title: The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Mount Etna region: a possible pathogenic role of volcanogenic metals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trace elements (TEs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and volcanic degassing is the major natural source of TEs. Mount Etna, in the province of Catania, is the largest active volcano in Europe. Our aim was to assess the incidence of ALS in the province of Catania during 2005-2010 and its spatial distribution with respect to volcanic gas deposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases from all neurological centres of the province of Catania and of the boundary provinces were retrospectively collected. Patients who had onset during 2005-2010 and fulfilled the El Escorial revised diagnostic criteria were included. The incidence of ALS was estimated for the entire province and separately for the population living on the eastern and western flank of Mount Etna, respectively, the most and least exposed areas to volcanogenic TEs, considered as a possible risk factor for ALS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-six (57 men) ALS patients were enrolled. The mean annual crude incidence rate was 2.0/100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval 1.7-2.4). A higher incidence rate was found in the population living on the eastern flank compared to the western flank (2.4/100 000 and 0.9/100 000 respectively) with a relative risk of 2.75 (95% confidence interval 1.64-4.89; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ALS in the province of Catania is close to those reported worldwide. The incidence was higher amongst the population living on the eastern flank of Mount Etna, which could be interpreted as a possible role of volcanogenic TEs. Further research on TEs and genetic factors is necessary to support this assumption.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venti
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mostile
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo Fermo
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patti
authors.affiliation: Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scillieri
authors.affiliation: Intensive Neurorehabilitation Unit, ALS Centre, IRCCS 'Salvatore Maugeri' Foundation, Mistretta, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Cicco
authors.affiliation: Intensive Neurorehabilitation Unit, ALS Centre, IRCCS 'Salvatore Maugeri' Foundation, Mistretta, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Volanti
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marziolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maimone
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory - LIAA, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory - LIAA, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosciences, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zappia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018707:Volcanic Eruptions / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroepidemiology