title: Dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium during the early postnatal period accelerates skeletal muscle fibre growth and maturity in intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight piglets.
abstract: Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs postnatal growth and skeletal muscle development in neonatal infants. This study evaluated whether dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Ca (HMB-Ca) supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve muscle growth in IUGR neonates using piglets as a model. A total of twelve pairs of IUGR and normal-birth-weight (NBW) male piglets with average initial weights (1·85 (sem 0·36) and 2·51 (sem 0·39) kg, respectively) were randomly allotted to groups that received milk-based diets (CON) or milk-based diets supplemented with 800 mg/kg HMB-Ca (HMB) during days 7-28 after birth. Blood and longissimus dorsi (LD) samples were collected and analysed for plasma amino acid content, fibre morphology and the expression of genes related to muscle development. The results indicate that, regardless of diet, IUGR piglets had a significantly decreased average daily weight gain (ADG) compared with that of NBW piglets (P<0·05). However, IUGR piglets fed HMB-Ca had a net weight and ADG similar to that of NBW piglets fed the CON diet. Irrespective of body weight (BW), HMB-Ca supplementation markedly increased the type II fibre cross-sectional area and the mRNA expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin-like growth factor-1 and myosin heavy-chain isoform IIb in the LD of piglets (P<0·05). Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the effects of BW and HMB on mTOR expression in the LD (P<0·05). In conclusion, HMB-Ca supplementation during the early postnatal period could improve skeletal muscle growth and maturity by accelerating fast-twitch glycolytic fibre development in piglets.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiatao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guoqi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Caimei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruinan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shengyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lianqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D001724:Birth Weight; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006019:Glycolysis; D008297:Male; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D014631:Valerates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014631:Valerates; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: BW body weight; CK creatine kinase; CON control; CSA cross-sectional area; Growth and development; HMB 
                    β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate; HMB-Ca 
                    β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium; IGF-1
                  insulin-like growth factor-1; IUGR intra-uterine growth restriction; LD 
                    longissimus dorsi; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; MRF-4
                  muscle regulatory factor 4; MyHC myosin heavy-chain; NBW normal birth weight; Piglets; Skeletal muscle fibre; mTOR
                  mammalian target of rapamycin; β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium