title: Phosphorylation of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 VP8 Plays a Role in Viral DNA Encapsidation and Is Essential for Its Cytoplasmic Localization and Optimal Virion Incorporation.
abstract: VP8 is a major tegument protein of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and is essential for viral replication in cattle. The protein undergoes phosphorylation after transcription through cellular casein kinase 2 (CK2) and a viral kinase, US3. In this study, a virus containing a mutated VP8 protein that is not phosphorylated by CK2 and US3 (BoHV-1-YmVP8) was constructed by homologous recombination in mammalian cells. When BoHV-1-YmVP8-infected cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy, blocking phosphorylation of VP8 was found to impair viral DNA encapsidation, resulting in release of incomplete viral particles to the extracellular environment. Consequently, less infectious virus was produced by the mutant virus than by wild-type (WT) virus. A comparison of mutant and WT VP8 by confocal microscopy revealed that mutant VP8 is nuclear throughout infection while WT VP8 is nuclear early during infection and is associated with the Golgi apparatus at later stages. This, together with the observation that mutant VP8 is present in virions, albeit in smaller amounts, suggests that the incorporation of VP8 may occur at two stages. The first takes place without the need for phosphorylation and before or during nuclear egress of capsids, whereas the second occurs in the Golgi apparatus and requires phosphorylation of VP8. The results indicate that phosphorylated VP8 plays a role in viral DNA encapsidation and in the secondary virion incorporation of VP8. To perform these functions, the cellular localization of VP8 is adjusted based on the phosphorylation status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, phosphorylation of VP8 was shown to have a function in BoHV-1 replication. A virus containing a mutated VP8 protein that is not phosphorylated by CK2 and US3 (BoHV-1-YmVP8) produced smaller numbers of infectious virions than wild-type (WT) virus. The maturation and egress of WT and mutant BoHV-1 were studied, showing a process similar to that reported for other alphaherpesviruses. Interestingly, lack of phosphorylation of VP8 by CK2 and US3 resulted in reduced incorporation of viral DNA into capsids during mutant BoHV-1 infection, as well as lower numbers of extracellular virions. Furthermore, mutant VP8 remained nuclear throughout infection, in contrast to WT VP8, which is nuclear at early stages and Golgi apparatus associated late during infection. This correlates with smaller amounts of mutant VP8 in virions and suggests for the first time that VP8 may be assembled into the virions at two stages, with the latter dependent on phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Kuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brownlie
authors.affiliation: VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snider
authors.affiliation: VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada sylvia.vandenhurk@usask.ca.|Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D019065:Virus Assembly; D057074:Virus Release; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; C442561:VP8 protein, Bovine herpesvirus 1