title: Time in Therapeutic Range and Percentage of International Normalized Ratio in the Therapeutic Range as a Measure of Quality of Anticoagulation Control in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: Time in therapeutic range (TTR), albeit the standard measure of quality of anticoagulation control for warfarin, is underused in everyday clinical practice because of its tedious calculation. In contrast, the percentage of international normalized ratio measurements in range (PINRR) is a convenient alternative. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between PINRR and TTR and whether PINRR has clinical utility for prediction of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in a "real-world" atrial fibrillation (AF) cohort.
  
  
  
  This is an observational study based on a hospital-based AF registry.
  
  
  
  Among 1428 Chinese patients with AF who were taking warfarin (76.2 ± 8.7 years; mean CHA2DS2-VASc, 4.2 ± 1.6 and HAS-BLED, 2.3 ± 0.9), mean and median TTR values were 38.2% ± 24.4% and 38.8% (interquartile range, 17.9% and 56.2%), respectively. Patients with TTR ≥ 65% (14.8%) had a lower annual risk of ischemic stroke (3.04% per year) than did those with TTR < 65% (5.35% per year). Mean and median PINRR were 34.3% ± 17.1% and 34.2% (interquartile range, 22.7% and 46.0%), respectively. TTR significantly correlated with PINRR in a linear fashion (r = 0.81; P < 0.0001). A cutoff of PINRR ≤ 56.1% was a good discriminator of TTR < 65%, with a high sensitivity (98.3%) and positive predictive value (91.9%). The annual ischemic stroke risk in patients with PINRR > 56.1% was 2.56% per year, lower than those with TTR ≥ 65% (3.04% per year). Patients with PINRR > 56.1% had an annual incidence of intracranial hemorrhage comparable to those with TTR ≥ 65% (0.49% per year vs 0.68% per year).
  
  
  
  Among patients with AF who are taking warfarin, the PINRR is a user-friendly alternative to TTR, having a high sensitivity and positive predictive value in predicting TTR. As with TTR, PINRR is associated with clinical adverse events, ie, ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Pak-Hei
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Echocardiography & Non-invasive Cardiology Laboratory, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jo-Jo
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Esther W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ian C K
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Hung-Fat
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Electronic address: cwdsiu@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Chung-Wah
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Siu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012042:Registries; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin