title: Antimelanogenic effects of luteolin 7-sulfate isolated from Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal deposition of melanin may cause an aesthetic skin problem; therefore, the control of unwanted excessive melanin synthesis is the major goal of cosmetic research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify novel tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors from marine plants and examine their cellular antimelanogenic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extracts of 50 marine plants endemic to Korea were screened against human TYR. Active constituents were then isolated from the selected plant extracts that showed potential and their chemical structures elucidated. Furthermore, their antimelanogenic effects were examined using murine melanoma B16/F10 cells and human epidermal melanocytes (HEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the tested extracts, that of Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino exhibited the strongest human TYR inhibitory activity. The active constituents were purified from the butanol fraction of the P. iwatensis extract and identified as hispidulin 7-sulfate and luteolin 7-sulfate. Luteolin 7-sulfate inhibited human TYR more strongly than hispidulin 7-sulfate, luteolin, hispidulin and arbutin. Furthermore, luteolin 7-sulfate showed lower cytotoxicity than luteolin in both B16/F10 cells and HEM. Luteolin 7-sulfate attenuated cellular melanin synthesis more effectively in B16/F10 cells and HEM stimulated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and l-tyrosine than arbutin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that luteolin 7-sulfate isolated from P. iwatensis is a human TYR inhibitor with advantageous antimelanogenic properties, and would be useful for development as a therapeutic agent for the control of unwanted skin pigmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: Gyeongbuk Natural Color Industry Institute, 181, Cheonmun-ro, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38896, Korea.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Korea Marine Ecology Institute, 60, Centum jungang-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan, 48059, Korea.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680, Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Korea. ycboo@knu.ac.kr.|Ruby Crown Co., Ltd, Kyungpook National University Business Incubation Center, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Korea. ycboo@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Boo
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D047311:Luteolin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D008548:Melanosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D035962:Zosteraceae
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008543:Melanins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D047311:Luteolin