title: Behavioral response and cost comparison of manual versus pharmacologic restraint protocols in healthy dogs.
abstract: Although sedatives are routinely administered to dogs for diagnostic and minimally invasive procedures, manual restraint is often used. The study compared intra-procedural behavioral response, scored on a 100-point, visual analog scale, and cost of restraint in healthy dogs given 1 of 5 treatments: manual restraint, dexmedetomidine at 125 μg/m(2) (Dex 125) or 375 μg/m(2) (Dex 375), Dex 125 plus butorphanol at 0.4 mg/kg (Dex 125 + Bu), or Dex 375 plus butorphanol at 0.4 mg/kg (Dex 375 + Bu). Mean behavioral response scores in dogs declined from baseline in the manual restraint group and improved in a linear fashion in the group order Dex 125, Dex 375, Dex 125 + Bu, and Dex 375 + Bu. Dexmedetomidine at 375 μg/m(2) or at 125 μg/m(2) or at 375 μg/m(2) in combination with butorphanol produced the best intra-procedural behavioral response. The cost of sedative drugs was offset by the opportunity cost of diverting personnel from revenue-generating activity to manual restraint.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Medicine, 501 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Barletta); Outcomes Research, Zoetis Inc, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA (Raffe).
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Medicine, 501 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Barletta); Outcomes Research, Zoetis Inc, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA (Raffe).
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffe
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol