title: Lean-seafood intake decreases urinary markers of mitochondrial lipid and energy metabolism in healthy subjects: Metabolomics results from a randomized crossover intervention study.
abstract: Proteins constitute an important part of the human diet, but understanding of the effects of different dietary protein sources on human metabolism is sparse. We aimed to elucidate diet-induced metabolic changes through untargeted urinary metabolomics after four weeks of intervention with lean-seafood or nonseafood diets. It is shown that lean-seafood intake reduces urinary excretion of metabolites involved in mitochondrial lipid and energy metabolism possibly facilitating a higher lipid catabolism in healthy subjects.
  
  
  
  In a randomized controlled trial with crossover design, 20 healthy subjects consumed two balanced diets that varied in main protein sources for 4 weeks. Morning spot urine samples were collected before and after each intervention period. Untargeted metabolomics based on (1) H NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS analyses were applied to characterize the urinary metabolic response to the interventions.
  
  
  
  The lean-seafood diet period reduced the urinary level of l-carnitine, 2,6-dimethylheptanoylcarnitine, and N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, relative to the nonseafood period. The dietary analysis revealed that the higher urinary level of trimethylamine-N-oxide after the lean-seafood diet period and guanidinoacetate and 3-methylhistidine after the nonseafood diet period was related to the endogenous content of these compounds in the diets.
  
  
  
  Our data reveal that 4 weeks of lean-seafood intake reduces urinary excretion of metabolites involved in mitochondrial lipid and energy metabolism possibly facilitating a higher lipid catabolism in healthy subjects after the lean-seafood intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarslev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmedes
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.|Bergen University College, Faculty of Education, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Eli Kristin
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Aadland
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarslev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrik Kraemer
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Sundekilde
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Laval Université, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lavigne
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingvild Eide
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Øyvin
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: Bergen University College, Faculty of Education, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Asle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holthe
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mellgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jette Feveile
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarslev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hanne Christine
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liaset
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarslev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten Rahr
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008744:Methylamines / Q000652:urine; D008762:Methylhistidines / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000652:urine; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008744:Methylamines; D008762:Methylhistidines; C525085:N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide; D011728:Pyridones; C005855:trimethyloxamine; C004946:glycocyamine; C028118:3-methylhistidine; D002331:Carnitine; D005998:Glycine
keywords: Biomarkers; Dietary protein; Lipid metabolism; Metabolism; Urine