title: Modeling information flows in clinical decision support: key insights for enhancing system effectiveness.
abstract: A fundamental challenge in the field of clinical decision support is to determine what characteristics of systems make them effective in supporting particular types of clinical decisions. However, we lack such a theory of decision support itself and a model to describe clinical decisions and the systems to support them. This article outlines such a framework. We present a two-stream model of information flow within clinical decision-support systems (CDSSs): reasoning about the patient (the clinical stream), and reasoning about the user (the cognitive-behavioral stream). We propose that CDSS "effectiveness" be measured not only in terms of a system's impact on clinical care, but also in terms of how (and by whom) the system is used, its effect on work processes, and whether it facilitates appropriate decisions by clinicians and patients. Future research into which factors improve the effectiveness of decision support should not regard CDSSs as a single entity, but should instead differentiate systems based on their attributes, users, and the decision being supported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands s.k.medlock@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medlock
authors.affiliation: Yorkshire Centre for Health Informatics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Wessex Institute of Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK s.k.medlock@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Studies in Medicine and Public Health, The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Vimla L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Shortliffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ameen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abu-Hanna
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006801:Humans; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D057188:Workflow
keywords: clinical; decision making; decision-support systems; user-computer interface; workflow