title: Mouse models for studying prostate cancer bone metastasis.
abstract: Once tumor cells metastasize to the bone, the prognosis for prostate cancer patients is generally very poor. The mechanisms involved in bone metastasis, however, remain elusive, because of lack of relevant animal models. In this manuscript, we describe step-by-step protocols for the xenograft mouse models that are currently used for studying prostate cancer bone metastasis. The different routes of tumor inoculation (intraosseous, intracardiac, intravenous and orthotopic) presented are useful for exploring the biology of bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jinlu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hensel
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruithof-de Julio
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiozawa