title: The Effect of Nanoparticles and Alternative Monomer on the Exothermic Temperature of PMMA Bone Cement.
abstract: Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement produce exothermic reaction during its polymerization process, which damage the surrounding bone tissue during orthopedic surgery. Nanoparticles additives (magnesium oxide, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, barium sulfate and silica) and alternative monomers (glycidyl methacrylate(GMA) tri-methaxysilyl propyl methacrylate (3MPMA)), can be incorporated with the PMMA beads and methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers, respectively, to reduce the exothermic temperature. A comparative study of the addition of these additives and monomer at different concentration on exothermic temperature of PMMA is not known and significant for designing improved PMMA cement for orthopedic applications. The goal of this study is two folds: (1) to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of the above additives with PMMA on the exothermic temperature of PMMA, (2) to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of the above alternative monomers on the exothermic temperature of PMMA. A commercial bone cement was used in this study as PMMA cement. Two wt% and six wt% of the above nanoparticle were mixed with PMMA beads. Two and six wt% of the above alterative monomers were mixed with MMA monomers. Bead and monomer ratio of 2:1 was maintained to prepare the cement samples. A 4-channel thermocouple was used to determine the temperature changes of the samples in an insulated acrylic mold during the curing period. This study found maximum curing temperature on the 2 wt% Magnesium oxide added PMMA specimen was significantly lower than other samples. Addition of 3MPMA and GMA to MMA decreased the maximum curing temperatures and curing time of specimens compared to other samples.
authors.affiliation: University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, USA.
authors.forename: Morshed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khandaker
authors.affiliation: University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, USA.
authors.forename: Zhaotong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Meng
keywords: Additives; Bone cement; Exothermic Temperature; Nanoparticles; Orthopedics; PMMA