title: Comparative evaluation of craniofacial anthropometric measurements in Indian adult patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to compare the craniofacial features of North Indian patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to that of normal North Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected 25 North Indian subjects (age: 18-65 years) were divided into two groups (OSA group [n = 14] and non-OSA group [n = 9]) according to the results of full night polysomnographic sleep study. Body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), and lateral cephalograms were recorded for each subject in both groups and total 22 parameters of craniofacial anthropometric features were measured on lateral cephalograms for each subject. The differences in BMI, NC, and craniofacial features between the OSA and non-OSA groups were compared statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent sample t-test was used to compare the differences between OSA group and non-OSA group. The results showed that the BMI, NC, bulk of tongue (tongue length, tongue height, and tongue area) and length of the soft palate (PNS-U) were significantly higher in OSA group. OSA group was also found to have inferior positioning of hyoid bone (MP-H, ANS-H, PNS-H, ANS-Eb), narrower superior and middle airway space (SPAS and MAS), antero-inferior positioning of mandible (Gn-C3, ANS-Me, SNB, N-Me) and lower cranial base flexure angle (N-S-Ba).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniofacial features, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of OSA, differ significantly between North Indian patients suffering from OSA and normal North Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Snehal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Somil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Surya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Balendra Pratap
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makwana
keywords: Body mass index; craniofacial features; lateral cephalogram; neck circumference; obstructive sleep apnea