title: The Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ-28): A parsimonious version validated for longitudinal use from 2 to 5 years.
abstract: Prospective studies and intervention evaluations that examine change over time assume that measurement tools measure the same construct at each occasion. In the area of parent-child feeding practices, longitudinal measurement properties of the questionnaires used are rarely verified. To ascertain that measured change in feeding practices reflects true change rather than change in the assessment, structure, or conceptualisation of the constructs over time, this study examined longitudinal measurement invariance of the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) subscales (9 constructs; 40 items) across 3 time points. Mothers participating in the NOURISH trial reported their feeding practices when children were aged 2, 3.7, and 5 years (N = 404). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) within a structural equation modelling framework was used. Comparisons of initial cross-sectional models followed by longitudinal modelling of subscales, resulted in the removal of 12 items, including two redundant or poorly performing subscales. The resulting 28-item FPSQ-28 comprised 7 multi-item subscales: Reward for Behaviour, Reward for Eating, Persuasive Feeding, Overt Restriction, Covert Restriction, Structured Meal Setting and Structured Meal Timing. All subscales showed good fit over 3 time points and each displayed at least partial scalar (thresholds equal) longitudinal measurement invariance. We recommend the use of a separate single item indicator to assess the family meal setting. This is the first study to examine longitudinal measurement invariance in a feeding practices questionnaire. Invariance was established, indicating that the subscales of the shortened FPSQ-28 can be used with mothers to validly assess change in 7 feeding constructs in samples of children aged 2-5 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Children's Health Research/Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia. Electronic address: Elena.jansen@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia. Electronic address: k15.williams@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo, Queensland 4014, Australia. Electronic address: Kimberley.Mallan@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kimberley M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mallan
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. Electronic address: J.Nicholson@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Children's Health Research/Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Nutrition and Dietetics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia. Electronic address: l2.daniels@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D001315:Australia; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D062407:Meals; D009520:New Zealand; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016487:Parenting; D011340:Problem Solving; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012201:Reward
keywords: Confirmatory factor analysis; Longitudinal measurement invariance; Non-responsive feeding; Restriction; Structure; Validity