title: Intimate partner violence in late adolescence and young adulthood and subsequent cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
abstract: Childhood maltreatment has been linked to adulthood cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) in late adolescence and young adulthood and CVD risk later in adulthood.
  
  
  
  To examine whether IPV perpetration and victimization experienced in late adolescence and young adulthood are associated with CVD risk among adults in the United States and whether this relationship differs by sex.
  
  
  
  Data include 9976 participants (50% female) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Physical and sexual IPV were measured at wave 3 (2001/02) with items from the revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Participants'30-year risk of CVD was calculated at wave 4 (2008/09) using a Framingham prediction model. Linear regression models adjusted for confounders and IPV by sex interaction terms were tested to examine the relationship.
  
  
  
  The mean CVD risk score was 13.18% (95% CI: 12.71, 13.64). Aone-standard deviation increase in the victimization score was associated with a 0.28% (95% CI: 0.03, 0.54) increase in CVD risk. Perpetration was similarly positively associated with CVD risk (beta: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.62). When measured as a composite, all violence types were associated with increased CVD risk but only prior exposure to both victimization and perpetration reached statistical significance (0.62%, 95% CI: 0.01, 1.22). No differences by sex were detected.
  
  
  
  Effect sizes are not large, but early detection of increased CVD risk in this relatively young population is notable and worthy of further study to inform the clinical response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Ste 166, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: cjclark@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Cari Jo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: alonso@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Program in Health Disparities Research and Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: saer@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Everson-Rose
authors.affiliation: Independent Gender Based Violence Specialist, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: ralennon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rachael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: ssbrady@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Sonya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: resni001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: borow004@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Iris W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Borowsky
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: john-c@umn.edu.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Connett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: krueg038@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: nguy2174@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Viann N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: steven.feng@hcmed.org.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: sfs2150@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Shakira F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Suglia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent health services; Cardiovascular diseases; Domestic violence; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health