title: Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of PAHs in historically contaminated surface sediments at Bhavnagar coast, Gujarat, India.
abstract: The concentration, distribution and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been investigated in surface sediments near Bhavnagar coast. The concentration of ∑PAHs ranged from 5.02 to 981.18 μg g(-1) dry weight, indicating heavy pollution compared to other historically polluted study sites. It was found to be introduced via mixed origins such as burning of gas, oil, coal, production of petrochemicals, cement, and rubber tires. Domestic fuel burning and motor vehicles are also culprits for air pollution. Industrial effluents and accidental oil spillage can also be considered. PAHs can be exposed through air, water, soil and food sources including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal content in both occupational and non-occupational levels by single or sometimes multiple exposures routes concomitantly. Furthermore, diagnostic ratios, statistical principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) models have confirmed that the sources of PAHs were both - petrogenic and pyrogenic. For both the sites, assessment of ecological risk of the elevated levels of these pollutants has been exercised based on toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and risk quotient (RQ) methods. The composite results indicated accurately that both the sites, bears potentially acute and chronic health hazards such as decreased immune functionality, genotoxicity, malignancy and developmental malfunctions in humans. The sites studied here and the workers have been exposed to hazardous pollutants for a longer period of time. Evidences indicate that mixtures of PAHs are carcinogenic to humans, based on occupational studies on workers, exposed to these pollutants. Hence, the present study and statistical approaches applied herein clearly indicate the historic mix routes of PAHs that resulted in magnified concentrations leading to high ecosystem risk. Thus, the scientific communities are urged to develop strategies to minimize the concentrations of PAHs from the historically impacted coastlines, thereby concerning for the future investigations and restoration of these sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Dushyant R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dudhagara
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Rahul K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rajpara
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Jwalant K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Haren B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Gosai
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Bhumi K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sachaniya
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, 364001, Gujarat, India. Electronic address: bpd8256@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bharti P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dave
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D003031:Coal; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Ecological risk; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Principal component analysis; Source identification; Toxic equivalency factors