title: Time-lapse variables and embryo gender: a retrospective analysis of 81 live births obtained following minimal stimulation and single embryo transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine which morphokinetic variables are related to embryo gender in a cohort of consecutive live births obtained through single blastocyst transfer following mild ovarian stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one live births (49 % of them females) from successfully treated, consecutive infertile patients (maternal age 36.9 ± 3.8 years, range 28-46) who underwent minimal ovarian stimulation, prolonged embryo culture in a time-lapse monitoring (TLM) incubator and elective single blastocyst transfers during 2012-2014. Early (PNf, t2-t9, cc2a, b, s2, s3) and late (tM, tSB, tfullB, texpB1, and texpB2) morphokinetic variables were scored according to published consensus criteria and were normalized to the time of pronuclear fading. For each variable, the ranges with the highest proportion of female embryos (optimal range) were determined by detailed examination of histograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female embryo gender was associated both with late cleavage (t8), morula (tM), and blastocyst stage morphokinetic variables. The strongest associations (adjusted ORs, 7.0-7.8) were found for late, expanded stage blastocyst parameters; tfullB, texpB1, and texpB2. The proportion of female embryos was 69-71 and 25-26 % inside and outside of the optimal ranges, respectively. This allowed to predict 74-78 % of them, increasing their proportion by 57 % compared to the average.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the sample size of our cohort was limited, our findings suggest that several expanded blastocyst stage morphokinetic parameters are associated with female embryo gender. If confirmed on a larger sample these could be potentially used to increase the proportion of female embryos among non-invasively selected blastocysts following single embryo transfer.
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan. bodridaniel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bodri
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawachiya
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Jazmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao Serna
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Kobe Motomachi Yume Clinic, 3F Miyuki bldg., Akashimachi 44, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsunekazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050498:Live Birth; D008297:Male; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D056826:Single Embryo Transfer; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging
keywords: Blastocyst culture; Female gender; In vitro fertilization; Single embryo transfer; Time-lapse monitoring