title: Association of received social support with depressive symptoms among older males and females in Singapore: Is personal mastery an inconsistent mediator?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personal mastery has been shown to be a mediator of the relationship between perceived social support and depressive symptoms. Less is known about its role in the context of received social support. While there is some evidence that received social support may improve one's sense of personal mastery, other studies highlight that received social support may induce dependence and lower one's sense of personal mastery. In addition, less is known about structural factors such as gender that may alter this relationship.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine gender differences in how personal mastery mediates the relationship between received social support and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a nationally representative study of community dwelling older adults in Singapore, we test the hypothesis that personal mastery is an inconsistent mediator of the received social support-depressive symptoms association using mediation analysis and that gender is associated with this inconsistent mediation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find support for our hypothesis of personal mastery as an inconsistent mediator, and observe both the direct and indirect effects of received social support on depressive symptoms to be stronger in females than in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms for females may be more sensitive to received social support than males, which may be due to gendered pathways and expectations of support. This study highlights the need to further examine both the beneficial and detrimental effects of received social support on psychological health in tandem, considering the effect of mediating variables such as personal mastery to understand its nuanced pathways.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. Electronic address: shannon.ang@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Family transfers; Gender; Inconsistent mediation; Older adults; Personal mastery; Received social support; Singapore