title: Quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical research on private research and development funding in the United Kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Government- and charity-funded medical research and private sector research and development (R&D) are widely held to be complements. The only attempts to measure this complementarity so far have used data from the United States of America and are inevitably increasingly out of date. This study estimates the magnitude of the effect of government and charity biomedical and health research expenditure in the United Kingdom (UK), separately and in total, on subsequent private pharmaceutical sector R&D expenditure in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results for this study are obtained by fitting an econometric vector error correction model (VECM) to time series for biomedical and health R&D expenditure in the UK for ten disease areas (including 'other') for the government, charity and private sectors. The VECM model describes the relationship between public (i.e. government and charities combined) sector expenditure, private sector expenditure and global pharmaceutical sales as a combination of a long-term equilibrium and short-term movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a statistically significant complementary relationship between public biomedical and health research expenditure and private pharmaceutical R&D expenditure. A 1% increase in public sector expenditure is associated in the best-fit model with a 0.81% increase in private sector expenditure. Sensitivity analysis produces a similar and statistically significant result with a slightly smaller positive elasticity of 0.68. Overall, every additional £1 of public research expenditure is associated with an additional £0.83-£1.07 of private sector R&D spend in the UK; 44% of that additional private sector expenditure occurs within 1 year, with the remainder accumulating over decades. This spillover effect implies a real annual rate of return (in terms of economic impact) to public biomedical and health research in the UK of 15-18%. When combined with previous estimates of the health gain that results from public medical research in cancer and cardiovascular disease, the total rate of return would be around 24-28%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this suggests that government and charity funded research in the UK crowds in additional private sector R&D in the UK. The implied historical returns from UK government and charity funded investment in medical research in the UK compare favourably with the rates of return achieved on investments in the rest of the UK economy and are greatly in excess of the 3.5% real annual rate of return required by the UK government to public investments generally.
authors.affiliation: RAND Europe, Cambridge, UK. jsussex@rand.org.|Formerly, Office of Health Economics, London, UK. jsussex@rand.org.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sussex
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Economics, London, UK. yfeng@ohe.org.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Economics, London, UK. jmestre-ferrandiz@ohe.org.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mestre-Ferrandiz
authors.affiliation: Formerly, Office of Health Economics, London, UK. michele.pistollato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pistollato
authors.affiliation: RAND Europe, Cambridge, UK. mhafner@rand.org.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of York, Heslington, UK. peter.burridge@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burridge
authors.affiliation: Policy Institute at King's, King's College London, Strand Campus, London, WC2R 2LS, UK. jonathan.grant@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002608:Charities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005376:Financial Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006076:Government; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012106:Research / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology