title: Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off pancreatic necrosis: A two-decade experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine long-term outcome of endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst/walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) without necrosectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and sixty-five pancreatic pseudocysts/WOPN managed endoscopically over a period of 22 years were analyzed retrospectively for technical success, complications, and recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatic 118 males and 47 females with mean age of 35.8 years were included. Alcohol was the most common etiology (41.2%). Transmural endoscopic drainage was done in 144 patients, while 21 patients underwent transpapillary drainage. All the patients were subjected to contrast computed tomography (CT) abdomen or routine/Doppler ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound was done in last 11 patients. One or two double pigtail 7 Fr stents were placed when clear watery fluid came out from cyst (130 patients, 78.8%), and nasocystic drainage (NCD) tubes were placed in addition to two 7 Fr stents when there were frank pus, thick dark fluid, or solid components inside the cyst (35 patients). All these patients settled on this treatment. Thirty-three of 35 patients of WOPN could be managed endoscopically without necrosectomy. Complications occurred in 9.2% of pseudocysts and 40% of WOPN. Thirty-five patients were followed up for more than 5 years (3 patients more than 10 years), and 130 patients were followed up for up to 5 years. Recurrence occurred in 8.1% of pseudocysts and 5.7% of WOPN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Majority of pancreatic pseudocysts/WOPN can be managed with endoscopic drainage without necrosectomy with high success, low complication, and recurrence rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India. shyamsharma4@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India.
authors.forename: Bir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India.
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, G B Pant Hospital, 1, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, 110 002, India.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maharshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nijhawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India.
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sapra
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Gangawal Park, Jaipur, 302 004, India.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jhajharia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cystoduodenostomy; Cystogastrostomy; Necrosectomy; Pseudocyst; Transpapillary drainage; WOPN