title: Emerging Immunotargets and Immunotherapies in Prostate Cancer.
abstract: Innate and adaptive immunity are both involved in prostate cancer (PCa) carcinogenesis and progression. On this scenario, several immunotherapeutic approaches have been proposed and are presently under extensive investigation in PCa patients. Among emerging immune targets, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4), anti-Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-Programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents seem to represent the most promising candidate for these patients, together with oncolytic viruses and vaccines, used alone or in combined strategies. In this review, we focused on emerging immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with PCa, showing the rational for their association with current standard therapies including anti-androgen agents, chemo- or radiation therapy.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sotte
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy. fmassari79@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Matrana
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moch
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor