title: Infectious Diseases in Sub-Saharan Immigrants to Spain.
abstract: Immigrants may be carriers of infectious diseases because of the prevalence of these diseases in their country of origin, exposure during migration, or conditions during resettlement, with this prevalence being particularly high in sub-Saharan Africans. We performed a retrospective review of 180 sub-Saharan immigrants screened for infectious diseases at an International Health Center from January 2009 to December 2012. At least one pathogenic infectious disease was diagnosed in 72.8% patients: 60.6% latent tuberculosis infection, 36.8% intestinal parasites (intestinal protozoa or helminths), 28.1% helminths, 14.8% hepatitis B surface antigen positive, 1.2% anti-hepatitis C virus positive, 1.2% human immunodeficiency virus-positive, and 1.2% malaria. Coinfections were present in 28.4%. There was significant association between eosinophilia (absolute count or percentage) or hyper-IgE and the presence of helminths (P< 0.001). Relative eosinophilia and hyper-IgE were better indicators of helminth infection than absolute eosinophilia, particularly for schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis. We found a high prevalence of infectious diseases in sub-Saharan immigrants, which could lead to severe health problems (in the absence of prompt treatment), representing a high cost to the public health system and possible transmission in the host country. Accurate screening and tailored protocols for infectious diseases are recommended in sub-Saharan immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain n.serre@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Serre Delcor
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Begoña Treviño
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Maruri
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni Soriano
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Arandes
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel Claveria
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Guiu
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hakima Ouaarab
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Essadik
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mateu Espasa
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Soley
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Israel Molina
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Department, (PROSICS) Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Public Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ascaso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult