title: Depletion of cells and abundant proteins from biological samples by enhanced dielectrophoresis.
abstract: Platforms that are sensitive and specific enough to assay low-abundance protein biomarkers, in a high throughput multiplex format, within a complex biological fluid specimen, are necessary to enable protein biomarker based diagnostics for diseases such as cancer. The signal from an assay for a low-abundance protein biomarker in a biological fluid sample like blood is typically buried in a background that arises from the presence of blood cells and from high-abundance proteins that make up 90% of the assayed protein mass. We present an automated on-chip platform for the depletion of cells and highly abundant serum proteins in blood. Our platform consists of two components, the first of which is a microfluidic mixer that mixes beads containing antibodies against the highly abundant proteins in the whole blood. This complex mixture (consisting of beads, cells, and serum proteins) is then injected into the second component of our microfluidic platform, which comprises a filter trench to capture all the cells and the beads. The size-based trapping of the cells and beads into the filter trench is significantly enhanced by leveraging additional negative dielectrophoretic forces to push the micron sized particles (cells and beads which have captured the highly abundant proteins) down into the trench, allowing the serum proteins of lower abundance to flow through. In general, dielectrophoresis using bare electrodes is incapable of producing forces beyond the low piconewton range that tend to be insufficient for separation applications. However, by using electrodes passivated with atomic layer deposition, we demonstrate the application of enhanced negative DEP electrodes together with size-based flltration induced by the filter trench, to deplete 100% of the micron sized particles in the mixture.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javanmard
authors.affiliation: Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emaminejad
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Provine
authors.affiliation: Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Howe
keywords: Cell depletion; Dielectrophoresis; Microfluidics; Particle actuation; Sample preparation