title: Diminished effort on a progressive ratio task in both unipolar and bipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amotivation, or decisional anhedonia, is a prominent and disabling feature of depression. However, this aspect of depression remains understudied, and no prior work has applied objective laboratory tests of motivation in both unipolar and bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed motivation deficits using a Progressive Ratio Task (PRT) that indexes willingness to exert effort for monetary reward. The PRT was administered to 96 adults ages 18-60 including 25 participants with a current episode of unipolar depression, 28 with bipolar disorder (current episode depressed), and 43 controls without any Axis I psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed participants exhibited significantly lower motivation than control participants as objectively defined by progressive ratio breakpoints. Both the unipolar and bipolar groups were lower than controls but did not differ from each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication use differed across groups, and we did not have a separate control task to measure psychomotor activity; however neither medication effects or psychomotor slowing are likely to explain our findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study fills an important gap in the literature by providing evidence that diminished effort on the PRT is present across depressed patients who experience either unipolar or bipolar depression. This adds to growing evidence for shared mechanisms of reward and motivation dysfunction, and highlights the importance of improving the assessment and treatment of motivation deficits across the mood disorders spectrum.
authors.affiliation: The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, United States; University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hershenberg
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Theodore D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daldal
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katchmar
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kable
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, United States. Electronic address: danwolf@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059445:Anhedonia; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012201:Reward; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anhedonia; Depression; Effort; Motivation; Progressive ratio; Reward