title: Infection Imaging With (18)F-FDS and First-in-Human Evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The noninvasive imaging of bacterial infections is critical in order to reduce mortality and morbidity caused by these diseases. The recently reported (18)F-FDS ((18)F-2-fluorodeoxy sorbitol) as a PET (positron emission tomography) tracer can be used to image Enterobacteriaceae-specific infections and provides a potential alternative to this problem compared with other probes for imaging infections. In this study, automatic synthesis, validation of (18)F-FDS and a first-in-human study were performed and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multifunctional synthesis module was employed for the radiosynthesis of (18)F-FDG ((18)F-2-fluorodeoxy glucose) and (18)F-FDS starting from (18)F ion using two-pot three-step fully automated reactions. The behavior of (18)F-FDS as an in vivo imaging probe for infections was evaluated in an Escherichia coli mouse infection model. The first detailed pharmacokinetic and biodistribution parameters were obtained from healthy human volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uptake of (18)F-FDS in an E. coli mouse-myositis infection model was easily differentiated from other organs and normal muscle. Intensive lesion uptake declined after antibiotic treatment. In the pilot human study, no adverse effects due to (18)F-FDS were observed up to 24 h post-injection. The radiotracer was rapidly cleared from the circulation and excreted mainly through the urinary system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that (18)F-FDS PET holds great potential for appropriate and effective for the imaging of bacterial infections in vivo. These preliminary results indicate that further clinical studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Haiqun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Wenjia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Zhanhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Yingqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Yanru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Zibo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. Electronic address: lifang@pumch.cn.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004355:Drug Stability; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011854:Radiochemistry; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C531573:2-deoxy-2-fluorosorbitol; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013012:Sorbitol
keywords: (18)F-FDS; Automated synthesis; Gram-negative bacteria; Infection; PET