title: Upper Eyelid and Pupillary Effects of Topical Dilute Epinephrine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenergic medications may elevate the upper eyelid and dilate the pupil. The effects of topical phenylephrine on Müller's muscle have been well described. Dilute epinephrine (DE) is a sympathomimetic agent commonly administered in blepharoptosis surgery, and has been shown to elevate the upper eyelid margin when injected subcutaneously. The effects of DE applied topically to the eye, whether intentional or inadvertent during surgery have not been characterized. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify and compare the effects of topical DE and phenylephrine on upper eyelid position and pupil size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized trial of 41 adults without (n = 25, 25 eyes) and with ptosis (n = 16, 16 eyes). Upper eyelid margin reflex distance (MRD1) and pupil diameter were primary measures and pupil reactivity to light was a secondary measure. MRD1 and pupil diameter were recorded at baseline and at 30-second intervals for 5 minutes after administration of topical 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 (DE). After a washout period of >24 hours, the same measurements were recorded after administration of topical phenylephrine 2.5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference was observed between mean baseline and postexposure MRD1 after application of topical DE (p = 0.181). In contrast, a mean increase in MRD1 of 0.51 ± 0.09 mm (effect size 0.33) was observed after exposure to phenylephrine 2.5% (p < 0.001). Baseline-adjusted postexposure mean MRD1 was significantly greater for phenylephrine compared with DE (p < 0.001, analysis of covariance). Mean pupil diameter increased 0.29 ± 0.09 mm (effect size 0.48) in response to DE and 0.27 ± 0.11 mm (effect size 0.41) after application of phenylephrine (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). All pupils maintained a constrictive response to light.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although DE is similar to topical phenylephrine in causing mydriasis, it did not have a similar effect on elevating the upper eyelid. These findings may have implications on intraoperative assessment during eyelid surgery. The pupillary changes due to DE offer one explanation for cases of transient pupil dilation during orbitofacial surgery.
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Giancarlo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.forename: Swapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vemuri
authors.forename: Jeremiah P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D004837:Epinephrine