title: Why are the poor less covered in Ghana's national health insurance? A critical analysis of policy and practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was introduced in Ghana to ensure equity in healthcare access. Presently, some low and middle income countries including Ghana are using social health insurance schemes to reduce inequity in access to healthcare. In Ghana, the NHIS was introduced to address the problem of inequity in healthcare access in a period that was characterised by user-fee regimes. The premium is heavily subsidised and exemption provided for the poorest, yet studies reveal that they are least enrolled in the scheme. We used a multi-level perspective as conceptual and methodological tool to examine why the NHIS is not reaching the poor as envisaged.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen communities in the Central and Eastern Regions of Ghana were surveyed after implementing a 20 months intervention programme aimed at ensuring that community members have adequate knowledge of the NHIS' principles and benefits and improve enrollment and retention rates. Observation and in-depth interviews were used to gather information about the effects of the intervention in seven selected communities, health facilities and District Health Insurance Schemes in the Central Region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed a distinct rise in the NHIS' enrollment among the general population but the poor were less covered. Of the 6790 individuals covered in the survey, less than half (40.3 %) of the population were currently insured in the NHIS and 22.4 % were previously insured. The poorest had the lowest enrollment rate: poorest 17.6 %, poor 31.3 %, rich 46.4 % and richest 44.4 % (p = 0.000). Previous enrollment rates were: poorest (15.4 %) and richest (23.8 %), (p = 0.000). Ironically, the poor's low enrollment was widely attributed to their poverty. The underlying structural cause, however, was policy makers' and implementers' lack of commitment to pursue NHIS' equity goal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inequity in healthcare access persists because of the social and institutional environment in which the NHIS operates. There is a need to effectively engage stakeholders to develop interventions to ensure that the poor are included in the NHIS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. nyamikye@yahoo.co.uk.|Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. nyamikye@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Agnes Millicent
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kotoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.|Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjaak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Geest
mesh_terms: D005869:Ghana; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000592:standards*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires