title: Development of nanoantibiotic delivery system using cockle shell-derived aragonite nanoparticles for treatment of osteomyelitis.
abstract: A local antibiotic delivery system (LADS) with biodegradable drug vehicles is recognized as the most effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteomyelitis. However, the design of a biodegradable LADS with high therapeutic efficacy is too costly and demanding. In this research, a low-cost, facile method was used to design vancomycin-loaded aragonite nanoparticles (VANPs) with the aim of understanding its potency in developing a nanoantibiotic bone implant for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The aragonite nanoparticles (ANPs) were synthesized from cockle shells by a hydrothermal approach using a zwitterionic surfactant. VANPs were prepared using antibiotic ratios of several nanoparticles, and the formulation (1:4) with the highest drug-loading efficiency (54.05%) was used for physicochemical, in vitro drug release, and biological evaluation. Physiochemical characterization of VANP was performed by using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Zetasizer. No significant differences were observed between VANP and ANP in terms of size and morphology as both samples were cubic shaped with sizes of approximately 35 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of VANP indicated a weak noncovalent interaction between ANP and vancomycin, while the zeta potential values were slightly increased from -19.4±3.3 to -21.2±5.7 mV after vancomycin loading. VANP displayed 120 hours (5 days) release profile of vancomycin that exhibited high antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. The cell proliferation assay showed 80% cell viability of human fetal osteoblast cell line 1.19 treated with the highest concentration of VANP (250 µg/mL), indicating good biocompatibility of VANP. In summary, VANP is a potential formulation for the development of an LADS against osteomyelitis with optimal antibacterial efficacy, good bone resorbability, and biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lamin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saidykhan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md Zuki Bin
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yaya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rukayadi
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics Laboratory Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aminu Umar
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Kura
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saiful Yazan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Latifah
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry*; D049873:Cardiidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D014640:Vancomycin; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cockle shell-derived nanoparticles; in vitro drug release; nanoantibiotics