title: Ultrasonic synthesis of tyramine derivatives as novel inhibitors of α-glucosidase in vitro.
abstract: Tyramine derivatives 3-27 were synthesized by using conventional and environmental friendly ultrasonic techniques. These derivatives were then evaluated for the first time for their α-glucosidase (Sources: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian rat-intestinal acetone powder) inhibitory activity by using in vitro mechanism-based biochemical assays. Compounds 7, 14, 20, 21 and 26 were found to be more active (IC50 = 49.7 ± 0.4, 318.8 ± 3.7, 23.5 ± 0.9, 302.0 ± 7.3 and 230.7 ± 4.0 μM, respectively) than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 840.0 ± 1.73 μM (observed) and 780 ± 0.028 μM (reported)) against α-glucosidase obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic studies were carried out on the most active members of the series in order to determine their mode of inhibition and dissociation constants. Compounds 7, 20 and 26 were found to be the competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase. These compounds were also screened for their protein antiglycation, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. Only compounds 20, 22 and 27 showed weak antiglycation activity with IC50 values 505.27 ± 5.95, 581.87 ± 5.50 and 440.58 ± 2.74 μM, respectively. All the compounds were found to be inactive against DDP-IV enzyme. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, DPP-IV enzymes and glycation of proteins are valid targets for the discovery of antidiabetic drugs. Cytotoxicity of compounds 3-27 was also evaluated by using mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell lines. All the compounds were found to be noncytotoxic. The current study describes the synthesis α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of derivatives, based on a natural product tyramine template. The compounds reported here may serve as the starting point for the design and development of novel α-glucosidase inhibitors as antidiabetic agents.
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Muhammad Arslan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Kulsoom
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Javaid
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Arsalan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nizamani
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Huma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bano
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Sammer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yousuf
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Atta-Ur
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: a H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan and.|b Department of Biochemistry , King Abdul Aziz University , Jeddah-21452 , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Choudhary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D051381:Rats; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014439:Tyramine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D014465:Ultrasonics; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases; D014439:Tyramine
keywords: Diabetes; postprandial hyperglycemia; tyramine; ultrasonic synthesis; α-glucosidase inhibition