title: Developing Normal Turns-Amplitude Clouds for Upper and Lower Limbs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Turns and amplitude analysis (T&A) is a frequently used method for automatic EMG interference pattern analysis. The T&A normal values have only been developed for a limited number of muscles. Our objective was to obtain normal T&A clouds for upper and lower extremity muscles for which no normal values exist in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The T&A normative data using concentric needle electrodes were obtained from 68 men and 56 women aged 20 to 60 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal upper and lower extremity T&A clouds were obtained and presented in this article.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The T&A normal values collected in this study maybe used to detect neurogenic and myopathic abnormalities in men and women at low-to-moderate muscle contractions. The effect of turns-amplitude data obtained at high force level of muscle contraction and its potential to falsely show neurogenic abnormalities are discussed.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.; †Neurophysiological Centre, Elf Ltd Medical Company, Vladimir, Russia; ‡Innovations Department, Neurosoft Ltd, Ivanovo, Russia; §Department of Mathematical Software, Neurosoft Ltd, Ivanovo, Russia; and ‖Department of Functional Diagnostics, Regional Hospital for War Veterans, Ivanovo, Russia.
authors.forename: Joe F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jabre
authors.forename: Sergey G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nikolayev
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Babayev
authors.forename: Denis V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Chindilov
authors.forename: Anatoly Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Muravyov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation*; D055815:Young Adult