title: Effective activation of antioxidant system by immune-relevant factors reversely correlates with apoptosis of Eisenia andrei coelomocytes.
abstract: Oxidative stress is harmful to the microbes but also to the host, and may result in bystander damage or death. Because of this, respiratory burst triggered in phagocytes by pathogens is counteracted by production of antioxidative factors. The aim of this work was to examine effectiveness of the latter system in earthworms Eisenia andrei by induction of reactive oxygen species, lipofuscin and phenoloxidase by natural (LPS, zymosan, Micrococus luteus) and synthetic (phorbol ester, PMA) stimulants. The compounds impaired numbers, viability (increased apoptosis) and composition of coelomocytes, and triggered the antioxidant activity of catalase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase. The natural pathogenic compounds, unlike PMA, strongly activated antioxidative responses that diminished cell apoptosis. Moreover, repeated exposure to the same or different pathogenic compounds did not induce respiratory burst exhausted phenotype showing that coelomocytes are constantly at bay to withstand numerous infections. The current study reveals importance and efficiency of the oxidative-antioxidative systems in annelids but also confirms its evolutionary conservatism and complexity even in lower taxa of the animal kingdom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland. joanna.homa@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Homa
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stalmach
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilczek
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kolaczkowska
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000975:Antioxidants; D008062:Lipofuscin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: Antioxidative enzymes; Apoptosis; LPS; Micrococus luteus; PMA; Zymosan