title: Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives.
abstract: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes many severe diseases, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. In developed countries, the annual incidence of meningitis caused by bacteria is approximately 5-10 cases per population of 100,000. The Hib conjugate vaccine is considered protective and safe. Adjuvants, molecules that can enhance and/or regulate the fundamental immunogenicity of an antigen, comprise a wide range of diverse compounds. While earlier developments of adjuvants created effective products, there is still a need to create new generations, rationally designed based on recent discoveries in immunology, mainly in innate immunity. Many factors may play a role in the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines, such as the polysaccharides and proteins carrier used in vaccine construction, as well as the method of conjugation. A Hib conjugate vaccine has been constructed via chemical synthesis of a Hib saccharide antigen. Two models of carbohydrate-protein conjugate have been established, the single ended model (terminal amination-single method) and cross-linked lattice matrix (dual amination method). Increased knowledge in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, glycobiology, glycoimmunology, and the biology of infectious microorganisms has led to a dramatic increase in vaccine efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, P.O. Box 167, Cost Center 507, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Adi Essam
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hussein A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Almehdar
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
authors.forename: Elrashdy M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Redwan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate