title: Statistical optimization of tretinoin-loaded penetration-enhancer vesicles (PEV) for topical delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to develop and optimize deformable liposome for topical delivery of tretinoin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liposomal formulations were designed based on the full factorial design and prepared by fusion method. The influence of different ratio of soy phosphatidylcholine and transcutol (independent variables) on incorporation efficiency and drug release in 15 min and 24 h (responses) from liposomal formulations was evaluated. Liposomes were characterized for their vesicle size and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate changes in their thermal behavior. The penetration and retention of drug was determined using mouse skin. Also skin histology study was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particle size of all formulations was smaller than 20 nm. Incorporation efficiency of liposomes was 79-93 %. Formulation F7 (25:5) showed maximum drug release. Optimum formulations were selected based on the contour plots resulted by statistical equations of drug release in 15 min and 24 h. Solubility properties of transcutol led to higher skin penetration for optimum formulations compared to tretinoin cream. There was no significant difference between the amount of drug retained in the skin by applying optimum formulations and cream. Histopatological investigation suggested optimum formulations could decrease the adverse effect of tretinoin in liposome compared to conventional cream.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of the study, it is concluded that deformable liposome containing transcutol may be successfully used for dermal delivery of tretinoin.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. nbavarsad@ajums.ac.ir.|Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. nbavarsad@ajums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bavarsad
authors.affiliation: Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhgari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seifmanesh
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Anayatollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Annahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaie
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D008081:Liposomes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051379:Mice; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D008081:Liposomes; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D014212:Tretinoin; C010111:carbitol