title: Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies.
abstract: Domestic wastewater contains various pathogens, which, if not sufficiently eliminated, may enter the receiving water bodies and cause water-transmitted diseases. Among the waterborne pathogens, viruses may occur, survive and/or decay much differently from bacteria in water. In many cases, the diseases caused by viruses are more severe. Therefore, research efforts are mainly directed at the behavior of viruses in water environments, as well as the elimination of viruses from wastewater. In this paper, an overview of the occurrence of viruses in wastewater is presented, together with their categories, methods of detection and potential to cause waterborne diseases. As wastewater treatment plants are critical nodes for the influx and termination of virus transmission, the behavior of viruses at each stage of treatment is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the unit operations, which play crucial roles in virus removals, such as coagulation and membrane filtration, and that for virus inactivation, such as chemical disinfection and UV irradiation. Future needs for the development of new technologies for virus elimination, source control, and finding more suitable indicators of viral pathogens are also highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China. zhangchongmiao@163.com.
authors.forename: Chong-Miao
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
authors.forename: Li-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Cheng
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China. xcwang@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaochang C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004203:Disinfection; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Domestic wastewater; Inactivation; Removal; Virus