title: Review of the Clinical and Economic Burden of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Renal Transplant Recipients.
abstract: Antibody-mediated rejection (AbMR) is a leading cause of late graft loss in kidney transplant recipients, accounting for up to 60% of late graft failures. AbMR manifests as two distinct phenotypes: the first occurs in the immediate post-transplant period in sensitized patients; the second occurs in the late post-transplant period and has been associated with non-adherence to immunosuppression. The present review summarizes the current treatment options for AbMR, its clinical and economic burden, and approaches for reducing the risk of AbMR. While AbMR is typically refractory to treatment with corticosteroids, there are numerous other approaches focused on removal, inhibition or neutralization of donor-specific antibodies, or inhibition of complement-mediated allograft damage. AbMR treatment is generally expensive with one US study reporting costs of USD 49,000-155,000 per episode. However, leaving AbMR untreated puts patients at high risk of capillaritis, microangiopathy, necrosis and graft failure, which may ultimately result in much greater costs associated with a return to dialysis. Given the barriers to treatment, which include the high cost and the fact that pharmacologic treatments are currently used off-label, prevention of AbMR is important, with improvement in patient adherence to immunosuppression a key strategic approach that may be worthy of further evaluation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Astellas Pharma EMEA Limited.
authors.affiliation: Astellas Pharma EMEA Limited, Chertsey, UK. Gorden.Muduma@astellas.com.
authors.forename: Gorden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muduma
authors.affiliation: Astellas Pharma EMEA Limited, Chertsey, UK.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odeyemi
authors.affiliation: Ossian Health Economics and Communications, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith-Palmer
authors.affiliation: Ossian Health Economics and Communications, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Burden; Cost; Graft rejection; Nephrology; Renal transplant