title: Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are differentially associated with the dichotomous regulation of glioblastoma cell migration versus proliferation.
abstract: The dichotomy between glioblastoma cell migration and proliferation is regulated by various parameters including oxygen tension. In glioblastoma stem-like cells, hypoxia induces downregulation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes and a flux shift towards glycolysis. We investigated whether the 2 parallel glucose metabolic pathways are intrinsically linked with cell function and whether these pathways are mechanistically involved in regulating functional programs.
  
  
  
  Enzyme expression, migration, and proliferation under hypoxia were studied in multiple cell types. Rapidly and slowly dividing or migrating glioblastoma cells were separated, and enzyme profiles were compared. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and Aldolase C (ALDOC), the most strongly inversely regulated PPP and glycolysis enzymes, were knocked down by short hairpin RNA.
  
  
  
  Hypoxia caused downregulation of PPP enzymes and upregulation of glycolysis enzymes in a broad spectrum of cancer and nonneoplastic cells and consistently stimulated migration while reducing proliferation. PPP enzyme expression was increased in rapidly dividing glioblastoma cells, whereas glycolysis enzymes were decreased. Conversely, glycolysis enzymes were elevated in migrating cells, whereas PPP enzymes were diminished. Knockdown of G6PD reduced glioblastoma cell proliferation, whereas ALDOC knockdown decreased migration. Enzyme inhibitors had similar effects. G6PD knockdown in a highly proliferative but noninvasive glioblastoma cell line resulted in prolonged survival of mice with intracerebral xenografts, whereas ALDOC knockdown shortened survival. In a highly invasive glioblastoma xenograft model, tumor burden was unchanged by either knockdown.
  
  
  
  Cell function and metabolic state are coupled independently of hypoxia, and glucose metabolic pathways are causatively involved in regulating "go or grow" cellular programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Annegret
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kathagen-Buhmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herold-Mende
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.).
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (A.K.-B., A.S., J.W., M.H., K.L.); Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H.-M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (R.G.) lamszus@uke.de.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lamszus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: glioma; glycolysis; invasion; metabolism; pentose phosphate pathway