title: Immune Checkpoint Modulators: An Emerging Antiglioma Armamentarium.
abstract: Immune checkpoints have come to the forefront of cancer therapies as a powerful and promising strategy to stimulate antitumor T cell activity. Results from recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate how checkpoint inhibition can be utilized to prevent tumor immune evasion and both local and systemic immune suppression. This review encompasses the key immune checkpoints that have been found to play a role in tumorigenesis and, more specifically, gliomagenesis. The review will provide an overview of the existing preclinical and clinical data, antitumor efficacy, and clinical applications for each checkpoint with respect to GBM, as well as a summary of combination therapies with chemotherapy and radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Eileen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Mira A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangraviti
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruzevick
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic