title: Antimicrobial Properties and Cytotoxicity of Sulfated (1,3)-β-D-Glucan from the Mycelium of the Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.
abstract: Ganoderma lucidum BCCM 31549 has a long established role for its therapeutic activities. In this context, much interest has focused on the possible functions of the (1,3)-β-D-glucan (G) produced by these cultures in a stirred-tank bioreactor and extracted from their underutilized mycelium. In the existing study, we report on the systematic production of G, and its sulfated derivative (GS). The aim of this study was to investigate G and its GS from G. lucidum in terms of their antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity spectrum against human prostate cells (PN2TA) and human caucasian histiocytic lymphoma cells (U937). (1)H NMR for both G and GS compounds showed β-glycosidic linkages and structural similarities when compared with two standards (laminarin and fucoidan). The existence of characteristic absorptions at 1,170 and 867 cm(-1) in the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) for GS demonstrated the successful sulfation of G. Only GS exhibited antimicrobial activity against a varied range of test bacteria of relevance to foodstuffs and human health. Moreover, both G and GS did not show any cytotoxic effects on PN2TA cells, thus helping demonstrate the safety of these polymers. Moreover, GS showed 40% antiproliferation against cancerous U937 cells at the low concentration (60 μg/ ml) applied in this study compared with G (10%). Together, this demonstrates that sulfation clearly improved the solubility and therapeutic activities of G. The water-soluble GS demonstrates the potential multifunctional effects of these materials in foodstuffs.
authors.affiliation: Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 ORE, UK.
authors.forename: Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wan-Mohtar
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute for Drug Research (SIDR), SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute for Drug Research (SIDR), SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Gráinne M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute for Drug Research (SIDR), SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.affiliation: Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 ORE, UK.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 ORE, UK.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019149:Bioreactors; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008970:Molecular Weight; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011509:Proteoglycans; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005936:Glucans; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011509:Proteoglycans; D047071:beta-Glucans; C010770:polysaccharide-K; C008247:laminaran; C007789:fucoidan
keywords: (1,3)-β-D-glucan sulfate; Antimicrobial activity; Cytotoxicity; Ganoderma lucidum