title: Food sources of dietary sodium in the Japanese adult population: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40-59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama, 339-8539, Japan. okuda.nagako@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nagako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.|Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Queenie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.|Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: 24-h urine; Food intake; Japanese diet; Population study; Sodium intake