title: Determining the Effects of High Intensity Ultrasound on the Reduction of Microbes in Milk and Orange Juice Using Response Surface Methodology.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of high intensity ultrasound (temperature, amplitude, and time) on the inactivation of indigenous bacteria in pasteurized milk, Bacillus atrophaeus spores inoculated into sterile milk, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated into sterile orange juice using response surface methodology. The variables investigated were sonication temperature (range from 0 to 84°C), amplitude (range from 0 to 216 μm), and time (range from 0.17 to 5 min) on the response, log microbe reduction. Data were analyzed by statistical analysis system software and three models were developed, each for bacteria, spore, and yeast reduction. Regression analysis identified sonication temperature and amplitude to be significant variables on microbe reduction. Optimization of the inactivation of microbes was found to be at 84.8°C, 216 μm amplitude, and 5.8 min. In addition, the predicted log reductions of microbes at common processing conditions (72°C for 20 sec) using 216 μm amplitude were computed. The experimental responses for bacteria, spore, and yeast reductions fell within the predicted levels, confirming the accuracy of the models.
authors.affiliation: Western Dairy Center, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA.
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7835-881X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solorio
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8700, USA.
authors.forename: Marie K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Walsh