title: Sulforaphene suppresses growth of colon cancer-derived tumors via induction of glutathione depletion and microtubule depolymerization.
abstract: Cruciferous vegetables harbor a number of isothiocyanates that have been recognized for their cancer-related properties. Out of these, sulforaphene (a naturally occurring derivative of sulforaphane) has received little attention in studies of colon cancer and its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  
  We observed that sulforaphene inhibited growth of human colon cancer cell lines HCT116, HT-29, KM12, SNU-1040, and DLD-1, while exhibiting negligible toxicity toward nonmalignant cells. Sulforaphene induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of colon cancer cells analyzed by flow cytometry, concomitant with phosphorylation of CDK1 and CDC25B at inhibitory sites, and upregulation of the p38 and JNK pathways. It was further determined that sulforaphene is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization while generating reactive oxygen species via the depletion of glutathione. These observations further extended into inhibitory effects against colon tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model.
  
  
  
  These findings demonstrate that sulforaphene may contribute to the anti-tumor effects of cruciferous vegetables that contain sulforaphene and other isothiocyanates.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.|WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.|Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sanguine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.|Program in Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Seung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.|Research Center, Ottogi Corp, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiman
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Semi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.|Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chaeyoon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farrand
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seoung Rak
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Zigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sam W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.|WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059566:M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; C528899:CDK1 protein, human; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C517008:CDC25B protein, human; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases; D005978:Glutathione; C473643:sulphoraphene
keywords: Cancer; Glutathione; Microtubule depolymerization; Sulforaphene