title: Comparative Effects of Different Balance-Training-Progression Styles on Postural Control and Ankle Force Production: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the effectiveness of balance training, the exact parameters needed to maximize the benefits of such programs remain unknown. One such factor is how individuals should progress to higher levels of task difficulty within a balance-training program. Yet no investigators have directly compared different balance-training-progression styles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare an error-based progression (ie, advance when proficient at a task) with a repetition-based progression (ie, advance after a set amount of repetitions) style during a balance-training program in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 (16 women, 12 men) physically healthy young adults (age = 21.57 ± 3.95 years, height = 171.60 ± 11.03 cm, weight = 72.96 ± 16.18 kg, body mass index = 24.53 ± 3.7).
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed 12 supervised balance-training sessions over 4 weeks. Each session consisted of a combination of dynamic unstable-surface tasks that incorporated a BOSU ball and lasted about 30 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static balance from an instrumented force plate, dynamic balance as measured via the Star Excursion Balance Test, and ankle force production in all 4 cardinal planes of motion as measured with a handheld dynamometer before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selected static postural-control outcomes, dynamic postural control, and ankle force production in all planes of motion improved (P < .05). However, no differences between the progression styles were observed (P > .05) for any of the outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 4-week balance-training program consisting of dynamic unstable-surface exercises on a BOSU ball improved dynamic postural control and ankle force production in healthy young adults. These results suggest that an error-based balance-training program is comparable with but not superior to a repetition-based balance-training program in improving postural control and ankle force production in healthy young adults.
authors.affiliation: Physical Education and Sports Department, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey; †Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; ‡Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuğ
authors.affiliation: Physical Education and Sports Department, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey; †Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; ‡Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Physical Education and Sports Department, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey; †Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; ‡Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wikstrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BOSU; Star Excursion Balance Test; ankle strength; center of pressure