title: Transformation of Contaminant Candidate List (CCL3) compounds during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes in drinking water: Assessment of biological effects.
abstract: The removal of emerging contaminants during water treatment is a current issue and various technologies are being explored. These include UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, AOPs were explored for their degradation capabilities of 25 chemical contaminants on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) in drinking water. Twenty-three of these were found to be amenable to hydroxyl radical-based treatment, with second-order rate constants for their reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the range of 3-8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The development of biological activity of the contaminants, focusing on mutagenicity and estrogenicity, was followed in parallel with their degradation using the Ames and YES bioassays to detect potential changes in biological effects during oxidative treatment. The majority of treatment cases resulted in a loss of biological activity upon oxidation of the parent compounds without generation of any form of estrogenicity or mutagenicity. However, an increase in mutagenic activity was detected by oxidative transformation of the following CCL3 parent compounds: nitrobenzene (OH, UV photolysis), quinoline (OH, ozone), methamidophos (OH), N-nitrosopyrolidine (OH), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (OH), aniline (UV photolysis), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (UV photolysis). Only one case of formation of estrogenic activity was observed, namely, for the oxidation of quinoline by OH. Overall, this study provides fundamental and practical information on AOP-based treatment of specific compounds of concern and represents a framework for evaluating the performance of transformation-based treatment processes.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mestankova
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Austa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bramaz
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canonica
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: vongunten@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Gunten
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: karl.linden@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D060766:Drinking Water; D009153:Mutagens; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011804:Quinolines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C013161:N-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010126:Ozone; C023649:N-nitrosodiphenylamine; C036077:nitrobenzene; C037219:quinoline; C023650:aniline
keywords: Estrogenicity; Hydroxyl radical; Mutagenicity; Ozone; Ultraviolet