title: Applications of spectroscopy in diagnosis, staging, and treatment of urologic malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the scientific literature on clinical applications of spectroscopy within urologic oncology. Specifically, we address the role of spectroscopy as a novel intraoperative or intraprocedural modality for the management of urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have demonstrated that spectroscopy models, suitable for translation to in-vivo clinical use, can differentiate between benign parenchyma and malignant tissue for urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma. Recent work has also established spectroscopy as a feasible modality to detect biologically aggressive high-risk disease and classify natural biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectroscopy has the ability to objectively diagnose and stage malignancies in real time without tissue or cellular disruption. In the future, additional in-vivo studies will be needed to demonstrate that current models remain robust under physiological conditions.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Urologic Surgery bDepartments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering cVanderbilt Institute for Surgical Engineering (VISE), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Lara M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Seltz
authors.forename: S Duke
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Herrell
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor