title: Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its major constituent cinnamaldehyde induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells.
abstract: Cinnamomum cassia essential oil (CC-EO) has various functional properties, such as anti-microbial, hypouricemic, anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenesis activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer activities of CC-EO and its major constituent, cinnamaldehyde, in human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells. Determination of the cell viability, apoptotic characteristics, DNA damage, cell cycle analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic Ca2+level and intracellular redox status were performed. Our results demonstrated that CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased cell viability and caused morphological changes. The cell cycle analysis revealed that CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in HSC-3 cells. The apoptotic characteristics (DNA laddering and chromatin condensation) and DNA damage were observed in the CC-EO-treated and cinnamaldehyde-treated HSC-3 cells. Moreover, CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde promoted an increase in cytosolic Ca2+levels, induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activated cytochrome c release. The results of ROS production and intracellular redox status demonstrated that CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde significantly increased the ROS production and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, and the cellular glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly reduced in HSC-3 cells. Our results suggest that CC-EO and cinnamaldehyde may possess anti-oral cancer activity in HSC-3 cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 456-468, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fu-Chou
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Su-Tze
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D027424:Cinnamomum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000171:Acrolein; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: Cinnamomum cassia; HSC-3; apoptosis; cinnamaldehyde; essential oil; oral cancer