title: Reduced Pain and Anxiety with Music and Noise-Canceling Headphones During Shockwave Lithotripsy.
abstract: We assessed the effects of music and noise-canceling headphones (NCHs) on perceived patient pain and anxiety from extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL).
  
  
  
  Patients with renal calculi scheduled for SWL were prospectively enrolled. All 89 patients between the ages of 19 and 80 years were informed about this study and then randomized into three groups: Group 1 (controls), no headphones and music; Group 2, music with NCHs (patients listened to Turkish classical music with NCHs during SWL); and Group 3, music with non-NCHs (patients listened to Turkish classical music with non-NCHs during SWL). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded before and just after the SWL session. All patient visual analog scale (VAS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were recorded just after the SWL procedure.
  
  
  
  There were significant differences in VAS scores among the groups (5.1, 3.6, and 4.5, respectively, p < 0.001), including between Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.018). There were also significant differences in STAI-State anxiety scores among the groups (43.1, 33.5, and 38.9, respectively, p = 0.001), including between Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.04).
  
  
  
  Music therapy during SWL reduced pain and anxiety. Music therapy with NCHs was more effective for pain and anxiety reduction. To reduce pain and anxiety, nonpharmacologic therapies such as music therapy with NCHs during SWL should be investigated further and used routinely.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar, Turkey .
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karalar
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar, Turkey .
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keles
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Urology, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey .
authors.forename: Engin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doğantekin
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar, Turkey .
authors.forename: Orhan Kemal
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Kahveci
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar, Turkey .
authors.forename: Hasmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009622:Noise; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010465:Perception