title: Degradation of Tetracyclines in Pig Manure by Composting with Rice Straw.
abstract: A holistic approach was followed for utilizing tetracyclines (TCs)-contaminated pig manure, by composting this with rice straw in a greenhouse for CO₂ fertilization and composted residue application. After composting, the composted residues can be applied to cropland as a supplemental source of synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pig manure-rice straw composting on the degradation of TCs in pig manure. The results showed that greenhouse composting significantly accelerated the degradation of TCs. Contents (150 mg·kg(-1)) of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in the composting feedstock could be completely removed within 42 days for OTC and TC, and 14 days for CTC. However, in the control samples incubated at 25 °C in the dark, concentrations of OTC, TC and CTC only decreased 64.7%, 66.7% and 73.3%, respectively, after 49 days. The degradation rates of TCs in the composting feedstock were in the order of CTC > TC > OTC. During the composting process, CTC dissipated rapidly with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) and 90% degradation (DT90) of 2.4 and 7.9 days, but OTC was more persistent with DT50 and DT90 values of 5.5 and 18.4 days. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it could be concluded that pig manure-rice straw composting in a greenhouse can help to accelerate the degradation of TCs in pig manure and make composted residues safer for field application. This technology could be an acceptable practice for greenhouse farmers to utilize TCs-contaminated pig manure.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. rschai@ahau.edu.cn.|School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China. rschai@ahau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rushan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China. ldhuangnz@163.com.
authors.forename: Lidong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. lingjiaren@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand. gerty.gielen@scionresearch.com.
authors.forename: Gerty
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin'an 311300, China. nzhailongwang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. yszhang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yongsong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002751:Chlortetracycline; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D013754:Tetracyclines; D002751:Chlortetracycline
keywords: composting; degradation; pig manure; rice straw; tetracyclines