title: High rate of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in Lithuanian peptic ulcer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) reinfection in peptic ulcer patients during 9 years after H. pylori eradication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We invited 117 peptic ulcer patients in whom eradication of H. pylori was confirmed 1 year after eradication treatment both by histology and by rapid urease test. In total, 57 patients were available for the study procedures: 34 (59.6%) male, 23 (40.4%) female; mean age 52.3 ± 13.0 years. There were 45 (78.9%) patients with duodenal ulcer and 12 (21.1%) with gastric ulcer. H. pylori was diagnosed by a rapid urease test and histology if endoscopy was performed. If endoscopy was refused, H. pylori was diagnosed by the C14-urea breath test and serology. H. pylori was established if at least one of the tests was positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up was 8.9 ± 1.0 years (range, 6-12). H. pylori was established in 15 patients. In 2 H. pylori-negative patients, H. pylori was established during the follow-up period and eradicated. Therefore, we consider that reinfection occurred in 17 patients. In the per protocol analysis, reinfection was established in 17 of 57 (29.8%; 95%CI: 19.2-42.2) patients during the follow-up period. The annual rate of infection was 3.36%. If all non-responders were considered H. pylori-negative, reinfection would be 14.5% (17/117), the annual rate being 1.63%. The mean age of patients with reinfection was 51.8 ± 14.0 years, and without reinfection was 52.5 ± 13.0 years, P > 0.05; the mean body mass index of patients with reinfection was 27.2 ± 4.1 kg/m(2), and without reinfection was 25.7 ± 4.2 kg/m(2), P > 0.05. There were no differences in the reinfection rates according the location of the peptic ulcer, the eradication regimen used, and smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reinfection rate of H. pylori is relatively high in Lithuania and probably related to the high prevalence of H. pylori, what may reflect differences in the socioeconomic status between Western and Eastern European countries.
authors.affiliation: Laimas Jonaitis, Gediminas Kiudelis, Paulius Slepavicius, Limas Kupcinskas, Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50028 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Laimas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jonaitis
authors.affiliation: Laimas Jonaitis, Gediminas Kiudelis, Paulius Slepavicius, Limas Kupcinskas, Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50028 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiudelis
authors.affiliation: Laimas Jonaitis, Gediminas Kiudelis, Paulius Slepavicius, Limas Kupcinskas, Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50028 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Paulius
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slepavicius
authors.affiliation: Laimas Jonaitis, Gediminas Kiudelis, Paulius Slepavicius, Limas Kupcinskas, Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50028 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Limas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kupcinskas
keywords: Eradication; Helicobacter pylori; Peptic ulcer; Prevalence; Reinfection