title: A 15-MHz 1-3 Piezocomposite Concave Array  Transducer for Ophthalmic Imaging.
abstract: Because of the spherical shape of the human eye, the anterior segments of the eye, particularly the cornea and the lens, create high levels of refraction and reflection of ultrasound which negatively affect the performance of linear and convex arrays. To minimize the ultrasound energy loss, a 15-MHz concave array transducer was designed, fabricated, and characterized; its footprint is able to mesh well with the shape of the cornea. The concave array has a curvature with a radius of 15 mm and 128 elements with a 1.44- pitch. Its elevational focus and view angle are 30 mm and 72.3°, respectively, thus allowing the imaging area to cover the retinal region of interest in the posterior segment. As an active layer, a 1-3 piezocomposite was designed and fabricated in response to the bidirectional (i.e., azimuthal and elevational) curvature of the concave array and the high coupling coefficient. From the performance evaluation, it was found that the completed concave array is able to provide a center frequency of 15.95 MHz and a -6-dB fractional bandwidth of 67.8% after electrical tuning has been conducted. The crosstalk level was measured to be less than -25 dB. It was verified that the concave array is robust to the refraction and reflection from the cornea through pulse-echo testing using a custom-made eye-mimicking phantom. Furthermore, images of both the wire-target phantom and the ex vivo porcine eye were acquired by the finished concave array, which was connected to a commercial ultrasound scanner equipped with a research package. The evaluation results demonstrated that the developed concave array transducer is a possible alternative to conventional arrays for effectively imaging the posterior segment of the eye.
authors.forename: Jung Hyui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Byungwoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jihun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers