title: Dietary patterns and weight change: 15-year longitudinal study in Australian adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary intake is one of the most modifiable risk factors associated with obesity. However, data on the relationship between dietary patterns and long-term weight change are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore investigated the association between dietary patterns and 15-year weight change in a sample of 1186 Australian adults (1992-2007).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured body weight and collected data on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics in 1992 and 2007. Applying principal component analysis to 38 food groups from a food frequency questionnaire collected at baseline, we identified two dietary patterns: 'meat-and-fat' and 'fruit-and-vegetable.' Using generalized estimating equations, multivariable regression models, stratified by sex, were adjusted for concurrent changes in socio-demographic and lifestyle variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average increase in body weight of men in the highest tertile of the meat-and-fat pattern was more than twice that of men in the lowest tertile; mean weight change (95 % CI): 4.8 (-0.1, 9.7) kg versus 2.3 (-2.6, 7.1) kg, P-for-trend = 0.02. In contrast, average weight gain of men in the highest tertile of the fruit-and-vegetable pattern was only about half that of men in the lowest tertile; mean weight change (95 % CI): 2.9 (-2.0, 7.8) kg versus 5.4 (-1.5, 10.4) kg, P-for-trend = 0.02. Among women, dietary patterns were not related to weight change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These dietary patterns predict change in body weight in men, but not in women. In this cohort, a dietary pattern high in fruit and vegetables was related to less weight gain in men than a dietary pattern high in meat and fat.
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. simin.arabshahi@gmail.com.|The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. simin.arabshahi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arabshahi
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Torukiri I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Ibiebele
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria Celia B
authors.initials: MCB
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.|The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lahmann
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.|The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Jolieke C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Pols
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018401:Sample Size; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Dietary pattern; Generalized estimating equations analysis; Longitudinal study; Weight change