title: Cost-Effectiveness of Implantable Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring in Chronic Heart Failure.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the CardioMEMS (CardioMEMS Heart Failure System, St Jude Medical Inc, Atlanta, Georgia) device in patients with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  
  The CardioMEMS device, an implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitor, was shown to reduce hospitalizations for heart failure and improve quality of life in the CHAMPION (CardioMEMS Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressure to Improve Outcomes in NYHA Class III Heart Failure Patients) trial.
  
  
  
  We developed a Markov model to determine the hospitalization, survival, quality of life, cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CardioMEMS implantation compared with usual care among a CHAMPION trial cohort of patients with heart failure. We obtained event rates and utilities from published trial data; we used costs from literature estimates and Medicare reimbursement data. We performed subgroup analyses of preserved and reduced ejection fraction and an exploratory analysis in a lower-risk cohort on the basis of the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart failure: Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity) trials.
  
  
  
  CardioMEMS reduced lifetime hospitalizations (2.18 vs. 3.12), increased quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (2.74 vs. 2.46), and increased costs ($176,648 vs. $156,569), thus yielding a cost of $71,462 per QALY gained and $48,054 per life-year gained. The cost per QALY gained was $82,301 in patients with reduced ejection fraction and $47,768 in those with preserved ejection fraction. In the lower-risk CHARM cohort, the device would need to reduce hospitalizations for heart failure by 41% to cost <$100,000 per QALY gained. The cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to the device's durability.
  
  
  
  In populations similar to that of the CHAMPION trial, the CardioMEMS device is cost-effective if the trial effectiveness is sustained over long periods. Post-marketing surveillance data on durability will further clarify its value.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: ats114@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Goldhaber-Fiebert
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Mintu P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Turakhia
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013318:Stroke Volume
keywords: CardioMEMS; cost-effectiveness; heart failure; monitoring; technology