title: Genome-Wide Diversity and Phylogeography of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Canadian Dairy Cattle.
abstract: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative bacterium of Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. The control of JD in the dairy industry is challenging, but can be improved with a better understanding of the diversity and distribution of MAP subtypes. Previously established molecular typing techniques used to differentiate MAP have not been sufficiently discriminatory and/or reliable to accurately assess the population structure. In this study, the genetic diversity of 182 MAP isolates representing all Canadian provinces was compared to the known global diversity, using single nucleotide polymorphisms identified through whole genome sequencing. MAP isolates from Canada represented a subset of the known global diversity, as there were global isolates intermingled with Canadian isolates, as well as multiple global subtypes that were not found in Canada. One Type III and six "Bison type" isolates were found in Canada as well as one Type II subtype that represented 86% of all Canadian isolates. Rarefaction estimated larger subtype richness in Québec than in other Canadian provinces using a strict definition of MAP subtypes and lower subtype richness in the Atlantic region using a relaxed definition. Significant phylogeographic clustering was observed at the inter-provincial but not at the intra-provincial level, although most major clades were found in all provinces. The large number of shared subtypes among provinces suggests that cattle movement is a major driver of MAP transmission at the herd level, which is further supported by the lack of spatial clustering on an intra-provincial scale.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlstrom
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Herman W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Barkema
authors.affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland.|University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Ruth N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Zadoks
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biek
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Rowland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trewby
authors.affiliation: SaskMilk, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Deb
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haupstein
authors.affiliation: University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kelton
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale du Québec, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Labrecque
authors.affiliation: University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
authors.forename: Greg P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.affiliation: University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
authors.forename: Shawn L B
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahlan
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Buck
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial