title: Primary caregivers of in-home oxygen-dependent children: predictors of stress based on characteristics, needs and social support.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the predictors of primary caregivers' stress in caring for in-home oxygen-dependent children by examining the association between their levels of stress, caregiver needs and social support.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increasing numbers of primary caregivers of oxygen-dependent children experience caregiving stress that warrants investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a cross-sectional design with three psychometric scales - Modified-Parenting Stress Index, Caregiver Needs Scale and Social Support Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data collected during 2010-2011 were from participants who were responsible for their child's care that included oxygen therapy for ≧6 hours/day; the children's ages ranged from 3 months-16 years. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 104 participants (M = 34, F = 70) were recruited, with an average age of 39·7 years. The average age of the oxygen-dependent children was 6·68 years and their daily use of oxygen averaged 11·39 hours. The caregivers' overall levels of stress were scored as high and information needs were scored as the highest. The most available support from family and friends was emotional support. Informational support was mostly received from health professionals, but both instrumental and emotional support were important. Levels of stress and caregiver needs were significantly correlated. Multivariable linear regression analyses identified three risk factors predicting stress, namely, the caregiver's poor health status, the child's male gender and the caregiver's greater financial need.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To support these caregivers, health professionals can maintain their health status and provide instrumental, emotional, informational and financial support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kai-Wei K
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Sheng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: child nursing; needs; primary caregivers; social support and oxygen-dependent children; stress