title: Nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa cells of patients with type I and II diabetes treated with folic acid.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood glucose. Excessive production of free radicals may cause oxidative damage to DNA and other molecules, leading to complications of the disease. It may be possible to delay or reduce such damage by administration of antioxidants such as folic acid (FA). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of FA on nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in the oral mucosa of patients with DM. NAs (micronucleated cells, binucleated cells, pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, abnormally condensed chromatin, and nuclear buds) were analyzed in 2000 cells from 45 healthy individuals (control group) and 55 patients with controlled or uncontrolled type I or II DM; 35 patients in the latter group were treated with FA. Samples were taken from the FA group before and after treatment. An increased rate of NAs was found in patients with DM in comparison with that of the control group (P<0.001). FA supplementation in patients with DM reduced the frequency of NAs (20.4 ± 8.0 before treatment vs. 10.5 ± 5.2 after treatment; P<0.001). The type I and type II DM and controlled and uncontrolled DM subgroups were analyzed in terms of sex, age, and smoking habit. The significantly reduced frequencies of buccal mucosa cells with micronuclei, binucleation, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyorrhexis+abnormally condensed chromatin, karyolysis, and nuclear buds produced by FA supplementation in DM patients (P<0.02) are consistent with the idea that free radicals are responsible for the increased frequency of NAs in DM patients.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Electronic address: beligomezmeda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gómez-Meda
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zamora-Perez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Especialidades, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Magallanes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Parada
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: García Bañuelos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Velázquez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Orozco
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vera-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armendáriz-Borunda
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zúñiga-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Buccal mucosa; Diabetes; Folic acid; Micronuclei; Nuclear abnormalities; Reactive oxygen species