title: Translational Research on Habit and Alcohol.
abstract: Habitual actions enable efficient daily living, but they can also contribute to pathological behaviors that resistant change, such as alcoholism. Habitual behaviors are learned actions that appear goal-directed but are in fact no longer under the control of the action's outcome. Instead, these actions are triggered by stimuli, which may be exogenous or interoceptive, discrete or contextual. A major hallmark characteristic of alcoholism is continued alcohol use despite serious negative consequences. In essence, although the outcome of alcohol seeking and drinking is dramatically devalued, these actions persist, often triggered by environmental cues associated with alcohol use. Thus, alcoholism meets the definition of an initially goal-directed behavior that converts to a habit-based process. Habit and alcohol have been well investigated in rodent models, with comparatively less research in non-human primates and people. This review focuses on translational research on habit and alcohol with an emphasis on cross-species methodology and neural circuitry.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Davie Hall, CB #3270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
authors.forename: Theresa H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McKim
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Shnitko
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
authors.forename: Donita L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Davie Hall, CB #3270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boettiger
keywords: addiction; alcohol use disorders; animal model; caudate; dopamine; dorsolateral striatum; dorsomedial striatum; executive function; goal-directed; putamen; stimulus-response