title: Association between dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index and glycemic load, and risk of gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and risk of gastric cancer (GC) has been investigated by many studies. However, the results of these studies were controversial. The aim of our study was to systematically assess this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  PUBMED and EMBASE were searched up to March 2015, and either a fixed- or a random-effects model was adopted to estimate overall relative risks (RRs). Dose-response, meta-regression, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies with approximately 540,000 participants were finally included in this meta-analysis. High level of dietary carbohydrate intake (pooled RR 1.17, 95 % CI 0.91-1.50), GI (pooled RR 1.17, 95 % CI 0.80-1.69), and GL (pooled RR 1.06, 95 % CI 0.90-1.26) were all nonsignificantly associated with incidence of GC. In addition, no significant dose-response relationship was observed between carbohydrate intake, GI and GL, and the risk of GC. However, further subgroup analyses based on gender and geographic region suggested a significant association between higher carbohydrate intake (pooled RR 1.52, 95 % CI 1.10-2.08), GL (pooled RR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.04-1.92), and GC risk in males subgroup, and between higher carbohydrate intake (pooled RR 1.69, 95 % CI 1.36-2.09) and GC risk in Asian studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant association was found between dietary carbohydrate intake, GI and GL, and risk of GC. However, significantly positive association was observed in the males subgroup and Asian studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.|Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. georgewuer@126.com.|Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. georgewuer@126.com.
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.|Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jinming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Kefeng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. dxia@zju.edu.cn.|Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, China. dxia@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dajing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Carbohydrate intake; Gastric cancer; Glycemic index; Glycemic load