title: The diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic application of MicroRNAs in haematological malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that participate in vital cell processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. In recent years, they have been proven to play vital roles in haematological malignancies. In this review we briefly introduce some basic knowledge of microRNAs and summarize their ectopic expression in haematological malignancies, especially in leukaemia. We will also discuss the potential of microRNAs in the diagnosis of leukaemia, in the determination of the clinical prognosis of diverse subtypes, and in targeted therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current adoption of novel biological agents combining traditional chemotherapy regimens, leukaemia remains to have undesirable clinical outcomes due to inaccurate diagnosis, invasiveness of the disease, and patients' intolerance to chemotherapy, thus brand new therapeutic directions are urgently needed. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by means of binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of corresponding mRNAs, leading to the degradation of targeted mRNA or the inhibition of translation. It has been confirmed that they can either function as tumour inhibitors, or may trigger tumourigenesis in certain situations, this specific dual characteristic undoubtedly attract scientists to explore their roles in haematological malignancies. It is of great necessity to summarize the roles of miRNAs in haematological malignancies diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and clinical treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies may take full advantage of miRNAs detection in diagnosing, in choosing targeted biological therapy, and in avoiding predictable side effect, thus the overall survival rate and cure efficiency of leukaemia should improve.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000066630:Ectopic Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011379:Prognosis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm
keywords: Biomarkers; Clinical prognosis; Ectopic expression; Haematological malignancies; MicroRNAs; Targeted therapy