title: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Kidney Injury: Present Status.
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of hospitalization that is characterized by a sudden loss of renal excretory function and associated with the subsequent development of chronic kidney disease, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. Although the pathophysiology of renal functional impairment in the setting of AKI remains poorly understood, previous studies have identified changes in renal hemodynamics, perfusion, and oxygenation as key factors in the development and progression of AKI. The early assessment of these changes remains a challenge. Many established approaches are not applicable to humans because of their invasiveness. Functional renal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers an alternative assessment tool that could be used to evaluate renal morphology and function noninvasively and simultaneously. Thus, the purpose of this review is to illustrate the principle, application, and role of the techniques of functional renal MR imaging, including blood oxygen level-dependent imaging, arterial spin labeling, and diffusion-weighted MR imaging, in the management of AKI. The use of gadolinium in MR imaging may exacerbate renal impairment and cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Therefore, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging will not be discussed in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
authors.forename: Hai Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
authors.forename: Tian Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium