title: Association between sodium intakes with the risk of chronic kidney disease: evidence from a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inconsistent results regarding the association between sodium intake and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies of sodium with the risk of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent studies were identified by searching of PubMed and Web of Science. The random effect model was used to combine the results. Meta-regression and subgroups analyses were used to explore potential sources of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated using Egger's regression asymmetry test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Finally, 9 articles involving 5638 CKD cases were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested that highest sodium intake level versus lowest level was significantly associated with the risk of CKD [summary relative risk (RR) = 1.088, 95% CI = 1.009-1.193, I(2) = 78.1%], especially among Europe [summary RR = 1.097, 95% CI = 1.009-1.205], but not in the America. The association was also found in the prospective studies [summary RR = 1.096, 95% CI = 1.007-1.192], but not in the cross-sectional studies. No evidence of significant publication bias was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher sodium intake might increase the risk of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Weixia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Zhiwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Fuzhe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Zhonggao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yaowen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
keywords: Sodium; chronic kidney disease; meta-analysis