title: Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithm Utilization for Lung Cancer Classification Based on Gene Expression Levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancers in the world, both in terms of new cases (about 13% of total per year) and deaths (nearly one cancer death in five), because of the high case fatality. Errors in lung cancer type or malignant growth determination lead to degraded treatment efficacy, because anticancer strategy depends on tumor morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have made an attempt to evaluate effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in the task of lung cancer classification based on gene expression levels. We processed four publicly available data sets. The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute data set contains 203 samples and the task was to classify four cancer types and sound tissue samples. With the University of Michigan data set of 96 samples, the task was to execute a binary classification of adenocarcinoma and non-neoplastic tissues. The University of Toronto data set contains 39 samples and the task was to detect recurrence, while with the Brigham and Women's Hospital data set of 181 samples it was to make a binary classification of malignant pleural mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. We used the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k=1, k=5, k=10), naive Bayes classifier with assumption of both a normal distribution of attributes and a distribution through histograms, support vector machine and C4.5 decision tree. Effectiveness of machine learning algorithms was evaluated with the Matthews correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The support vector machine method showed best results among data sets from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital. All algorithms with the exception of the C4.5 decision tree showed maximum potential effectiveness in the University of Michigan data set. However, the C4.5 decision tree showed best results for the University of Toronto data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Machine learning algorithms can be used for lung cancer morphology classification and similar tasks based on gene expression level evaluation.
authors.affiliation: ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia E-mail : max.d.podolsky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maxim D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Podolsky
authors.forename: Anton A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barchuk
authors.forename: Vladimir I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Kuznetcov
authors.forename: Natalia F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Gusarova
authors.forename: Vadim S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Gaidukov
authors.forename: Segrey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tarakanov
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003663:Decision Trees; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D000069550:Machine Learning; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor