title: Potential of endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari for transformation and degradation of recalcitrant pollutant sinapic acid.
abstract: The biodegradation potential of sinapic acid, one of the most representative methoxy phenolic pollutants presented in industrial wastewater, was first studied using an endophytic fungus called Phomopsis liquidambari. This strain can effectively degrade sinapic acid in flasks and in soil and the possible biodegradation pathway was first systematically proposed on the basis of the metabolite production patterns and the identification of the metabolites by GC-MS and HPLC-MS. Sinapic acid was first transformed to 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol that was further degraded via 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, syringic acid, gallic acid, and citric acid which involved in the continuous catalysis by phenolic acid decarboxylase, laccase, and gallic acid dioxygenase. Moreover, their activities and gene expression levels exhibited a 'cascade induction' response with the changes in metabolic product concentrations and the generation of fungal laccase significantly improved the degradation process. This study is the first report of an endophytic fungus that has great potential to degrade xenobiotic sinapic acid, and also provide a basis for practical application of endophytic fungus in the bioremediation of sinapic acid-contaminated industrial wastewater and soils.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
authors.forename: Xing-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
authors.forename: Wan-Qiu
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China. Electronic address: daichuanchao@njnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chuan-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C073734:sinapinic acid
keywords: GC/HPLC-MS; Laccase; Sinapic acid biodegradation; qRT-PCR