title: Outcomes of Cleft Palate Repair in Patients with Pierre Robin Sequence: A Matched Case-Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pierre Robin sequence results from a cascade of events that occur during embryologic development and frequently presents with cleft palate. Some studies have shown speech outcomes to be worse in patients with Pierre Robin sequence after cleft palate repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of Pierre Robin sequence patients who all required an airway intervention and nasogastric feeding in the neonatal period were identified and speech outcomes assessed at 5 years of age. A cleft- and sex-matched non-Pierre Robin sequence, cleft palate-only comparison group was also identified from the same institution and study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 patients with Pierre Robin sequence that required airway and nutritional support in the neonatal period were matched for age, sex, and cleft type to a group of 24 non-Pierre Robin sequence cleft patients. There was no significant difference in the incidence of oronasal fistula between the groups. Secondary surgery for velopharyngeal incompetence was significantly more (p = 0.017) in the Pierre Robin sequence group, who also had significantly greater nasality (p = 0.031) and cleft speech characteristic (p = 0.023) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors hypothesize that other factors may exist in Pierre Robin sequence that may lead to poor speech outcomes. The authors would suggest counseling parents of children with Pierre Robin sequence that have required a neonatal airway intervention, that speech development may be poorer than in other children with cleft palate, and that these children will have a significantly higher incidence of secondary speech surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk, II.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham, United Kingdom From the West Midlands Cleft Lip and Palate Service and Speech and Language Therapy, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, The Medical School.
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hardwicke
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cafferky
authors.forename: Imogen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Britt Ter
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Rona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slator
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome