title: Profile of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: Surgical Candidates Compared to Controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) improves motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor complications of dopaminergic treatment. Whether STN-DBS should be considered when PD patients experience neuropsychiatric symptoms is controversial. Lack of systematic behavioral evaluation at baseline hampers the understanding of postoperative neuropsychiatric outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compares the behavioral profile of a surgical population to that in general PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single center data from 234 PD surgical candidates were compared to data from 260 non-demented PD patients consulting in 13 PD expert centers at different stages of disease. The latter were considered representative of the general PD population. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Ardouin Scale of Behavior in PD, a guided interview quantifying changes in severity of 21 neuropsychiatric symptoms, classified into psychic non-motor fluctuations, hypo- and hyperdopaminergic behaviors. Multivariate analyses were performed to study differences in behavioral items between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical candidates were younger, had longer disease duration and used significantly higher doses of dopaminergic drugs. After adjustment for covariates, dopaminergic addiction (OR 10.83; p = 0.002), nocturnal hyperactivity (OR 1.87; p = 0.04), excessive hobbyism (OR 2.37; p = 0.008), "excess in motivation" (OR 4.02; p <  .001), psychic OFF (2.87; p < 0.001) and psychic ON (2.10; p = 0.001) fluctuations were more frequent in the surgical candidates. Depressed mood prevailed in the general PD population (OR 0.53; p = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral complications of dopaminergic treatment are frequent in PD patients candidates for STN-DBS. They cannot be considered as contraindications for STN-DBS but must be taken into account in postoperative management.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Valérie M J
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lamberti
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, DRCI, Biostatistics Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Eugénie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lhommée
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bichon
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelissier
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kistner
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fraix
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castrioto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne A J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Esselink
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology Department; CHU Gabriel Montpied, and Université Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durif
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.|Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krack
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Parkinson disease; deep brain stimulation; dopamine; impulse control disorders; subthalamic nucleus