title: Anxiety and new onset of cardiovascular disease: critical review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety has been associated with new-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the quality of this relationship is unclear. Only if anxiety is a causal, independent cardiovascular risk factor might it be a target for CVD prevention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine and examine the independent association and causality between anxiety and incident CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched up to October 2013. A review of Hill's criteria for causality and random effects meta-analysis were conducted of prospective, population-based studies examining anxiety and incident CVD in people free from CVD at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meta-analysis comprised 37 papers (n = 1 565 699). The follow-up ranged from 1 to 24 years. Anxiety was associated with a 52% increased incidence of CVD (hazard ratio = 1.52, 95% CI 1.36-1.71). The risk seemed independent of traditional risk factors and depression. The evaluation of Hill's criteria largely argued in favour of causality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety may be of interest for CVD prevention. Future research should examine biological and behavioural underpinnings of the association in order to identify targets for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Neeltje M. Batelaan, MD, PhD, Adrie Seldenrijk, PhD, Mariska Bot, PhD, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands n.batelaan@ggzingeest.nl.
authors.forename: Neeltje M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Batelaan
authors.affiliation: Neeltje M. Batelaan, MD, PhD, Adrie Seldenrijk, PhD, Mariska Bot, PhD, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adrie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seldenrijk
authors.affiliation: Neeltje M. Batelaan, MD, PhD, Adrie Seldenrijk, PhD, Mariska Bot, PhD, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.affiliation: Neeltje M. Batelaan, MD, PhD, Adrie Seldenrijk, PhD, Mariska Bot, PhD, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton J L M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Balkom
authors.affiliation: Neeltje M. Batelaan, MD, PhD, Adrie Seldenrijk, PhD, Mariska Bot, PhD, Anton J. L. M. van Balkom, MD, PhD, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors