title: Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change.
abstract: Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3 maya.groner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maya L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3381-6415
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Groner
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Laboratoire d'Excellence 'CORAIL' USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breyta
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Carnegie
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Froelich
authors.affiliation: Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garren
authors.affiliation: The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
authors.forename: Frances M D
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gulland
authors.affiliation: NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, 5830 University Research Ct., E/RA3, College Park, MD 20740, USA Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: Crawford W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Revie
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanderstichel
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, VI 00802, USA.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wyllie-Echeverria
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: C Drew
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Harvell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004630:Emergencies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008974:Mollusca / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: adaptive management; environmental law; impact mitigation; marine disease; response plan; surveillance