title: Validation and Identification of Invasive Salmonella Serotypes in Sub-Saharan Africa by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) cause the majority of bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa; however, serotyping is rarely performed. We validated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor (WKLM) scheme of serotyping using 110 Salmonella isolates from blood cultures of febrile children in Ghana and applied the method in other Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program study sites. In Ghana, 47 (43%) S. Typhi, 36 (33%) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, 14 (13%) Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin, and 13 (12%) Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis were identified by both multiplex PCR and the WKLM scheme separately. Using the validated multiplex PCR assay, we identified 42 (66%) S. Typhi, 14 (22%) S. Typhimurium, 2 (3%) S. Dublin, 2 (3%) S. Enteritidis, and 4 (6%) other Salmonella species from the febrile patients in Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Senegal, and Tanzania. Application of this multiplex PCR assay in sub-Saharan Africa could advance the knowledge of serotype distribution of Salmonella.
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hassan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Emran
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krumkamp
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Denise Myriam
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eibach
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aaby
authors.affiliation: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Ghana.
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adu-Sarkodie
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Mathew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rubach
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard-Andersen
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ligia Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cruz Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sandra Valborg
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Løfberg
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur Senegal Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gassama Sow
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Julian T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.affiliation: Schiphra Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Leon Parfait
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kabore
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur Senegal.
authors.forename: Aissatou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niang
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Deok
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Panzner
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Henintsoa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rabezanahary
authors.affiliation: University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakotozandrindrainy
authors.affiliation: University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Tiana Mirana
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Raminosoa
authors.affiliation: University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Tsiriniaina Jean Luco
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Razafindrabe
authors.affiliation: Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sampo
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schütt-Gerowitt
authors.affiliation: Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Ghana.
authors.forename: Nimako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarpong
authors.affiliation: Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Abdramane Bassiahi
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Soura
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur Senegal.
authors.forename: Adama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tall
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Kalckreuth
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wierzba
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012703:Serotyping; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: PCR; Salmonella spp; serotyping; sub-Saharan Africa