title: 5'-Monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) improves autophagic activity in diabetes and diabetic complications.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine disorder, will be one of the leading causes of death world-wide in about two decades. Cellular injuries and disorders of energy metabolism are two key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes, which also become the important causes for the process of diabetic complications. AMPK is a key enzyme in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and has been implicated in the activation of autophagy in distinct tissues. An increasing number of researchers have confirmed that autophagy is a potential factor to affect or induce diabetes and its complications nowadays, which could remove cytotoxic proteins and dysfunctional organelles. This review will summarize the regulation of autophagy and AMPK in diabetes and its complications, and explore how AMPK stimulates autophagy in different diabetic syndromes. A deeper understanding of the regulation and activity of AMPK in autophagy would enhance its development as a promising therapeutic target for diabetes treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: ACC, carboxylase; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMP-activated protein kinases; AMPK, 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; AdipoR, adiponectin receptors; Autophagy; CaMKK, Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; DEPTOR, DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein; DM, Diabetes mellitus; DN, Diabetic nephropathy; Diabetes; Diabetic complications; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FoxO, forkhead box class O; GFRs, glomerular filtration rates; IKK, IκB kinase; JLDG, Jinlida granule; JNK, janus kinase; LC3, light chain 3; LKB1, liver kinase B1; PKC, protein kinase C; PRAS40, proline-rich Akt substrate 40 kDa; RAPTOR, regulator associated protein of mTOR; SOGA, suppressor of glucose form autophagy; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; STZ, streptozotocin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, Unc-51-like kinase 1; VPS34, vacuolar protein-sorting 34; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1