title: Induction of Cytochrome P450 Activity by the Interaction of Chlorantraniliprole and Sinigrin in the Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
abstract: The joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, a novel insecticide that acts on ryanodine receptors, and sinigrin, a natural plant defense compound from brassicaceous vegetables, to the larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was determined in this paper. Additionally, the joint effects of the two compounds on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and on the expression levels of mRNA of three P450 genes (including CYP9A9, CYP6B, and CYP4G37) and an NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase gene (HQ852049) were investigated. The toxicity of the mixture of chlorantraniliprole and sinigrin to fourth-instar S. exigua larvae was 1.60-fold higher than the toxicity of the chlorantraniliprole-only treatment after 24 h. Induced by chlorantraniliprole and sinigrin, the specific activity of the P450 O-deethylase was affected in a time-, dose-, and organ-specific manner in fifth-instar S. exigua larvae. The effects were more pronounced in the midgut than in the fat body. The specific activity of the P450 O-deethylase in almost all treatments increased at 12, 24, and 36 h posttreatment compared with that in the control. Based on real-time PCR analyses, the expression levels of the P450 genes CYP9A9, CYP6B, and CYP4G37 and the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase gene HQ852049 in fifth-instar S. exigua larvae were induced by chlorantraniliprole and sinigrin, and the trends were similar to the specific activity of the P450 O-deethylase. Therefore, the CYP9A9, CYP6B, and HQ852049 in the tested genes were the most inducible genes that were expressed when the S. exigua larvae were exposed to chlorantraniliprole and sinigrin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China (wangxuegui@sicau.edu.cn; gaoxiwu@263.net.cn; liangcau@cau.edu.cn; shixueyan@cau.edu.cn; songdl@cau.edu.cn), Biorational Pesticide Research Lab, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China, and gaoxiwu@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: X G
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China (wangxuegui@sicau.edu.cn; gaoxiwu@263.net.cn; liangcau@cau.edu.cn; shixueyan@cau.edu.cn; songdl@cau.edu.cn), gaoxiwu@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: X W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China (wangxuegui@sicau.edu.cn; gaoxiwu@263.net.cn; liangcau@cau.edu.cn; shixueyan@cau.edu.cn; songdl@cau.edu.cn).
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China (wangxuegui@sicau.edu.cn; gaoxiwu@263.net.cn; liangcau@cau.edu.cn; shixueyan@cau.edu.cn; songdl@cau.edu.cn).
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China (wangxuegui@sicau.edu.cn; gaoxiwu@263.net.cn; liangcau@cau.edu.cn; shixueyan@cau.edu.cn; songdl@cau.edu.cn).
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005961:Glucosinolates; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C010330:sinigrin; C517733:chlorantranilipole; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
keywords: P450; Spodoptera exigua; chlorantraniliprole; sinigrin; specific activity of P450 O-deethylase