title: Circulating Tumor Cells: A Review of Non-EpCAM-Based Approaches for Cell Enrichment and Isolation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are biomarkers for noninvasively measuring the evolution of tumor genotypes during treatment and disease progression. Recent technical progress has made it possible to detect and characterize CTCs at the single-cell level in blood.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most current methods are based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) detection, but numerous studies have demonstrated that EpCAM is not a universal marker for CTC detection because it fails to detect both carcinoma cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CTCs of mesenchymal origin. Moreover, EpCAM expression has been found in patients with benign diseases. A large proportion of the current studies and reviews about CTCs describe EpCAM-based methods, but there is evidence that not all tumor cells can be detected using this marker. Here we describe the most recent EpCAM-independent methods for enriching, isolating, and characterizing CTCs on the basis of physical and biological characteristics and point out the main advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTCs offer an opportunity to obtain key biological information required for the development of personalized medicine. However, there is no universal marker of these cells. To strengthen the clinical utility of CTCs, it is important to improve existing technologies and develop new, non-EpCAM-based systems to enrich and isolate CTCs.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France;
authors.forename: Marta Tellez
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France;
authors.forename: Lidia Rodriguez
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Calleja
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France;
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalopin
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France;
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ory
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. dominique.heymann@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heymann
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D002469:Cell Separation; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D006801:Humans; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C499379:EPCAM protein, human; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule