title: Sex, Sexual Orientation, Gender Atypicality, and Indicators of Depression and Anxiety in Childhood and Adulthood.
abstract: The current study evaluated the possibility that greater negative mental health outcomes reported among gay, lesbian, and gender-atypical individuals, compared to gender-typical individuals, are present in childhood and persist into adulthood. Sex and sexual orientation differences in self-reported adulthood and recalled childhood indicators of depression and anxiety and their association with current and retrospectively reported gender (a)typicality were examined in a non-clinically recruited community sample of Canadian heterosexual men (n = 98), heterosexual women (n = 142), gay men (n = 289), and lesbian women (n = 69). Indicators of depression and anxiety were constructed based on diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and specific phobias. Factor reduction analyses yielded three factors: (1) indicators of childhood separation anxiety, (2) indicators of childhood depression and anxiety, and (3) indicators of adulthood depression and anxiety. Lesbian women scored higher on childhood separation anxiety than all other groups. Heterosexual men scored lower on indicators of childhood separation anxiety than gay men and lower on indicators of childhood and adulthood depression and anxiety than all other groups. No other significant group differences were observed. Correlational analysis suggested that for men, but not for women, gender-atypical behavior was associated with negative mental health. The current study indicated that childhood should be considered a critical time period during which the noted sexual orientation-related mental health discrepancies manifest and that childhood gender atypicality is a key factor for understanding the emergence of such discrepancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. l.petterson@uleth.ca.
authors.forename: Lanna J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.|Underserved Populations Research Program, Child, Youth and Family Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Doug P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: VanderLaan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Vasey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000150:complications; D002170:Canada; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Depression and anxiety; Gender atypicality; Mental health; Separation anxiety; Sex differences; Sexual orientation