title: Effect of diesel exhaust inhalation on blood markers of inflammation and neurotoxicity: a controlled, blinded crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies and animal research have suggested that air pollution may negatively impact the central nervous system (CNS). Controlled human exposure studies of the effect of air pollution on the brain have potential to enhance our understanding of this relationship and to inform potential biological mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers of systemic and CNS inflammation may address whether air pollution exposure induces inflammation, with potential for CNS negative effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven healthy adults were exposed to two conditions: filtered air (FA) and diesel exhaust (DE) (300 μg PM2.5/m(3)) for 120 min, in a double-blinded crossover study with exposures separated by four weeks. Prior to and at 0, 3, and 24 h following each exposure, serum and plasma were collected and analyzed for inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the astrocytic protein S100b, the neuronal cytoplasmic enzyme neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We hypothesized that IL-6, TNF-α, S100b and NSE would increase, and BDNF would decrease, following DE exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At no time-point following exposure to DE was a significant increase in concentration from baseline seen for IL-6, TNF-α, S100b, or NSE relative to FA exposure. Similarly, no significant decrease in BDNF concentration from baseline was seen following DE exposure, relative to FA. Furthermore, the repeated measures ANOVA considered for all time-points and biomarkers revealed no significant time-exposure interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that short-term exposure to DE amongst healthy adults does not acutely affect the systemic or CNS biomarkers that we measured.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .|b School of Population and Public Health (SPPH), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cliff
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .|b School of Population and Public Health (SPPH), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .|c Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada , and.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.affiliation: b School of Population and Public Health (SPPH), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.affiliation: d Division of Neurology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .|c Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada , and.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlsten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001642:Bicycling; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000097:blood; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; C579160:S100B protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C579455:BDNF protein, human; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: cognition; controlled human exposure; diesel exhaust; neurotoxicity