title: Computational Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based on Time-Dependent Bloch NMR Flow Equation and Bessel Functions.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnetic field along with radio waves and a computer to produce highly detailed "slice-by-slice" pictures of virtually all internal structures of matter. The results enable physicians to examine parts of the body in minute detail and identify diseases in ways that are not possible with other techniques. For example, MRI is one of the few imaging tools that can see through bones, making it an excellent tool for examining the brain and other soft tissues. Pulsed-field gradient experiments provide a straightforward means of obtaining information on the translational motion of nuclear spins. However, the interpretation of the data is complicated by the effects of restricting geometries as in the case of most cancerous tissues and the mathematical concept required to account for this becomes very difficult. Most diffusion magnetic resonance techniques are based on the Stejskal-Tanner formulation usually derived from the Bloch-Torrey partial differential equation by including additional terms to accommodate the diffusion effect. Despite the early success of this technique, it has been shown that it has important limitations, the most of which occurs when there is orientation heterogeneity of the fibers in the voxel of interest (VOI). Overcoming this difficulty requires the specification of diffusion coefficients as function of spatial coordinate(s) and such a phenomenon is an indication of non-uniform compartmental conditions which can be analyzed accurately by solving the time-dependent Bloch NMR flow equation analytically. In this study, a mathematical formulation of magnetic resonance flow sequence in restricted geometry is developed based on a general second order partial differential equation derived directly from the fundamental Bloch NMR flow equations. The NMR signal is obtained completely in terms of NMR experimental parameters. The process is described based on Bessel functions and properties that can make it possible to distinguish cancerous cells from normal cells. A typical example of liver distinguished from gray matter, white matter and kidney is demonstrated. Bessel functions and properties are specifically needed to show the direct effect of the instantaneous velocity on the NMR signal originating from normal and abnormal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. awojoyogbe@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bamidele O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Awojoyogbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Dada
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Samuel O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Onwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, National Hospital, P.M.B. 425, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Taofeeq A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ige
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ninuola I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Akinwande
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Bessel functions; Bloch NMR flow equations; Brain tumor; Cancerous tissues; Cerebrospinal fluid; Gray matter; NMR advection-diffusion equation; Phase shift; Sickle cell disease; White matter