title: Subchronic toxicity of Acorus gramineus rhizoma in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acorus gramineus rhizoma (AGR) is the dry rhizome of Acorus gramineus Solander from the family Araceae that has been used as sedative, analgesic, diuretic, digestive and antifungal agent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the toxicity of AGR, following repeated oral administration to rats for 13 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  AGR was administered by oral gavage to groups of rats (10 per group, each sex) at doses of 0 (control), 25, 74, 222, 667, or 2,000mg/kg/day, 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, vaginal cytology, sperm motility, sperm morphology, organ weights, gross and histopathological findings were compared between control and AGR groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No mortality or remarkable clinical signs were observed during this 13-week study. No adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, gross lesion, histopathology, vaginal cytology, sperm motility or deformity were observed in any of the male or female rats treated with AGR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these results, the NOAEL of AGR is determined to be 2,000mg/kg/day for male and female rats.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Pathology Department, Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Duyeol
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Song
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Sebuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Yeong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol-Beom
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicopathology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, 79 Hoseo-ro, BaeBang-Myeon, Asan, Chungnam 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Sebuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 331-707, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kang@nsu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Pathology Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Animal medicine, College of Veterinary medicine, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudong-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jkkang@cbu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D029023:Acorus / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D027343:Rhizome / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Acorus gramineus; Fischer 344 rat; subchronic toxicity