title: Negative urgency and emotion regulation predict positive smoking expectancies in non-smoking youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to better understand early risk for positive smoking expectancies, which have been shown to be consistent predictors of smoking initiation among youth. Two affect-based risk factors-negative urgency and emotion dysregulation-associated with smoking behaviors among youth, were examined for unique and interactive effects on positive smoking expectancies among substance-naïve youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 61 10-14-year-old children with virtually no drug use (less than 5 substance use incidents across the lifetime), who were drawn from the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both negative urgency and emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with positive social facilitation smoking expectancies. Further, negative urgency was significantly related to positive social facilitation smoking expectancies at higher levels of emotion dysregulation (b=.09, p=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide evidence that both emotion dysregulation and negative urgency are positively associated with positive social-related smoking expectancies among a sample of 10-14-year-olds. Children who are emotionally dysregulated and who act rashly in response to negative emotions appear more likely to endorse beliefs regarding the socially enhancing effects of smoking, suggesting that these youth may be at high risk for smoking initiation.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Allyson L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dir
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Electronic address: debanks@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Devin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Tamika C B
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zapolski
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.affiliation: Riley Hospital for Children, Riley Hospital Drive, Room 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hulvershorn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012932:Social Facilitation
keywords: Emotion regulation; Impulsivity; Smoking expectancies; Youth smoking behavior