title: Brain Injury Alters Volatile Metabolome.
abstract: Chemical signals arising from body secretions and excretions communicate information about health status as have been reported in a range of animal models of disease. A potential common pathway for diseases to alter chemical signals is via activation of immune function-which is known to be intimately involved in modulation of chemical signals in several species. Based on our prior findings that both immunization and inflammation alter volatile body odors, we hypothesized that injury accompanied by inflammation might correspondingly modify the volatile metabolome to create a signature endophenotype. In particular, we investigated alteration of the volatile metabolome as a result of traumatic brain injury. Here, we demonstrate that mice could be trained in a behavioral assay to discriminate mouse models subjected to lateral fluid percussion injury from appropriate surgical sham controls on the basis of volatile urinary metabolites. Chemical analyses of the urine samples similarly demonstrated that brain injury altered urine volatile profiles. Behavioral and chemical analyses further indicated that alteration of the volatile metabolome induced by brain injury and alteration resulting from lipopolysaccharide-associated inflammation were not synonymous. Monitoring of alterations in the volatile metabolome may be a useful tool for rapid brain trauma diagnosis and for monitoring recovery.
authors.affiliation: USDA-APHIS-WS-NWRC, Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, bruce.a.kimball@aphis.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Akiva S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels vag 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and.
authors.forename: Maryanne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Opiekun
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and.
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jaclynn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels vag 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and.
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: animal model; bioassay; chemical analysis; diagnosis; inflammation; traumatic brain injury; urine