title: Integrated analysis of different microarray studies to identify candidate genes in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease, occurs most commonly in children. Identifying altered gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T1D may lead to new strategies for preserving or improving β-ell function in patients with T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Gene Expression Omnibus database was searched for microarray studies in PBMCs of T1D. Subsequently, gene expression datasets from multiple microarray studies were integrated to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T1D and normal controls (NC). Gene function analysis was performed to determine the functions of the DEGs identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four microarray studies were available for analysis, including 199 T1D samples and 74 NC samples. Analysis revealed 695 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in PBMCs from T1D compared with NC samples, with 450 upregulated and 245 downregulated. Signal transduction (gene ontology [GO]: 0007165; false discovery rate [FDR] = 1.54 × 10-7) and protein binding (GO: 0005515; FDR = 2.93 × 10-24) were significantly enriched for the GO categories of biological processes and molecular functions, respectively. The most significant pathway in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was arachidonic acid metabolism (FDR = 1.44 × 10-3). Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that the significant hub proteins contained immature colon carcinoma transcript 1 (ICT1; degree = 214; clustering coefficient [C] = 4.39 × 10-5), zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16; degree = 112; C = 8.04 × 10-4), and SERTA domain containing 1 (SERTAD1; degree = 38; C = 0.0014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This integrated analysis will help develop improved therapies and interventions for T1D by identifying novel drug targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Haotian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dengmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Chinese Armed Police Force (CAPF), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hetang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D063990:Gene Ontology; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps / Q000235:genetics
keywords: differentially expressed genes; microarray; type 1 diabetes