title: Exploring ambivalence in motivational interviewing with obese African American adolescents and their caregivers: A mixed methods analysis.
abstract: We conducted an exploratory mixed methods study to describe the ambivalence African-American adolescents and their caregivers expressed during motivational interviewing sessions targeting weight loss.
  
  
  
  We extracted ambivalence statements from 37 previously coded counseling sessions. We used directed content analysis to categorize ambivalence related to the target behaviors of nutrition, activity, or weight. We compared adolescent-caregiver dyads' ambivalence using the paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We then used conventional content analysis to compare the specific content of adolescents' and caregivers' ambivalence statements.
  
  
  
  Adolescents and caregivers expressed the same number of ambivalence statements overall, related to activity and weight, but caregivers expressed more statements about nutrition. Content analysis revealed convergences and divergences in caregivers' and adolescents' ambivalence about weight loss.
  
  
  
  Understanding divergences in adolescent-caregiver ambivalence about the specific behaviors to target may partially explain the limited success of family-based weight loss interventions targeting African American families and provides a unique opportunity for providers to enhance family communication, foster teamwork, and build self-efficacy to promote behavior change.
  
  
  
  Clinicians working in family contexts should explore how adolescents and caregivers converge and diverge in their ambivalence in order to recommend weight loss strategies that best meet families' needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: acarcone@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Idalski Carcone
authors.affiliation: Linguistics Program, Department of English, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eggly
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brogan Hartlieb
authors.affiliation: Linguistics Program, Department of English, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thominet
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D015431:Weight Loss; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs
keywords: Mixed methods; Motivational interviewing; Weight loss intervention