title: Pollutant flows from a phosphogypsum disposal area to an estuarine environment: An insight from geochemical signatures.
abstract: Phosphogypsum wastes from phosphate fertilizer industries are stockpiled in stacks with high contamination potential. An assessment of the environmental impact, including the use of geochemical tracers such as rare earth elements (REE) and Cl/Br ratios, was carried out in the phosphogypsum stack located at the Estuary of Huelva (SW Spain). Inside the pile, highly polluted acid pore-waters flows up to the edge of the stack, emerging as small fluvial courses, known as edge outflows, which discharge directly into the estuary. The disposal area is divided into four zones; two unrestored zones with surface ponds of industrial process water and two a priori already-restored zones. However, an extensive sampling of edge outflows conducted in the perimeter of the four zones demonstrates the high potential of contamination of the whole stack, including those zones that were supposedly restored. These solutions are characterized by a pH of 1.9 and concentrations of 6100 mg/L for P, 1970 mg/L for S, 600 mg/L for F, 200mg/L for NH4(+), 100mg/L for Fe, 10-30 mg/L for Zn, As and U, and 1-10mg/L for Cr, Cu and Cd. Preliminary restoration actions and those planned for the future prioritize removal of ponded process water and cover of the phosphogypsum with artificial topsoil. These actions presuppose that the ponded process water percolates through the porous medium towards the edge up to reach the estuary. However, geochemical tracers rule out this connection and point to an estuarine origin for these leachates, suggesting a possible tidal-induced leaching of the waste pile in depth. These findings would explain the ineffectiveness of preliminary restoration measures and should be considered for the development of new action plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071 Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: rafael.perez@dgeo.uhu.es.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071 Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071 Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos Ruiz
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cánovas
authors.affiliation: Department of Geodynamics and Palaeontology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071 Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Aguasanta Miguel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071 Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia María
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Moreno
mesh_terms: D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D063366:Estuaries; D005308:Fertilizers; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C077769:phosphogypsum; D010758:Phosphorus; D002133:Calcium Sulfate
keywords: Acid leachates; Contaminant; Estuary of Huelva; Phosphogypsum stack; Restoration