title: Diagnosis and management of typical and atypical lung carcinoids.
abstract: An estimated 20% to 30% of all neuroendocrine tumours originate in the bronchial tree and lungs. According to the 2015 World Health Organization categorization, these tumours are separated into four subtypes characterized by increasing biological aggressiveness: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma. Although typical and atypical lung carcinoids account for less than 1-5% of all pulmonary malignancies, the incidence of these neoplasms has risen significantly in recent decades. Surgery is the treatment of choice for loco-regional disease but for advanced lung carcinoids there is no recognized standard of care and successful management requires a multidisciplinary approach. The aim of this review is to provide a useful guide for the clinical management of lung carcinoids.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pusceddu
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Russo
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macerelli
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Proto
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Signorelli
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganzinelli
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scanagatta
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duranti
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trama
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buzzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pastorino
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Braud
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale di Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marina.garassino@istitutotumori.mi.it.
authors.forename: Marina Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garassino
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Atypical carcinoids; Lung carcinoids; Neuroendocrine tumours; Typical carcinoids