title: Treatment of Nonunions After Malleolar Fractures.
abstract: Ankle fracture nonunion is a rare occurrence following closed or operative intervention. When it does occur, patients can experience debilitating symptoms that limit daily function. Malleolar nonunion can be caused by patient factors, such as smoking, malnutrition, or vascular insufficiency. Surgeon factors, such as insufficient or inappropriate operative fixation, also play a role. Several adjuncts, such as bone grafting, bone morphogenic protein, and bone stimulation, are useful in treating nonunions. Through a multimodal approach, malleolar nonunions are reliably treated with operative fixation leading to good patient outcomes with minimal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University Langone Medical Center, 301 E17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Capogna
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University Langone Medical Center, 301 E17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA. Electronic address: kenneth.egol@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Egol
mesh_terms: D064386:Ankle Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography
keywords: Atrophic; Hypertrophic; Malleolar; Nonunion; Oligotrophic