title: Population-specific toxicity of six insecticides to the trematode Echinoparyphium sp.
abstract: The ubiquitous use of pesticides has increased concerns over their direct and indirect effects on disease dynamics. While studies examining the effects of pesticides on host-parasite interactions have largely focused on how pesticides influence the host, few studies have considered the effects of pesticides on parasites. We investigated the toxicity of six common insecticides at six environmentally-relevant concentrations to cercariae of the trematode Echinoparyphium from two populations. All six insecticides reduced the survival of cercariae (overall difference between mortality in control vs pesticide exposure = 86·2 ± 8·7%) but not in a predictable dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Echinoparyphium are sensitive to a broad range of insecticides commonly used in the USA. The lack of a clear dose-dependent response in Echinoparyphium highlights the potential limitations of toxicity assays in predicting pesticide toxicity to parasites. Finally, population-level variation in cercarial susceptibility to pesticides underscores the importance of accounting for population variation as overlooking this variation can limit our ability to predict toxicity in nature. Collectively, this work demonstrates that consideration of pesticide toxicity to parasites is important to understanding how pesticides ultimately shape disease dynamics in nature.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department,Binghamton University (SUNY),Binghamton,New York 13902,USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,Indiana 47907,USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buss
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,Indiana 47907,USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology,Northeastern Illinois University,Chicago,Illinois 60625,USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Orlofske
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,Indiana 47907,USA.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoverman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity; D058487:Cercaria / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004450:Echinostomatidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008294:Malathion / Q000633:toxicity; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010078:Oxazines / Q000633:toxicity; D026023:Permethrin / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D011722:Pyrethrins; D015222:Sodium Channels; D013844:Thiazoles; C017160:cypermethrin; C082359:imidacloprid; D026023:Permethrin; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D012721:Carbaryl; D008294:Malathion
keywords: Helisoma trivolvis; carbaryl; cypermethrin; imidacloprid; malathion; permethrin; thiamethoxam