title: Comparison of the Root End Sealing Ability of Four Different Retrograde Filling Materials in Teeth with Root Apices Resected at Different Angles - An Invitro Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufficient apical seal is the significant reason for surgical endodontic disappointment. The root-end filling material utilized should avoid egress of potential contaminants into periapical tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the sealing ability of four root-end filling materials MTA, Portland cement, IRM, RMGIC in teeth with root apices resected at 0 and 45 angle using dye penetration method under fluorescent microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned horizontally at the cement-enamel junction. After cleaning, shaping and obturation with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, the tooth samples were randomly divided in two groups (the root apices resected at 0° and 45° to the long axis of the root). The root resections were carried out by removing 2 mm and 1 mm in both the groups. Following which 3 mm deep root-end cavities were prepared at the apices and the root were coated with nail varnish except the tip. The teeth in both the group were randomly divided into four subgroups each (Pro root MTA, Portland cement, IRM and Light cure nano GIC Ketac N-100). All the retrofilled samples were stored in acrydine orange for 24 hours after which they were cleaned and vertically sectioned buccolingually. The sectioned root samples were observed under fluorescent microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The root apex sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was superior to Portland cement, Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) and LC GIC. IRM demonstrated the maximum apical leakage value among all the materials. Portland cement and LC GIC showed comparable sealing ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The angulation whether 0° or 45° angle did not affect the sealing ability of all the four materials used, MTA proved to be one of the superior materials for root-end filling.
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Gwalior, India .
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences . Virajpet, Coorg, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ponnappa
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Gwalior, India .
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Dentistry, U.P. RIMS and R, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. Pacific Dental College and Hospital , Udaipur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Relhan
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Gwalior, India .
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Gwalior, India .
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choubey
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre , Gwalior, India .
authors.forename: Shivanshu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
keywords: Apical microleakage; Apicectomy; Light cure GIC; MTA; Portland cement