title: Non-negative matrix factorization for the near real-time interpretation of absorption effects in elemental distribution images acquired by X-ray fluorescence imaging.
abstract: Elemental distribution images acquired by imaging X-ray fluorescence analysis can contain high degrees of redundancy and weakly discernible correlations. In this article near real-time non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is described for the analysis of a number of data sets acquired from samples of a bi-modal α+β Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn alloy. NMF was used for the first time to reveal absorption artefacts in the elemental distribution images of the samples, where two phases of the alloy, namely α and β, were in superposition. The findings and interpretation of the NMF results were confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation of the layered alloy system. Furthermore, it is shown how the simultaneous factorization of several stacks of elemental distribution images provides uniform basis vectors and consequently simplifies the interpretation of the representation.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alfeld
authors.affiliation: INRES - Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, Bonn 53115, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirwaes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahabzada
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer IAIS, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauckhage
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer IAIS, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.affiliation: European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, Hamburg 22761, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wellenreuther
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/E308, Vienna 1040, Austria.
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barriobero-Vila
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, Köln 51147, Germany.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Requena
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Boesenberg
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Falkenberg
keywords: NMF; Ti alloys; data analysis; micro-XRF; non-negative matrix factorization