title: Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital clubfoot affects 1 per 1000 live births per year in Romania. To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in this country to assess risk factors associated with the deformity. The aim of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socio-demographic factors that may increase the risk of an infant to be born with clubfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive clinic-based study over a twelve-week period was conducted using structured questionnaires given to biological parents of clinically confirmed clubfoot and control subjects. 62 parents of probands and 66 parents of control patients were enrolled for risk factor questionnaires. Phenotypic data from clubfoot children was also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot and half of clubfoot subjects were affected bilaterally. There was no significant difference in the rate of left versus right clubfoot. Infant and maternal characteristics showing a strong association with clubfoot included breech presentation and old maternal age at conception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support reported literature data that males are two times as likely to have clubfoot which indicates a genetic influence. Previous reports suggest clubfoot babies are born to young mothers but in Romania advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years) was an indicator which may suggest genetic influence. This clinic-based study does not support previously recorded data of a positive association for maternal or household smoking. Data from this Romanian population also does not support previous data suggesting strong associations with maternal diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA. dcosma@umfcluj.ro.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cosma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vasilescu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morcuende
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001946:Breech Presentation / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires