title: Crosslinked polymeric ionic liquids as solid-phase microextraction sorbent coatings for high performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: Neat crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) compatible with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are reported for the first time. Six structurally different PILs were crosslinked to nitinol supports and applied for the determination of select pharmaceutical drugs, phenolics, and insecticides. Sampling conditions including sample solution pH, extraction time, desorption solvent, desorption time, and desorption solvent volume were optimized using design of experiment (DOE). The developed PIL sorbent coatings were stable when performing extractions under acidic pH and remained intact in various organic desorption solvents (i.e., methanol, acetonitrile, acetone). The PIL-based sorbent coating polymerized from the IL monomer 1-vinyl-3-(10-hydroxydecyl) imidazolium chloride [VC10OHIM][Cl] and IL crosslinker 1,12-di(3-vinylbenzylimidazolium) dodecane dichloride [(VBIM)2C12] 2[Cl] exhibited superior extraction performance compared to the other studied PILs. The extraction efficiency of pharmaceutical drugs and phenolics increased when the film thickness of the PIL-based sorbent coating was increased while many insecticides were largely unaffected. Satisfactory analytical performance was obtained with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.2 to 2 μg L(-1) for the target analytes. The accuracy of the analytical method was examined by studying the relative recovery of analytes in real water samples, including tap water and lake water, with recoveries varying from 50.2% to 115.9% and from 48.8% to 116.6%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Honglian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Josias
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merib
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: andersoj@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water
keywords: High-performance liquid chromatography; Pesticides; Pharmaceutical drugs; Phenolics; Polymeric ionic liquids; Solid-phase microextraction