title: How to promote adverse drug reaction reports using information systems - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a well-recognized public health problem and a major cause of death and hospitalization in developed countries. The safety of a new drug cannot be established until it has been on the market for several years. Keeping drug reactions under surveillance through pharmacovigilance systems is indispensable. However, underreporting is a major issue that undermines the effectiveness of spontaneous reports. Our work presents a systematic review on the use of information systems for the promotion of ADR reporting. The aim of this work is to describe the state of the art information systems used to promote adverse drug reaction reporting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed with quantitative analysis of studies describing or evaluating the use of information systems to promote adverse drug reaction reporting. Studies with data related to the number of ADRs reported before and after each intervention and the follow-up period were included in the quantitative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 3865 articles, 33 articles were included in the analysis; these articles described 29 different projects. Most of the projects were on a regional scale (62 %) and were performed in a hospital context (52 %). A total of 76 % performed passive promotion of ADR reporting and used web-based software (55 %). A total of 72 % targeted healthcare professionals and 24 % were oriented to patient ADR reporting. We performed a meta-analysis of 7 of the 29 projects to calculate the aggregated measure of the ADR reporting increase, which had an overall measure of 2.1 (indicating that the interventions doubled the number of ADRs reported).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that most of the projects performed passive promotion of ADR reporting (i.e., facilitating the process). They were developed in hospitals and were tailored to healthcare professionals. These interventions doubled the number of ADR reports. We believe that it would be useful to develop systems to assist healthcare professionals with completing ADR reporting within electronic health records because this approach seems to be an efficient method to increase the ADR reporting rate. When this approach is not possible, it is essential to have a tool that is easily accessible on the web to report ADRs. This tool can be promoted by sending emails or through the inclusion of direct hyperlinks on healthcare professionals' desktops.
authors.affiliation: Northern Pharmacovigilance Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. inesvaz@med.up.pt.|Center for Health Technology and Service Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. inesvaz@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Vaz
authors.affiliation: Northern Pharmacovigilance Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. ana.mm.silva@hotmail.com.|Center for Health Technology and Service Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. ana.mm.silva@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana-Marta
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Technology and Service Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. csantos.cristina@gmail.com.|Health Information and Decision Sciences Department (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. csantos.cristina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa Santos
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Technology and Service Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. ricardo.jc.correia@gmail.com.|Health Information and Decision Sciences Department (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. ricardo.jc.correia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cruz-Correia
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000329:Advertising; D006801:Humans; D060735:Pharmacovigilance