title: Challenges and Current Efforts in the Development of Biomarkers for Chronic Inflammatory and Remodeling Conditions of the Lungs.
abstract: This review discusses biomarkers that are being researched for their usefulness to phenotype chronic inflammatory lung diseases that cause remodeling of the lung's architecture. The review focuses on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary hypertension. Bio-markers of environmental exposure and specific classes of biomarkers (noncoding RNA, metabolism, vitamin, coagulation, and microbiome related) are also discussed. Examples of biomarkers that are in clinical use, biomarkers that are under development, and biomarkers that are still in the research phase are discussed. We chose to present examples of the research in biomarker development by diseases, because asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension are distinct entities, although they clearly share processes of inflammation and remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grunig
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Aram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baghdassarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Serhiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pylawka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bleck
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reibman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berman-Rosenzweig
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Nedim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Durmus
keywords: COPD; asthma; diagnosis; endotypes of disease; lung inflammation; lung remodeling; pulmonary hypertension