title: The Utilization of the Immune System in Lung Cancer Treatment: Beyond Chemotherapy.
abstract: Lung cancer is ranked first worldwide as one of the main cancers in terms of prevalence and mortality rate. The development of effective treatment strategies against lung cancer is therefore of paramount importance. Traditionally, chemotherapy was employed in the treatment of various cancers. However, the non-specific nature of the actions of chemotherapeutic drugs and the potential for tumors to develop resistance to these drugs may render chemotherapy a less favorable option for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy provides an alternative strategy for this purpose. It involves the utilization of the immune system and the immune effector cells to elicit an immune response to the tumors, thereby eliminating them. Strategies include the administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines for immune stimulation, the removal of immunological checkpoints using monoclonal antibodies, and the use of cancer vaccines to enhance immunity against tumors. This article summarizes the above strategies, highlights the reasons why immunotherapy is superior to chemotherapy for the purpose of tumor removal, and reviews the recent clinical studies comparing the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing immunotherapy and chemotherapy. The article also describes advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. whchan@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Carmen W H
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. kwtsui@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Stephen K W
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. bernardlaw@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Bernard M H
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. winnieso@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Winnie K W
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: So
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. wktang@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Fiona W K
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, the New Territories, Hong Kong, China. jojowong@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Cho-Lee
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines
keywords: chemotherapy; immune system; immunotherapy; lung cancer