title: Role of Combined Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Axillary Node Sampling in Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancer.
abstract: Axillary lymph node status is a prognostic marker in breast cancer management, and axillary surgery plays an important role in staging and local control. This study aims to assess whether a combination of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using patent blue dye and axillary node sampling (ANS) offers equivalent identification rate to dual tracer technique. Furthermore, we aim to investigate whether there are any potential benefits to this combined technique. Retrospective study of 230 clinically node-negative patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery for single T1-T3 tumours between 2006 and 2011. Axillae were staged using a combined blue dye SLNB/ANS technique. SLNs were localized in 226/230 (identification rate 98.3 %). Three of one hundred ninety-two patients with a negative SLN were found to have positive ANS nodes and 1/4 failed SLNB patients had positive ANS nodes. Thirty-four of two hundred twenty-six patients had SLN metastases and 11/34 (32.4 %) also had a positive non-sentinel lymph node on ANS. Twenty-one of twenty-four (87.5 %) node-positive T1 tumours had single node involvement. Nine of thirty-eight node-positive patients progressed to completion axillary clearance (cALND), and the rest were treated with axillary radiotherapy. Axillary recurrence was nil at median 5 year follow-up. Complementing SLNB with axillary node sampling (ANS) decreases the unavoidable false-negative rate associated with SLNB. Appropriate operator experience and technique can result in an SLN localization rate of 98 %, rivalling a dual tracer technique. The additional insight offered by ANS into the status of non-sentinel nodes has potential applications in an era of less frequent cALND.
authors.affiliation: Breast Unit, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Hardwick Road, Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE UK.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Breast Unit, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Hardwick Road, Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dordea
authors.affiliation: Breast Unit, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Hardwick Road, Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Breast Unit, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Hardwick Road, Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kurup
keywords: Axillary node clearance; Axillary node sampling; Breast cancer; Sentinel lymph node biopsy