title: Low-intensity vibrations accelerate proliferation and alter macrophage phenotype in vitro.
abstract: Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of various tissues. Although many biochemical signaling pathways have been well characterized in macrophages, their sensitivity to mechanical signals is largely unexplored. Here, we applied low-intensity vibrations (LIV) to macrophages to determine whether macrophages could directly transduce LIV signals into changes in the expression of genes and proteins involved in tissue repair. Two different LIV signal frequencies (30Hz or 100Hz) were combined with two acceleration magnitudes (0.15g or 1g) to generate four distinct LIV signals that were applied to cultured murine macrophages. All four LIV signals significantly increased macrophage number after 3 days of stimulation with the combination of the smallest acceleration and the highest frequency (0.15g at 100Hz) generating the largest response. Compared to non-LIV controls, gene expression of the pro-healing growth factors VEGF and TGF-β increased with all four LIV signals (Day 1). LIV also decreased protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (Days 1 and 3). These data demonstrate the sensitivity of macrophages to high-frequency oscillations applied at low intensities and may suggest that the benefit of LIV for tissue repair may be based on reducing inflammation and promoting a pro-healing macrophage phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Suphannee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pongkitwitoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Weinheimer-Haus
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Electronic address: stefan.judex@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judex
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D010641:Phenotype; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse
keywords: Cell Phenotype; In Vitro Cell Culture; Macrophages; Mechanical signals; Vibrations