title: Reduced bone resorption and increased bone mineral density in women with restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate bone resorption and formation markers as well as bone mineral density in women with restless legs syndrome (RLS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional case-control study involving drug-naive women with RLS and age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched female controls. Routine blood analyses, markers of bone formation, procollagen 1 n-terminal peptide, bone resorption, c-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), sclerostin, and bone mineral density (BMD) were compared between the 2 groups. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and individuals with comorbidities other than iron deficiency, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or hypertension were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in lumbar BMD was found among 78 women with RLS as compared to 78 age- and BMI-matched controls (p = 0.001). The proportion of patients with osteopenia as defined by a lumbar T score was significantly lower among patients with RLS (p = 0.040). CTX and sclerostin were significantly lower in patients with RLS (p = 0.006 and p = 0.011, respectively), as were the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, calcemia, and free T3 (p = 0.017, p = 0.017, and p = 0.002, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, patients with RLS had lower bone resorption markers, higher lumbar BMD, and lower frequency of lumbar osteopenia. As patients with RLS make movements night and day to decrease the severity of their symptoms, they unconsciously perform exercise, which may potentially explain the better bone profile among patients with RLS than in controls.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey. malicikrikcioglu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cikrikcioglu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekin
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulistan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halac
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Siddika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesgin
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Senay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaras
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akan
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamdard
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zorlu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cumali
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karatoprak
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cakirca
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.A.C., Y.S., K.C., J.H., M.Z., C.K., M.C., M.K.), Neurology (G.H.), Biochemistry (E.K., S.K.), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (N.O.), Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih; Department of Neurology (S.A.), Yedikule Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu; and Department of Neurology (O.A.), Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muharrem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiskac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology