title: The involvement of protein kinase C-ε in isoflurane induced preconditioning of human embryonic stem cell--derived Nkx2.5(+) cardiac progenitor cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthetic preconditioning can improve survival of cardiac progenitor cells exposed to oxidative stress. We investigated the role of protein kinase C and isoform protein kinase C-ε in isoflurane-induced preconditioning of cardiac progenitor cells exposed to oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac progenitor cells were obtained from undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Immunostaining with anti-Nkx2.5 was used to confirm the differentiated cardiac progenitor cells. Oxidative stress was induced by H2O2 and FeSO4. For anesthetic preconditioning, cardiac progenitor cells were exposed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mM of isoflurane. PMA and chelerythrine were used for protein kinase C activation and inhibition, while εψRACK and εV1-2 were used for protein kinase C -ε activation and inhibition, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane-preconditioning decreased the death rate of Cardiac progenitor cells exposed to oxidative stress (death rates isoflurane 0.5 mM 12.7 ± 9.3%, 1.0 mM 12.0 ± 7.7% vs. control 31.4 ± 10.2%). Inhibitors of both protein kinase C and protein kinase C -ε abolished the preconditioning effect of isoflurane 0.5 mM (death rates 27.6 ± 13.5% and 25.9 ± 8.7% respectively), and activators of both protein kinase C and protein kinase C - ε had protective effects from oxidative stress (death rates 16.0 ± 3.2% and 10.6 ± 3.8% respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both PKC and PKC-ε are involved in isoflurane-induced preconditioning of human embryonic stem cells -derived Nkx2.5(+) Cardiac progenitor cells under oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. songoficu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: In-Ae
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. ohahyoung@hanmail.net.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Repulic of Korea. ohahyoung@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Ah-Young
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. anesing1@snu.ac.kr.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Repulic of Korea. anesing1@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ymchoi@snu.ac.kr.|The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ymchoi@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. ytjeon@snubh.org.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Repulic of Korea. ytjeon@snubh.org.
authors.forename: Young-Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. jinaryu@lycos.co.kr.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Repulic of Korea. jinaryu@lycos.co.kr.
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea. jungwon@snubh.org.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Repulic of Korea. jungwon@snubh.org.
authors.forename: Jung-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000066449:Human Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007530:Isoflurane; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon