title: Occurrence and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of bacterial pathogens responsible for diarrhea and to engender information regarding the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotic against diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and July 2014. Samples were collected from the Divisional Headquarter and Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The differential and selective media were used to isolate bacterial pathogens, which were identified through cultural characteristics, microscopy, and biochemical tests. Disc diffusion assay was carried out using Muller Hinton agar medium, and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using broth dilution method against isolated pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and forty-one (100%) samples were positive for some bacteria. Frequency of occurrence was Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) (66%), Escherichia coli (E.coli) (48.5%), Salmonella typhi (S. Typhi) (27.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (8.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (4.3%). Single pathogen was detected in 20 (14.2%) samples whereas combinations were found in 121 (85.8%) samples. Bacillus cereus and E.coli were the most frequently detected pathogens followed by the S. Typhi, P. aeruginosa, and Staph. aureus. The percentage occurrence of isolated pathogens was 31% in B. cereus, 31% in E. coli, 18% in S. Typhi, 5% in P. aeruginosa, and 3% in Staph. aureus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance against Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime, whereas S. aureus was found resistant against Cefotaxime. Statistical analysis using one way Analysis of Variance revealed that Ofloxacin and Gentamicin had significant (p less than 0.05) differences against all isolates as compared with other antibiotics used in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. E-mail. drmhrasool@gcuf.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Muhammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.forename: Abu B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saqalein
authors.forename: Muhammad J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zahoor
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.forename: Humerah B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Shafiq
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nisar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D000658:Amoxicillin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D002439:Cefotaxime