title: The relations of age and pubertal development with cortisol and daily stress in youth at clinical risk for psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prodromal syndromes often begin in adolescence - a period of neurodevelopmental changes and heightened stress sensitivity. Research has shown elevated stress and cortisol in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. This cross-sectional study examined relations of age and pubertal status with cortisol and self-reported stress in healthy controls (HCs) and CHR adolescents. It was hypothesized that the relations of age and pubertal stage with cortisol and stress would be more pronounced in CHR youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 93 HCs and 348 CHR adolescents from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). At baseline, measures of stress (Daily Stress Inventory - DSI), Tanner stage (TS), and salivary cortisol were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANCOVA revealed increased DSI scores with age for both groups, and higher DSI scores in CHR adolescents than HCs, with a more pronounced difference for females. Contrary to prediction, with age controlled, HCs showed greater TS-related DSI increases. Analysis of cortisol showed no significant interactions, but a main effect of age and a trend toward higher cortisol in the CHR group. Correlations of cortisol with TS were higher in HC than CHR group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress measures increased with age in HC and CHR adolescents, and DSI scores also increased with TS in HCs. The results do not support a more pronounced age or TS increase in stress measures in CHR adolescents, but instead suggest that stress indices tend to be elevated earlier in adolescence in the CHR group. Potential determinants of findings and future directions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: dmoskow@nyspi.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moskow
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada. Electronic address: jmadding@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.affiliation: Univeristy of California, 300 Medical Plaza Suite 2265, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: cbearden@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.affiliation: University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: kcadenhead@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cadenhead
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. Electronic address: cornblat@lij.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cornblatt
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA. Electronic address: rheinsse@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinssen
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Electronic address: Daniel.Mathalon@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Mathalon
authors.affiliation: Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Electronic address: thomas.mcglashan@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. Electronic address: diana_perkins@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, 55 Friot Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Electronic address: lseidman@caregroup.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: mtsuang@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: Yale University, 1 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Electronic address: tyrone.cannon@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Tyrone D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Electronic address: scott.woods@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: psyefw@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D012306:Risk; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Clinical high risk; Cortisol; Psychosis; Puberty; Schizophrenia; Stress