title: A comparative meta-analysis of TEMPS scores across mood disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, healthy controls, and other psychiatric disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Temperament Evaluation Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS) is validated to assess temperament in clinical and non-clinical samples. Scores vary across bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy controls (HCs), but a meta-analysis is missing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of studies comparing TEMPS scores in patients with mood disorders or their first-degree relatives to each other, or to a psychiatric control group or HCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies were meta-analyzed with patients with BD (n= 2025), MDD (n=1283), ADHD (n=56) and BPD (n=43), relatives of BD (n=436), and HCs (n=1757). Cyclothymic (p<0.001) and irritable TEMPS scores (p<0.001) were higher in BD than MDD (studies=12), and in MDD vs HCs (studies=8). Cyclothymic (p<0.001), irritable (p<0.001) and anxious (p=0.03) scores were higher in BD than their relatives, who, had higher scores than HCs. No significant differences emerged between ADHD and BD (studies=3);
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affective temperaments are on a continuum, with increasing scores ranging from HCs through MDD to BD regarding cyclothymic and irritable temperament, from MDD through BD to HC regarding hyperthymic temperament, and from HC through BD relatives to BD regarding cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament. Depressive and anxious temperaments did not differ between BD and MDD, being nonetheless the lowest in HCs. BD did not differ from ADHD in any investigated TEMPS domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different TEMPS versions, few studies comparing BD with ADHD or BPD, no correlation with other questionnaires.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Mental Health Department, Local Health Unit ULSS 17, Monselice, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: marco.solmi83@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuro-Motor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zaninotto
authors.affiliation: Local Health Unit ULSS 7, Conegliano, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toffanin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine - DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kangguang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Box SE5 8 AF London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornaro
authors.affiliation: The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Hofsra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hampstead, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Affective temperament; Major depression: bipolar disorder.; TEMPS; Temperament evaluation Memphis Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire 110 item version (TEMPS-A-110)