title: Issues related to sex differences in antipsychotic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effectiveness, side-effect profiles, and numerous other characteristics of antipsychotic medications have been extensively studied. However, the majority of publications do not address the many potential sex differences in efficacy and doses of medications, as well as other sex-specific considerations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of studies that exist, some suggest that female patients respond to lower doses of antipsychotic medications than males and that side-effect profiles vary between the sexes. However, the majority of preclinical trials use only male laboratory animals, and human clinical trials consist of too few women to analyze their response as a separate group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although changes in hormone production occurring at multiple stages throughout a women's life (such as during pregnancy, breast feeding, menopause, and postmenopausal) are presented as too complex to deal with in clinical trials, they could instead be embraced as clinical dilemmas that require additional study and consideration. We suggest that a focus should be made to reanalyze data from existing major treatment trials of antipsychotics to determine what medications specifically provide the most efficacy for female patients and at what dose range. In addition, new prospective studies are needed to specifically address appropriate adjustments in psychopharmacologic treatment for female patients during pregnancy, and when postmenopausal. More studies of the effects of antipsychotics on male and female fetuses in utero and during breast feeding are also needed to better manage women with schizophrenia and their offspring on a long-term basis in the community. There is currently too little known about sex differences in neuropharmacology. With the new USA National Institutes of Health policy to include sex in all new proposals, the time has come to close this gap in knowledge.
authors.affiliation: aResident, Harvard South Shore Residency Training Program, Harvard Medical School, VA Boston Healthcare System bAttending Psychiatrist, VA Boston Healthcare System, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Lynn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeLisi
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents