title: Study of Genial Tubercles of Craniofacial Anomalies Individuals on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genial tubercles (GTs) are bony protuberances on the lingual aspect of the mandible symphysis, where genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles are inserted. In the literature, few papers report their real dimensions. Cleft lip and palate are craniofacial anomalies involving the maxilla, but the anatomical structures of the mandible can be altered when these have associated with the cleft, some syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the GTs of 30 individuals and to make their measurements in cone beam computed tomography examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 30 individuals, 19 of them with cleft lip and palate, 6 individuals with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), and 5 individuals with Pierre Robin sequence, was used. The GTs were evaluated about the amount and the following measurements were performed: A--distance from the apex of the central incisors to GT, B--mandibular thickness in the region of GT, C-GT height, D-GT width, and E--distance from inferior border of mandible to GT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The individuals presented since the absence of GTs to 3. The TCS group had the highest average of the measurements A, D, and E with statistical difference (P = 0.006) (P = 0.011) and (P = 0.017), respectively. The Pierre Robin sequence group had the highest average measurement of B and C, but there was no statistical difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference in the measurements can be explained perhaps because individuals with TCS have glossoptosis and changes on retrognathic mandible, which would affect the position of the GT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivna Albano
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Rosana Mara Adami
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tucunduva
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia Alvares
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Capelozza
authors.forename: Bruna Stuchi
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Centurion
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D063405:Anatomic Variation; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D065710:Glossoptosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008342:Mandibulofacial Dysostosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult