title: Drug quality analysis through high performance liquid chromatography of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate purchased from official and unofficial sources in Northern Togo.
abstract: Trypanocidal drugs remain the most accessible and thus commonly used means of controlling tsetse transmitted animal African trypanosomosis. In Togo, trypanocides are sold on official as well as unofficial markets, but the quality of these trypanocides is undocumented so a drug quality assessment study was conducted from May 2013 to June 2014. Trypanocides supplied by European, Indian and Chinese pharmaceutical companies and sold on official and unofficial markets in Togo were purchased. In total fifty-two trypanocides were obtained, 24 of these samples from official markets and 28 from unofficial markets made up of a total of 36 diminazene diaceturate and 16 isometamidium chloride hydrochloride samples. The samples were analysed in the reference laboratory of the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), Laboratory for the Control of Veterinary Medicines (LACOMEV) in Dakar which uses galenic testing and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) testing as standard reference analysis methods. The results revealed a high proportion of trypanocides of sub-standard quality on the Togolese market: 40% were non-compliant to these quality reference standards. All of the HPLC non-compliant samples contained lower amounts of active ingredient compared to the concentration specified on the packaging. Non-compliance was higher in samples from the unofficial (53.57%) than from the official markets (25%; p=0.04).The main drug manufacturers, mostly of French origin in the study area, supply quality drugs through the official legal distribution circuit. Products of other origins mostly found on illegal markets present a significantly lower quality.
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, Lomé, BP 4041 Togo.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchamdja
authors.affiliation: Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kulo
authors.affiliation: Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, Département de Santé Publique-Environnement, Service de Pharmacie-Toxicologie, BP 5077, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akoda
authors.affiliation: Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, Département de Santé Publique-Environnement, Service de Pharmacie-Toxicologie, BP 5077, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teko-Agbo
authors.affiliation: Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, Département de Santé Publique-Environnement, Service de Pharmacie-Toxicologie, BP 5077, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Assoumy
authors.affiliation: Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar, Département de Santé Publique-Environnement, Service de Pharmacie-Toxicologie, BP 5077, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
authors.forename: E M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Niang
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, Lomé, BP 4041 Togo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Batawui
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, Lomé, BP 4041 Togo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adomefa
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, Lomé, BP 4041 Togo.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bankolé
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, Lomé, BP 4041 Togo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kombiagou
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstraβe. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoppenheit
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstraβe. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P-H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Napier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Vector Biology, Veterinary Entomology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Deken
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology, Risk-analysis and Diagnosis Research & Development, VERDI - R&D (asbl), Rue du gravier, 7, B-4141 Louveigné, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marcotty
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Systems Biology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Den Abbeele
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Systems Biology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Sciences, Bio-engineering Department, Molecular Biology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium. Electronic address: Vincent.Delespaux@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delespaux
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004133:Diminazene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000592:standards; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D014037:Togo; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D010617:Phenanthridines; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C000702:isometamidium chloride; C003915:diminazene aceturate; D004133:Diminazene
keywords: Diminazene; Drug quality; HPLC; Isometamidium; Togo; Trypanocides