title: Measurement and Modeling of Narrowband Channels for Ultrasonic Underwater Communications.
abstract: Underwater acoustic sensor networks are a promising technology that allow real-time data collection in seas and oceans for a wide variety of applications. Smaller size and weight sensors can be achieved with working frequencies shifted from audio to the ultrasonic band. At these frequencies, the fading phenomena has a significant presence in the channel behavior, and the design of a reliable communication link between the network sensors will require a precise characterization of it. Fading in underwater channels has been previously measured and modeled in the audio band. However, there have been few attempts to study it at ultrasonic frequencies. In this paper, a campaign of measurements of ultrasonic underwater acoustic channels in Mediterranean shallow waters conducted by the authors is presented. These measurements are used to determine the parameters of the so-called κ-μ shadowed distribution, a fading model with a direct connection to the underlying physical mechanisms. The model is then used to evaluate the capacity of the measured channels with a closed-form expression.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, ETS Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain. francis@ic.uma.es.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cañete
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, ETS Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain. jlf@ic.uma.es.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, ETS Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain. celia@ic.uma.es.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Corrales
authors.affiliation: Sociedad Anónima de Electrónica Submarina (SAES), Cartagena 30205, Spain. a.sanchez@electronica-submarina.com.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Sociedad Anónima de Electrónica Submarina (SAES), Cartagena 30205, Spain. e.robles@electronica-submarina.com.
authors.forename: Encarnación
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Sociedad Anónima de Electrónica Submarina (SAES), Cartagena 30205, Spain. f.rodrigo@electronica-submarina.com.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, ETS Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain. paris@ic.uma.es.
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Paris
keywords: Doppler spread; Rice shadowed; channel ergodic capacity; fading channels; narrowband channel measurements; parameter estimation; sensor networks; statistical channel modeling; underwater acoustic communications (UAC); κ-μ shadowed