title: A Matched Comparative Study of the Bilhaut Procedure Versus Resection and Reconstruction for Treatment of Radial Polydactyly Types II and IV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes of the Bilhaut procedure with outcomes of conventional resection and reconstruction in radial polydactyly types II and IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated with the Bilhaut procedure were radiologically matched with patients treated with reconstruction. Evaluated outcomes included the Rotterdam assessment system, pinch strength, and thumb size measurements. To determine objectively which aesthetic outcome scores truly depended on surgical technique rather than observer opinion, we analyzed evaluations by a panel of 22 individuals with varying clinical experience who were blinded to the study protocol, using a linear mixed regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Bilhaut procedure reduced the risk of suboptimal outcome for metacarpophalangeal joint instability in type IV radial polydactyly. Conversely, the Bilhaut procedure increased the risk of suboptimal scar appearance, residual prominence at amputation site, thumb size, and nail appearance. Tip pinch strength was more significantly reduced after the Bilhaut compared with reconstruction, whereas pulp circumference and nail width exceeded 100% of the unaffected contralateral hand after the Bilhaut reconstruction. There was no significant difference in active range of motion between procedures. Nail appearance proved the only aesthetic drawback of the Bilhaut procedure after adjustment for clinical experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was superior metacarpophalangeal joint stability after the Bilhaut procedure for radial polydactyly type IV, but this did not result in the presumed benefit to thumb strength. For experienced surgeons, both procedures resulted in comparable thumb active range of motion. However, aesthetic results were more likely perceived as pleasing after conventional reconstruction, even after adjusting for observer experience with regard to nail appearance. Despite possible benefits of modified Bilhaut procedures that preserve the nail, conventional reconstruction is the preferred procedure until otherwise proven.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.dijkman@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dijkman
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruud W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Selles
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hülsemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habenicht
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Steven E R
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hovius
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christianne A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhoven
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint; D052581:Pinch Strength; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013933:Thumb / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Bilhaut; Radial polydactyly; outcome; resection and reconstruction; surgery