title: The current literature regarding the cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes.
abstract: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Electronic cigarettes are marketed both as nicotine substitutes and recreational devices. The popularity of electronic cigarettes has superseded other forms of nicotine replacement therapy. They are also popular in 'never smokers'. This review summarizes the available data regarding the cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes. The existing literature is limited and short term with a lack of high-quality studies and adequate follow-up. The available literature suggests that electronic cigarettes have sympathomimetic effects related to nicotine exposure, however, electronic cigarettes also contain other chemicals that require further investigation. Sparse data suggest vascular injury may be another concern. Further research is needed before broad recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Bhargava
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nelluri
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mookadam
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mookadam
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: E cigarette; coronary artery disease; electronic cigarette; heart; heart disease; myocardial function; vascular disease