title: Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Key Informant Interviews in Health Services Research: Enhancing a Study of Adjuvant Therapy Use in Breast Cancer Care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a methodology created to address causal complexity in social sciences research by preserving the objectivity of quantitative data analysis without losing detail inherent in qualitative research. However, its use in health services research (HSR) is limited, and questions remain about its application in this context.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the strengths and weaknesses of using QCA for HSR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from semistructured interviews conducted as part of a multiple case study about adjuvant treatment underuse among underserved breast cancer patients, findings were compared using qualitative approaches with and without QCA to identify strengths, challenges, and opportunities presented by QCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety administrative and clinical key informants interviewed across 10 NYC area safety net hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcribed interviews were coded by 3 investigators using an iterative and interactive approach. Codes were calibrated for QCA, as well as examined using qualitative analysis without QCA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to traditional qualitative analysis, QCA strengths include: (1) addressing causal complexity, (2) results presentation as pathways as opposed to a list, (3) identification of necessary conditions, (4) the option of fuzzy-set calibrations, and (5) QCA-specific parameters of fit that allow researchers to compare outcome pathways. Weaknesses include: (1) few guidelines and examples exist for calibrating interview data, (2) not designed to create predictive models, and (3) unidirectionality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through its presentation of results as pathways, QCA can highlight factors most important for production of an outcome. This strength can yield unique benefits for HSR not available through other methods.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine †Division of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH ‡Departments of Health Evidence and Policy and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Ann Scheck
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McAlearney
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Alexandra D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Nina A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bickell
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009519:New York City; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012107:Research Design; D064876:Safety-net Providers