giovanna C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. npcsantos@yahoo.com.br.|Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil. npcsantos@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ney P C
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Diagnóstico por DNA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. lgusmao@ipatimup.pt.|Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. lgusmao@ipatimup.pt.
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gusmão
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. joao.guerreiro53@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. akelyufpa@gmail.com.|Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil. akelyufpa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ândrea
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-dos-Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 - Guamá, Belém, PA, CEP: 66.075-110, Brazil. sidneysantos@ufpa.br.|Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil. sidneysantos@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D044383:Black People; D001938:Brazil; D015870:Gene Expression; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012306:Risk; D044465:White People
chemical_list: C508584:IL1A protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; C489548:NFKB1 protein, human; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D015847:Interleukin-4