title: Phase behavior and interfacial properties of a switchable ethoxylated amine surfactant at high temperature and effects on CO2-in-water foams.
abstract: The interfacial properties for surfactants at the supercritical CO2-water (C-W) interface at temperatures above 80°C have very rarely been reported given limitations in surfactant solubility and chemical stability. These limitations, along with the weak solvent strength of CO2, make it challenging to design surfactants that adsorb at the C-W interface, despite the interest in CO2-in-water (C/W) foams (also referred to as macroemulsions). Herein, we examine the thermodynamic, interfacial and rheological properties of the surfactant C12-14N(EO)2 in systems containing brine and/or supercritical CO2 at elevated temperatures and pressures. Because the surfactant is switchable from the nonionic state to the protonated cationic state as the pH is lowered over a wide range in temperature, it is readily soluble in brine in the cationic state below pH 5.5, even up to 120°C, and also in supercritical CO2 in the nonionic state. As a consequence of the affinity for both phases, the surfactant adsorption at the CO2-water interface was high, with an area of 207Å(2)/molecule. Remarkably, the surfactant lowered the interfacial tension (IFT) down to ∼5mN/m at 120°C and 3400 psia (23MPa), despite the low CO2 density of 0.48g/ml, indicating sufficient solvation of the surfactant tails. The phase behavior and interfacial properties of the surfactant in the cationic form were favorable for the formation and stabilization of bulk C/W foam at high temperature and high salinity. Additionally, in a 1.2 Darcy glass bead pack at 120°C, a very high foam apparent viscosity of 146 cP was observed at low interstitial velocities given the low degree of shear thinning. For a calcium carbonate pack, C/W foam was formed upon addition of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in the feed brine to keep the pH below 4, by the common ion effect, in order to sufficiently protonate the surfactant. The ability to form C/W foams at high temperatures is of interest for a variety of applications in chemical synthesis, separations, materials science, and subsurface energy production.
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Yunshen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Amro S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Elhag
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Prathima P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering of Ministry of Education, China, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, United States.
authors.forename: Leyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Worthen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, United States.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quintanilla
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Noguera
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, United States.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hirasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
authors.forename: Quoc P
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, United States.
authors.forename: Sibani L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Biswal
authors.affiliation: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, United States. Electronic address: kpj@che.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Johnston
keywords: Amine surfactant; CO(2)-in-water foam; High salinity foam; High temperature foam; Interfacial tension amine surfactant; Phase behavior amine surfactant; Switchable surfactant