title: Why do batteries fail?
abstract: Battery failure and gradual performance degradation (aging) are the result of complex interrelated phenomena that depend on battery chemistry, design, environment, and the actual operation conditions. The current available knowledge on these matters results from a vast combination of experimental and modeling approaches. We explore the state of the art with respect to materials as well as usage (temperature, charge/discharge rate, etc.) for lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion chemistries. Battery diagnosis strategies and plausible developments related to large-scale battery applications are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. rosa.palacin@icmab.es.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Palacín
authors.affiliation: SAFT Research Department, 111 Boulevard Alfred Daney, 33074 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Guibert