title: [Hypercoagulable state is associated with NF-kappa B activation and increased inflammatory factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism of hypercoagulable state based on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five RA patients were enrolled as well as 20 healthy volunteers as a control group. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, IL-4, IL-17, NF-κB activator 1 (Act1), p50, p65, IκBα, platelet activating factor (PAF), PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) were detected using ELISA. The number of platelet (PLT) was detected using Sysmex XT-2000i automated hematology analyzer. The levels of D-dimer (D-D), fibrinogen (FBG), thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), and partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were detected using Sysmex CA-1500 automatic coagulation analyzer. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was detected using Westergren method. C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor (RF) were detected using Hitachi 7060 automatic biochemical analyzer. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of Act1, p65, p50, IκBα and IκB kinase α (IKKα) were detected using semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The expressions of p65, p50 and IκBα proteins were examined using Western blotting. The correlations of the above indexes were analyzed by Spearman correlation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the normal group, the levels of DD, FBG, PLT significantly increased in the peripheral blood of RA patients, TT decreased, while APTT and PT were not significantly changed. IL-4, IL-10 and PAF-AH were significantly reduced in the sera of RA patients, while IL-6, IL-17, Act1, p50, p65, IκBα, IKKα and PAF were significantly elevated. Spearman correlation analysis showed that coagulant and fibrinolytic indexes were significantly correlated with cytokines, NF-κB, activity indexes and clinical symptoms and signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypercoagulable state is common in the peripheral blood of RA patients, and it is closely related to inflammatory factors, activity indexes and abnormal activation of NF-κB.
authors.affiliation: Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
authors.forename: Pingheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail: liujianahzy@126.com.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
authors.forename: Fubing
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010976:Platelet Count; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; C414202:TRAF3IP2 protein, human; D047988:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins; D005340:Fibrinogen; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase