title: Overview of chemical imaging methods to address biological questions.
abstract: Chemical imaging offers extensive possibilities for better understanding of biological systems by allowing the identification of chemical components at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels. In this review, we introduce modern methods for chemical imaging that can be applied to biological samples. This work is mainly addressed to the biological sciences community and includes the bases of different technologies, some examples of its application, as well as an introduction to approaches on combining multimodal data.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, RJ 21044-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcel Menezes Lyra
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1196, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR9187, Orsay F-91405, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trepout
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1196, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR9187, Orsay F-91405, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Messaoudi
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1196, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR9187, Orsay F-91405, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France.
authors.forename: Ting-Di
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CENBG, UMR 5797, Gradignan F-33170, France; CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797, Gradignan F-33170, France.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1196, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR9187, Orsay F-91405, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guerquin-Kern
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1196, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR9187, Orsay F-91405, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France. Electronic address: sergio.marco@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marco
mesh_terms: D004602:Elements; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission / Q000379:methods; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004602:Elements
keywords: EELS; EFTEM; NanoSIMS; PIXE; STEM; Synchrotron radiation micro-analysis