title: Higher Levels of Osteoprotegerin and Immune Activation/Immunosenescence Markers Are Correlated with Concomitant Bone and Endovascular Damage in HIV-Suppressed Patients.
abstract: HIV-infected patients appear to have a significantly greater risk of non-AIDS comorbidities such as osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Subjects with osteoporosis are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease than those with normal bone mass, therefore a possible relation between these two conditions can be hypothesized. In the setting of HIV infection, several factors might contribute to bone disease and endothelial dysfunction. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between bone and cardiovascular disease and to investigate the role of traditional factors, T-cell phenotype and osteoprotegerin in HIV positive subjects on effective antiretroviral therapy. We included 94 HIV positive subjects on antiretroviral therapy with virological suppression and 41 healthy subjects matched for age and gender as a control group. Carotid-Intima Media Thickness (c-IMT) and bone mineral density (BMD) were performed by ultrasound and DEXA, respectively. CD4+/CD8+ T-cell activation, senescence and osteoprotegerin plasma levels were measured by flow-cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Among HIV positive patients, 56.4% had osteopenia/osteoporosis and 45.7% had pathological c-IMT (>0.9 mm). Subjects with pathological c-IMT and BMD exhibited higher CD4+ and CD8+ activated, CD8+ senescent and osteoprotegerin than subjects with normal c-IMT and BMD. HIV positive subjects with osteopenia/osteoporosis had higher c-IMT than subjects with normal BMD, and linear regression analysis showed a negative correlation between BMD and c-IMT. Several factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS comorbidities in HIV positive patients. Osteoprotegerin together with inflammation and immunosenescence in HIV positive patients could affect bone and vascular system and could be considered as a possible common link between these two diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Abramo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Antonella
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zingaropoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Moghazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iannetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: d'Ettorre
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ciardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mastroianni
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vullo
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000068884:Immunosenescence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D053244:Osteoprotegerin