title: Direct navigated 3D ultrasound for resection of brain tumors: a useful tool for intraoperative image guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Navigated 3D ultrasound is a novel intraoperative imaging adjunct permitting quick real-time updates to facilitate tumor resection. Image quality continues to improve and is currently sufficient to allow use of navigated ultrasound (NUS) as a stand-alone modality for intraoperative guidance without the need for preoperative MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively analyzed cases involving operations performed at their institution in which a 3D ultrasound navigation system was used for control of resection of brain tumors in a "direct" 3D ultrasound mode, without preoperative MRI guidance. The usefulness of the ultrasound and its correlation with postoperative imaging were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound was used for resection control in 81 cases. In 53 of these 81 cases, at least 1 intermediate scan (range 1-3 intermediate scans) was obtained during the course of the resection, and in 50 of these 53 cases, the result prompted further resection. In the remaining 28 cases, intermediate scans were not performed either because the first ultrasound scan performed after resection was interpreted as showing no residual tumor (n = 18) and resection was terminated or because the surgeon intentionally terminated the resection prematurely due to the infiltrative nature of the tumor and extension of disease into eloquent areas (n = 10) and the final ultrasound scan was interpreted as showing residual disease. In an additional 20 cases, ultrasound navigation was used primarily for localization and not for resection control, making the total number of NUS cases where radical resection was planned 101. Gross-total resection (GTR) was planned in 68 of these 101 cases and cytoreduction in 33. Ultrasound-defined GTR was achieved in 51 (75%) of the cases in which GTR was planned. In the remaining 17, further resection had to be terminated (despite evidence of residual tumor on ultrasound) because of diffuse infiltration or proximity to eloquent areas. Of the 33 cases planned for cytoreduction, NUS guidance facilitated ultrasound-defined GTR in 4 cases. Overall, ultrasound-defined GTR was achieved in 50% of cases (55 of 111). Based on the postoperative imaging (MRI in most cases), GTR was achieved in 58 cases (53%). Final (postresection) ultrasonography was documented in 78 cases. The findings were compared with the postoperative imaging to ascertain concordance in detecting residual tumor. Overall concordance was seen in 64 cases (82.5%), positive concordance was seen in 33 (42.5%), and negative in 31 (40%). Discordance was seen in 14 cases-with ultrasound yielding false-positive results in 7 cases and false-negative results in 7 cases. Postoperative neurological worsening occurred in 15 cases (13.5%), and in most of these cases, it was reversible by the time of discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that 3D ultrasound can be effectively used as a stand-alone navigation modality during the resection of brain tumors. The ability to provide repeated, high-quality intraoperative updates is useful for guiding resection. Attention to image acquisition technique and experience can significantly increase the quality of images, thereby improving the overall utility of this modality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Aliasgar V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Moiyadi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shetty
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: GTR = gross-total resection; NUS = navigated ultrasound; dNUS = direct navigated ultrasound; glioma surgery; intraoperative imaging; navigated ultrasound; navigation; stand alone