title: Incapacity, Handicap, and Oxidative Stress Markers of Male Smokers With and Without COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanisms of incapacity and quality of life (QOL) of smokers with COPD and those free from COPD (non-COPD) are still unclear. The aims of this work were to compare the submaximal exercise, the QOL, and the blood and lung oxidative stress biomarker data of smokers without and with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male-smokers 40-60 y old were included (16 with COPD). QOL (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire) and physical activity (Voorrips questionnaire) scores were determined. Blood sample levels of malondialdehyde, protein sulfhydryl, and glutathione were measured. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, plethysmographic data, and 6-min walk distance (6MWD) were collected. All data are presented as mean ± SD, except oxidative stress biomarkers expressed as mean ± SE. Correlation coefficient (r) evaluated the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and 6MWD, QOL, and physical activity data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two age- and amount of tobacco used-matched groups of smokers were included. Compared with the non-COPD group, the COPD group had significantly lower 6MWD (573 ± 63 vs 476 ± 53 m) and physical activity score (7.14 ± 1.50 vs 2.86 ± 1.50) and significantly worse QOL (19.47 ± 15.33 vs 47.70 ± 16.73) and lower glutathione level (39.44 ± 6.28 vs 24.67 ± 5.41 μg/mL). The COPD group malondialdehyde level was significantly correlated with 6MWD, symptoms, and QOL scores (good r value between 0.50 and 0.70). The non-COPD group fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and glutathione levels were significantly correlated with leisure activity score and 6MWD, respectively (good r value between 0.50 and 0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the non-COPD group, the COPD group had a marked decrease in submaximal exercise data and in QOL score. Oxidative stress could be one explanation of incapacity and handicap observed in the COPD group.
authors.affiliation: Service of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. Sciences Faculty of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia. bm.syrine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Syrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben Moussa
authors.affiliation: Service of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. Laboratory of Physiology.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rouatbi
authors.affiliation: Service of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. Laboratory of Physiology Research Laboratory LR14ES05: Interactions of the Cardiopulmonary System, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Helmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben Saad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010991:Plethysmography; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: 6MWT; QOL; oxidative stress; physical activity; smokers