title: Proximal placement of lateral thigh skin markers reduces soft tissue artefact during normal gait using the Conventional Gait Model.
abstract: A primary source of measurement error in gait analysis is soft-tissue artefact. Hip and knee angle measurements, regularly used in clinical decision-making, are particularly prone to pervasive soft tissue on the femur. However, despite several studies of thigh marker artefact it remains unclear how lateral thigh marker height affects results using variants of the Conventional Gait Model. We compared Vicon Plug-in Gait hip and knee angle estimates during gait using a proximal and distal thigh marker placement for ten healthy subjects. Knee axes were estimated by optimizing thigh rotation offsets to minimize knee varus-valgus range during gait. Relative to the distal marker, the proximal marker produced 37% less varus-valgus range and 50% less hip rotation range (p < 0.001), suggesting that it produced less soft-tissue artefact in knee axis estimates. The thigh markers also produced different secondary effects on the knee centre estimate. Using whole gait cycle optimization, the distal marker showed greater minimum and maximum knee flexion (by 6° and 2° respectively) resulting in a 4° reduction in range. Mid-stance optimization reduced distal marker knee flexion by 5° throughout, but proximal marker results were negligibly affected. Based on an analysis of the Plug-in Gait knee axis definition, we show that the proximal marker reduced sensitivity to soft-tissue artefact by decreasing collinearity between the points defining the femoral frontal plane and reducing anteroposterior movement between the knee and thigh markers. This study suggests that a proximal thigh marker may be preferable when performing gait analysis using the Plug-in Gait model.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering , Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cockcroft
authors.affiliation: b Division of Physiotherapy , Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa.
authors.forename: Quinette
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.affiliation: c School of Health Sciences , Salford University , Salford , UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012399:Rotation; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013848:Thigh / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Conventional Gait Model; Motion capture; biomechanical modelling; gait analysis; hip and knee angles; soft tissue artefact