title: Menstrual Disturbances in Premenopausal Women with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate menstrual disturbances and sex hormonal status in premenopausal women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of 184 patients with ESRD treated with one of four treatment modalities (46/modality): conventional hemodialysis (CHD), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) and renal transplantation (RT). Blood samples were collected to determine sex hormone levels. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. A questionnaire was administered to analyze menstrual patterns, and the final analysis included 46, 43, 40 and 36 patients in the CHD, CAPD, NHD and RT groups, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of menstrual disturbances was 64.2% for all four treatment modalities (RT: 50%; NHD: 55%; CAPD: 72.1%, and CHD: 76.1%). Serum prolactin levels were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the NHD (25.1 ± 10.9 ng/ml) and RT (13.4 ± 5.1 ng/ml) groups than in the CHD group (55.2 ± 10.8 ng/ml). Serum progesterone levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the NHD (25.7 ± 8.3 nmol/l) and RT (30.1 ± 5.9 nmol/l) groups than in the CHD group (17.7 ± 7.3 nmol/l). Moreover, the hormonal status (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone) was much closer to normal in the NHD and RT groups compared to the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, successful transplantation and NHD partially improved the symptoms of menstrual disturbances. Therefore, we recommend that further studies are necessary to confirm our finding in ESRD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hemodialysis Room, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: Chong-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xi-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-Lei
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hui-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sui
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D011388:Prolactin; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone