title: Rationalizing ethnopharmacological uses of Alternanthera sessilis: A folk medicinal plant of Pakistan to manage diarrhea, asthma and hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tribal herbal practitioners of Pakistan use Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae) to treat diarrhea, asthma and hypertension.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was conducted to provide mechanistic basis for anti-spasmodic, anti- asthmatic and anti-hypertensive use of Alternanthera sessilis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis (As.Cr) and its fractions were tested in- vitro on isolated rabbit tissue preparations (i.e., jejunum, trachea, and aorta) and in-vivo in ketamin-diazepam anaesthetized normotensive rats.The responses were recorded using isotonic and isometric transducers coupled with Power Lab data acquisition system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, As.Cr exerted concentration-dependent (0.01-1.0mg/ml) spasmolytic effect and caused relaxation of K(+)(80mM)-induced spastic contractions. Furthermore, there was non-parallel shift in Ca(++)concentration response curves (CRCs) towards right at tissue bath concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3mg/ml. On isolated rabbit trachea, it relaxed carbachol (1μM)- and K(+()80mM)-induced contractions at respective tissue bath concentrations of 5.0 and 1.0mg/ml. On isolated rabbit aorta, it also demonstrated relaxant effect on phenylephrine (1μM)- and K(+()80mM)-induced contractions at tissue bath concentrations of 5.0 and 3.0mg/ml respectively. These findings were found to be comparable with verapamil, a reference Ca(++)channel blocker (CCB). The solvent-solvents fractionation revealed domination of spasmolytic effects in dichloromethane fraction as compared to aqueous fraction. Intravenous administration of As.Cr decreased mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of ketamine-diazepam anaesthetized normotensive albino rats dose-dependently, at dose range of 1-10mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reflected presence of Ca(++) channel blocking (CCB) activity in As.Cr, thus rationalizing medicinal use of Alternanthera sessilis in diarrhea, asthma and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Electronic address: Fatima2saqib@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saqib
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Electronic address: khjanbaz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Khalid Hussain
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Janbaz
mesh_terms: D027703:Amaranthaceae; D000818:Animals; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010154:Pakistan; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011817:Rabbits; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Acetylcholine chloride (CID: 6060); Adrenaline (CID: 5816); Alternanthera sessilis; Anti-asthmatic; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-spasmodic; Carbachol/Carbamylcholine chloride (CID: 5831); Diastolic blood pressure; Diazepam (CID: 3061); Ketamine (CID: 3821); Phenylephrine (CID: 6041); Systolic blood pressure; Verapamil Hydrochloride (CID: 2520)