title: Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol and polydrug dependence: a multidimensional approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dependence on drugs and alcohol is associated with impaired impulse control, but deficits are rarely compared across individuals dependent on different substances using several measures within a single study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated impulsivity in abstinent substance-dependent individuals (AbD) using three complementary techniques: self-report, neuropsychological and neuroimaging. We hypothesised that AbDs would show increased impulsivity across modalities, and that this would depend on length of abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from the ICCAM study: 57 control and 86 AbDs, comprising a group with a history of dependence on alcohol only (n = 27) and a group with history of dependence on multiple substances ("polydrug", n = 59). All participants completed self-report measures of impulsivity: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale, Behaviour Inhibition/Activation System and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. They also performed three behavioural tasks: Stop Signal, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set-Shift and Kirby Delay Discounting; and completed a Go/NoGo task during fMRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AbDs scored significantly higher than controls on self-report measures, but alcohol and polydrug dependent groups did not differ significantly from each other. Polydrug participants had significantly higher discounting scores than both controls and alcohol participants. There were no group differences on the other behavioural measures or on the fMRI measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the current set of self-report measures of impulsivity is more sensitive in abstinent individuals than the behavioural or fMRI measures of neuronal activity. This highlights the importance of developing behavioural measures to assess different, more relevant, aspects of impulsivity alongside corresponding cognitive challenges for fMRI.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. eleanor.taylor-2@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-1621
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Venkat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boyapati
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ersche
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Remy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flechais
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Shankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuchibatla
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGonigle
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Anotonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metastasio
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.|GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Research Unit, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nestor
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orban
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Fillippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Passetti
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lingford-Hughes
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: J F William
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deakin
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D057566:Self Report; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Addiction; Alcohol; Cognition; Drug Abuse; FMRI