title: Patterns of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pediatric Patients with Facial Fractures.
abstract: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a potentially fatal injury accompanying fractures of the cranium and facial skeleton. When occurring at a young age, ICH can lead to developmental delay, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and death. It is therefore important for clinicians to recognize the presence of ICH early, and understand the factors that affect its prognosis. In this study, we aim to identify diagnostic and prognostic signs for ICH in pediatric facial fracture patients by examining aspects of patient presentation, concomitant injuries, and fracture patterns. Data were collected for all radiologically diagnosed facial fractures between January 2000 and December 2012 at a level I trauma center in Newark, NJ. This was then further refined to include only patients 18 years of age or younger who had a documented ICH. Patient age, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on presentation, fracture location, type of hemorrhage, and certain aspects of management were collected from these records. Data were then analyzed by either Pearson chi-square test or a t-test to determine significant relationships. A total of 285 pediatric patients were found to have sustained a facial fracture during this time period, 67 of which had concomitant ICH; 46 of these patients were male and 21 were female, with average ages of 14.26 and 9.52 (p < 0.01), respectively. Causes of injury included motor vehicle accidents, pedestrians struck, assault, falls, gunshot injuries, and sports-related injuries. All patients who suffered injuries as a result of violent crimes (assault and gunshot injuries) were male. Although nearly all fracture patterns were significantly associated with the presence of ICH, mandibular fractures showed a significant negative association with the presence of ICH. In addition, patients who received surgical intervention were significantly younger than those who did not (7.7 vs. 13.7, p < 0.05). The GCS was significantly lower in patients who underwent ICP (intracranial pressure) monitoring or EVD (external ventricular drain) placement, suffered intraventricular hemorrhage, experienced worsening of hemorrhage on repeat imaging, and suffered fatal injuries. Our data also showed a significant association between the need for intubation in the emergency department and fatality. Because the consequence of ICH can be life threatening, proper diagnosis and management are imperative. The purpose of this study is to describe patterns associated with ICH in pediatric facial fracture patients to promote early recognition of the injury and understanding of poor prognostic signs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Jordan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Halsey
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kordahi
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Granick
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: facial bones; intracranial hemorrhages; pediatrics