title: Effect of Regional Hospital Competition and Hospital Financial Status on the Use of Robotic-Assisted Surgery.
abstract: Despite the lack of efficacy data, robotic-assisted surgery has diffused rapidly into practice. Marketing to physicians, hospitals, and patients has been widespread, but how this marketing has contributed to the diffusion of the technology remains unknown.
  
  
  
  To examine the effect of regional hospital competition and hospital financial status on the use of robotic-assisted surgery for 5 commonly performed procedures.
  
  
  
  A cohort study of 221 637 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, total nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, hysterectomy, or oophorectomy at 1370 hospitals in the United States from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2011, was conducted. The association between hospital competition, hospital financial status, and performance of robotic-assisted surgery was examined.
  
  
  
  The association between hospital competition was measured with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), hospital financial status was estimated as operating margin, and performance of robotic-assisted surgery was examined using multivariate mixed-effects regression models.
  
  
  
  We identified 221 637 patients who underwent one of the procedures of interest. The cohort included 30 345 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy; 20 802, total nephrectomy; 8060, partial nephrectomy; 134 985, hysterectomy; and 27 445, oophorectomy. Robotic-assisted operations were performed for 20 500 (67.6%) radical prostatectomies, 1405 (6.8%) total nephrectomies, 2759 (34.2%) partial nephrectomies, 14 047 (10.4%) hysterectomies, and 1782 (6.5%) oophorectomies. Use of robotic-assisted surgery increased for each procedure from January 2010 through December 2011. For all 5 operations, increased market competition (as measured by the HHI) was associated with increased use of robotic-assisted surgery. For prostatectomy, the risk ratios (95% CIs) for undergoing a robotic-assisted procedure were 2.20 (1.50-3.24) at hospitals in moderately competitive markets and 2.64 (1.84-3.78) for highly competitive markets compared with noncompetitive markets. For hysterectomy, patients at hospitals in moderately (3.75 [2.26-6.25]) and highly (5.30; [3.27-8.57]) competitive markets were more likely to undergo a robotic-assisted surgery. Increased hospital profitability was associated with use of robotic-assisted surgery only for partial nephrectomy in facilities with medium-high (1.67 [1.13-2.48]) and high (1.50 [0.98-2.29]) operating margins. With analysis limited to patients treated at a hospital that had performed robotic-assisted surgery, there was no longer an association between competition and use of robotic-assisted surgery.
  
  
  
  Patients undergoing surgery in a hospital in a competitive regional market were more likely to undergo a robotic-assisted procedure. These data imply that regional competition may influence a hospital's decision to acquire a surgical robot.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York2Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Cent.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York2Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Cent.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tergas
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York2Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Cent.
authors.forename: June Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York2Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Cent.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York5Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York4Department of Epidemiology, Mailman S.
authors.forename: Alfred I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Neugut
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York4Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Cande V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York3Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York4Department of Epidemiology, Mailman S.
authors.forename: Dawn L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hershman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004465:Economic Competition / Q000639:trends*; D004469:Economics, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends