title: Measuring Work Engagement, Psychological Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Health Care Aides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health care aides (HCAs) provide most direct care in long-term care (LTC) and home and community care (HCC) settings but are understudied. We validate three key work attitude measures to better understand HCAs' work experiences: work engagement (WEng), psychological empowerment (PE), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB-O).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 306 HCAs working in LTC and HCC, using survey items for WEng, PE, and OCB-O adapted for HCAs. Psychometric evaluation involved confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Predictive validity (correlations with measures of job satisfaction and turnover intention) and internal consistency reliability were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA supported a one-factor model of WEng, a four-factor model of PE, and a one-factor model of OCB-O. HCC workers scored higher than LTC workers on Self-determination (PE) and lower on Impact, demonstrating concurrent validity. WEng and PE correlated with worker outcomes (job satisfaction, turnover intention, and OCB-O), demonstrating predictive validity. Reliability and validity analyses indicated sound psychometric properties overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results support psychometric properties of measures of WEng, PE, and OCB-O for HCAs. Knowledge of HCAs' work attitudes and behaviors can inform recruitment programs, incentive systems, and retention/training strategies for this vital group of care providers.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Ontario. lgins@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Liane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berta
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumbusch
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario. Canadian Centre for Health Economics, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rohit Dass
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario. Canadian Centre for Health Economics, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laporte
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna.
authors.forename: R Colin
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.affiliation: Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia.
authors.forename: Deanne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D018576:Home Health Aides / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000639:trends; D011209:Power, Psychological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Confirmatory factor analysis; Health care aide/nursing aide; Job satisfaction; Measurement; Work attitudes