title: Seroprevalence of CMV, HSV-2 and HBV among HIV-Infected Malawian Children: A Cross-sectional Survey.
abstract: Little is known about viral co-infections in African human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. We examined the prevalence of seromarkers for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections among HIV-infected, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve children in Lilongwe, Malawi.
  
  
  
  Ninety-one serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to CMV, and IgG antibodies to HSV-2 and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory data were abstracted from electronic records.
  
  
  
  CMV IgG was the most common positive result in all age groups (in 73% of children <1 year, and 100% in all other groups). Three patients were CMV IgM positive (3.3%), suggesting acute infection. HSV-2 IgG was positive in four patients (4.4%), and HBsAg in two (2.2%).
  
  
  
  CMV infection occurred early in life, and few children had specific signs of CMV infection at the time of ART initiation. Unrecognized HBV infection represents opportunities for testing and treatment of HIV/HBV co-infected children.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health (IS Global), Barcelona, Spain rosauro.varo@isglobal.org.
authors.forename: Rosauro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varo
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: W Chris
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kazembe
authors.affiliation: Lighthouse Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phiri
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mahajanga, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Diavolana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrianarimanana
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weigel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M
keywords: CMV; HBV; HIV; HSV-2; children; viral co-infections