title: Tumor and Host Factors Controlling Antitumor Immunity and Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy.
abstract: Despite recent clinical advances in immunotherapy, a fraction of cancer patients fails to respond to these interventions. Evidence from preclinical mouse models as well as clinical samples has provided evidence that the extent of activated T cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment is associated with clinical response to immunotherapies including checkpoint blockade. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating the lack of T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment will be instrumental for the development of new therapeutic strategies to render those patients immunotherapy responsive. Recent data have suggested that major sources of intersubject heterogeneity include differences in somatic mutations in specific oncogene pathways between cancers of individual subjects and also environmental factors including commensal microbial composition. Successful identification of such causal factors should lead to new therapeutic approaches that may facilitate T cell entry into noninflamed tumors and expand the fraction of patients capable of responding to novel immunotherapies.
authors.affiliation: The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Stefani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spranger
authors.affiliation: The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sivan
authors.affiliation: The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.affiliation: The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. Electronic address: tgajewsk@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Gajewski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000235:genetics; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
keywords: Cancer immunotherapy; Microbiota; Tumor biology