title: Associations of Mindfulness with Glucose Regulation and Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether dispositional mindfulness is associated with glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants (N = 399) were from the New England Family Study, a prospective birth cohort, with median age 47 years. Dispositional mindfulness was assessed using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Type 2 diabetes and "normal plasma glucose" were defined using American Diabetes Association criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses demonstrated that participants with high versus low MAAS scores were significantly more likely to have normal plasma glucose levels (prevalence ratio = 1.35 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08,1.87)), and were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (prevalence ratio = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.38,1.79), adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes and childhood socioeconomic status. Mediation analyses provided evidence of mediation via obesity and sense of control, where indirect effects were prevalence ratios (95% CI) of 1.03 (1.00,1.10) and 1.08 (1.00,1.21), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dispositional mindfulness may be associated with better glucose regulation, in part because of a lower likelihood of obesity and greater sense of control among participants with higher levels of mindfulness. These findings need to be replicated by prospective studies to establish causality and to evaluate potential implications for mindfulness-based interventions to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Providence, RI, USA. eric.loucks@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Loucks
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.affiliation: Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Willoughby B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.affiliation: Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Roee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.affiliation: Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Family Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose