title: Clocking the social mind by identifying mental processes in the IAT with electrical neuroimaging.
abstract: Why do people take longer to associate the word "love" with outgroup words (incongruent condition) than with ingroup words (congruent condition)? Despite the widespread use of the implicit association test (IAT), it has remained unclear whether this IAT effect is due to additional mental processes in the incongruent condition, or due to longer duration of the same processes. Here, we addressed this previously insoluble issue by assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of brain electrical activity in 83 participants. From stimulus presentation until response production, we identified seven processes. Crucially, all seven processes occurred in the same temporal sequence in both conditions, but participants needed more time to perform one early occurring process (perceptual processing) and one late occurring process (implementing cognitive control to select the motor response) in the incongruent compared with the congruent condition. We also found that the latter process contributed to individual differences in implicit bias. These results advance understanding of the neural mechanics of response time differences in the IAT: They speak against theories that explain the IAT effect as due to additional processes in the incongruent condition and speak in favor of theories that assume a longer duration of specific processes in the incongruent condition. More broadly, our data analysis approach illustrates the potential of electrical neuroimaging to illuminate the temporal organization of mental processes involved in social cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, DE-79104, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland; daria.knoch@psy.unibe.ch schiller@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de lorena.gianotti@psy.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; daria.knoch@psy.unibe.ch schiller@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de lorena.gianotti@psy.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Lorena R R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, CH-3000, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience, University of Basel, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; daria.knoch@psy.unibe.ch schiller@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de lorena.gianotti@psy.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knoch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D014936:Word Association Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ERP; implicit social cognition; intergroup bias; microstates; social neuroscience