title: Cuticle expansion during feeding in the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae): The role of hydrostatic pressure.
abstract: Female Amblyomma hebraeum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) increase their weight ∼10-fold during a 'slow phase of engorgement' (7-9 days), and a further 10-fold during the 'rapid phase' (12-24h). During the rapid phase, the cuticle thins by half, with a plastic (permanent) deformation of greater than 40% in two orthogonal directions. A stress of 2.5 MPa or higher is required to achieve this degree of deformation (Flynn and Kaufman, 2015). Using a dimensional analysis of the tick body and applying the Laplace equation, we calculated that the tick must achieve high internal hydrostatic pressures in order to engorge fully: greater than 55 kPa at a fed:unfed mass ratio of ∼20:1, when cuticle thinning commences (Flynn and Kaufman, 2011). In this study we used a telemetric pressure transducer system to measure the internal hydrostatic pressure of ticks during feeding. Sustained periods of irregular high frequency (>20 Hz) pulsatile bursts of high pressure (>55 kPa) were observed in two ticks: they had been cannulated just prior to the rapid phase of engorgement, and given access to a host rabbit for completion of the feeding cycle. The pattern of periods of high pressure generation varied over the feeding cycle and between the two specimens. We believe that these pressures exceed those reported so far for any other animal.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. Electronic address: reuben.kaufman@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: W Reuben
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Dept. Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D011817:Rabbits
keywords: Amblyomma hebraeum; Cuticle; Engorgement; Hydrostatic pressure; Ticks