title: How self-reflection and self-certainty are related to neurocognitive functioning: an examination of cognitive insight in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pattern of associations between clinical insight, cognitive insight, and neurocognitive functioning was assessed in bipolar disorder patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 42 bipolar disorder patients were examined. Cognitive insight was measured using the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS is a 15-item self-report instrument consisting of two subscales, self-reflectiveness and self-certainty. Clinical insight was measured by the use of the item G12 of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the International Society for Bipolar Disorders-Battery for Assessment of Neurocognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation analyses revealed significant positive associations between self-reflectiveness and speed of processing, attention, working memory, visual learning, and reasoning and problem solving. The subscale self-certainty was negatively correlated to working memory, however, this correlation disappeared when we controlled for confounding variables. No correlations between clinical insight and neurocognition were found. In addition, there was no association between cognitive insight and clinical insight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better neurocognitive functioning was more related to higher levels of self-reflectiveness than to diminished self-certainty.
authors.affiliation: a Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium.|b University Department, Psychiatric Hospital , Duffel , Belgium.
authors.forename: L S C
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Van Camp
authors.affiliation: a Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium.|b University Department, Psychiatric Hospital , Duffel , Belgium.
authors.forename: J F E
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.affiliation: a Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium.|b University Department, Psychiatric Hospital , Duffel , Belgium.
authors.forename: B G C
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sabbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D011340:Problem Solving; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive insight; bipolar disorder; cognition; insight