title: Silent Bias: Challenges, Obstacles, and Strategies for Leadership Development in Academic Medicine-Lessons From Oral Histories of Women Professors at the University of Kansas.
abstract: Despite dramatic increases in female learners and junior faculty, a significant gap remains in female leadership in academic medicine. To assess challenges and obstacles encountered, strategies for academic success, and lessons learned for leadership development, the authors conducted an in-depth study of women full professors.
  
  
  
  The authors used a qualitative oral history approach, interviewing 87% of the cohort of female full professors at one Midwestern medical school in 2013 using a pretested, open-ended, semistructured interview guide. Interviews were videotaped and the audio recordings transcribed. Content was sorted into categories and key themes identified within each category.
  
  
  
  Participants described significant challenges: being treated with "silent bias," "being ignored," and being seen as an "other." Coping strategies included downplaying, keeping a distance, employing humor, and using symbols (e.g., white coat) to carefully present themselves. Explanations for success included intelligence, meritocracy, being even-tempered, and carefully constructing femininity. The participants recommended individual skills and actions to prepare for leadership development. Virtually all women could describe an individual mentor (sponsor), usually male, who provided essential assistance for their career success. At the same time, they stressed the importance of institutional support for diversity, especially with child care.
  
  
  
  Attaining "full professor" status is the pinnacle of academic success. Women who successfully navigated this academic ladder describe significant external and internal challenges that require multiple strategies to overcome. Leadership development entails a combination of individual support through mentors and sponsors, self-education and reflection, and organizational structural support to promote diversity.
authors.affiliation: S.K. Pingleton is professor of medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and associate dean, Continuing Education/Professional Development, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. E.V.M. Jones is a doctoral student, Department of Sociology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. T.A. Rosolowski is a historian and consultant, Houston, Texas. M.K. Zimmerman is Joy McCann Professor of Women in Medicine and Science and professor and director of doctoral studies, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pingleton
authors.forename: Emily V M
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Tacey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rosolowski
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D002322:Career Mobility; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007615:Kansas; D007857:Leadership; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012577:Schools, Medical; D063507:Sexism / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities