title: Functional Immune Cell Differences Associated With Low Vaccine Responses in Infants.
abstract: We sought to understand why some children respond poorly to vaccinations in the first year of life.
  
  
  
  A total of 499 children (6-36 months old) provided serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples after their primary and booster vaccination. Vaccine antigen-specific antibody levels were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and frequency of memory B cells, functional T-cell responses, and antigen-presenting cell responses were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples with flow cytometric analysis.
  
  
  
  Eleven percent of children were low vaccine responders, defined a priori as those with subprotective immunoglobulin G antibody levels to ≥66% of vaccines tested. Low vaccine responders generated fewer memory B cells, had reduced activation by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells on polyclonal stimulation, and displayed lower major histocompatibility complex II expression by antigen-presenting cells.
  
  
  
  We conclude that subprotective vaccine responses in infants are associated with a distinct immunologic profile.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pichichero
authors.affiliation: Legacy Pediatrics.
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almudevar
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital.
authors.forename: Saleem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basha
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Surendran
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital.
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Tim R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mosmann
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007223:Infant; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014612:Vaccines; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; C008984:polyribitol phosphate
keywords: B cells; T cells; antigen presenting cells; infants; vaccines