title: Magnetic micro-solid-phase-extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water.
abstract: A novel sorbent, magnetic chitosan functionalized graphene oxide (MCFG) was synthesized and used in the micro-solid-phase-extraction (μ-SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water. Through the use of the magnetic sorbent, the μ-SPE device also functioned as a stir bar during extraction. Three types of MCFG were prepared using glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan and graphene oxide with different amounts of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) (0.05g, 0.07g and 0.1g). The material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Parameters affecting the extraction such as the type of sorbent, extraction and desorption times, volume of sample solution and type of desorption solvent were optimized. Under the most favourable conditions, the highest extraction was obtained by using the composite prepared with 0.1g of Fe3O4. For the latter material as sorbent, the linearity of the analytes was in the range of 0.01 and 100μgL(-1) for naphthalene, fluoranthene and pyrene while acenaphthylene and phenanthrene exhibited linearity in the range of 0.05 and 100μgL(-1). For fluorene and anthracene, the linearity range was from 0.01 to 50μgL(-1). The coefficients of determination (r(2)) associated with the above linear ranges were higher than 0.987. The limits of detection from GC-MS analysis of the seven PAHs were in the range 0.2-1.8ngL(-1); limits of quantification were between 0.8 and 5.9ngL(-1) while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) varied from 2.1 to 8.2%. The recoveries of the method for the compounds at spiking levels of 1 and 5μgL(-1) were in the range 67.5-106.9% with RSDs below 15%. The enrichment factors were found to be in between 67 and 302. The developed method afforded an interesting and innovative approach using MCFG as an efficient and promising sorbent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nyi Nyi
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sam Fong
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yau Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore. Electronic address: chmleehk@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Hian Kee
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008280:Magnetics; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; Graphene oxide; Magnetic chitosan; Micro-solid-phase-extraction