title: The Influence of Trauma, Life Events, and Social Relationships on Bipolar Depression.
abstract: A growing body of research suggests that the social environment exerts a powerful influence on the course of bipolar depression. This article reviews longitudinal research to suggest that trauma, negative life events, social support deficits, and family difficulties are common and predict a more severe course of depression when present among those diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The triggers of bipolar depression overlap with those documented for unipolar depression, suggesting that many of the treatment targets for unipolar depression may be applicable for bipolar depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall, MC 1650, Berkeley, CA 94720-1659, USA. Electronic address: sljohnson@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cuellar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.
authors.forename: Anda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gershon
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D014947:Wounds and Injuries
keywords: Bipolar depression; Bipolar disorder; Early adversity; Expressed emotion; Family; Life events; Social support; Trauma