title: Delayed injection of polypyrrole doped with iodine particle suspension after spinal cord injury in rats improves functional recovery and decreased tissue damage evaluated by 3.0 Tesla in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes irreversible damage with loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Currently, there is not an effective treatment to restore the lost neurologic functions.
  
  
  
  Injection of polypyrrole-iodine(PPy-I) particle suspension is proposed as a therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  
  This is an in vivo animal study.
  
  
  
  This study evaluates the use of such particles in rats after SCI by examining spared nervous tissue and the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale to evaluate the functional outcome. Diffusive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) as non-invasive biomarkers of damage after SCI.
  
  
  
  Fractional anisotropy decreased, whereas ADC increased in all groups after the lesion. There were significant differences in FA when compared with the SCI-PPy-I group versus the SCI group (p<.05). Significant positive correlations between BBB and FA (r2=0.449, p<.05) and between FA and preserved tissue (r2=0.395, p<.05) were observed, whereas significant negative associations between BBB and ADC (r2=0.367, p<.05) and between ADC and preserved tissue (r2=0.421, p<.05) were observed.
  
  
  
  The results suggested that PPy-I is neuroprotective as it decreased the amount of damaged tissue while improving the motor function. Non-invasive MRI proved to be useful in the characterization of SCI and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigación del proyecto CAMINA A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, C.P. 14050, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca, Km 36.5 Ocoyoacac, C.P. 52750, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mondragon-Lozano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La fama, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Panamericana, Donatello 59. Col. Insurgentes Mixcoac, C.P. 03920, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roldan-Valadez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca, Km 36.5 Ocoyoacac, C.P. 52750, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca, Km 36.5 Ocoyoacac, C.P. 52750, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Olayo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olayo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del proyecto CAMINA A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, C.P. 14050, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Hermelinda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salgado-Ceballos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La fama, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Marisela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez-Armenta
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del proyecto CAMINA A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, C.P. 14050, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Mejia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del proyecto CAMINA A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, C.P. 14050, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fabela
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica (CI3M), San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Axayacatl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morales-Guadarrama
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación del proyecto CAMINA A.C., Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, Col. Toriello Guerra, C.P. 14050, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, C.P. 06720, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Torres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La fama, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de México, México. Electronic address: adiaz@innn.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaz-Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D007455:Iodine / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D011758:Pyrroles; C067635:polypyrrole; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Apparent diffusion coefficient; Fraction anisotropy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Polypyrrole-Iodine particles; Spinal cord injury