title: Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence.
abstract: The rapid Arab-Islamic conquest during the early Middle Ages led to major political and cultural changes in the Mediterranean world. Although the early medieval Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula is now well documented, based in the evaluation of archeological and historical sources, the Muslim expansion in the area north of the Pyrenees has only been documented so far through textual sources or rare archaeological data. Our study provides the first archaeo-anthropological testimony of the Muslim establishment in South of France through the multidisciplinary analysis of three graves excavated at Nimes. First, we argue in favor of burials that followed Islamic rites and then note the presence of a community practicing Muslim traditions in Nimes. Second, the radiometric dates obtained from all three human skeletons (between the 7th and the 9th centuries AD) echo historical sources documenting an early Muslim presence in southern Gaul (i.e., the first half of 8th century AD). Finally, palaeogenomic analyses conducted on the human remains provide arguments in favor of a North African ancestry of the three individuals, at least considering the paternal lineages. Given all of these data, we propose that the skeletons from the Nimes burials belonged to Berbers integrated into the Umayyad army during the Arab expansion in North Africa. Our discovery not only discusses the first anthropological and genetic data concerning the Muslim occupation of the Visigothic territory of Septimania but also highlights the complexity of the relationship between the two communities during this period.
authors.affiliation: French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Bron, France.|University of Bordeaux, UMR 5199 PACEA, Equipe Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Allée Geoffroy ST Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gleize
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, UMR 5199 PACEA, Equipe Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Allée Geoffroy ST Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mendisco
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, UMR 5199 PACEA, Equipe Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Allée Geoffroy ST Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pemonge
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, Plateforme Génome Transcriptome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hubert
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center (CBiB), Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groppi
authors.affiliation: French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Nîmes, France.|UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Lattes, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Houix
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, UMR 5199 PACEA, Equipe Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Allée Geoffroy ST Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Deguilloux
authors.affiliation: French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Nîmes, France.|UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Lattes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Breuil
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D002048:Burial; D005006:Ethnicity; D005602:France; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D010163:Paleontology