title: The Impact of Smoking Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Alcohol Use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes could improve public health by reducing smoking and toxicant exposure, but may also have unintended consequences on alcohol use. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes on alcohol outcomes. The secondary aim was to examine whether the effects of these cigarettes on alcohol outcomes were mediated by changes in nicotine exposure, smoking behavior, or withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2013 and July 2014, we conducted a 7-arm, double-blind, randomized clinical trial at 10 U.S.-based sites. Daily smokers not currently interested in quitting (n = 839) were assigned to equally sized groups to smoke for 6 weeks cigarettes containing either normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg/g, 9 mg tar), moderate nicotine content (5.2 mg/g nicotine, 9 mg tar), or very low nicotine content (VLNC; 0.4 to 2.4 mg/g, 9 to 13 mg tar). This investigation focused on a subsample of current drinkers (n = 403). Each reduced nicotine content cigarette condition was compared to the NNC control condition with respect to trajectories over the 6-week period of average daily alcohol use and occurrence of binge drinking. Moderating variables were considered. Mediation analyses tested potential explanatory processes including changes in nicotine exposure, cigarettes per day, and withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over time, reduced nicotine exposure and smoking rate mediated effects of VLNC cigarette use on reduced alcohol use. There was no evidence of compensatory drinking in response to nicotine reduction or nicotine withdrawal, even among subgroups expected to be at greater risk (e.g., relatively heavier drinkers, highly nicotine-dependent individuals).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that compensatory drinking is unlikely to occur in response to switching to VLNC cigarettes. In contrast, reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may reduce alcohol use (clinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01681875).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dermody
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tidey
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Denlinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pacek
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior , Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drobes
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Dorothy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vandrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D062789:Tobacco Products; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Alcohol Use; Binge Drinking; Nicotine; Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes