title: Impact of Type and Duration of Application of Commercially Available Oral Moisturizers on Their Antifungal Effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of oral moisturizer type and application time on antifungal effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen oral moisturizers (7 liquids, 10 gels) and amphotericin B (AMPH-B) were tested. Antifungal effects were evaluated with newly opened moisturizer samples (0 hour) and with samples incubated for 8 hours to simulate contact during sleep. Candida albicans samples (108cells/ml) were placed into cylindrical holes in 50% trypticase soy agar plates. Antifungal effects were evaluated based on growth-inhibitory zones after 24 hours. Equal quantities of moisturizers showing growth-inhibitory zones were mixed as additional samples. The effects of moisturizer type and application time on growth-inhibitory zones were evaluated with ANOVA. Growth-inhibitory zone sizes were compared with multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth-inhibitory zones were found with two liquids, one gel, moisturizer mixtures, and AMPH-B. Significant differences in antifungal effects were found among different moisturizer types and between the 0- and 8-hour groups. The growth-inhibitory zones of the 8-hour group were significantly smaller than those of the 0-hour group. In both the 0- and 8-hour groups, the growth-inhibitory zones of the liquid-gel mixtures were significantly larger than those of other moisturizer types, and were the same size as those of AMPH-B at two concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 μg/ml). Growth-inhibitory zones of individual moisturizers and liquid-liquid mixtures were the same size as those of lower AMPH-B concentrations (0.16, 0.31, and 0.63 μg/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that mixing liquid and gel moisturizers improves their antifungal efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Denture Prosthodontics Restoration, Advanced Dentistry Centre, Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Advanced Therapeutic Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Advanced Therapeutic Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Denture Prosthodontics Restoration, Advanced Dentistry Centre, Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Advanced Therapeutic Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanie
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Education, Field of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Health Sciences Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Advanced Therapeutic Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D004643:Emollients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004643:Emollients
keywords: Candida albicans; Oral moisturizers; dry mouth; oral candidiasis