title: A Fe-C-Ca big cycle in modern carbon-intensive industries: toward emission reduction and resource utilization.
abstract: Herein a big Fe-C-Ca cycle, clarifying the basic element flows and energy flows in modern carbon-intensive industries including the metallurgical industry and the cement industry, was proposed for the first time in the contexts of emission reduction and iron ore degradation nowadays. This big cycle was focused on three industrial elements of Fe, C and Ca and thus it mainly comprised three interdependent loops, i.e., a C-cycle, a Fe-cycle and a Ca-path. As exemplified, we started from the integrated disposal of hot steel slags, a man-made iron resource via char gasification and the employment of hematite, a natural iron resource greatly extended the application area of this idea. Accordingly, based on this concept, the theoretical potentials for energy saving, emission reduction and Fe resource recovery achieved in modern industry are estimated up to 7.66 Mt of standard coal, 63.9 Mt of CO2 and 25.2 Mt of pig iron, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yongqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: WMG, International Digital Laboratory, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Seetharaman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Vallslingan 14, SE-187 52 Täby, Sweden.
authors.forename: Seshadri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seetharaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xidong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.|School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Zuotai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang