title: Design and cognitive evaluation of 6 dynamic lane departure warning symbols.
abstract: Lane departure, caused by inattention, distraction, drowsiness, or any unusual driver behavior, is a typical risk threatening the driver as well as other road users. Accurate perception of such situations through effective warnings would help drivers to avoid serious consequences. With regard to critical functions of warning symbols for risk communication, the present study focused on providing effective and easily perceivable symbols, compatible with human cognitive capabilities. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to design and cognitively appraise 6 newly designed dynamic symbols, candidates for a new type of lane departure warning system.
  
  
  
  Simplicity, familiarity, concreteness, meaningfulness, and semantic closeness were the major assessment criteria, defining cognitive features by the earlier researchers in the field. A total number of 187 driving license applicants, with a mean age of 20.58 years (SD = 3.20), participated in the present survey. The participants rated cognitive features of the 6 dynamic symbols along a 0-100 scale.
  
  
  
  Significant main effect of the element factor type of the designed symbols on rating cognitive features revealed that the existence of car element was the best predictor for illustrating lane departure. The interaction of both element factor and location of element factor significantly affected the ratings. However, the location of element factor did not solely have any strong effect on the ratings. The results also demonstrated that semantic closeness received the highest overall mean score across symbols (M = 61.80), especially within the symbols that include the car element (M = 75.67). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the average ratings of the cognitive features, despite the fact that a significant correlation was found between cognitive features.
  
  
  
  The most considerable result of the current study was the match between the symbol with the highest ratings and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-related icon in appearance. Because previous studies demonstrated a strong correlation between comprehension scores of the symbol and both semantic closeness and meaningfulness, high-level comprehensibility of the best ranked symbol is expected.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ergonomics , University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maddahi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Occupational Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pouyakian
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ergonomics , University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|c Pediatric Neuro-rehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tabatabai Ghomsheh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ergonomics , University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piri
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ergonomics , University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osqueizadeh
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011482:Protective Devices; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive features; design; dynamic symbol; lane departure; warnings