title: A minimum-error, energy-constrained neural code is an instantaneous-rate code.
abstract: Sensory neurons code information about stimuli in their sequence of action potentials (spikes). Intuitively, the spikes should represent stimuli with high fidelity. However, generating and propagating spikes is a metabolically expensive process. It is therefore likely that neural codes have been selected to balance energy expenditure against encoding error. Our recently proposed optimal, energy-constrained neural coder (Jones et al. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 9, 61 2015) postulates that neurons time spikes to minimize the trade-off between stimulus reconstruction error and expended energy by adjusting the spike threshold using a simple dynamic threshold. Here, we show that this proposed coding scheme is related to existing coding schemes, such as rate and temporal codes. We derive an instantaneous rate coder and show that the spike-rate depends on the signal and its derivative. In the limit of high spike rates the spike train maximizes fidelity given an energy constraint (average spike-rate), and the predicted interspike intervals are identical to those generated by our existing optimal coding neuron. The instantaneous rate coder is shown to closely match the spike-rates recorded from P-type primary afferents in weakly electric fish. In particular, the coder is a predictor of the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH). When tested against in vitro cortical pyramidal neuron recordings, the instantaneous spike-rate approximates DC step inputs, matching both the average spike-rate and the time-to-first-spike (a simple temporal code). Overall, the instantaneous rate coder relates optimal, energy-constrained encoding to the concepts of rate-coding and temporal-coding, suggesting a possible unifying principle of neural encoding of sensory signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. ejohns24@illinois.edu.|Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. ejohns24@illinois.edu.|Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. ejohns24@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Erik C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. dl-jones@illinois.edu.|Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. dl-jones@illinois.edu.|Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. dl-jones@illinois.edu.|Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Illinois at Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore, Singapore. dl-jones@illinois.edu.|Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. dl-jones@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. ratnam@illinois.edu.|Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. ratnam@illinois.edu.|Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Illinois at Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore, Singapore. ratnam@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ratnam
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Energy efficient coding; Instantaneous rate; Rate coding; Sensory coding; Temporal coding