title: Three-dimensional prediction of the human eyeball and canthi for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: An anatomical relationship between the hard and soft tissues of the face is mandatory for facial reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positions of the eyeball and canthi three-dimensionally from the relationships between the facial hard and soft tissues using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scan data of 100 living subjects were used to obtain the measurements of facial hard and soft tissues. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were carried out using the hard tissue measurements in the orbit, nasal bone, nasal cavity and maxillary canine to predict the most probable positions of the eyeball and canthi within the orbit. Orbital width, orbital height, and orbital depth were strong predictors of the eyeball and canthi position. Intercanine width was also a predictor of the mediolateral position of the eyeball. Statistically significant regression models for the positions of the eyeball and canthi could be derived from the measurements of orbit and maxillary canine. These results suggest that CBCT data can be useful in predicting the positions of the eyeball and canthi three-dimensionally.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hyoung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea. Electronic address: hhwang@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyeon-Shik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D044466:Asian People; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Canthus; Cone-beam computed tomography; Eyeball; Facial reconstruction; Forensic anthropology population data; Forensic science