title: Intra-articular injection, subacromial injection, and hydrodilatation for primary frozen shoulder: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the efficacy of 3 injection methods, intra-articular injection, subacromial injection, and hydrodilatation (HD), in the treatment of primary frozen shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with primary frozen shoulder were randomized to undergo intra-articular injection (n = 29), subacromial injection (n = 29), or HD (n = 28). Evaluations using a visual analog scale for pain, Simple Shoulder Test, Constant score, and passive range of shoulder motion were completed before treatment and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 3 injection methods for primary frozen shoulder, HD resulted in a greater range of motion in forward flexion and external rotation, a lower visual analog scale score for pain after 1 month, and better outcomes for all functional scores after 1 month and 3 months of follow-up. However, there were no significant differences in any clinical outcomes among the 3 groups in the final follow-up at 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although HD yielded more rapid improvement, the 3 injection methods for primary frozen shoulder resulted in similar clinical improvement in the final follow-up at 6 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Pil
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: smilecsw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seok Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Sup
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Ju
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Oh
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000174:Acromion; D002062:Bursitis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014221:Triamcinolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014221:Triamcinolone; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Primary frozen shoulder; hydrodilatation; injection method; intra-articular injection; stiff shoulder; subacromial injection