title: Relationships Between Stress, Negative Emotions, Resilience, and Smoking: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  More effective tobacco prevention and cessation programs require in-depth understanding of the mechanism by which multiple factors interact with each other to affect smoking behaviors. Stress has long been recognized as a risk factor for smoking. However, the underlying mediation and moderation mechanisms are far from clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of negative emotions in mediating the link between stress and smoking and whether this indirect link was modified by resilience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data were collected using audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) from a large random sample of urban residents (n = 1249, mean age = 35.1, 45.3% male) in Wuhan, China. Perceived stress, negative emotions (anxiety, depression), resilience were measured with reliable instruments also validated in China. Self-reported smoking was validated with exhaled carbon monoxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mediation analysis indicated that two negative emotions fully mediated the link between stress and intensity of smoking (assessed by number of cigarettes smoked per day, effect =.082 for anxiety and.083 for depression) and nicotine dependence (assessed by DSM-IV standard, effect =.134 for anxiety and.207 for depression). Moderated mediation analysis demonstrated that the mediation effects of negative emotions were negatively associated with resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest resilience interacts with stress and negative emotions to affect the risk of tobacco use and nicotine dependence among Chinese adults. Further research with longitudinal data is needed to verify the findings of this study and to estimate the effect size of resilience in tobacco intervention and cessation programs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA.
authors.forename: Xinguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: b Wuhang CDC , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: b Wuhang CDC , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Yaqiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cigarette smoking; moderated mediation; nicotine dependence; resilience; stress