title: Dietary supplementation of Zeolite on growth performance, immunological role, and disease resistance in Channa striatus against Aphanomyces invadans.
abstract: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) caused by Aphanomyces invadans which is a primary fungal parasitic pathogen, inflicts serious economic loss in tropical freshwater fish including snakehead murrel, Channa striatus. In the present study with an aim to circumvent the adverse effects of the traditional measures in graded levels (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Zeolite enriched diet on growth performance, hematology, immunological response, and disease resistance in C. striatus against A. invadans is reported. The final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly high in infected fish fed with 4% or 6% Zeolite incorporated diets on 4th week. The maximum survival rates (SR) of 96% and 98% were observed when fed with 2% or 4% diets on 4th week. Similarly, the white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly high when fed with any Zeolite enriched diet. However, the haemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly high with 4% and 6% Zeolite diets. The total protein and globulin were significantly high with 4% and 6% diets; the albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly elevated with any enriched diet. The 4% and 6% Zeolite diets significantly enhanced the phagocytic activity on 2nd week but the 2% diet could increase it on 4th week. The respiratory burst (RB) activity, complement activity, and lymphocyte proliferation level were significantly enhanced with 4% and 6% Zeolite diets on weeks 1 and 2 while with 2% diet on 4th week. All enriched diets significantly increased the lysozyme activity during the experimental period. Superoxide anion (SOA) production significantly enhanced with 6% diet on weeks 1 and 2 whereas with 2% diet on week 4. Lower cumulative mortality of 10% and 15% was found with 4% and 6% Zeolite diets whereas a higher mortality (20%) was observed with 2% diet. The present study suggests that dietary supplementation with 4% or 6% Zeolite significantly increase growth performance, hemato-biochemical changes, immunological response, and disease resistance in C. striatus against A. invadans.
authors.affiliation: P.G. & Research Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Suntharam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jawahar
authors.affiliation: P.G. & Research Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vasanth
authors.affiliation: Unit of Aquaculture & Aquatic Toxicology, P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College, Chennai 600014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohamed Saiyad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Musthafa
authors.affiliation: Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jesu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arockiaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: rhari123@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D044744:Aphanomyces / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development; D017641:Zeolites / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017641:Zeolites
keywords: Aphanomyces invadans; Channa striatus; Hematology; Immune response; Zeolite