title: Effects of Replacing of Inorganic Trace Minerals by Organically Bound Trace Minerals on Growth Performance, Tissue Mineral Status, and Fecal Mineral Excretion in Commercial Grower-Finisher Pigs.
abstract: A total of 180 crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White; BW = 47.1 ± 4.8 kg) were used to investigate the effects of totally replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) by organically bound trace minerals (OTMs) on growth performance, tissue mineral status, liver antioxidant enzyme activities, and fecal mineral excretion in grower-finisher pigs. A randomized complete block design with three treatments and six replicates (n = 10 pigs per pen) was used in this 69-day, 2-phase feeding trial. Experimental treatments were as follows: (1) a basal diet without trace mineral supplementation, (2) basal + ITMs (Fe, Mn, and Zn from sulfates, Cu oxychloride, and sodium selenite providing commercially recommended levels in China at 125, 22.5, 117.5, 30, and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively), and 3) basal + OTMs (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu from Bioplex and Se as Sel-Plex (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) providing levels identical to ITMs). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F among the treatments during the entire grower-finisher period. Supplementation with minerals, regardless of source, increased (P < 0.05) the Fe, Cu, and Se levels in the plasma; Fe and Zn levels in the liver; and Se levels in heart. Furthermore, compared with ITM group, the concentration of Zn and Se in the liver and heart, and Se in plasma and longissimus muscle were greater (P < 0.05) in OTM group. Hepatic Cu/Zn-SOD and ALP activities were increased (P < 0.05) when either ITMs or OTMs were supplemented. Pigs supplemented with OTMs displayed greater activities of Cu/Zn-SOD, ALP, and GSH-Px in the liver compared to pigs supplemented with ITMs. Dietary mineral supplementation to pig diets greatly increased (P < 0.05) fecal mineral (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Se) excretion in both grower and finisher phases. Fecal concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Se excretion were lower (P < 0.05) with OTMs supplementation than that in pigs fed diets containing ITMs. These results indicate that use of organic trace minerals, as well as no trace mineral supplementation, did not influence pig growth performance. Totally replacing ITMs by equivalent levels of OTMs could improve hepatic Cu/Zn-SOD, ALP, and GSH-Px activities and reduce fecal Mn, Cu, and Se excretion for grower-finisher pigs when supplemented at commercially recommended levels.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Pingwen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.|Alltech Biological Products (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.|Alltech Biological Products (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weifen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. dyyu@zju.edu.cn.|ALLTECH-ZJU Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Research Alliance, Hangzhou, China. dyyu@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dongyou
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Fecal mineral excretion; Grower-finisher pigs; Organically bound trace minerals; Tissue mineral concentrations