title: Salience and Default Mode Network Coupling Predicts Cognition in Aging and Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Three neurocognitive networks support efficient cognition: the salience network, the default mode network, and the central executive network. The salience network is thought to switch between activating and deactivating the default mode and central executive networks. Anti-correlated interactions between the salience and default mode networks in particular are necessary for efficient cognition. Our previous work demonstrated altered functional coupling between the neurocognitive networks in non-demented individuals with PD compared to age-matched control participants. Here, we aim to identify associations between cognition and functional coupling between these neurocognitive networks in the same group of participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the extent to which intrinsic functional coupling among these neurocognitive networks is related to cognitive performance across three neuropsychological domains: executive functioning, psychomotor speed, and verbal memory. Twenty-four non-demented individuals with mild to moderate PD and 20 control participants were scanned at rest and evaluated on three neuropsychological domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD participants were impaired on tests from all three domains compared to control participants. Our imaging results demonstrated that successful cognition across healthy aging and Parkinson's disease participants was related to anti-correlated coupling between the salience and default mode networks. Individuals with poorer performance scores across groups demonstrated more positive salience network/default-mode network coupling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful cognition relies on healthy coupling between the salience and default mode networks, which may become dysfunctional in PD. These results can help inform non-pharmacological interventions (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) targeting these specific networks before they become vulnerable in early stages of Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Putcha
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cronin-Golomb
authors.affiliation: 4Brain Imaging Center,McLean Hospital,Department of Psychiatry,Harvard Medical School,Belmont,Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Janes
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Chantal E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014706:Verbal Learning
keywords: Cognitive impairment; Default mode network; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Intrinsic connectivity networks; Neurodegeneration; Salience network