title: Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers.
abstract: The outcome of tumors results from genetic and epigenetic modifications of the transformed cells and also from the interactions of the malignant cells with their tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes immune and inflammatory cells. For a given cancer type, the composition of the immunological TME is not homogeneous. Heterogeneity is found between different cancer types and also between tumors from patients with the same type of cancer. Some tumors exhibit a poor infiltration by immune cells, and others are highly infiltrated by lymphocytes. Among the latter, the architecture of the TME, with the localization of immune cells in the invasive front and the center of the tumor, the presence of tumor-adjacent organized lymphoid aggregates, and the type of inflammatory context, determines the prognostic impact of the infiltrating cells. The description and the understanding of the immune and inflammatory landscape in human tumors are of paramount importance at different levels of patient's care. It completes the mutational, transcriptional, and epigenetic patterns of the malignant cells and open paths to understand how tumor cells shape their immune microenvironment and are shaped by the immune reaction. It provides prognostic and theranostic markers, as well as novel targets for immunotherapies.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Becht
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Giraldo
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.affiliation: Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Reyniès
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite; INSERM, UMR-S1147, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurent-Puig
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zucman-Rossi
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Caroline
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dieu-Nosjean
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sautès-Fridman
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1338, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France. Electronic address: herve.fridman@crc.jussieu.fr.
authors.forename: Wolf H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fridman
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
keywords: Cancer molecular subgroups; Colorectal cancer; Immune contexture; Renal cell cancer; Tumor microenvironment