title: Incidence and Remission of Nocturia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: Although vital for decision-making about management, the natural history of nocturia remains uncertain. A systematic review would clarify the issue, but because natural history reviews are uncommon it would require methodological innovations.
  
  
  
  To estimate the incidence and remission of nocturia, and refine methods for meta-analyses assessing natural history.
  
  
  
  We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases and abstracts of major urologic meetings as far as August 31, 2015. Random effects meta-analyses addressed incidence/remission rates of nocturia; meta-regression explored potential determinants of heterogeneity. Studies were categorized as either low or high risk of bias using a novel instrument specifically designed for longitudinal symptom studies aimed at the general population.
  
  
  
  Of 4165 potentially relevant reports, 16 proved eligible. Pooled estimates from 13 studies (114 964 person-years of follow-up) demonstrated that annual incidence was strongly associated with age: 0.4% (0-0.8%) for adults aged < 40 yr; 2.8% (1.9-3.7%) for adults aged 40-59 yr; and 11.5% (9.1-14.0%) for adults aged ≥ 60 yr. Of those with nocturia, each year 12.1% (9.5-14.7%) experienced remission.
  
  
  
  The available evidence suggests that nocturia onset is strongly associated with age, with much higher rates in those over 60 yr; remission occurs in approximately 12% each year. These estimates can aid with management decisions and counseling related to nocturia.
  
  
  
  We reviewed all previous studies of progression of night-time urination (nocturia). We found that in any given year 0.4% of adults aged < 40 yr, 3% of adults aged 40-59 yr, and 12% of adults aged ≥ 60 yr will develop nocturia, while overall 12% of those with nocturia will improve. These findings may be helpful in making decisions about coping with or treating nocturia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland; Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jori S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Urogynaecology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rufus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangera
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Henrikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Santti
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Kansas and The Landon Center On Aging, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Tomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Griebling
authors.affiliation: North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Department of Urology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexey E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pryalukhin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jarno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riikonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Riikka M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tähtinen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Arnav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Johnson F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Camille P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Alayne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Markland
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Porvoo Hospital, Porvoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fonsell-Annala
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Teuvo L J
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Anssi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heels-Ansdell
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: kari.tikkinen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kari A O
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tikkinen
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Epidemiology; Incidence; Lower urinary tract symptoms; Meta-analysis; Meta-regression; Nocturia; Remission; Systematic review