title: Association between Asthma and Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enuresis, sleep respiratory disorders and asthma compromise the quality of sleep in children and may occur in association with each other. An association between sleep respiratory disorders and enuresis has already been demonstrated. According to united airways disease abnormalities of the upper and lower airways may coexist. A child who wheezes has a greater chance of snoring and having obstructive sleep apnea. Since asthma and sleep respiratory disorders may be associated, and sleep respiratory disorders are associated with enuresis, we determined the possibility of an association between asthma and enuresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 20 and March 2015 parents/guardians of children 6 to 14 years old from 16 elementary schools in our area were randomly chosen for study. Children with nonmonosymptomatic enuresis and urological or neurological disease were excluded. The Tucson and ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) questionnaires were used to assess sleep respiratory disorders and asthma, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 523 children (283 males and 240 females) with a mean ± SD age of 9.42 ± 2.46 years were included in analysis. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 15.87% (95% CI 12.98-19.26). Asthmatic children with wheezing in the last 12 months were 2.33 times more likely to have had enuresis at some point in life (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.37-3.95, p = 0.0017). If enuresis was present, the chance increased to 2.78 (95% CI 1.38-5.61, p = 0.0041). Enuretic children were 5.34 times more prone to have apnea reported by parents (95% CI 2.19-13.03, p = 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that asthma as well as sleep respiratory disorders is associated with primary nocturnal enuresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of University Presidente Antônio Carlos, Barbacena, Brazil. Electronic address: pdahan1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dahan
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Bessa
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana Maria
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Couto
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julio Cesar
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Teixeira
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Almeida Belo
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Avarese
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus, School of Medical Science and Health of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Murillo B
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Netto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: apnea; asthma; nocturnal enuresis; sleep; urinary bladder