title: Toxicogenomic analysis of the pulmonary toxic effects of hexanal in F344 rat.
abstract: Hexanal is a major component of indoor air pollutants and is a kind of aldehydes; it has adverse effects on human health. We performed an in vivo inhalation study and transcriptomic analysis to determine the mode of toxic actions in response to hexanal. Fischer 344 rats of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to hexanal aerosol for 4 h day-1, 5 days week-1for 4 weeks at 0, 600, 1000, and 1500 ppm. Throughout our microarray-based genome-wide expression analysis, we identified 56 differentially expressed genes in three doses of hexanal; among these genes, 11 genes showed dose-dependent expression patterns (10 downregulated and 1 upregulated, 1.5-fold, p < 0.05). Through a comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD) analysis of 11 genes, we determined that five genes (CCL12, DDIT4, KLF2, CEBPD, and ADH6) are linked to diverse disease categories such as cancer, respiratory tract disease, and immune system disease. These diseases were previously known for being induced by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our data demonstrated that the hexanal-induced dose-dependent altered genes could be valuable quantitative biomarkers to predict hexanal exposure and to perform relative risk assessments, including pulmonary toxicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 382-396, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea.|School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seoungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Chan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea.|Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-Gil, Jeongeup-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 580-185, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyuhong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea.|Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-Gil, Jeongeup-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 580-185, Korea.
authors.forename: Yongju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seoungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Sung
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea.|Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000447:Aldehydes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D012313:RNA; C010463:n-hexanal
keywords: aldehyde; environmental genomics; hexanal; indoor air pollutant; respiratory system