title: From empathic mind to moral behaviour: the "who", "why" and "how".
abstract: In this paper, I start by suggesting a new definition of empathy. I go on by answering the question of "Who feels empathy?". I list some examples of people, illustrating how the level of feeling empathy differs from one category of people to another. It's actually almost everybody who feels empathy: the baby, the good Samaritan and the other two priests, the tax evader, the psychopath, the judges, juries, lawyers, the politician, the bully adolescent, the therapist, etc.… Then I explain, "Why empathy is experienced/felt differently?", by drawing on some neuroscience data, and some literature in psychology or philosophy along with some personal suggestions or assumptions. Just to mention one plausible data: we know that the human brain is half developed at birth. It takes twelve to fourteen years for the brain to fully develop. And the frontal lobe continues to develop until the third decade of life! I suggest we must attend to these phases of brain development to learn empathy since that is when the plasticity of the brain and the learning kick-in. Hence, the third section of the paper demonstrates "How can we develop an empathic mind/behaviour given the nature of our empathic brain?": with some supportive research and studies, I justify the statement that "ideally from early age, and all the way up to adulthood, empathy can be learned through nurturing, education, imitation…, through alternative realities such as mindfulness and awareness, and through therapy, memory improvement, training programs, etc.…" In the conclusion, I assert, using some philosophical thoughts and analogies, that a fully developed empathic behaviour, that embraces all three aspects cognitive, affective and compassionate empathy, being the opposite of indifference, is the vehicle to a peaceful, harmonious and just society.
authors.affiliation: School of Bioethics, Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, Via degli Aldobrendeschi, 190, 00163, Rome, Italy. marchallita@yahoo.ca.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Challita
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology; D006803:Human Development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals; D010686:Philosophy, Medical; D066233:Psychology, Developmental
keywords: Cognitive behaviour; Philosophy of mind; Psychology; Social ethics; Social neuroscience