title: Clam focal and systemic immune responses to QPX infection revealed by RNA-seq technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria is an important seafood species widely exploited along the eastern coasts of the United States and play a crucial role in coastal ecology and economy. Severe hard clam mortalities have been associated with the protistan parasite QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown). QPX infection establishes in pallial organs with the lesions typically characterized as nodules, which represent inflammatory masses formed by hemocyte infiltration and encapsulation of parasites. QPX infection is known to induce host changes on both the whole-organism level and at specific lesion areas, which imply systemic and focal defense responses, respectively. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RNA-seq was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2000 (641 Million 100 bp reads) to characterize M. mercenaria focal and systemic immune responses to QPX. Transcripts were assembled and the expression levels were compared between nodule and healthy tissues from infected clams, and between these and tissues from healthy clams. De novo assembly reconstructed a consensus transcriptome of 62,980 sequences that was functionally-annotated. A total of 3,131 transcripts were identified as differentially expressed in different tissues. Results allowed the identification of host immune factors implicated in the systemic and focal responses against QPX and unraveled the pathways involved in parasite neutralization. Among transcripts significantly modulated upon host-pathogen interactions, those involved in non-self recognition, signal transduction and defense response were over-represented. Alterations in pathways regulating hemocyte focal adhesion, migration and apoptosis were also demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first attempt to thoroughly characterize M. mercenaria transcriptome and identify molecular features associated with QPX infection. It is also one of the first studies contrasting focal and systemic responses to infections in invertebrates using high-throughput sequencing. Results identified the molecular signatures of clam systemic and focal defense responses, to collectively mediate immune processes such as hemocyte recruitment and local inflammation. These investigations improve our understanding of bivalve immunity and provide molecular targets for probing the biological bases of clam resistance towards QPX.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA. kailai.wang@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Kailai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA. chiandc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: del Castillo
authors.affiliation: Analyses and Bioinformatics for Marine Science, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France. corre@sb-roscoff.fr.
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corre
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA. Emmanuelle.Palesespinosa@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pales Espinosa
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA. Bassem.Allam@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Bassem
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D049891:Mercenaria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D010271:Parasites; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D059467:Transcriptome