title: Hepatic biotransformation pathways and ruminal metabolic stability of the novel anthelmintic monepantel in sheep and cattle.
abstract: Monepantel (MNP) is a new amino-acetonitrile derivative anthelmintic drug used for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes in sheep. The present work investigated the main enzymatic pathways involved in the hepatic biotransformation of MNP in sheep and cattle. The metabolic stability in ruminal fluid of both the parent drug and its main metabolite (monepantel sulphone, MNPSO2 ) was characterized as well. Additionally, the relative distribution of both anthelmintic molecules between the fluid and particulate phases of the ruminal content was studied. Liver microsomal fractions from six (6) rams and five (5) steers were incubated with a 40 μm of MNP. Heat pretreatment (50 °C for 2 min) of liver microsomes was performed for inactivation of the flavin-monooxygenase (FMO) system. Additionally, MNP was incubated in the presence of 4, 40, and 80 μm of methimazole (MTZ), a FMO inhibitor, or equimolar concentrations of piperonyl butoxide (PBx), a well-known general cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor. In both ruminant species, MNPSO2 was the main metabolite detected after MNP incubation with liver microsomes. The conversion rate of MNP into MNPSO2 was fivefold higher (P < 0.05) in sheep (0.15 ± 0.08 nmol/min·mg) compared to cattle. In sheep, the relative involvement of both FMO and CYP systems (FMO/CYP) was 36/64. Virtually, only the CYP system appeared to be involved in the production of MNPSO2 in cattle liver. Methimazole significantly reduced (41 to 79%) the rate of MNPSO2 production in sheep liver microsomes whereas it did not inhibit MNP oxidation in cattle liver microsomes. On the other hand, PBx inhibited the production of MNPSO2 in liver microsomes of both sheep (58 to 98%, in a dose-dependent manner) and cattle (almost 100%, independently of the PBx concentration added). The incubation of MNP and MNPSO2 with ruminal contents of both species showed a high chemical stability without evident metabolism and/or degradation as well as an extensive degree of adsorption (83% to 90%) to the solid phase of the ruminal content. Overall, these results are a further contribution to the understanding of the metabolic fate of this anthelmintic drug in ruminants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballent
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Virkel
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maté
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viviani
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanusse
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lifschitz
mesh_terms: D000607:Aminoacetonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005415:Flavins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008713:Methimazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D005415:Flavins; D000607:Aminoacetonitrile; D008713:Methimazole; C533978:monepantel; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide