title: Molecular, cellular and functional events in axonal sprouting after stroke.
abstract: Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Yet there is a limited degree of recovery in this disease. One of the mechanisms of recovery is the formation of new connections in the brain and spinal cord after stroke: post-stroke axonal sprouting. Studies indicate that post-stroke axonal sprouting occurs in mice, rats, primates and humans. Inducing post-stroke axonal sprouting in specific connections enhances recovery; blocking axonal sprouting impairs recovery. Behavioral activity patterns after stroke modify the axonal sprouting response. A unique regenerative molecular program mediates this aspect of tissue repair in the CNS. The types of connections that are formed after stroke indicate three patterns of axonal sprouting after stroke: reactive, reparative and unbounded axonal sprouting. These differ in mechanism, location, relationship to behavioral recovery and, importantly, in their prospect for therapeutic manipulation to enhance tissue repair.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: scarmichael@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: S Thomas
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: bkathirvelu@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Balachandar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kathirvelu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: caschweppe@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schweppe
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: EstherNie@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Esther H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Astrocyte; Behavior; Cortex; GDF10; Recovery; Regeneration; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord; TGFβ