title: Understanding motivation to implement smoking bans among mothers with a hospitalized infant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) poses risks to hospitalized children upon discharge and no uniformly effective interventions have been identified. Understanding change-related processes and social-contextual factors related to motivation for implementing home and car smoking bans may inform interventions to reduce infant SHSe among mothers with a hospitalized infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional, secondary analysis, mothers of neonatal ICU infants who reported smoking or living with a smoker (N=205) were assigned to stages of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, or action) based on behaviors and intentions for establishing smoking bans in their homes and cars. Processes of change (POC) for SHSe reduction practices, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and social support for not smoking in the home were examined across all four stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of mothers were in the action stage for having a home smoking ban in place (55%); only 35% of participants were in action for a car smoking ban. POC use differed across the stages of change for having a home ban (p=0.004) and car ban (p=0.02), with earlier stages using fewer overall and relatively fewer cognitive/affective processes. Earlier stage women also reported lower self-efficacy to change, less familial and partner support for in-home smoking bans, and more depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel intervention targets were identified, including cognitive/affective change processes, mental health, and familial/social contingencies for implementing SHSe protective practices. Creative ways in which to affect change at the individual and household level are needed in order to fully address the complexity of child SHSe.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, United States. Electronic address: Angela.L.Stotts@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stotts
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Klawans
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Northrup
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, United States.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Villarreal
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, United States.
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control; D001336:Automobiles; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D011582:Psychological Theory; D020377:Self Efficacy; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012944:Social Support; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Car smoking ban; Home smoking ban; Infant; Secondhand smoke; Stages of change