title: Monocular retinal degeneration induced by intravitreal injection of sodium iodate in rabbit eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to evaluate the anatomical and functional changes in retinae of rabbit eyes following monocular intravitreal injection of sodium iodate (SI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty albino rabbits were divided into four groups and underwent monocular intravitreal injection with four different doses of SI (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg). Before and for 28 days after injection, the eyes were examined using fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). At postinjection days 2, 7, and 28, the eyes were enucleated and underwent histological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On fundus examination, no distinct retinal changes were seen in any group except the 0.8-mg group, which showed chorioretinal vascular attenuation. In 0.1 and 0.2-mg groups, no significant anatomical changes were found except transient hyperreflective dots over the vitreoretinal interface on OCT. In 0.4 and 0.8-mg groups, disruption of the ellipsoid zone and diffuse retinal swelling were observed in the early period on OCT. In the 0.4-mg group, the outer retina was significantly destroyed at day 28, whereas the inner retina was relatively preserved. In the 0.8-mg group, the entire retina was destroyed irreversibly. The b-wave of ERG was reduced immediately in all groups, which recovered fully (0.1- and 0.2-mg groups), partially (0.4-mg group), or never (0.8-mg group). No structural or functional abnormalities were found in the fellow control eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal degeneration following intravitreal injection of SI appears to be dose dependent; retinal damage is reversible at low doses but irreversible at high doses. At a certain dose, the outer retina may be preferably ablated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Ophthalmology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Bum-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Mo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeong Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. chungh@snu.ac.kr.|Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. chungh@snu.ac.kr.|Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. chungh@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hum
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D007452:Iodates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D007452:Iodates; C032285:sodium iodate
keywords: Animal model; Intravitreal injection; Retinal degeneration; Sodium iodate