title: Movement Discordance between Healthy and Non-Healthy US Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity is known to significantly impact cardiometabolic health. Accelerometer data, as a measure of physical activity, can be used to objectively identify a disparity in movement (movement discordance) between healthy and unhealthy adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the Movement Discordance between healthy and unhealthy adults in a large US population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, health and accelerometer data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 cohorts were used for this study. Participants were classified as either having a "normal" or "abnormal" value for each cardiometabolic health parameter examined, based on published criteria. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine significance of each abnormal health parameter (risk factor) in its unique effect on the accelerometer counts, controlling for age and gender. Average accelerometer counts per minute (cpm) by gender and age categories were estimated separately for the groups of normal and abnormal cardiometabolic risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average cpm for those with healthy levels of each individual cardiometabolic health parameter range from 296 cpm (for C reactive protein) to 337 cpm (for waist circumference), while average cpm for those with abnormal levels of each individual cardiometabolic health parameter range from 216 cpm (for insulin) to 291 cpm (for LDL-cholesterol). After controlling for age and gender, waist circumference, HbA1c, Insulin, Homocysteine, and HDL-Cholesterol were the cardiometabolic health parameters that showed significant, unique and independent effects on cpm. Overall, individuals who have abnormal values for all significant cardiometabolic health parameters ("unhealthy") averaged 267 cpm (SE = 15 cpm), while the healthy sample of this study averaged 428 cpm (SE = 10 cpm). The difference in cpm between the unhealthy and healthy groups is similar between males and females. Further, for both males and females, the cpm gap between unhealthy and healthy is largest in the 30s (males: 183 cpm; females 144 cpm) and lessens as age increases, with the lowest gap seen in those 80+ years (males, 81 cpm; females, 85 cpm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This Movement Discordance between healthy and unhealthy adults represents a gap in movement that needs to be closed to improve the health of individuals with, or at risk for cardiometabolic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.|Center for Aging and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.affiliation: Center for Aging and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.|Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Whitney A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.|Center for Aging and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Strath
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009068:Movement; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult