title: Retrieval cue and delay interval influence the relationship between prospective memory and activities of daily living in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Older adults commonly experience mild declines in everyday functioning and the strategic aspects of prospective memory (PM). This study used multiprocess theory to examine whether the strategic demands of retrieval cue type (event vs. time based) and delay interval length (2 vs. 15 min) influence the relationship between PM and activities of daily living (ADLs) in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 97 community-dwelling older adults recruited from the Western Australia Participant Pool. Participants were administered the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) and Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) as part of a larger neurocognitive assessment. A knowledgeable informant completed the Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ), from which a cutpoint of ≥ 1 was used to classify participants into "ADL normal" (n = 37) or "mild ADL problems" (n = 60) groups. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) controlling for age was conducted with ADL group as the between-subjects factor and either MIST or PRMQ cue and delay scores as the within-subjects factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant ADL group by PM interaction on the MIST, with pair-wise analyses showing that the mild ADL problems group performed worse than ADL normal participants on the 15-min time-based scale (p < .001, Cohen's d = 0.71). No other MIST or PRMQ cue-delay variable differed between the two ADL groups (ps > .10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that decrements in strategically demanding cue monitoring and detection over longer PM delays may partly explain older adults' mild problems in everyday functioning. Findings may inform neuropsychological interventions aimed at maintaining ADL independence and enhancing quality of life in older adults.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Savanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychology, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Perth , WA , Australia.
authors.forename: Romola S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bucks
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychology, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Perth , WA , Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinborn
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychology, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Perth , WA , Australia.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.|b School of Psychology, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Perth , WA , Australia.
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Prospective memory; activities of daily living; aging