title: Echocardiography for the Assessment of Congenital Heart Defects in Calves.
abstract: Congenital heart disease should be considered when evaluating calves with chronic respiratory signs, failure to thrive, poor growth, or if a murmur is heard on physical examination. Echocardiography is currently the gold standard for diagnosing congenital heart defects. A wide variety of defects, either alone or in combination with a ventricular septal defect, are possible. A standardized approach using sequential segmental analysis is required to fully appreciate the nature and severity of more complex malformations. The prognosis for survival varies from guarded to poor and depends on the hemodynamic relevance of the defects and the degree of cardiac compensation.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland. Electronic address: kmitchell@vetclinics.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Katharyn Jean
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Colin Claudio
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schwarzwald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Bovine; Cardiac; Imaging; Malformation; Ultrasonography