title: Plumb as a cause of kidney cancer (case study: Iran from 2008-2010).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to plumb (Pb), cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. Some hazards that threat human health are the results of environmental factors and the relevant pollutions. Some important categories of diseases including (cancers) have considerable differences in various places, as observed in their spatial prevalence and distribution maps. The present study sets out to investigate the correlation between kidney cancer and the concentration of Pb in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the first challenge was to collect some relevant information. In this connection, the authors managed to gain access to data concerning kidney cancer in Iran. The data were collected by a health centre for the period of 2008-2010. Besides, a map of Pb distribution in soil, drawn by the Mineral Exploration Organization, and Plumb Concentration Information, collected by Agriculture Jihad Organization, were used. Using a geographic information system (GIS) software such as ArcGIS (USA), the researchers drew the map of the spatial distribution of kidney cancer in the Iran country. In the indirect methods, one measures vegetation stress caused by heavy metal soil contamination. In direct methods, target detection algorithms are used to detect a selected material on the basis of its unique spectral signature. In this research, we applied target detection algorithms on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to detect Pb. MODIS is a sensor placed on the Terra satellite that collects data in 35 spectral bands with 250-1,000 m special resolutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spatial distribution of kidney cancer in Iran country delineated above revealed a positive correlation between the amount of lead and the high frequency of kidney cancer. Regression analyses also confirmed this relationship (R (2) = 0.77 and R = 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the current study underscore not only the importance of preventing exposure to Pb but also the importance of controlling Pb-producing industries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mazdak
authors.affiliation: Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maasoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rashidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Remote Sensing, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Moien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zohary
keywords: Correlation; Iran; Isfahan; kidney cancer; plumb (Pb); spatial distribution