title: Comparison of urine samples and penile swabs for detection of human papillomavirus in HIV-negative Dutch men.
abstract: Penile swab sampling is the method of choice when testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) in men. Urine sampling is already used in routine sexually transmitted infections (STI) diagnostics and could provide a less invasive sampling method in men to detect HPV. Therefore we compared detection of HPV types in urine samples and penile swabs by the highly sensitive SPF10-LiPA25 system.
  
  
  
  First void urine and self-obtained penile swab samples were collected from 120 men, with a mean age of 29.4 years, visiting a STI clinic in South Limburg, the Netherlands. In total 111 of 120 men were included in the analysis. Broad-spectrum HPV DNA amplification and mucosal HPV genotyping were performed using the SPF10 DEIA-LiPA25 system (SPF10 HPV LiPA, V.1).
  
  
  
  In total 75 (68%) men were positive for HPV in the combined analysis. Sixty-six (59%) paired samples were concordant in being positive or negative. In 39% of the men HPV DNA was detected only in the penile swab. In 2% of the men HPV DNA was detected only in the urine sample. Considering penile swabs as the gold standard, a sensitivity of 41% (95% CI 30% to 53%) and a specificity of 95% (95% CI 81% to 99%) was found. In 6 (5%) urines high risk types were repeatedly found that were not detected in the matching swab.
  
  
  
  Urine samples are not comparable to penile swabs in the detection of HPV in men. However, the addition of urine samples to penile swabs could be of use in epidemiological or clearance studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fleur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koene
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolffs
authors.affiliation: PathoFinder B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environment, South Limburg Public Health Service, Geleen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dukers-Muijrers
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cathrien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruggeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environment, South Limburg Public Health Service, Geleen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoebe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine* / Q000821:virology; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: DIAGNOSIS; HPV; MEN; URINE