title: Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Pre-HAART Versus the HAART Era in the North Indian Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare changes in the demographic profile and ocular manifestations in patients with HIV in the pre-HAART and HAART era in North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-center cross-sectional study, 100 HIV patients receiving HAART and 96 HIV patients in the pre-HAART era were enrolled. Prevalence of ocular manifestations of HIV was calculated for both cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ocular manifestations was not statistically different in the two eras (38%, SE: 4.85% in HAART era; 41.67%, SE: 5% in pre-HAART era) (p = 0.60). Mean CD4 counts were lower in the pre-HAART era compared with the HAART era (p < 0.001). In the HAART era, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and HIV retinopathy continued to remain the most common infectious and non-infectious cause of visual morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the introduction of HAART has resulted in a major impact on the overall health of patients with HIV, the spectrum of ocular disease remains largely unchanged in developing countries such as India.
authors.affiliation: a Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.
authors.forename: Aniruddha
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-9855
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Ramandeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: c Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Vishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Mangat R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dogra
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D044466:Asian People; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: AIDS; HAART; HIV retinopathy; India; cytomegalovirus retinitis; pre-HAART era