title: The possible role of chromosome X variability in hypertensive familiarity.
abstract: Familiarity participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension, although only recently, whole genome studies have proposed regions of the human genome possibly involved in the transmission of the hypertensive phenotype. Although studies have mainly focused on autosome, hitherto the influence of sex on familial transmission of hypertension has not been considered. We analysed the database of the Campania Salute Network of Hypertension center of the Federico II University Hospital of Naples (Italy), using dichotomous variables for paternal and maternal familiarity and gender (male and female) of 12 504 hypertensive patients (6868 males and 5636 females) and 6352 controls (3484 males and 2868 females), totaling 18 856 subjects. In the hypertensive group, familiarity was present in 75% of cases with odds of 3.77 and in only 26% of the normotensives with odds of 0.94. The odds ratio (OR) indicated that familiarity increases the risk of developing hypertension by 2.91 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.67-3.17, P<0.001) times. Additionally, maternal familiarity was 37% (OR=3.01, 95% CI=2.66-3.41, P<0.001), paternal familiarity was 21% (OR=2.31, 95% CI=2.01-2.68, P<0.001) and the double familiarity was 17% (OR=3.45, 95% CI=2.87-4.01, P<0.001), thus suggesting a plausible association between maternal familiarity and development of hypertension; this finding was observed both in male and in female patients, although the phenomenon was larger in males. Given the dominance of maternal transmission in males, by genome-wide analysis of the X chromosome, we found two regions that were differently distributed in male hypertensives with maternal hypertension. Our data highlight the importance of genetic variants in the X chromosome to the maternal transmission of the hypertensive phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santulli
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Research Center "CIRIAPA", Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Research Center "CIRIAPA", Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Research Center "CIRIAPA", Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rozza
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.|Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagnotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tremigliozzi
authors.affiliation: Humanitas Research Lab, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Condorelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trimarco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iaccarino
mesh_terms: D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D000072741:Maternal Inheritance; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide