title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using diode laser activated indocyanine green as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies have shown the usefulness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive in periodontal therapy. These studies did not utilize indocyanine green (ICG) as a recently introduced photosensitizer. The aim of this study was to perform a full-mouth double-blind randomized controlled clinical study to test the efficacy of adjunctive aPDT with ICG compared with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone in chronic periodontitis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were selected for this study. All patients received SRP. Then, each patient was randomly assigned to either the test group (aPDT+SRP) or the control group (SRP). aPDT was performed with a diode laser (wavelength: 810nm, power: 200mW) and ICG as photosensitizer. The adjunctive procedure was repeated after 7, 17 and 27 days. The clinical parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), full mouth plaque score (FMPS) and full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were measured at baseline and after 1 and 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between two groups at baseline. BOP, PPD and FMBS showed significant improvements in the test group (P≤0.001). In terms of PI, FMPS and CAL, no significant differences were observed between both groups (P≥0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  aPDT as an adjunctive approach yielded complete resolution of inflammation and significant reduction in periodontal pocket depth. However, aPDT had no additional advantages in clinical attachment gain and plaque score.
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monzavi
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chinipardaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahvash
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences (LRCMS), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fekrazad
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moslemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azaripour
authors.affiliation: Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bagherpasand
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: n-chiniforush@farabi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiniforush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Chronic periodontitis; Randomized controlled trial; Scaling and root planing