title: SMART on FHIR: a standards-based, interoperable apps platform for electronic health records.
abstract: In early 2010, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital began an interoperability project with the distinctive goal of developing a platform to enable medical applications to be written once and run unmodified across different healthcare IT systems. The project was called Substitutable Medical Applications and Reusable Technologies (SMART).
  
  
  
  We adopted contemporary web standards for application programming interface transport, authorization, and user interface, and standard medical terminologies for coded data. In our initial design, we created our own openly licensed clinical data models to enforce consistency and simplicity. During the second half of 2013, we updated SMART to take advantage of the clinical data models and the application-programming interface described in a new, openly licensed Health Level Seven draft standard called Fast Health Interoperability Resources (FHIR). Signaling our adoption of the emerging FHIR standard, we called the new platform SMART on FHIR.
  
  
  
  We introduced the SMART on FHIR platform with a demonstration that included several commercial healthcare IT vendors and app developers showcasing prototypes at the Health Information Management Systems Society conference in February 2014. This established the feasibility of SMART on FHIR, while highlighting the need for commonly accepted pragmatic constraints on the base FHIR specification.
  
  
  
  In this paper, we describe the creation of SMART on FHIR, relate the experience of the vendors and developers who built SMART on FHIR prototypes, and discuss some challenges in going from early industry prototyping to industry-wide production use.
authors.affiliation: Computational Health Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA jmandel@med.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.affiliation: SMART Health IT Project, Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kreda
authors.affiliation: Computational Health Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mandl
authors.affiliation: Computational Health Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Isaac S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kohane
authors.affiliation: SMART Health IT Project, Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ramoni
mesh_terms: D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D000073892:Health Information Interoperability / Q000592:standards*; D057208:Health Level Seven / Q000266:history; D049674:History, 21st Century; D012984:Software
keywords: Electronic Health Records; HL7 FHIR; Information Storage and Retrieval; Interoperability; Software