title: VOCl as a Cathode for Rechargeable Chloride Ion Batteries.
abstract: A novel room temperature rechargeable battery with VOCl cathode, lithium anode, and chloride ion transporting liquid electrolyte is described. The cell is based on the reversible transfer of chloride ions between the two electrodes. The VOCl cathode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 189 mAh g(-1) . A reversible capacity of 113 mAh g(-1) was retained even after 100 cycles when cycled at a high current density of 522 mA g(-1) . Such high cycling stability was achieved in chloride ion batteries for the first time, demonstrating the practicality of the system beyond a proof of concept model. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of the VOCl electrode in the chloride ion cell was investigated in detail by ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm reversible deintercalation-intercalation of chloride ions in the VOCl electrode.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: M Anji
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaoke
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diemant
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao-Karger
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Venkata Sai Kiran
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chakravadhanula
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.|Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, University of Technology, Jovanka-Bontschits-Strasse 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: R Jürgen
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Behm
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. m.fichtner@kit.edu.|Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany. m.fichtner@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fichtner
keywords: chloride ion batteries; electrochemistry; rechargeable batteries; vanadium oxychloride