title: Serum Vitamin D levels in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypovitaminosis D is reported to be associated with several medical complications. Recent studies have reported a high worldwide prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the general population (up to 80 %). This is even higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases with advancing stages of CKD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the difference in serum Vitamin D [25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH) D] levels between CKD patients and normal healthy population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cross-sectional study involving 50 normal volunteers (control) and 50 patients with CKD stages 2-4. Their demographic profiles were recorded and blood samples taken for serum 25(OH) D, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and other routine blood tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects regardless of renal status had hypovitaminosis D (< 30ng/mL). The mean serum 25(OH) D were comparable in the control and CKD groups (15.3 ± 4.2 ng/mL vs 16.1 ± 6.2 ng/mL, p = NS). However, within the Vitamin D deficient group, the CKD group had lower levels of serum 25(OH) D [12.6(3.7) ng/mL vs 11.2(6.5) ng/mL, p = 0.039]. Female gender [OR 22.553; CI 95 % (2.16-235.48); p = 0.009] and diabetic status [OR 6.456; CI 95 % (1.144-36.433); p = 0.035] were independent predictors for 25(OH) D deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency are indeed prevalent and under-recognized. Although the vitamin D levels among the study subjects and their control are equally low, the CKD group had severe degree of vitamin D deficiency. Diabetic status and female gender were independent predictors of low serum 25(OH)D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozita
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noorul Afidza
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Mustafar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruslinda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Rizna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cader
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: A Gafor
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Chiew Tong Norella
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Kamaruddin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nor Azmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).
authors.forename: Shamsul Azhar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CKD patients; normal population; vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency