title: Transition From Intravenous to Subcutaneous Insulin in Critically Ill Adults.
abstract: Glycemic control decreases morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. However, limited guidance exists regarding the transition from intravenous (IV) to subcutaneous insulin therapy. A validated protocol for transition is necessary since glycemic variability, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia adversely impact patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  The objective was to determine the safest and most effective method to transition critically ill adults from IV to subcutaneous insulin. This single-center, retrospective, observational study included adults admitted to the burn, medical, or surgical/trauma intensive care units from January 1, 2011, to September 30, 2014. A computer-based program provided a reflection of the patient's total daily IV insulin requirements. This information was then utilized to stratify patients into groups according to their initial dose of subcutaneous insulin as a percentage of the prior 24-hour IV requirements (group stratification: 0-49%, 50-59%, 60-69%, 70-79%, ≥80%). The primary endpoint was the percentage of blood glucose (BG) concentrations within target range (70-150 mg/dL) 48 hours following transition.
  
  
  
  One hundred patients with 1394 BG concentrations were included. The 50-59% group achieved the highest rate of BG concentrations in goal range (68%) (P < .001). The 0-49% group, which was the transition method utilized most often, resulted in the lowest rate of goal achievement (46%).
  
  
  
  This retrospective study suggests critically ill adults may be safely transitioned to 50-59% of their 24-hour IV insulin requirements. A dosing protocol will be implemented to transition to 50-70% subcutaneous insulin. Follow-up data will be reviewed to assess the protocol's safety and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Eskenazi Health, Department of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA mdoolin@butler.edu.
authors.forename: Meagan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Doolin
authors.affiliation: Eskenazi Health, Department of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Walroth
authors.affiliation: Eskenazi Health, Department of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Serena A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Eskenazi Health, Department of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.affiliation: Eskenazi Health, Department of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fritschle-Hilliard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: blood glucose; critically ill; insulin; intravenous insulin; subcutaneous insulin; transition