title: α-Solanine Isolated From Solanum Tuberosum L. cv Jayoung Abrogates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses Via NF-κB Inactivation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Endotoxin-Induced Shock Model in Mice.
abstract: α-Solanine, a trisaccharide glycoalkaloid, has been reported to possess anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of α-solanine isolated from "Jayoung" a dark purple-fleshed potato by examining its in vitro inhibitory effects on inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and its in vivo effects on LPS-induced septic shock in a mouse model. α-Solanine suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 both at protein and mRNA levels and consequently inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. α-Solanine also reduced the production and mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced by LPS. Furthermore, molecular mechanism studies indicated that α-solanine inhibited LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by reducing nuclear translocation of p65, degradation of inhibitory κBα (IκBα), and phosphorylation of IκB kinaseα/β (IKKα/β). In an in vivo experiment of LPS-induced endotoxemia, treatment with α-solanine suppressed mRNA expressions of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and the activation of NF-κB in liver. Importantly, α-solanine increased the survival rate of mice in LPS-induced endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis models. Taken together, our data suggest that the α-solanine may be a promising therapeutic against inflammatory diseases by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2327-2339, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Goo
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwi-Ho
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 220-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA, Pyeongchang, 232-955, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Sik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012992:Solanine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C514919:alpha-solanine; D012992:Solanine; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: CYCLOOXYGENASE; CYTOKINES; NITRIC OXIDE; NUCLEAR FACTOR-κB; SEPSIS; Α-SOLANINE