title: Monitoring Physiological Changes in Haloarchaeal Cell during Virus Release.
abstract: The slow rate of adsorption and non-synchronous release of some archaeal viruses have hindered more thorough analyses of the mechanisms of archaeal virus release. To address this deficit, we utilized four viruses that infect Haloarcula hispanica that represent the four virion morphotypes currently known for halophilic euryarchaeal viruses: (1) icosahedral internal membrane-containing SH1; (2) icosahedral tailed HHTV-1; (3) spindle-shaped His1; and (4) pleomorphic His2. To discern the events occurring as the progeny viruses exit, we monitored culture turbidity, as well as viable cell and progeny virus counts of infected and uninfected cultures. In addition to these traditional metrics, we measured three parameters associated with membrane integrity: the binding of the lipophilic anion phenyldicarbaundecaborane, oxygen consumption, and both intra- and extra-cellular ATP levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. julija.svirskaite@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Julija
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svirskaitė
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. hanna.oksanen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Hanna M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos g. 8, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania. r.daugelavicius@gmf.vdu.lt.
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daugelavičius
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. dennis.bamford@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Dennis H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bamford
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D023641:Archaeal Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D019613:Haloarcula / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D019562:Viral Load; D057074:Virus Release
chemical_list: D001896:Boron Compounds; C100079:phenyldicarbaundecaborane; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: Haloarcula hispanica; Pleolipoviridae; Sphaerolipoviridae; icosahedral membrane-containing virus SH1; icosahedral tailed virus HHTV-1; pleomorphic virus His2; potentiometry; spindle-shaped virus His1; virus life cycle