title: Parents Who Supply Sips of Alcohol in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study of Risk Factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parents are a major supplier of alcohol to adolescents, often initiating use with sips. Despite harms of adolescent alcohol use, research has not addressed the antecedents of such parental supply. This study investigated the prospective associations between familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics on parental supply of sips.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1729 parent-child dyads recruited from Grade 7 classes, as part of the Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study. Data are from baseline surveys (Time 1) and 1-year follow-up (Time 2). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions tested prospective associations between Time 1 familial, parental, peer, and adolescent characteristics and Time 2 parental supply.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the fully adjusted model, parental supply was associated with increased parent-report of peer substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence ratio [CI], 1.08-1.34), increased home alcohol access (OR = 1.07, 95% CI, 1.03-1.11), and lenient alcohol-specific rules (OR=0.88, 95% CI, 0.78-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents who perceived that their child engaged with substance-using peers were more likely to subsequently supply sips of alcohol. Parents may believe supply of a small quantity of alcohol will protect their child from unsupervised alcohol use with peers. It is also possible that parental perception of peer substance use may result in parents believing that this is a normative behavior for their child's age group, and in turn that supply is also normative. Further research is required to understand the impacts of such supply, even in small quantities, on adolescent alcohol use trajectories.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; m.wadolowski@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadolowski
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Delyse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Raimondo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiken
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;
authors.forename: Jackob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia; and.
authors.forename: Kypros
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kypri
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.affiliation: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
authors.forename: Nyanda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mattick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends