title: The history and histology of bone morphogenetic protein.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins are a group of structurally related proteins within the TGF-β superfamily of proteins with a diverse repertoire of functions in embryonic and adult organisms. As is apparent from the name, the members first characterized participate in bone growth, development, and remodeling. The "morphogenic" activity per se is defined as the induction of a recapitulation of endochondral bone formation by appropriate stem cells. The regenerative capacity of bone has been recognized since ancient times. The mechanism, applications, and conceptual basis of bone transplantation, bone implantation, ectopic bone formation, and exogenously induced bone formation have been studied by many investigators for more than a century. This review examines the efforts to characterize this activity in the European and American literature over approximately the last century. Because of the inherently complex nature of the process induced by these molecules (inflammation, stem cell proliferation, cartilage differentiation, replacement of cartilage with bone) it is important to evaluate previous investigations through a histological perspective. The cellular basis of the contemporary bioassay for BMP activity is illustrated and discussed from the histological point of view.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center, VA Greater Los Angeles and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel.Murray@va.gov.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center, VA Greater Los Angeles and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elsa J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brochmann Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia Leite
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D006801:Humans; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins