title: Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS and results in neurological disability. Existing immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive approaches lower the number of relapses but do not cure or reverse existing deficits nor improve long-term disability in MS patients.
  
  
  
  Monogenic antibodies were described as treatment options for MS, however the immunogenicity of mouse antibodies hampered the efficacy of potential therapeutics in humans. Availability of improved antibody production technologies resulted in a paradigm shift in MS treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of immunotherapies for MS that use conventional monoclonal antibodies reactive to immune system and their properties and mechanisms of action will be discussed, including recent advances in MS therapeutics and highlight natural autoantibodies (NAbs) that directly target CNS cells.
  
  
  
  Recent challenges for MS therapy are the identification of relevant molecular and cellular targets, time frame of treatment, and antibody toxicity profiles to identify safe treatment options for MS patients. The application of monoclonal antibody therapies with better biological efficacy associated with minimum side effects possesses huge clinical potential. Advances in monoclonal antibody technologies that directly target cells of nervous system may promote the CNS regeneration field from bench to bedside.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Bharath
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wootla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
authors.forename: Jens O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Watzlawik
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 1, 500 38, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wittenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Harika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dasari
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Murtada A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdelrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Multiple sclerosis; clinical studies; immunogenicity; mAbs; monoclonal antibodies; safety