title: Influence of supragingival biofilm control and smoking habit on Interleukin-1β concentration.
abstract: This investigation compared gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations in periodontitis patients subjected to a strict supragingival biofilm control (Supra) for 6 months. Never-smokers (23) and smokers (n = 20; 19.6 ± 11.8 cigarettes/day) moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis patients underwent a 6 months period of supragingival control with weekly recall visits. Periodontal probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and GCF samples (from different PPD category sites: 3-5 mm and 6-10 mm) were obtained at the baseline, 30, and 180 days. IL-1β was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit prediction models of IL-1β changes, considering the dependence between the examinations, and using only data from experimental sites. Overall IL-1β concentrations decreased from 3.2 pg/µL to 1.9 pg/µL. Higher baseline IL-1β concentrations were associated with higher baseline PPD values in both groups. There were no differences in IL-1β concentrations between never-smokers and smokers over time for any PPD category. Higher baseline PPD values and the presence of BOP on day 180 were significantly associated with higher IL-1β concentrations. A strict Supra regimen reduced IL-1β concentrations over time in periodontitis patients. The benefits observed for smokers underline the importance of oral hygiene measures, even considering the presence of this important risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina Carvalho
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Dental School, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Coradini
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abascal
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex Nogueira
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Dental School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia Daniela Melchiors
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Angst
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rui Vicente
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Oppermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnoses and Surgery, Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosemary Adriana Chierici
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018441:Biofilms; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta