title: Ligation of RNA Oligomers by the Schistosoma mansoni Hammerhead Ribozyme in Frozen Solution.
abstract: The interstitial liquid phase within frozen aqueous solutions is an environment that minimizes RNA degradation and facilitates reactions that may have relevance to the RNA World hypothesis. Previous work has shown that frozen solutions support condensation of activated nucleotides into RNA oligomers, RNA ligation by the hairpin ribozyme, and RNA synthesis by a RNA polymerase ribozyme. In the current study, we examined the activity of a hammerhead ribozyme (HHR) in frozen solution. The Schistosoma mansoni hammerhead ribozyme, which predominantly cleaves RNA, can ligate its cleaved products (P1 and P2) with yields up to ~23 % in single turnover experiments at 25 °C in the presence of Mg(2+). Our studies show that this HHR ligates RNA oligomers in frozen solution in the absence of divalent cations. Citrate and other anions that exhibit strong ion-water affinity enhanced ligation. Yields up to 43 % were observed in one freeze-thaw cycle and a maximum of 60 % was obtained after several freeze-thaw cycles using wild-type P1 and P2. Truncated and mutated P1 substrates were ligated to P2 with yields of 14-24 % in one freeze-thaw cycle. A pool of P2 substrates with mixtures of all four bases at five positions were ligated with P1 in frozen solution. High-throughput sequencing indicated that 70 of the 1024 possible P2 sequences were represented in ligated products at 1000 or more read counts per million reads. The results indicate that the HHR can ligate a range of short RNA oligomers into an ensemble of diverse sequences in ice.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.|Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Lively
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.|Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biliya
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.|Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vannberg
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. rwartell@gatech.edu.|Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. rwartell@gatech.edu.
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-4752
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wartell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002384:Catalysis; D015925:Cryopreservation; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D005615:Freezing; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008026:Ligation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D012313:RNA; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; C418481:hairpin ribozyme; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme; D012313:RNA; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
keywords: Dehydration; RNA ligation; RNA world; Ribozyme