title: Difference in 24-Hour Urine Composition between Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Adults without Nephrolithiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic patients are more likely to develop kidney stones than the general population. The underlying mechanisms for this disparity remain to be elucidated. Little is known about the relationship between urine composition and diabetes mellitus in non-stone-forming individuals. We sought to examine the differences in the 24-hour (24-h) urine composition between diabetic and non-diabetic adults who were not stone formers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 538 individuals without a history of nephrolithiasis, gout, hyperparathyroidism, or gastroenteric diseases participated in this study. The 24-h urine profiles of 115 diabetic adults were compared with those of 423 non-diabetic adults. Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis or medication use. All participants were non-stone formers confirmed by urinary tract ultrasonography. Participants provided a fasting blood sample and a single 24-h urine collection for stone risk analysis. Student's t-test was used to compare mean urinary values. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, fasting serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, estimated creatinine clearance rate and urinary factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariable analysis showed that the diabetic participants had significantly higher 24-h urine volumes and lower urine calcium and magnesium excretions than non-diabetic participants (all P < 0.05). After multivariate adjustment, no significant differences in 24-h urine composition were observed between diabetic and non-diabetic participants except for a slightly increased 24-h urine volume in diabetic participants (all P > 0.05). The main limitation of this study is that the convenience samples and self-reported data may have been sources of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that there were no differences in 24-h urine composition between diabetic and non-diabetic adults who are not stone formers. The reason for it might be the improved glycemic control in diabetic individuals in our study. Therefore, a tighter glycemic control might reduce stone formation in diabetic adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zanlin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shaw P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors