title: Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in neural cells and neurodegenerative diseases.
abstract: The function of human nervous system is critically dependent on proper interneuronal communication. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles are emerging as a novel form of information exchange within the nervous system. Intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular bodies (MVBs) can be transported in neural cells anterogradely or retrogradely in order to be released into the extracellular space as exosomes. RNA loading into exosomes can be either via an interaction between RNA and the raft-like region of the MVB limiting membrane, or via an interaction between an RNA-binding protein-RNA complex with this raft-like region. Outflow of exosomes from neural cells and inflow of exosomes into neural cells presumably take place on a continuous basis. Exosomes can play both neuro-protective and neuro-toxic roles. In this review, we characterize the role of exosomes and microvesicles in normal nervous system function, and summarize evidence for defective signaling of these vesicles in disease pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sapoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.affiliation: Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H B
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland; Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: tadeuszj@uni.opole.pl.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janas
mesh_terms: D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Exosomes; Multivesicular bodies; Neural cells; Neurodegenerative diseases; Synaptic vesicles