title: Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia: Follow-up of the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and component cardiovascular risk factors with the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and MCI progression to dementia is not well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of the MetS and its component cardiovascular risk factors with the incidence of MCI and its progression to dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal study from September 1, 2003, through December 31, 2009, in communities in 5 districts in the South East region of Singapore. Study participants were a population-based sample of 1519 cognitively normal adults 55 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prespecified outcomes were incident MCI and MCI progression to dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort comprised 1519 participants. Their mean (SD) age was 64.9 (6.8) years, and 64.8% (n = 984) were female. Baseline characteristics associated with an increased risk of incident MCI were MetS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02-2.09), central obesity (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.98), diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.92-4.19), dyslipidemia (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.01-2.15), and 3 or more component cardiovascular risk factors (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13-2.33). Baseline characteristics associated with an increased risk of MCI progression to dementia were MetS (HR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.29-14.00), diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.92-4.19), and 3 or more component cardiovascular risk factors (HR, 4.92; 95% CI, 1.39-17.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MetS was associated with an increased incidence of MCI and progression to dementia. Identifying individuals with diabetes mellitus or the MetS with or without MCI is a promising approach in early interventions to prevent or slow progression to dementia.
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ma Shwe Zin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nyunt
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: May Li
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Simon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Collinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mei Sian
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wee Shiong
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tih Shih
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Keng Bee
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yap
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology