title: Gut microbiota-involved mechanisms in enhancing systemic exposure of ginsenosides by coexisting polysaccharides in ginseng decoction.
abstract: Oral decoctions of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) serve for therapeutic and prophylactic management of diseases for centuries. Small molecules and polysaccharides are the dominant chemicals co-occurred in the TCM decoction. Small molecules are well-studied by multidisciplinary elaborations, whereas the role of polysaccharides remains largely elusive. Here we explore a gut microbiota-involved mechanism by which TCM polysaccharides restore the homeostasis of gut microbiota and consequently promote the systemic exposure of concomitant small molecules in the decoction. As a case study, ginseng polysaccharides and ginsenosides in Du-Shen-Tang, the decoction of ginseng, were investigated on an over-fatigue and acute cold stress model. The results indicated that ginseng polysaccharides improved intestinal metabolism and absorption of certain ginsenosides, meanwhile reinstated the perturbed holistic gut microbiota, and particularly enhanced the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp., two major metabolic bacteria of ginsenosides. By exploring the synergistic actions of polysaccharides with small molecules, these findings shed new light on scientization and rationalization of the classic TCM decoctions in human health care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.|Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Shan-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Jin-Di
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.|Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.|Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Huan-Huan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Su-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hu-Biao
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.|Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Song-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D011134:Polysaccharides