title: [Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: standardization and norms of the test for a population sample in Spain].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) is a shorter, modified version of the WCST that assesses executive functioning and mental flexibility. The M-WCST presents some differences and advantages compared to other versions of the WCST, as previously described in the scientific literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To standardize and develop demographically-calibrated norms for the M-WCST in a sample representing of the population of Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is part of the multisite Normacog project. Seven hundred participants from 18 to 90 years old were assessed using the M-WCST. The effects of age, sex, and educational level on M-WCST performance were analyzed, and demographically-calibrated percentiles and scaled scores corresponding to each raw score were created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of age and level of education on the M-WCST variables analyzed (correct categories, perseverative errors and total errors) was statistically significant, whereas sex was not significant. Age and education explained 5.0-21.2% of the variance in M-WCST performance. Older participants with lower level of formal education completed fewer category sorts and made more errors than younger and more educated participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports the first normative data for the M-WCST in a contemporary Spanish sample, taking socio-demographic characteristics of the population into account. The influence of age and level of education on the M-WCST performance was confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Espana.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: del Pino
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Espana.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Espana.
authors.forename: Naroa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ibarretxe-Bilbao
authors.affiliation: Universidad Johns Hopkins, 21205 Baltimore, MD, EE.UU.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schretlen
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Espana.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ojeda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult