title: Reporting Heterogeneity and Health Disparities Across Gender and Education Levels: Evidence From Four Countries.
abstract: I use anchoring vignettes from Indonesia, the United States, England, and China to study the extent to which differences in self-reported health across gender and education levels can be explained by the use of different response thresholds. To determine whether statistically significant differences between groups remain after adjusting thresholds, I calculate standard errors for the simulated probabilities, largely ignored in previous literature. Accounting for reporting heterogeneity reduces the gender gap in many health domains across the four countries, but to varying degrees. Health disparities across education levels persist and even widen after equalizing thresholds across the two groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and USC-INET, University of Southern California, Kaprielian Hall 300, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. tsmolina@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Molina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D057566:Self Report; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Anchoring vignettes; Gender health disparities; SES–health disparities; Self-reported health