title: Phenolic Compounds in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Stimulate Human Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation.
abstract: In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of phenolic compounds and extracts from different extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) varieties obtained from fruits of different ripening stages on osteoblast cells (MG-63) proliferation. Cell proliferation was increased by hydroxytyrosol, luteolin, apigenin, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids by approximately 11-16%, as compared with controls that were treated with one vehicle alone, while (+)-pinoresinol, oleuropein, sinapic, vanillic acid and derivative (vanillin) did not affect cell proliferation. All phenolic extracts stimulated MG-63 cell growth, and they induced higher cell proliferation rates than individual compounds. The most effective EVOO phenolic extracts were those obtained from the Picual variety, as they significantly increased cell proliferation by 18-22%. Conversely, Arbequina phenolic extracts increased cell proliferation by 9-13%. A decline in osteoblast proliferation was observed in oils obtained from olive fruits collected at the end of the harvest period, as their total phenolic content decreases at this late stage. Further research on the signaling pathways of olive oil phenolic compounds involved in the processes and their metabolism should be carried out to develop new interventions and adjuvant therapies using EVOO for bone health (i.e.osteoporosis) in adulthood and the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda de la Ilustración s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda de la Ilustración s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Luna-Bertos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda de la Ilustración s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos-Torrecillas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda de la Ilustración s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Sassari, Piazza Universitá 21, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milia
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Training Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ctra. Cabra-Doña Mencía, Km. 2.5, 14940, Cabra, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Brigida
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Training Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ctra. Bailen-Motril, 23620, Km. 18,5, Mengibar, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivas
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D047310:Apigenin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D047311:Luteolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D047310:Apigenin; C004999:ferulic acid; D047311:Luteolin; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; C040048:caffeic acid