title: LPAIV H9N2 Drives the Differential Expression of Goose Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Both In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.
abstract: Geese, as aquatic birds, are an important natural reservoir of avian influenza virus (AIV). To characterize the innate antiviral immune response against AIV H9N2 strain infection in geese as well as the probable relationship between the expression of immune-related genes and the distribution of viral antigens, we investigated the levels of immune-related gene transcription both in AIV H9N2 strain-infected geese and in vitro. The patterns of viral location and the tissue distribution of CD4- and CD8α-positive cells were concurrently detected by immunohistochemical staining, which revealed respiratory and digestive organs as the primary sites of antigen-positive signals. Average AIV H9N2 viral loads were detected in the feces, Harderian gland (HG), and trachea, where higher copy numbers were detected compared with the rectum. Our results suggested the strong induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression compared with interferons (IFNs). Notably, in most tissues from the AIV H9N2 strain-infected birds, IFNα and IFNγ gene transcripts were differentially expressed. However, inverse changes in IFNα and IFNγ expression after AIV H9N2 strain infection were observed in vitro. Taken together, the results suggest that AIV H9N2 is widely distributed in multiple tissues, efficiently induces inflammatory cytokines in the HG and spleen of goslings and inversely influences type I and II IFN expression both in vivo and in vitro. The findings of this study further our understanding of host defense mechanisms and the pathogenesis of the H9N2 influenza virus in geese.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Mingshu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Renyong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Dekang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Mafeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Kunfeng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.
authors.forename: Anchun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
keywords: AIV H9N2; antiviral response; cellular immune; geese; viral distribution