title: Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament: Physiology, rupture and reconstruction techniques.
abstract: The influences and mechanisms of the physiology, rupture and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on kinematics and clinical outcomes have been investigated in many biomechanical and clinical studies over the last several decades. The knee is a complex joint with shifting contact points, pressures and axes that are affected when a ligament is injured. The ACL, as one of the intra-articular ligaments, has a strong influence on the resulting kinematics. Often, other meniscal or ligamentous injuries accompany ACL ruptures and further deteriorate the resulting kinematics and clinical outcomes. Knowing the surgical options, anatomic relations and current evidence to restore ACL function and considering the influence of concomitant injuries on resulting kinematics to restore full function can together help to achieve an optimal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Christoph Domnick, Michael J Raschke, Mirco Herbort, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domnick
authors.affiliation: Christoph Domnick, Michael J Raschke, Mirco Herbort, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raschke
authors.affiliation: Christoph Domnick, Michael J Raschke, Mirco Herbort, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbort
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Anterior cruciate ligament rupture; Biomechanics; Graft fixation; Joint pressure