title: Duodenal fatty acid sensor and transporter expression following acute fat exposure in healthy lean humans.
abstract: Free fatty acids (FFAs) and their derivatives are detected by G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) on enteroendocrine cells, with specific transporters on enterocytes. It is unknown whether acute fat exposure affects FFA sensors/transporters, and whether this relates to hormone secretion and habitual fat intake.
  
  
  
  We studied 20 healthy participants (10M, 10F; BMI: 22 ± 1 kg/m2; age: 28 ± 2 years), after an overnight fast, on 2 separate days. On the first day, duodenal biopsies were collected endoscopically before, and after, a 30-min intraduodenal (ID) infusion of 10% Intralipid®, and relative transcript expression of FFA receptor 1 (FFAR1), FFA receptor 4 (FFAR4), GPR119 and the FFA transporter, cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36) was quantified from biopsies. On the second day, ID Intralipid®was infused for 120-min, and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) evaluated. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs).
  
  
  
  ID Intralipid®increased expression of GPR119, but not FFAR1, FFAR4 and CD36, and stimulated CCK and GLP-1 secretion. Habitual polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption was negatively associated with basal GPR119 expression.
  
  
  
  GPR119 is an early transcriptional responder to duodenal lipid in lean humans, although this response appeared reduced in individuals with high PUFA intake. These observations may have implications for downstream regulation of gut hormone secretion and appetite. This study was registered as a clinical trial with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial number: ACTRN12612000376842).
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cvijanovic
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feinle-Bisset
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: tanya.little@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Tanya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D065228:Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004655:Emulsions; C473034:FFAR1 protein, human; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C519854:GPR119 protein, human; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D010743:Phospholipids; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C545823:soybean oil, phospholipid emulsion; D013024:Soybean Oil; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: CD36; Cholecystokinin; Free fatty acid receptor 1; Free fatty acid receptor 4; G-protein coupled receptor 119; Glucagon-like peptide-1