title: Clinical Decision Support Reduces Overuse of Red Blood Cell Transfusions: Interrupted Time Series Analysis.
abstract: Red blood cell transfusion is the most common procedure in hospitalized patients in the US. Growing evidence suggests that a sizeable percentage of these transfusions are inappropriate, putting patients at significant risk and increasing costs to the health care system.
  
  
  
  We performed a retrospective quasi-experimental study from November 2008 until November 2014 in a 576-bed tertiary care hospital. The intervention consisted of an interruptive clinical decision support alert shown to a provider when a red blood cell transfusion was ordered in a patient whose most recent hematocrit was ≥21%. We used interrupted time series analysis to determine whether our primary outcome of interest, rate of red blood cell transfusion in patients with hematocrit ≥21% per 100 patient (pt) days, was reduced by the implementation of the clinical decision support tool. The rate of platelet transfusions was used as a nonequivalent dependent control variable.
  
  
  
  A total of 143,000 hospital admissions were included in our analysis. Red blood cell transfusions decreased from 9.4 to 7.8 per 100 pt days after the clinical decision support intervention was implemented. Interrupted time series analysis showed that significant decline of 0.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.07; P < .001) units of red blood cells transfused per 100 pt days per month was already underway in the preintervention period. This trend accelerated to 0.1 (95% CI, 0.09-0.12; P < .001) units of red blood cells transfused per 100 pt days per month following the implementation of the clinical decision support tool. There was no statistical change in the rate of platelet transfusion resulting from the intervention.
  
  
  
  The implementation of an evidence-based clinical decision support tool was associated with a significant decline in the overuse of red blood cell transfusion. We believe this intervention could be easily replicated in other hospitals using commercial electronic health records and a similar reduction in overuse of red blood cell transfusions achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland. Electronic address: kassakia@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Kassakian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Yackel
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deloughery
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dorr
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D065186:Interrupted Time Series Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D000069342:Medical Overuse / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Alert; Anemia; Choosing Wisely; Clinical decision support; Electronic health record; Electronic medical record; Interrupted time series analysis; Overuse; Quality; Red blood cell transfusion; Transfusion