title: The dynamic changes of circulating invariant natural killer T cells during chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The protective role of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains controversial. We sought to clarify the role of peripheral iNKT cells during chronic HBV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with chronic HBV infection were categorized into an immune tolerance phase (HBV-IT) (n = 16), an immune clearance phase (HBV-IC) (n = 19) and an inactive carrier phase (HBV-IA) (n = 25). Twenty healthy individuals were enrolled as healthy controls. Another 21 HBeAg-positive patients were administrated with entecavir (0.5 mg/day) for 6 months. The percentages of circulating iNKT cells and their IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels were examined by flow cytometry. The relationships between serum HBV DNA, ALT levels, the percentages of iNKT cells, and their IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to healthy controls, the percentage of iNKT cells decreased in HBV-IT, but increased in HBV-IC and HBV-IA. Circulating IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells gradually increased, whereas IL-4-producing iNKT cells gradually decreased from HBV-IT stage to HBV-IC and HBV-IA stages. The frequency of iNKT cells and their IFN-γ levels were reversely correlated with viral load. The levels of IL-4 expressed by iNKT cells were positively correlated to viral load and the serum ALT levels. After anti-virus therapy, the percentage of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells increased while the percentage of IL-4-producing iNKT cells decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During chronic HBV infection, the percentages of peripheral iNKT cells and its cytokines expressions of IFN-γ and IL-4 showed dynamic changes. The expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were correlated with the clearance of HBV and liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xue-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Gen
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China. leo_lee66@126.com.
authors.forename: Cheng-Zhong
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. gao251149@gmail.com.|Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. gao251149@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yue-Qiu
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006147:Guanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D015847:Interleukin-4; C413685:entecavir; D006147:Guanine; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Chronic HBV infection; IFN-γ; IL-4; iNKTs