title: The implication of frontostriatal circuits in young smokers: A resting-state study.
abstract: The critical roles of frontostriatal circuits had been revealed in addiction. With regard to young smokers, the implication of frontostriatal circuits resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in smoking behaviors and cognitive control deficits remains unclear. In this study, the volume of striatum subsets, i.e., caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens, and corresponding RSFC differences were investigated between young smokers (n1  = 60) and nonsmokers (n2  = 60), which were then correlated with cigarette smoking measures, such as pack_years-cumulative effect of smoking, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)-severity of nicotine addiction, Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU)-craving state, and Stroop task performances. Additionally, mediation analysis was carried out to test whether the frontostriatal RSFC mediates the relationship between striatum morphometry and cognitive control behaviors in young smokers when applicable. We revealed increased volume of right caudate and reduced RSFC between caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex in young smokers. Significant positive correlation between right caudate volume and QSU as well as negative correlation between anterior cingulate cortex-right caudate RSFC and FTND were detected in young smokers. More importantly, DLPFC-caudate RSFC strength mediated the relationship between caudate volume and incongruent errors during Stroop task in young smokers. Our results demonstrated that young smokers showed abnormal interactions within frontostriatal circuits, which were associated with smoking behaviors and cognitive control impairments. It is hoped that our study focusing on frontostriatal circuits could provide new insights into the neural correlates and potential novel therapeutic targets for treatment of young smokers. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2013-2026, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dahua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yangding
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jixin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size; D012146:Rest; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D057190:Stroop Test; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive control; frontostriatal circuits; resting-state functional connectivity; striatum; young smokers