title: Combined usage with intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine reduces pain severity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Postoperative pain is the main obstacle for safely rapid recovery of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). In this study, we systemically evaluated the analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine injected at the end of the LC. A total of 160 patients, scheduled for elective LC, were allocated into four groups. Group Sham received intraperitoneal and incisional normal saline (NS). Group IC received incisional ropivacaine and intraperitoneal NS. Group IP received incisional NS and intraperitoneal ropivacaine. Group ICP received intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ropivacaine was injected into the surgical bed through the right subcostal port and infiltrated at the four ports. Dynamic pain by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and cumulative morphine consumption at 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h postoperatively, as well as incidence of side-effects over 48 h after LC was recorded. Compared with those in group Sham, the time of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, dynamic VAS score (VAS-D) 2 h and 6 h postoperatively, cumulative morphine consumption 6 h and 24 h postoperatively, and incidence of nausea and vomiting 48 h after LC in group IC and ICP were less (P<0.05). Furthermore, intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine exerts more powerful analgesic effect than single usage with intraperitoneal or incisional ropivacaine (P<0.05). No patients exhibited signs of local anesthetic toxicity. In conclusion, intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine might facilitate PACU transfer and effectively and safely reduce pain intensity after LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hexian Memorial Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Dan-Shu
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, NO. 1 Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncological Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Intraperitoneal; incisional; laparoscopic cholecystectomy; postoperative pain; ropivacaine