title: Glycemic control and complications in patients with type 1 diabetes - a registry-based longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults.
abstract: The main aims of this study were to assess longitudinal glycemic control and the prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy in young people (aged 14-30 yr) with type 1 diabetes in Norway.
  
  
  
  Data on 874 patients were obtained by linking two nationwide, population-based medical quality registries: The Norwegian Diabetes Register for Adults and The Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry.
  
  
  
  Median age was 23 yr, median diabetes duration 9 yr and 51% were male. Median HbA1cincreased through adolescence to peak at ages of 17 yr for females and 19 yr for males, females had higher HbA1cthan males: 9.3% (78 mmol/mol) vs. 9.1% (76 mmol/mol). Subsequently, median HbA1cdeclined but was still >8% (>64 mmol/mol) for patients approaching 30 yr. Half of the patients aged 14-17 yr and 40% of patients aged 18-25 yr had HbA1c>9% (75 mmol/mol). Retinopathy was found in 16% and nephropathy in 13% of the population. Patients transferring from the pediatric department to adult care between the ages of 14 and 17 yr had higher median HbA1cand prevalence of late complications than those transferring at ages 18-22 yr. Less than 40% of patients with albuminuria were treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker.
  
  
  
  Our results demonstrate that treatment of adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes in Norway is not optimal, especially for patients in their late teens. We suggest that pediatricians and endocrinologists should critically assess the care offered to this group and consider new approaches to help them improve glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Torild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skrivarhaug
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thue
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.|Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gøransson
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Karianne
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Løvaas
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D060305:Transition to Adult Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: diabetes complications; diabetes mellitus type 1; hemoglobin A glycosylated; registries; transition to adult care