title: Antibiotics Resistance in Rhizobium: Type, Process, Mechanism and Benefit for Agriculture.
abstract: The use of high-quality rhizobial inoculants on agricultural legumes has contributed substantially to the N economy of farming systems through inputs from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Large populations of symbiotically effective rhizobia should be available in the rhizosphere for symbiotic BNF with host plants. The rhizobial populations should also be able to compete and infect host plants. However, the rhizosphere comprises large populations of different microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms naturally produce antibiotics which are lethal to susceptible rhizobial populations in the soil. Therefore, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics is a desirable trait for the rhizobial population. It increases the rhizobia's chances of growth, multiplication and persistence in the soil. With a large population of rhizobia in the soil, infectivity of host plants and the subsequent BNF efficiency can be guaranteed. This review, therefore, puts together findings by various researchers on antibiotic resistance in bacteria with the main emphasis on rhizobia. It describes the different modes of action of different antibiotics, the types of antibiotic resistance exhibited by rhizobia, the mechanisms of acquisition of antibiotic resistance in rhizobia and the levels of tolerance of different rhizobial species to different antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naamala
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa. sanjaysiswa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Felix D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Dakora
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents