title: Electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis of the interaction of Cr and V with MWCNTs.
abstract: The presented scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) results show the strong reaction of Cr and V with the graphitic walls of MWCNTs. For Vanadium, an interfacial VC layer could be observed at the interface between VN and MWCNTs, when the samples were heated in situ to 750°C. Knowledge about this interfacial VC layer is important for the formation of VN-MWCNT hybrid materials, used in supercapacitor electrodes, often synthesized at high temperatures. Chromium reacts at 500°C with the MWCNTs to form Cr3C2 and in some cases, dissolved the MWCNT completely. Together with the previously published results about the interaction of MWCNTs with Cu (no interaction) and Ni (a slight rehybridisation trend for the outermost MWCNT-wall observed with EELS) (Ilari et al., 2015) the influence of the valence d-orbital occupancy of 3d transition metals on the interaction strength with CNTs is shown experimentally. For a transition metal to form chemical bonds towards CNT-walls, unoccupied states in its valence d-orbitals are needed. While Ni (2 unoccupied states) interacts only slightly, Cr (5 unoccupied states) and V (7 unoccupied states) react much stronger and can dissolve the MWCNTs, at least partially.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: gilari@ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Gabriele M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ilari
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkstr. 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland; Department of Applied Science, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, 140307 Mohali, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.affiliation: Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Santhosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matam
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yucheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkstr. 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michler
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erni
keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Chromium; Electron energy-loss spectroscopy; Interfaces; Transmission electron microscopy; Vanadium nitride