title: Simple interventions to improve healthy eating behaviors in the school cafeteria.
abstract: The National School Lunch Program in the United States provides an important opportunity to improve nutrition for the 30 million children who participate every school day. The purpose of this narrative review is to present and evaluate simple, evidence-based strategies to improve healthy eating behaviors at school. Healthy eating behaviors are defined as increased selection/consumption of fruits and/or vegetables, increased selection of nutrient-dense foods, or decreased selection of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods. Data were collected from sales records, 24-hour food recalls, direct observation, and estimation of plate waste. The review is limited to simple, discrete interventions that are easy to implement. Sixteen original, peer-reviewed articles are included. Interventions are divided into 5 categories: modification of choice, behavior modification, marketing strategies, time-efficiency strategies, and fruit slicing. All interventions resulted in improved eating behaviors, but not all interventions are applicable or feasible in all settings. Because these studies were performed prior to the implementation of the new federally mandated school meal standards, it is unknown if these interventions would yield similar results if repeated now.
authors.affiliation: H.S. Kessler is with the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. holly-kessler@ouhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Holly S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012574:Schools
keywords: National School Lunch Program; adolescents; children; eating behavior; fruits; vegetables