title: Equine Amniotic Microvesicles and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential in a Tenocyte Model In Vitro.
abstract: Administration of horse amniotic mesenchymal cells (AMCs) and their conditioned medium (AMC-CM) improves the in vivo recovery of spontaneous equine tendon lesions and inhibits in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This process may involve microvesicles (MVs) as an integral component of cell-to-cell communication during tissue regeneration. In this study, the presence and type of MVs secreted by AMCs were investigated and the response of equine tendon cells to MVs was studied using a dose-response curve at different concentrations and times. Moreover, the ability of MVs to counteract in vitro inflammation of tendon cells induced by lipopolysaccharide was studied through the expression of some proinflammatory genes such as metallopeptidase (MPP) 1, 9, and 13 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Lastly, the immunomodulatory potential of MVs was investigated. Results show that AMCs secrete MVs ranging in size from 100 to 200 nm. An inverse relationship between concentration and time was found in their uptake by tendon cells: the maximal uptake occurred after 72 h at a concentration of 40 × 10(6) MVs/mL. MVs induced a downregulation of MMP1, MMP9, MMP13, and TNFα expression without affecting PBMC proliferation, contrary to CM and supernatant. Our data suggest that MVs contribute to in vivo healing of tendon lesions, alongside soluble factors in AMC-CM.
authors.affiliation: 1 Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano , Lodi, Italy .
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lange-Consiglio
authors.affiliation: 1 Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano , Lodi, Italy .
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perrini
authors.affiliation: 1 Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano , Lodi, Italy .
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tasquier
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy .
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Deregibus
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy .
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camussi
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy .
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pascucci
authors.affiliation: 4 Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: 4 Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corradetti
authors.affiliation: 4 Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy .
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bizzaro
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Animal Reproduction and Radiology, FMVZ, UNESP , Botucatu, San Paolo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Vita
authors.affiliation: 6 Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Istituto Ospedaliero , Brescia, Italy .
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romele
authors.affiliation: 6 Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Istituto Ospedaliero , Brescia, Italy .
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Parolini
authors.affiliation: 1 Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano , Lodi, Italy .|7 Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano, Italy .
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006736:Horses; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology; D000070916:Tenocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017364:Collagenases