title: Conceptual Models in Health Informatics Research: A Literature Review and Suggestions for Development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contributing to health informatics research means using conceptual models that are integrative and explain the research in terms of the two broad domains of health science and information science. However, it can be hard for novice health informatics researchers to find exemplars and guidelines in working with integrative conceptual models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to support the use of integrative conceptual models in research on information and communication technologies in the health sector, and to encourage discussion of these conceptual models in scholarly forums.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-part method was used to summarize and structure ideas about how to work effectively with conceptual models in health informatics research that included (1) a selective review and summary of the literature of conceptual models; and (2) the construction of a step-by-step approach to developing a conceptual model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seven-step methodology for developing conceptual models in health informatics research explained in this paper involves (1) acknowledging the limitations of health science and information science conceptual models; (2) giving a rationale for one's choice of integrative conceptual model; (3) explicating a conceptual model verbally and graphically; (4) seeking feedback about the conceptual model from stakeholders in both the health science and information science domains; (5) aligning a conceptual model with an appropriate research plan; (6) adapting a conceptual model in response to new knowledge over time; and (7) disseminating conceptual models in scholarly and scientific forums.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Making explicit the conceptual model that underpins a health informatics research project can contribute to increasing the number of well-formed and strongly grounded health informatics research projects. This explication has distinct benefits for researchers in training, research teams, and researchers and practitioners in information, health, and other disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. kgray@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-2170
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0786-1367
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sockolow
keywords: conceptual framework; conceptual model; design-based research; evaluation research; health informatics; implementation research; medical informatics; research design; research training; theoretical models