title: Development of Low-Fat Soft Dough Biscuits Using Carbohydrate-Based Fat Replacers.
abstract: Experiments were conducted to develop low-fat soft dough biscuits using carbohydrate-based fat replacers (maltodextrin and guar gum). A central composite rotatable design was used to optimise the level of sugar 24-36%, composite fat (fat 10.5-24.5%, maltodextrin 10.4-24%, and guar gum 0.1-0.5%), ammonium bicarbonate 0.5-2.5%, and water 20-24% for production of low-fat biscuits. Diameter (P < 0.01) and stress-strain ratio (P < 0.05) decreased significantly with increase in the amount of sugar. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in spread ratio at high amount of water. Hardness was significantly affected by the interactions of ammonium bicarbonate with sugar (P < 0.05) and fat (P < 0.1). The optimum level of ingredients obtained for low-fat biscuits was sugar 31.7 g, fat 13.55 g, maltodextrin 21.15 g, guar gum 0.3 g, ammonium bicarbonate 2.21 g, and water 21 mL based on 100 g flour. The fat level in the optimised low-fat biscuit formulation was found to be 8.48% as compared to 22.65% in control; therefore, the reduction in fat was 62.5%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Pantnagar 263145, India.
authors.forename: Bhawna
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6300-6707
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Pantnagar 263145, India.
authors.forename: Gurmukh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, Pantnagar 263145, India.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kumbhar