title: Using uniformat and gene[rate] to Analyze Data with Ambiguities in Population Genetics.
abstract: Some genetic systems frequently present ambiguous data that cannot be straightforwardly analyzed with common methods of population genetics. Two possibilities arise to analyze such data: one is the arbitrary simplification of the data and the other is the development of methods adapted to such ambiguous data. In this article, we present an attempt at such a development, the uniformat grammar and The gene[rate] tools, highlighting the specific aspects and the adaptations required to analyze ambiguous nominal data in population genetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nunes
keywords: EM algorithm; Hardy-Weinberg; ambiguous genetic data; data manipulation; frequency estimation; linkage disequilibrium