title: Evaluation of the acute changes in objective accommodation, pupil size and ocular wavefront aberrations after cigarette smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The acute effects of cigarette smoking on pupil size and ocular wavefront aberrations (OWA) have been previously documented. The accommodation status of the eye is well known to be related to ocular aberrations. No previous study has evaluated the impact of cigarette smoking on the accommodation status of the eye. This study presents intriguing findings regarding the changes in objective accommodation of the eye after cigarette smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the acute changes in objective accommodation and OWA after cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 otherwise healthy cigarette smoker participants were included in this prospective study. All subjects smoked a single cigarette containing 1 mg nicotine. Measurements of pupil size, OWA and objective accommodation were done before and after smoking. A Wavefront Aberrometer device (Irx3, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) was used for the measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 36.6 ± 10.3 years (range 21-51 years). Pupil size did not significantly differ before (mean 5.72 ± 1.21 mm) and after smoking (mean 5.68 ± 1.14 mm) (p = 0.62). However, a significant decrease was observed in total spherical aberration (TSA) of the eye after smoking (p = 0.01). There was an increase in objective accommodation after smoking at each accommodative stimulus (range 0-5). This increment was significant at 2 D (p = 0.02) and 3 D (p = 0.03) of stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TSA of the eye significantly decreases after smoking. Cigarette smoking also causes a significant increase in objective accommodation at 2 D and 3 D of stimulus.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bardak
authors.affiliation: b Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunay
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bardak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ercalik
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imamoglu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Elvin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology , Umraniye Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Betul Onal
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Gunay
mesh_terms: D057128:Aberrometry; D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011680:Pupil; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accommodation; effect; smoking; wavefront aberrations