title: Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research.
abstract: Caffeine is a most widely consumed physiological stimulant worldwide, which is consumed via natural sources, such as coffee and tea, and now marketed sources such as energy drinks and other dietary supplements. This wide use has led to concerns regarding the safety of caffeine and its proposed beneficial role in alertness, performance and energy expenditure and side effects in the cardiovascular system. The question remains "Which dose is safe?", as the population does not appear to adhere to the strict guidelines listed on caffeine consumption. Studies in humans and animal models yield controversial results, which can be explained by population, type and dose of caffeine and low statistical power. This review will focus on comprehensive and critical review of the current literature and provide an avenue for further study.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zulli
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Renee M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kubatka
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.|Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Tawar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qaradakhi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pohanka
authors.affiliation: Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Nazarii
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobyliak
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Center Medika, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zagatina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odborarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klimas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Rocca
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soucek
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr 1/1946, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic. kruzliakpeter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruzliak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000068456:Clinical Studies as Topic; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Caffeine; Cardioprotective effects; Cardiovascular diseases; Clinical studies; Experimental studies; Pathogenesis