title: Phylogenomics Reveals Three Sources of Adaptive Variation during a Rapid Radiation.
abstract: Speciation events often occur in rapid bursts of diversification, but the ecological and genetic factors that promote these radiations are still much debated. Using whole transcriptomes from all 13 species in the ecologically and reproductively diverse wild tomato clade (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon), we infer the species phylogeny and patterns of genetic diversity in this group. Despite widespread phylogenetic discordance due to the sorting of ancestral variation, we date the origin of this radiation to approximately 2.5 million years ago and find evidence for at least three sources of adaptive genetic variation that fuel diversification. First, we detect introgression both historically between early-branching lineages and recently between individual populations, at specific loci whose functions indicate likely adaptive benefits. Second, we find evidence of lineage-specific de novo evolution for many genes, including loci involved in the production of red fruit color. Finally, using a "PhyloGWAS" approach, we detect environment-specific sorting of ancestral variation among populations that come from different species but share common environmental conditions. Estimated across the whole clade, small but substantial and approximately equal fractions of the euchromatic portion of the genome are inferred to contribute to each of these three sources of adaptive genetic variation. These results indicate that multiple genetic sources can promote rapid diversification and speciation in response to new ecological opportunity, in agreement with our emerging phylogenomic understanding of the complexity of both ancient and recent species radiations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pease
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.|Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.|School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Leonie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Moyle
mesh_terms: D049810:Genetic Speciation; D023281:Genomics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic