title: Inter- and Intra-Operator Reliability of Facial and Dental Measurements Using 3D-Stereophotogrammetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess the reproducibility of an innovative method for facial analysis with three-dimensional-stereophotogrammetry (3D-spg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subjects with no obvious malocclusion participated in this study. For each of them, four photographs were acquired using the LifeViz(TM) , an absolute calibration 3D-spg system. The facial reconstructions were analyzed with the DermaPix(TM) image management software. Two different operators recorded distances between landmarks and each operator repeated the measurements after one week. The intra- and inter-examiner reproducibilities were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed reproducible intra and inter-examiners results for facial measurements (ICC comprised between 0.732 and 0.976) except for measurements that involve the inner part of the dental corridor (ICC comprised between 0.598 and 0.914).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurements recorded by 3D-LifeViz(TM) system are accurate and reliable for research and clinical use. Moreover, it is simple and inexpensive compared with other 3D methods (laser scanner, 3D Computed Tomography, and 3D Cone Beam CT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inter- and intra-operator reliability of the LifeViz(TM) 3D-spg method was demonstrated. The LifeViz(TM) 3D-spg method might be a useful method to accomplish indirect 3D measurements that are relevant to dental and facial diagnosis. (J Esthet Restor Dent, 2016).
authors.affiliation: Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR d'Odontologie, 24 Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Cedex 04 Nice, France.|Unité Mixte de Recherche 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Université-EFS-CNRS, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 51 Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.|Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle d'Odontologie, 5 rue Pierre Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ceinos
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Université-EFS-CNRS, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 51 Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.|Faculté d'Odontologie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.|CHU de la Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille - Pôle Odontologie, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tardivo
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle d'Odontologie, 5 rue Pierre Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.|Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR d'Odontologie, EA 7534 MICORALIS, 24 Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Cedex 04 Nice, France.
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle d'Odontologie, 5 rue Pierre Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.|Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR d'Odontologie, EA 7534 MICORALIS, 24 Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Cedex 04 Nice, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lupi-Pegurier
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*