title: The efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood loss and the need for transfusion after total knee arthroplasty. However, the effectiveness of topical TXA use in total hip arthroplasty (THA) still remains unclear. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the safety and efficacy of topical use of TXA following THA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Topical TXA reduces blood loss and transfusion rates without increasing risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients with THA.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Chinese Biomedical Database was performed, to identify studies published before February 2015. All randomized controlled trials and cohort studies evaluating the efficacy of topical TXA during THA were included. Two independent authors identified the eligible studies, assessed their methodological quality, and extracted data. The data were using fixed-effects or random-effects models with (standard) mean differences and risk ratios for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Data were analysed using RevMan 5.3 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies encompassing 2594 patients met the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis indicated that when compared with the placebo group, topical use of TXA significantly reduced total blood loss (MD = -297.65 ml, 95 % CI -371.68 ml, 116.08 ml; P < 0.01), drainage loss (MD = -164.68 ml, 95 % CI -236.63 ml, -92.73 ml; P < 0.01), transfusion rate (RR = 0.26, 95 % CI 0.17, 0.40; P < 0.01) and with less of a drop in haemoglobin level (SMD = -0.66, 95 % CI -0.91, -0.41; P < 0.01) after primary THA. No significant difference in length of hospital stay (MD = -0.40, 95 % CI -0.91, 0.11; P = 0.14), deep vein thrombosis (RR = 1.19, 95 % CI 0.40, 3.57; P = 0.16) and pulmonary embolism (RR = 1.11, 95 % CI 0.11, 10.81; P = 0.21) among the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical TXA could significantly reduce total blood loss, drainage loss, transfusion rates and decrease haemoglobin level following THA, without increasing risk of venous thromboembolisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Shubiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Kezhou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Gengbin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China. Wanghu0754@163.com.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014148:Tranexamic Acid