title: How do secretory products cross the plant cell wall to be released? A new hypothesis involving cyclic mechanical actions of the protoplast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In plants, the products of secretory activity leave the protoplast and cross the plasma membrane by means of transporters, fusion with membranous vesicles or, less commonly, as result of disintegration of the cell. These mechanisms do not address an intriguing question: How do secretory products cross the cell wall? Furthermore, how do these substances reach the external surface of the plant body? Such diverse substances as oils, polysaccharides or nectar are forced to cross the cell wall and, in fact, do so. How are chemical materials that are repelled by the cell wall or that are sufficiently viscous to not cross passively released from plant cells?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I propose a cell-cycle model developed based on observations of different secreting systems, some unpublished results and an extensive literature review, aiming to understand the processes involved in both the secretory process and the release of secretion products. In the absence of facilitated diffusion, a mechanical action of the protoplast is necessary to ensure that some substances can cross the cell wall. The mechanical action of the protoplast, in the form of successive cycles of contraction and expansion, causes the material accumulated in the periplasmic space to cross the cell wall and the cuticle. This action is particularly relevant for the release of lipids, resins and highly viscous hydrophilic secretions. The proposed cell-cycle model and the statements regarding exudate release will also apply to secretory glands not elaborated upon here. Continuous secretion of several days, as observed in extrafloral nectaries, salt glands and some mucilage-producing glands, is only possible because the process is cyclical.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, CP 486, Brazil epaiva@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Elder Antônio Sousa
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Paiva
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D011523:Protoplasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D055571:Secretory Pathway
keywords: cell wall; colleters; mucilage; nectar; plant resins; plant secretions.