title: Multi-year optimization of malaria intervention: a mathematical model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria is a mosquito-borne, lethal disease that affects millions and kills hundreds of thousands of people each year, mostly children. There is an increasing need for models of malaria control. In this paper, a model is developed for allocating malaria interventions across geographic regions and time, subject to budget constraints, with the aim of minimizing the number of person-days of malaria infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model considers a range of several conditions: climatic characteristics, treatment efficacy, distribution costs, and treatment coverage. An expanded susceptible-infected-recovered compartment model for the disease dynamics is coupled with an integer linear programming model for selecting the disease interventions. The model produces an intervention plan for all regions, identifying which combination of interventions, with which level of coverage, to use in each region and year in a 5-year planning horizon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulations using the model yield high-level, qualitative insights on optimal intervention policies: The optimal intervention policy is different when considering a 5-year time horizon than when considering only a single year, due to the effects that interventions have on the disease transmission dynamics. The vaccine intervention is rarely selected, except if its assumed cost is significantly lower than that predicted in the literature. Increasing the available budget causes the number of person-days of malaria infection to decrease linearly up to a point, after which the benefit of increased budget starts to taper. The optimal policy is highly dependent on assumptions about mosquito density, selecting different interventions for wet climates with high density than for dry climates with low density, and the interventions are found to be less effective at controlling malaria in the wet climates when attainable intervention coverage is 60 % or lower. However, when intervention coverage of 80 % is attainable, then malaria prevalence drops quickly in all geographic regions, even when factoring in the greater expense of the higher coverage against a constant budget.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model provides a qualitative decision-making tool to weigh alternatives and guide malaria eradication efforts. A one-size-fits-all campaign is found not to be cost-effective; it is better to consider geographic variations and changes in malaria transmission over time when determining intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, 526 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0526, USA. harryjdudley@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.affiliation: Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. agoenka@g.hmc.edu.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goenka
authors.affiliation: Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. corellana@g.hmc.edu.
authors.forename: Cesar J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Orellana
authors.affiliation: Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. martonosi@g.hmc.edu.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Martonosi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D002980:Climate; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009032:Mosquito Control