title: Is cannabis use associated with an increased risk of onset and persistence of alcohol use disorders? A three-year prospective study among adults in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between cannabis use and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) over time remains unclear. The current study used longitudinal data from adults in the United States (U.S.) to investigate the association between cannabis use and risk of onset and persistence of AUDs three years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used data from respondents who completed both waves of the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol Use and Related Disorders (NESARC; Wave 1, 2001-2001; Wave 2, 2004-2005) and for whom the age of first cannabis use preceded the age of any AUD. Incident AUDs were examined among respondents with no lifetime AUD diagnosis at Wave 1 (n=27,461). Persistent AUDs were examined among respondents with a lifetime AUD diagnosis at Wave 1 (n=2,121).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among adults with no history of AUD, cannabis use at Wave 1 was associated with increased incidence of an AUD three years later relative to no cannabis use (Odds Ratio (OR)=5.43; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=4.54-6.49). Among adults with a history of AUD, cannabis use at Wave 1 was associated with increased likelihood of AUD persistence three years later relative to no cannabis use (OR=1.74; 95% CI=1.56-1.95). These relationships remained significant after controlling for demographics, psychiatric disorders, and other substance use disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of AUD onset and persistence over the course of three years among U.S. adults. Community-based and clinical programs aimed at preventing or treating problematic alcohol use may benefit from integrating information about cannabis use in order to improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: andrea.weinberger@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: JMP2198@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, NY 11367, USA. Electronic address: renee.goodwin@qc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol use disorders; Cannabis; Comorbidity; Epidemiology