title: Inactivation of murine norovirus-1 in the edible seaweeds Capsosiphon fulvescens and Hizikia fusiforme using gamma radiation.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation (3-10 kGy) upon the inactivation of murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus (NoV) surrogate. The edible green and brown algae, fulvescens (Capsosiphon fulvescens) and fusiforme (Hizikia fusiforme), respectively, were experimentally contaminated with 5-6 log10 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml MNV-1. The titer of MNV-1 significantly decreased (P < 0.05) as the dose of gamma radiation increased. MNV-1 titer decreased to 1.16-2.46 log10 PFU/ml in fulvescens and 0.37-2.21 log10 PFU/ml in fusiforme following irradiation. However, all Hunters ('L', 'a' and 'b') and sensory qualities (appearance, color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different in both algae following gamma radiation. The Weibull model was used to generate non-linear survival curves and to calculate Gd values for 1, 2, and 3 log10 reductions of MNV-1 in fulvescens (R(2) = 0.992) and fusiforme (R(2) = 0.988). A Gd value of 1 (90% reduction) corresponded to 2.89 and 3.93 kGy in fulvescens and fusiforme, respectively. A Gd value of 2 (99% reduction) corresponded to 7.75 and 9.02 kGy in fulvescens and fusiforme, respectively, while a Gd value of 3 (99.9% reduction) in fulvescens and fusiforme corresponded with 13.83 and 14.93 kGy of gamma radiation, respectively. A combination of gamma radiation at medium doses and other treatments could be used to inactivate ≥ 3 log10 PFU/ml NoV in seaweed. The inactivation kinetics due to gamma radiation against NoV in these algae might provide basic information for use in seaweed processing and distribution.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sangdoha@cau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang-Do
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000821:virology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005514:Food Irradiation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D029322:Norovirus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000821:virology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation
keywords: Gamma radiation; Inactivation; Murine norovirus-1; Seaweed; Weibull model