title: Minimally Invasive Techniques to Accelerate the Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate various noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures for the enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement in animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was searched using NCBI (PubMed, PubMed Central, and PubMed Health), MedPilot (Medline, Catalogue ZB MED, Catalogue Medicine Health, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE)), and Google Scholar from January 2009 till 31 December 2014. We included original articles related to noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures to enhance orthodontic tooth movement in animals. Extraction of data and quality assessments were carried out by two observers independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of hits was 9195 out of which just 11 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Nine articles were good and 5 articles were moderate in quality. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was among the most common noninvasive techniques whereas flapless corticision using various instruments was among the commonest minimally invasive procedures to enhance velocity of tooth movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLLT, low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), mechanical vibration, and flapless corticision are emerging noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques which need further researches to establish protocols to use them clinically with conviction.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Baqai Medical University, P.O. Box 2407, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Qamruddin
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Khursheed
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Forensic Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Fadhli
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.affiliation: Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Husein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D051381:Rats; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods*