title: Effects of glucose ingestion on circulating inflammatory mediators: Influence of sex and weight excess.
abstract: Low-grade chronic inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of obesity. However, little is known about the influence of sex and sex hormones on surrogate inflammatory markers and mediators, particularly after glucose ingestion.
  
  
  
  Observational study.
  
  
  
  We measured the circulating concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, matrix metallopeptidase-9, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and pentraxin-3, in the fasting state and during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, in 24 women and 25 men. Eleven men and 11 women were lean whereas 14 men and 13 women had weight excess.
  
  
  
  Anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-18) were increased in the fasting state and/or decreased in some women during the oral glucose tolerance test, as opposed to inflammatory mediators such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor and matrix metallopeptidase-9 that increased during the oral glucose tolerance test especially in subjects with weight excess. Body mass index and waist circumference were the main determinants of these changes. Fasting pentraxin-3 levels were especially increased in lean women in parallel to a decrease in free testosterone levels, and decreased during the oral glucose tolerance test as opposed to the increase in insulin concentrations.
  
  
  
  The circulating concentrations of markers of low-grade chronic inflammation in young healthy adults are not only influenced by obesity but also by abdominal adiposity, fasting and glucose ingestion and, in some cases, by sex and sex hormones. These influences should be considered when these markers are used as surrogate markers of the inflammatory milieu associated with obesity.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: hectorfrancisco.escobar@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: Héctor F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Escobar-Morreale
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Martínez-García
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montes-Nieto
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Durán
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Temprano-Carazo
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, E-28034, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luque-Ramírez
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D005947:Glucose; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000099153:Pentraxins; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; C579270:MMP9 protein, human
keywords: AUC; BMI; Chemokines; Cytokines; E(2); IL-18; Low-grade chronic inflammation; MCP1; MIF; MMP9; PTX3; SHBG; Sexual dimorphism; T; Weight excess; area under the curve; body mass index; high sensitivity C-reactive protein; high-sensitivity interleukin-6; hsCRP; hsIL-6; interleukin-18; macrophage migration inhibitory factor; matrix metallopeptidase 9; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; oGTT; oral glucose tolerance test; pentraxin-3; sex hormone-binding globulin; total estradiol; total testosterone