title: Numerical study of Hough technique in surgery of otosclerosis, using the finite element method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Otosclerosis is a metabolic bone disease of the otic capsule that can cause the stapes fixation, resulting in conductive hearing loss or, in a profound sensorineural deafness threshold. Surgery is one of the possible treatments for the otosclerosis. To repair small focus of otosclerosis in the anterior crus of the stapes, in 1960, Hough suggested the implementation of a technique in which part of the anterior crus is fractured and the stapes turned. As a result, the posterior crus of the stapes is the only connection with the inner ear. In this work, the outcome of Hough's surgical technique was simulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on computerized images, a finite element model of middle ear ossicles and tympanic membrane was created, as well as a model where the stapes has changed. The discretization of the tridimensional solid model was made using the ABAQUS software. The mechanical properties used were taken from the literature and adequate boundary conditions were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained with the Hough technique simulation were compared with a representative model of the normal ear, taking into account the displacements obtained on the central part of the stapes footplate and the maximum principal stress in the stapes crus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained are closer to the normal ear model, therefore Hough technique stands out as a good option to correct small focus of otosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.|Clínica ORL - Dr. Eurico de Almeida, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gentil
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parente
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Clínica ORL - Dr. Eurico de Almeida, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eurico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: FEUP - INEGI, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natal
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013200:Stapes Mobilization / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data