title: Co-Production of Fungal Biomass Derived Constituents and Ethanol from Citrus Wastes Free Sugars without Auxiliary Nutrients in Airlift Bioreactor.
abstract: The potential of two zygomycetes fungi, Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae, in assimilating citrus waste free sugars (CWFS) and producing fungal chitosan, oil, and protein as well as ethanol was investigated. Extraction of free sugars from citrus waste can reduce its environmental impact by decreasing the possibility of wild microorganisms growth and formation of bad odors, a typical problem facing the citrus industries. A total sugar concentration of 25.1 g/L was obtained by water extraction of citrus waste at room temperature, used for fungal cultivation in shake flasks and airlift bioreactor with no additional nutrients. In shake flasks cultivations, the fungi were only able to assimilate glucose, while fructose remained almost intact. In contrast, the cultivation of M. indicus and R. oryzae in the four-liter airlift bioreactor resulted in the consumption of almost all sugars and production of 250 and 280 g fungal biomass per kg of consumed sugar, respectively. These biomasses correspondingly contained 40% and 51% protein and 9.8% and 4.4% oil. Furthermore, the fungal cell walls, obtained after removing the alkali soluble fraction of the fungi, contained 0.61 and 0.69 g chitin and chitosan per g of cell wall for M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Moreover, the maximum ethanol yield of 36% and 18% was obtained from M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Furthermore, that M. indicus grew as clump mycelia in the airlift bioreactor, while R. oryzae formed spherical suspended pellets, is a promising feature towards industrialization of the process.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden. B.Satari@ce.iut.ac.ir.|Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. B.Satari@ce.iut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Satari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. Karimi@cc.iut.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Keikhosro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden. Mohammad.Taherzadeh@hb.se.
authors.forename: Mohammad J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Taherzadeh
authors.affiliation: Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden. Akram.Zamani@hb.se.
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamani
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000378:metabolism; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009089:Mucor / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012233:Rhizopus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D002686:Chitin; D000431:Ethanol; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Mucor indicus; Rhizopus oryzae; chitosan; citrus waste; ethanol; oil; pellet; protein