title: Redox control of skeletal muscle atrophy.
abstract: Skeletal muscles comprise the largest organ system in the body and play an essential role in body movement, breathing, and glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle is also an important endocrine organ that contributes to the health of numerous body organs. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is important to support overall health of the body. Prolonged periods of muscle inactivity (e.g., bed rest or limb immobilization) or chronic inflammatory diseases (i.e., cancer, kidney failure, etc.) result in skeletal muscle atrophy. An excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with a poor prognosis in several diseases and significant muscle weakness impairs the quality of life. The skeletal muscle atrophy that occurs in response to inflammatory diseases or prolonged inactivity is often associated with both oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this report, we critically review the experimental evidence that provides support for a causative link between oxidants and muscle atrophy. More specifically, this review will debate the sources of oxidant production in skeletal muscle undergoing atrophy as well as provide a detailed discussion on how reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species modulate the signaling pathways that regulate both protein synthesis and protein breakdown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States. Electronic address: spowers@hhp.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: Bumsoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smuder
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D059748:Proteolysis; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002154:Calpain
keywords: Antioxidants; Muscle protein synthesis; Oxidants; Oxidative stress; Proteolysis; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species