title: Increased Case Notification through Active Case Finding of Tuberculosis among Household and Neighbourhood Contacts in Cambodia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, there has been growing evidence that suggests the effectiveness of active case finding (ACF) for tuberculosis (TB) in high-risk populations. However, the evidence is still insufficient as to whether ACF increases case notification beyond what is reported in the routine passive case finding (PCF). In Cambodia, National TB Control Programme has conducted nationwide ACF with Xpert MTB/RIF that retrospectively targeted household and neighbourhood contacts alongside routine PCF. This study aims to investigate the impact of ACF on case notifications during and after the intervention period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a quasi-experimental cluster randomized design with intervention and control arms, we compared TB case notification during the one-year intervention period with historical baseline cases and trend-adjusted expected cases, and estimated additional cases notified during the intervention period (separately for Year 1 and Year 2 implementation). The proportion of change in case notification was compared between intervention and control districts for Year 1. The quarterly case notification data from all intervention districts were consolidated, aligning different implementation quarters, and separately analysed to explore the additionality. The effect of the intervention on the subsequent case notification during the post-intervention period was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Year 1, as compared to expected cases, 1467 cases of all forms (18.5%) and 330 bacteriologically-confirmed cases (9.6%) were additionally notified in intervention districts, whereas case notification in control districts decreased by 2.4% and 2.3%, respectively. In Year 2, 2737 cases of all forms (44.3%) and 793 bacteriologically-confirmed cases (38%) were additionally notified as compared to expected cases. The proportions of increase in case notifications from baseline cases and expected cases to intervention period cases were consistently higher in intervention group than in control group. The consolidated quarterly data showed sharp rises in all forms and bacteriologically-confirmed cases notified during the intervention quarter, with 64.6% and 68.4% increases (compared to baseline cases), and 46% and 52.9% increases (compared to expected cases), respectively. A cumulative reduction of case notification for five quarters after ACF reached more than -200% of additional cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Cambodia's ACF with Xpert MTB/RIF that retrospectively targeted household and neighbourhood contacts resulted in the substantial increase in case notification during the intervention period and reduced subsequent case notification during the post-intervention period. The applicability of retrospective contact investigation in other high-burden settings should be explored.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Fukushi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Mao Tan
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Eang
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishikiori
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Representative Office in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Rajendra-Prasad
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Yadav
mesh_terms: D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*