title: Evidence for natural selection at the melanocortin-3 receptor gene in European and African populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is increasing steadily in worldwide prevalence and is known to cause serious health problems in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including hypertension, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases. According to the thrifty gene hypothesis, the natural selection of obesity-related genes is important during feast and famine because they control body weight and fat levels. Past human adaptations to environmental changes in food supply, lifestyle, and geography may have influenced the selection of genes associated with the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and energy. The melanocortin-3 receptor gene (MC3R) is associated with obesity, with MC3R-deficient mice showing increased fat mass. MC3R variations are also linked with childhood obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we aimed to uncover evidence of selection at MC3R.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a three-step method to detect selection at MC3R using HapMap population data. We used Wright's F statistics as a measure of population differentiation, the long-range haplotype test to identify extended haplotypes, and the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to detect selection at MC3R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed high population differentiation between European and African populations at two MC3R childhood obesity- and insulin resistance-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3746619 and rs3827103) using Wright's F statistics. The iHS revealed evidence of natural selection at MC3R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence for natural selection at MC3R. Further investigation is warranted into adaptive evolution at T2DM- and obesity-associated genes.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Genetics, Diabetes Mellitus, and Medicine, Yoshiuchi Medical Diabetes Institute, 2-16-41 Kamakurayama, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, 248-0031, Japan. yoshiuchi@m9.dion.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yoshiuchi
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044104:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044104:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
keywords: Childhood obesity; Insulin resistance; MC3R; Natural selection; Thrifty gene