title: Transfer effects of errorless Goal Management Training on cognitive function and quality of life in brain-injured persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous findings had shown that the addition of errorless learning to traditional Goal Management Training (GMT) resulted in superior results when training everyday tasks in persons with executive deficits after brain injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the additional effects of an errorless GMT on cognitive function and quality of life after acquired brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a supplementary analysis of findings from an RCT in which 67 patients with executive impairments after acquired brain injury were randomly allocated to an experimental errorless GMT (n = 33) or conventional GMT (n = 34) to train two individually chosen everyday tasks. Objective cognitive function using neuropsychological tests, subjective cognitive complaints and quality of life using questionnaires were assessed before and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant interaction effects between these three types of outcome measures and the two forms of GMT were found. Irrespective of treatment, performance on two executive tests (Modified Six Elements Test; p = 0.006, Zoo Map test; p = 0.001) improved and daily executive function problems as reported by the participants (EFI; p = 0.001) and proxies (DEX; p = 0.01) diminished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides the previously found superiority of errorless GMT when training everyday tasks, additional improvements in cognition and quality of life did not differ between the two treatments.
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Outpatient Neuropsychiatry Center Thalamus, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertens
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Psychology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roy P C
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Neuropsychiatry Center Thalamus, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danielle H E
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Boelen
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fasotti
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cognitive rehabilitation; activities of daily living; cognitive function; executive function; quality of life