title: Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms.
abstract: This mini review describes novel, biotechnology-based, ways of producing the monoterpene limonene. Limonene is applied in relatively highly priced products, such as fragrances, and also has applications with lower value but large production volume, such as biomaterials. Limonene is currently produced as a side product from the citrus juice industry, but the availability and quality are fluctuating and may be insufficient for novel bulk applications. Therefore, complementary microbial production of limonene would be interesting. Since limonene can be derivatized to high-value compounds, microbial platforms also have a great potential beyond just producing limonene. In this review, we discuss the ins and outs of microbial limonene production in comparison with plant-based and chemical production. Achievements and specific challenges for microbial production of limonene are discussed, especially in the light of bulk applications such as biomaterials.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esmer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jongedijk
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cankar
authors.affiliation: DECHEMA Research Institute, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchhaupt
authors.affiliation: DECHEMA Research Institute, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. jules.beekwilder@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beekwilder
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D015870:Gene Expression; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077222:Limonene; D060847:Metabolic Engineering; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046940:Synechococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046939:Synechocystis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases; C040265:pinene cyclase I
keywords: Biomaterial; Limonene; Metabolic engineering; Microbial production; Monoterpene; Toxicity