title: Comparison of effects of intravenous midazolam and ketamine on emergence agitation in children: Randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial to compare the effect of preoperative midazolam or ketamine on the incidence of emergence agitation (EA) following sevoflurane anaesthesia in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric patients (2-6 years old) undergoing ophthalmic surgery were allocated to receive premedication with either 0.1 mg/kg midazolam or 1 mg/kg ketamine. Incidence of EA and postoperative pain scores were recorded at 10-min intervals in the postanaesthetic care unit (PACU). The use of EA rescue medications (fentanyl or midazolam) was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of EA was significantly lower in the ketamine group (n = 33) than the midazolam group (n = 34) at 10 and 20 min after transfer to PACU. There was no significant difference in overall incidence of EA. The frequency of midazolam use as rescue medication was significantly lower in the katamine group than in the midazolam group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premedication with ketamine is more effective than midazolam in preventing EA during the early emergence period after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea tedy333@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunsu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000071257:Emergence Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: Child; ketamine; psychomotor agitation