title: Is There a Correlation between Languages Spoken and Intricate Movements of Tongue? A Comparative Study of Various Movements of Tongue among the Three Ethnic Races of Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tongue is mainly used for taste, chewing and in speech. In the present study, we focused on the secondary function of the tongue as to how it is used in phonetic pronunciation and linguistics and how these factors affect tongue movements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare all possible movements of tongue among Malaysians belonging to three ethnic races and to find out if there is any link between languages spoken and ability to perform various tongue movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 450 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. The students were chosen from three different races i.e. Malays, Chinese and Indians (Malaysian Indians). Data was collected from the students through a semi-structured interview following which each student was asked to demonstrate various tongue movements like protrusion, retraction, flattening, rolling, twisting, folding or any other special movements. The data obtained was first segregated and analysed according to gender, race and types and dialects of languages spoken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that most of the Malaysians were able to perform the basic movements of tongue like protrusion, flattening movements and very few were able to perform twisting and folding of the tongue. The ability to perform normal tongue movements and special movements like folding, twisting, rolling and others was higher among Indians when compared to Malay and Chinese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Languages spoken by Indians involve detailed tongue rolling and folding in pronouncing certain words and may be the reason as to why Indians are more versatile with tongue movements as compared to the other two races amongst Malaysians. It may be a possibility that languages spoken by a person serves as a variable that increases their ability to perform special tongue movements besides influenced by the genetic makeup of a person.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus) , Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Satheesha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Mahfuzah Binti
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Awal
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Chang Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Ganeshram
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sivaram
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Thimesha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Tee Lian
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Choon
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Ashwini P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aithal
keywords: Linguistics; Malaysians; Speech