title: Disinfection of fertilized eggs of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi for prevention of soft tunic syndrome.
abstract: Azumiobodo hoyamushi, the causative agent of soft tunic syndrome, was likely introduced to farming sites of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi via ascidian spat. The source of infection is thought to be cysts of A. hoyamushi that reside in the substrates on which the ascidian spat are attached, but not the spat themselves. Thus, there is a need to develop methods to prevent contamination of the substrates with A. hoyamushi during seed production of the ascidian. We evaluated the protozoacidal effects of sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine against the flagellate and temporary cyst forms of A. hoyamushi. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of these disinfectants on the development of fertilized ascidian eggs. The flagellate form of A. hoyamushi was completely inactivated by povidone-iodine (5 ppm, 1 min) and sodium hypochlorite (1 ppm, 1 min). The temporary cysts of A. hoyamushi were completely inactivated by both disinfectants (5 ppm, 1 min). Disinfection with 50 ppm povidone-iodine for 15 min or 5 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 15 min had no effect on ascidian embryogenesis. Thus, horizontal transmission of A. hoyamushi via the substrates can be efficiently prevented by disinfecting ascidian eggs or tools used for spawning with povidone-iodine baths ranging from 5 ppm for 1 min to 50 ppm for 15 min without any side effects.
authors.affiliation: Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Kesennuma Fisheries Experimental Station, Kesennuma, Miyagi 988-0181, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Akatsuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nawata
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D016830:Kinetoplastida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010063:Ovum / Q000469:parasitology*; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014561:Urochordata / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D011206:Povidone-Iodine