title: Suitability of Smartphone Inertial Sensors for Real-Time Biofeedback Applications.
abstract: This article studies the suitability of smartphones with built-in inertial sensors for biofeedback applications. Biofeedback systems use various sensors to measure body functions and parameters. These sensor data are analyzed, and the results are communicated back to the user, who then tries to act on the feedback signals. Smartphone inertial sensors can be used to capture body movements in biomechanical biofeedback systems. These sensors exhibit various inaccuracies that induce significant angular and positional errors. We studied deterministic and random errors of smartphone accelerometers and gyroscopes, primarily focusing on their biases. Based on extensive measurements, we determined accelerometer and gyroscope noise models and bias variation ranges. Then, we compiled a table of predicted positional and angular errors under various biofeedback system operation conditions. We suggest several bias compensation options that are suitable for various examples of use in real-time biofeedback applications. Measurements within the developed experimental biofeedback application show that under certain conditions, even uncompensated sensors can be used for real-time biofeedback. For general use, especially for more demanding biofeedback applications, sensor biases should be compensated. We are convinced that real-time biofeedback systems based on smartphone inertial sensors are applicable to many similar examples in sports, healthcare, and other areas.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. anton.kos@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. saso.tomazic@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Sašo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomažič
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. anton.umek@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umek
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000379:methods; D009068:Movement; D000068997:Smartphone
keywords: Allan variance; MEMS sensors; bias compensation; bias error; biofeedback system; real-time biofeedback application; sensor noise; smartphone sensors