title: Osteogain improves osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on a bovine-derived natural bone mineral.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to facilitate periodontal regeneration by histologically resulting in formation of cementum, periodontal ligament and bone. Recently, a new liquid carrier system for EMD has been introduced with better physicochemical properties specifically designed for bone graft mixing (Osteogain). The aim of this study was to investigate the combination of Osteogain with a bovine-derived natural bone mineral (NBM) on osteoblast migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undifferentiated mouse ST2 stromal bone marrow cells were seeded onto 1)NBM particles alone or 2)NBM + Osteogain. Samples were compared for cell migration at 8 h, cell adhesion at 4 h, cell proliferation at 1, 3 and 5 days and real-time PCR at 3 and 14 days for genes encoding runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen1alpha2 (COL1a2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN). Furthermore, alizarin red staining was utilized to investigate the mineralization at 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osteogain significantly upregulated cell adhesion over twofold onto NBM particles and promoted cell proliferation at 3 and 5 days after seeding. Furthermore, the combination of NBM with Osteogain significantly upregulated genes encoding Runx2, ALP, COL1a2 and OCN (from 1.5- to 3-fold) and increased alizarin red staining over 3 fold at 14 days when compared to NBM particles alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-coating Osteogain onto NBM bone grafting particles significantly increased cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro. Future animal studies are now necessary to further investigate the regenerative potential of Osteogain in combination with a bone grafting material prior to clinical use for bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujioka-Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral and MaxilloFacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caballé-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dieter D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bosshardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008903:Minerals; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C077540:Bio-Oss; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D008903:Minerals; C000621568:Osteogain
keywords: bone graft; emdogain; enamel matrix derivative; enamel matrix proteins; periodontal regeneration