title: Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus sp. WLY78.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) Gram-positive and endospore-formed Paenibacillus spp. have potential uses as a bacterial fertilizer in agriculture. The transcriptional analysis of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus is lacking, although regulation mechanisms of nitrogen fixation have been well studied in Gram-negative diazotrophs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report a global transcriptional profiling analysis of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus sp. WLY78 cultured under N2-fixing condition (without O2 and NH4(+)) and non-N2-fixing condition (air and 100 mM NH4(+)). The nif (nitrogen fixation) gene operon composed of 9 genes (nifBHDKENXhesAnifV) in this bacterium was significantly up-regulated in N2-fixing condition compared to non-N2-fixing condition, indicating that nif gene transcription is strictly controlled by NH4(+) and O2. qRT-PCR confirmed that these nif genes were differently expressed. Non-nif genes specifically required in nitrogen fixation, such as mod, feoAB and cys encoding transporters of Mo, Fe and S atoms, were coordinately transcribed with nif genes in N2-fixing condition. The transcript abundance of suf operon specific for synthesis of Fe-S cluster was up-regulated in N2-fixing condition, suggesting that Sul system, which takes place of nifS and nifU, plays important role in the synthesis of nitrogenase. We discover potential specific electron transporters which might provide electron from Fe protein to MoFe protein of nitrogenase. The glnR whose predicted protein might mediate nif transcription regulation by NH4(+) is significantly up-regulated in N2-fixing condition. The transcription levels of nitrogen metabolism and anaerobic respiration were also analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nif gene operon (nifBHDKENXhesAnifV) in Paenibacillus sp. WLY78 is significantly up-regulated in N2-fixing condition compared to non-N2-fixing condition. Non-nif genes specifically required in nitrogen fixation were also significantly up-regulated in N2-fixing condition. Fur and Fnr which are involved in anaerobic regulation and GlnR which might mediate nif gene transcription regulation by NH4(+) were significantly up-regulated in N2-fixing condition. This study provides valuable insights into nitrogen fixation process and regulation in Gram-positive firmicutes.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. shw_126@126.com.
authors.forename: Hao-wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. wangliying_404@sina.com.
authors.forename: Li-ying
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. wangliying_404@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xin-xin
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. liuxiaomeng1989@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-meng
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. liuxiaomeng1989@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Tian-yi
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. liuxiaomeng1989@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key laboratory of Soil Microbiology of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China. chensf@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: San-feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009876:Operon; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins