title: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of Buddleja crispa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buddleja crispa Benth (Buddlejaceae) is a dense shrub; several species of genus Buddleja have been used in the management of various health conditions including pain and inflammation. The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties of B. crispa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats (220-270 gm,) and mice (25-30 gm) were randomly divided into different groups (n = 6). Various doses of plant extract of B. crispa, its fractions and pure compounds isolated from the plant were administered intraperitoneally (i.p). The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities were assessed using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception in mice, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and arachidonic acid-induced platelets aggregation tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intraperitoneal administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg), hexane fraction (10 and 25 mg/kg i.p) exhibited significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and attenuated formalin-induced reaction time of animals in second phase of the test. Pure compounds BdI-2, BdI-H3 and BH-3 isolated from B. crispa produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced and formalin tests. The crude extract of B. crispa (50-200 mg/kg i.p.) and its hexane fraction inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema with maximum inhibition of 65 and 71% respectively (P < 0.01). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the plant extract and isolated pure compounds were comparable to diclofenac sodium. B. crispa plant extract (0.5-2.5 mg/mL) produced significant anti-platelet effect (P < 0.01) with maximum inhibition of 78% at 2.5 mg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from our present study suggest that B. crispa possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties. B. crispa could serve a potential novel source of compounds effective in pain and inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ishfaq A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Anwar H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gilani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. sultanmeo@hotmail.com.|Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. sultanmeo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sultan Ayoub
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meo
authors.affiliation: Prince Abdullah Bin Khalid Celiac Disease Research Chair, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anjum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D005557:Formaldehyde; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid