title: Early childhood profiles of sleep problems and self-regulation predict later school adjustment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children's sleep problems and self-regulation problems have been independently associated with poorer adjustment to school, but there has been limited exploration of longitudinal early childhood profiles that include both indicators.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explores the normative developmental pathway for sleep problems and self-regulation across early childhood and investigates whether departure from the normative pathway is associated with later social-emotional adjustment to school.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 2,880 children participating in the Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) - Infant Cohort from Wave 1 (0-1 years) to Wave 4 (6-7 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers reported on children's sleep problems, emotional, and attentional self-regulation at three time points from birth to 5 years. Teachers reported on children's social-emotional adjustment to school at 6-7 years. Latent profile analysis was used to establish person-centred longitudinal profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three profiles were found. The normative profile (69%) had consistently average or higher emotional and attentional regulation scores and sleep problems that steadily reduced from birth to 5 years. The remaining 31% of children were members of two non-normative self-regulation profiles, both characterized by escalating sleep problems across early childhood and below mean self-regulation. Non-normative group membership was associated with higher teacher-reported hyperactivity and emotional problems, and poorer classroom self-regulation and prosocial skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early childhood profiles of self-regulation that include sleep problems offer a way to identify children at risk of poor school adjustment. Children with escalating early childhood sleep problems should be considered an important target group for school transition interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-5503
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berthelsen
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012574:Schools; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment
keywords: early childhood; school adjustment; self-regulation; sleep