title: The individual level cost of pregnancy termination in Zambia: a comparison of safe and unsafe abortion.
abstract: Zambia has one of the most liberal abortion laws in sub-Saharan Africa. However, rates of unsafe abortion remain high with negative health and economic consequences. Little is known about the economic burden on women of abortion care-seeking in low income countries. The majority of studies focus on direct costs (e.g. hospital fees). This article estimates the individual-level economic burden of safe and unsafe abortion care-seeking in Zambia, incorporating all indirect and direct costs. It uses data collected in 2013 from a tertiary hospital in Lusaka, (n = 112) with women who had an abortion. Three treatment routes are identified: (1) safe abortion at the hospital, (2) unsafe clandestine medical abortion initiated elsewhere with post-abortion care at the hospital and (3) unsafe abortion initiated elsewhere with post-abortion care at the hospital. Based on these three typologies, we use descriptive analysis and linear regression to estimate the costs for women of seeking safe and unsafe abortion and to establish whether the burden of abortion care-seeking costs is equally distributed across the sample. Around 39% of women had an unsafe abortion, incurring substantial economic costs before seeking post-abortion care. Adolescents and poorer women are more likely to use unsafe abortion. Unsafe abortion requiring post-abortion care costs women 27% more than a safe abortion. When accounting for uncertainty this figure increases dramatically. For safe and unsafe abortions, unofficial provider payments represent a major cost to women.This study demonstrates that despite a liberal legislation, Zambia still needs better dissemination of the law to women and providers and resources to ensure abortion service access. The policy implications of this study include: the role of pharmacists and mid-level providers in the provision of medical abortion services; increased access to contraception, especially for adolescents; and elimination of demands for unofficial provider payments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK, t.leone@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
authors.forename: Ernestina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coast
authors.affiliation: City University, London, UK and.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Bellington
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vwalika
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety; D011247:Pregnancy; D015024:Zambia
keywords: Abortion; Africa; Zambia; direct costs; indirect costs