title: Physical load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review.
abstract: This article reports a meta-analytic review of seven extant experiments, with 235 participants, concerning effects of physical workload on duration judgments. It also provides a qualitative assessment of related studies that, for specific reasons, were not includable in the quantitative meta-analysis. All analyzed experiments used the prospective duration-judgment paradigm and the production method, in which participants knew in advance that duration estimation was required. A large overall effect size reveals that increasing physical workload results in longer prospective duration productions. Physical workload effects are comparable to those of cognitive load. Implications for applied research, theory, and applications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3440, United States. Electronic address: block@montana.edu.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Block
authors.affiliation: University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-1390, United States.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zakay
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Physical demands; Time estimation; Time perception; Workload