title: Socio-economic differences in cardiometabolic risk markers are mediated by diet and body fatness in 8- to 11-year-old Danish children: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: To explore whether socio-economic differences exist in cardiometabolic risk markers in children and whether lifestyle-related factors potentially mediate these differences.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study including measurements of fasting blood lipids, glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood pressure and heart rate. Potential mediators examined were fat mass index (FMI); intakes of fruit, vegetables, dietary fibre and added sugar; whole-blood n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) as a biomarker of fish intake; and physical activity and sedentary time.
  
  
  
  Nine primary schools in Denmark.
  
  
  
  Children aged 8-11 years (n 715).
  
  
  
  Children of parents with the shortest compared with longest education had higher TAG by 0·12 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·21) mmol/l and HOMA-IR by 0·36 (0·10, 0·62), whereas children of parents with a vocational education had higher total cholesterol by 0·14 (0·02, 0·27) mmol/l and LDL cholesterol by 0·14 (0·03, 0·25) mmol/l compared with children of parents with the longest education; all P<0·05. FMI explained 25 % of the difference in TAG, 64 % of the difference in HOMA-IR and 21-29 % of the differences in cholesterols. FMI and whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA combined explained 42 % of the difference in TAG, whereas FMI, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and dietary fibre explained 89 % of the difference in HOMA-IR.
  
  
  
  Socio-economic differences were present in blood lipids and insulin resistance among 8- to 11-year-olds and were mediated by body fatness, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and dietary fibre. These lifestyle factors may be targets in public initiatives to reduce socio-economic differences. Confirmation in longitudinal studies and trials is warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauger
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Nutrition,National Food Institute,Technical University of Denmark,Søborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Margit V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Nutrition,National Food Institute,Technical University of Denmark,Søborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biltoft-Jensen
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Nutrition,National Food Institute,Technical University of Denmark,Søborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine-Mathilde
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dalskov
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hjorth
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej 26,1958 Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Damsgaard
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: Cardiometabolic risk markers; Children; Mediation; Socio-economic differences