title: Nicotinic effects of tobacco smoke constituents in nonhuman primates.
abstract: Recent studies in rodents suggest that non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke (e.g., minor tobacco alkaloids) may promote tobacco consumption-either through their own pharmacological effects or by augmenting the effects of nicotine. However, there is scant information on the behavioral pharmacology of minor tobacco alkaloids in primate species.
  
  
  
  The present studies were conducted to determine whether the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine, and cotinine exhibit nicotine-like behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys.
  
  
  
  Initial experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nicotine (0.032-1.0 mg/kg) and the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine (1-1.8 mg/kg), anabasine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), anatabine (10-32 mg/kg), myosmine (0.32-1.8 mg/kg), and cotinine (10-180 mg/kg) on food-maintained performance (n = 4). Next, the ability of tobacco alkaloids to substitute for the α4β2-selective nicotinic agonist (+)-epibatidine in drug discrimination experiments was evaluated in a separate group of monkeys (n = 4).
  
  
  
  Results show that nicotine and each minor tobacco alkaloid except cotinine (a) produced dose-related decreases in food-maintained responding; (b) substituted for (+)-epibatidine and, in additional experiments, produced additive effects when combined with nicotine; (c) induced emesis or tremor at doses that reduced food-maintained responding and had (+)-epibatidine-like discriminative-stimulus effects; and (d) based on correlation with reported receptor binding affinities, likely produced their behavioral effects through α4β2 receptor mechanisms.
  
  
  
  Selected minor tobacco alkaloids have nicotinic-like effects that may contribute to tobacco consumption and addiction.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA. rdesai@mclean.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Rajeev I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Withey
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000691:Anabasine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012453:Saimiri; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D011725:Pyridines; D012906:Smoke; C012737:anatabine; D009538:Nicotine; C005311:nornicotine; C002398:myosmine; D003367:Cotinine; D000691:Anabasine
keywords: Anabasine; Anatabine; Drug discrimination; Epibatidine; Food-maintained behavior; Minor tobacco alkaloids; Myosmine; Nicotine; Nonhuman primates; Nornicotine