title: Brain stimulation therapies for psychiatric disorders: The first decade of the new millennium--A review.
abstract: Three new brain stimulation therapies have emerged in the last decade for clinical use in psychiatric disorders. Combined with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), these therapies offer much hope to patients with medication refractory depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia. In this article we briefly review the history, development and evidence for each of the four stimulation therapies and describe the current state-of-the-art. Neuromodulation is considered as a possible common mechanism mediating the effects of these therapies. Finally, empirical guidelines are suggested for the practicing psychiatrist for the optimal utilization of stimulation therapies. It is concluded that with increasing technological sophistication, research on optimal protocols and emergence of newer modalities of stimulation, the future holds much promise for neuromodulatory therapies in psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Anand K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandurangi
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernicola-Bledowski
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bledowski
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods