title: Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of carbohydrate utilization by Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2: systems for bioprocessing plant polysaccharides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polysaccharides comprising plant biomass are potential resources for conversion to fuels and chemicals. These polysaccharides include xylans derived from the hemicellulose of hardwoods and grasses, soluble β-glucans from cereals and starch as the primary form of energy storage in plants. Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 (Pjdr2) has evolved a system for bioprocessing xylans. The central component of this xylan utilization system is a multimodular glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) endoxylanase with carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) for binding xylans and surface layer homology (SLH) domains for cell surface anchoring. These attributes allow efficient utilization of xylans by generating oligosaccharides proximal to the cell surface for rapid assimilation. Coordinate expression of genes in response to growth on xylans has identified regulons contributing to depolymerization, importation of oligosaccharides and intracellular processing to generate xylose as well as arabinose and methylglucuronate. The genome of Pjdr2 encodes several other putative surface anchored multimodular enzymes including those for utilization of β-1,3/1,4 mixed linkage soluble glucan and starch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To further define polysaccharide utilization systems in Pjdr2, its transcriptome has been determined by RNA sequencing following growth on barley-derived soluble β-glucan, starch, cellobiose, maltose, glucose, xylose and arabinose. The putative function of genes encoding transcriptional regulators, ABC transporters, and glycoside hydrolases belonging to the corresponding substrate responsive regulon were deduced by their coordinate expression and locations in the genome. These results are compared to observations from the previously defined xylan utilization systems in Pjdr2. The findings from this study show that Pjdr2 efficiently utilizes these glucans in a manner similar to xylans. From transcriptomic and genomic analyses we infer a common strategy evolved by Pjdr2 for efficient bioprocessing of polysaccharides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The barley β-glucan and starch utilization systems in Pjdr2 include extracellular glycoside hydrolases bearing CBM and SLH domains for depolymerization of these polysaccharides. Overlapping regulation observed during growth on these polysaccharides suggests they are preferentially utilized in the order of starch before xylan before barley β-glucan. These systems defined in Pjdr2 may serve as a paradigm for developing biocatalysts for efficient bioprocessing of plant biomass to targeted biofuels and chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. neha88@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawhney
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA. ccrooks@fs.fed.us.
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. vchow331@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. jpreston@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA. fjstjohn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Franz J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: St John
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002475:Cellobiose / Q000378:metabolism; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry; D008320:Maltose / Q000378:metabolism; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D014990:Xylans / Q000378:metabolism*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D014990:Xylans; D047071:beta-Glucans; D002475:Cellobiose; D008320:Maltose; D013213:Starch; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases