title: Molecular characterization of classic human astrovirus in eastern China, as revealed by environmental sewage surveillance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular epidemiology of classic human astrovirus (HAstVs) in sewage and supplement limited clinical data in China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Classic HAstVs in domestic sewage in Shandong Province, eastern China in 2014 were analysed in a total of 23 sewage samples. After viral concentration, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), cloning and sequencing, all samples were positive for classic HAstVs and 115 sequences were obtained, belonging to five different genotypes (HAstV-1,-2, -3, -4 and -5). Of these, HAstV-4 (31·3%, 36/115), -5 (24·3%, 28/115) were detected with higher rates than HAstV-1 (21·7%, 25/115), followed by HAstV-2 (17·4%, 20/115) and -3 (5·2%, 6/115). High identities were observed within all genotypes in 2014. Interestingly, recombination events were identified at a high frequency (12·2%, 14/115), and variable combinations were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that multiple HAstVs genotypes co-circulated with high prevalence in local population during surveillance period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that sewage analysis is a useful approach in surveillance HAstVs in the context of limited clinical data.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D019350:Astroviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D001257:Mamastrovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
keywords: China; genotype; human astrovirus; molecular epidemiology; phylogeny; recombination; sewage