title: Smartphone-Based Fluorescent Diagnostic System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses.
abstract: Field diagnostic tools for avian influenza (AI) are indispensable for the prevention and controlled management of highly pathogenic AI-related diseases. More accurate, faster and networked on-site monitoring is demanded to detect such AI viruses with high sensitivity as well as to maintain up-to-date information about their geographical transmission. In this work, we assessed the clinical and field-level performance of a smartphone-based fluorescent diagnostic device with an efficient reflective light collection module using a coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay. By application of an optimized bioconjugate, a smartphone-based diagnostic device had a two-fold higher detectability as compared to that of the table-top fluorescence strip reader for three different AI subtypes (H5N3, H7N1, and H9N2). Additionally, in a clinical study of H5N1-confirmed patients, the smartphone-based diagnostic device showed a sensitivity of 96.55% (28/29) [95% confidence interval (CI): 82.24 to 99.91] and a specificity of 98.55% (68/69) (95% CI: 92.19 to 99.96). The measurement results from the distributed individual smartphones were wirelessly transmitted via short messaging service and collected by a centralized database system for further information processing and data mining. Smartphone-based diagnosis provided highly sensitive measurement results for H5N1 detection within 15 minutes. Because of its high sensitivity, portability and automatic reporting feature, the proposed device will enable agile identification of patients and efficient control of AI dissemination.
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon-Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: 2. School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-338, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyunghan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bui Thi
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Cuc
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nguyen Ngoc
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Duong Tuan
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nguyen Minh
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ngoc
authors.affiliation: 3. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No 1- Yersin street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Mai Quynh
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: 3. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No 1- Yersin street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Le Khanh
authors.initials: Nle K
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.affiliation: 3. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No 1- Yersin street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Co
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Thach
authors.affiliation: 4. College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shyam Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mallik
authors.affiliation: 4. College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hak Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 5. GenBody Inc, No.206, Biotech Business IC, DanKook University, San-29, Anseo-dong, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chom-Kyu
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: 6. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston USA.
authors.forename: Hak Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 7. College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Haan Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: 2. School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-338, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoungsik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: 1. Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003374:Coumarins; D050091:Dendrimers; D000067108:Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000068997:Smartphone; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins; D050091:Dendrimers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: coumarin-derived dendrimer; field application; fluorescence-based immunochromatographic strip test; highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus; smartphone-based fluorescent diagnostic device