title: A neural algorithm for the non-uniform and adaptive sampling of biomedical data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body sensors are finding increasing applications in the self-monitoring for health-care and in the remote surveillance of sensitive people. The physiological data to be sampled can be non-stationary, with bursts of high amplitude and frequency content providing most information. Such data could be sampled efficiently with a non-uniform schedule that increases the sampling rate only during activity bursts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real time and adaptive algorithm is proposed to select the sampling rate, in order to reduce the number of measured samples, but still recording the main information. The algorithm is based on a neural network which predicts the subsequent samples and their uncertainties, requiring a measurement only when the risk of the prediction is larger than a selectable threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four examples of application to biomedical data are discussed: electromyogram, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and body acceleration. Sampling rates are reduced under the Nyquist limit, still preserving an accurate representation of the data and of their power spectral densities (PSD). For example, sampling at 60% of the Nyquist frequency, the percentage average rectified errors in estimating the signals are on the order of 10% and the PSD is fairly represented, until the highest frequencies. The method outperforms both uniform sampling and compressive sensing applied to the same data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discussed method allows to go beyond Nyquist limit, still preserving the information content of non-stationary biomedical signals. It could find applications in body sensor networks to lower the number of wireless communications (saving sensor power) and to reduce the occupation of memory.
authors.affiliation: Mathematical Biology and Physiology, Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy. Electronic address: luca.mesin@polito.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mesin
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000379:methods; D000465:Algorithms; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical
keywords: Accelerometer; Compressive sensing; Electrocardiography (ECG); Electroencephalography (EEG); Electromyography (EMG); Non-uniform sampling; Nyquist limit