title: Synthetic Capillaries to Control Microscopic Blood Flow.
abstract: Capillaries pervade human physiology. The mean intercapillary distance is only about 100 μm in human tissue, which indicates the extent of nutrient diffusion. In engineered tissue the lack of capillaries, along with the associated perfusion, is problematic because it leads to hypoxic stress and necrosis. However, a capillary is not easy to engineer due to its complex cytoarchitecture. Here, it is shown that it is possible to create in vitro, in about 30 min, a tubular microenvironment with an elastic modulus and porosity consistent with human tissue that functionally mimicks a bona fide capillary using "live cell lithography"(LCL) to control the type and position of cells on a composite hydrogel scaffold. Furthermore, it is established that these constructs support the forces associated with blood flow, and produce nutrient gradients similar to those measured in vivo. With LCL, capillaries can be constructed with single cell precision-no other method for tissue engineering offers such precision. Since the time required for assembly scales with the number of cells, this method is likely to be adapted first to create minimal functional units of human tissue that constitute organs, consisting of a heterogeneous population of 100-1000 cells, organized hierarchically to express a predictable function.
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarveswaran
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penny
authors.affiliation: Depts. Biological Science and Electrical Engineering, 316 Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Timp
mesh_terms: D001187:Artificial Organs; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; D010100:Oxygen