title: SPOCK1 Overexpression Confers a Poor Prognosis in Urothelial Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority deaths of cancer patients are related to metastasis, thus genes associated with cell motility interest us. SPOCK1 was elected by data mining and serial evaluation. In addition, SPOCK1 has been reported to be highly expressed in different human cancers and been related to adverse outcomes. Therefore, we validate its prognostic significance in urothelial carcinoma (UC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect SPOCK1 transcript level in 27 urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and 27 urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) samples. Immunohistochemistry evaluated by H-score determined SPOCK1 expressions in 340 UTUCs and 295 UBUCs. The transcript and protein expression were correlated with clinicopathological features. Further evaluations of the prognostic significance of SPOCK1 for disease-specific survival (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MeFS) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of SPOCK1 in UC were higher than those in normal urothelium by immunohistochemistry. The statistical analysis of clinicopathologic characteristics and immunohistochemistry showed that the higher expression of SPOCK1 was correlated to pT status (P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (UTUC, P=0.006; UBUC, P=0.033), higher histological grade (UTUC, P<0.001; UBUC, P<0.001), vascular invasion (UTUC, P<0.001; UBUC, P<0.001), perineurial invasion (UTUC, P<0.001; UBUC, P=0.001) and frequent mitosis (UTUC, P<0.001; UBUC, P=0.001). The prognosis of SPOCK1 of UC showed high SPOCK1 expression had significantly worse DSS and MeFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigation demonstrated that the higher expression of SPOCK1 correlates with a poor prognosis in UC.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Li-Jung
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 2. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; 3. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; 4. Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; 5. Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; 6. Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Wen-Jen
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 7. Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Yu-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 8. Departments of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Ting-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 9. Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Peir-In
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: 10. Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: I-Wei
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 10. Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Hong-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;; 8. Departments of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan;; 11. National Cancer Research Institute, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan;; 12. Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan;; 13. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University & Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: SPOCK1; prognosis.; transcriptome; urothelial carcinoma