title: High energy expenditure is not protective against increased adiposity in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low levels of energy expenditure (TEE) may contribute to excess weight during childhood, but limited longitudinal data exist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This is to test whether low TEE during the first 6 years of life could predict excess weight status at 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total energy expenditure from doubly labelled water, weight, stature, waist circumference and fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) in children at 0.25, 2, 4 and 6 years of age. This cohort includes individuals at high (n = 27) and low risk (n = 26) for childhood obesity, based upon whether pre-pregnant maternal obesity. A linear mixed effects model was fit to TEE. Individual variation was accounted for as a random effect. Residual TEE was calculated for age and individually averaged across time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat-free mass (kg) was highly correlated (R2= 0.91) with TEE (kcal/day), and waist circumference and sex were also significant predictors of TEE. TEE residual tracked within individuals. TEE residuals did not correlate with either BMI or %fat at age 8 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the residual TEE approach to identify high and low TEE during the first 6 years of life did not explain excess weight at 8 years of life in this cohort of children at high and low risk of obesity based upon maternal obesity status.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Nutritional Sciences.|Covance, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: S R J
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zinkel
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stunkard
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry.|Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faith
authors.affiliation: Center for Quantitative Obesity Research, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: body composition; children; dietary energy; energy expenditure; growth; obesity