title: Covalent immobilization of glycosaminoglycans to reduce the inflammatory effects of biomaterials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inflammatory responses evoked by artificial organs and implantation of devices like biosensors and guide wires can lead to acute and chronic inflammation, largely limiting the functionality and longevity of the devices with negative effects on patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to reduce the inflammatory responses to biomaterials by covalent immobilization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on amino-terminated surfaces used as model biomaterials here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water contact angle (WCA) and zeta potential measurements showed a significant increase in wettability and negative charges on the GAG-modified surfaces, respectively, confirming the successful immobilization of GAGs on the amino-terminated surfaces. THP-1-derived macrophages were used as a model cell type to investigate the efficacy of GAG-modified surfaces in modulating inflammatory responses. It was found that macrophage adhesion, macrophage spreading morphology, foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation, as well as β1 integrin expression and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production were all significantly decreased on GAG-modified surfaces compared to the initial amino-terminated surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the potential of covalent GAG immobilization to reduce the inflammatory potential of biomaterials in different clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle - Germany.
authors.forename: Guoying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle - Germany.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Khoury
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle - Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Groth
mesh_terms: D001187:Artificial Organs / Q000009:adverse effects; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000009:adverse effects; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans