title: Design and validation of a cost-effective physical endoscopic simulator for fundamentals of endoscopic surgery training.
abstract: The American Board of Surgery will require graduating surgical residents to achieve proficiency in endoscopy. Surgical simulation can help residents to prepare for this proficiency test, accelerate skill acquisition, shorten the learning, and improve patient safety. Currently, endoscopic simulators are extremely cost-prohibitive. We therefore designed an inexpensive physical endoscopic simulator to (1) facilitate Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery skills training and (2) teach basic colonoscopy skills, for <$200.00.
  
  
  
  We constructed the Rutgers Open Source Colonoscopy Simulator (ROSCO) from easily acquired commercial materials. For construct validation, we compared novices to experts in a two-arm non-randomized study. Each participant performed the five tasks and a full cecal intubation on the simulator. Face and content validity surveys were taken by the experts, after the construct validity study to determine the simulator's ability to achieve the intended task with "realism." Data were collected on (1) cost and construction, (2) time to completion of individual tasks, (3) percentage of task completion, and (4) survey statistics.
  
  
  
  Our simulator requires no advanced expertise, costs $62.77 US, and weighs 8.5 pounds. The ROSCO simulator was clearly able to distinguish expert from novice. Expert task times for completing all five tasks, performing the loop reduction, and reaching the splenic and hepatic flexures on the simulator were significantly better than novice times (p < 0.05). All participants were able to complete all five tasks on the simulator 100 % of the time. Three out of five experts "Agreed" or "Strongly Agreed" with five out of the six statements regarding the simulator's teaching ability. Four out of five experts rated each of the five specific aspects of the simulator as "Realistic" or "Very Realistic."
  
  
  
  We have designed a low-cost colonoscopy simulator with easily available materials and which requires very little advanced construction expertise and have demonstrated construct, face, and content validity. We believe this will have broad impact for endoscopic simulation, surgical education, and health education cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunac
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 So. Orange Ave., MSB G-506, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. Aziz.Merchant@rutgers.edu.|Department of Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 So. Orange Ave., MSB G-506, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. Aziz.Merchant@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Aziz M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merchant
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000193:education*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Colonoscopy; Cost-effective education; Endoscopic simulation; Fundamentals of endoscopic surgery; Surgical education; Surgical simulation