title: Evaluation of Intestinal Function in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms.
abstract: Alterations in intestinal function, often characterized as a "leaky gut," have been attributed to children who are on the autism spectrum. Disaccharidase activity, intestinal inflammation, and permeability were analyzed in 61 children with autism and 50 nonautistic individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  
  All patients had duodenal biopsies assayed for lactase, sucrase, maltase, and palatinase activity. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by rhamnose/lactulose test and measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Intestinal inflammation was evaluated by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histology.
  
  
  
  Some children with autism had mild levels of mucosal inflammation on intestinal biopsy. Disaccharidase activity was not different in autistic and nonautistic individuals. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin were similar in both groups. Differences between lactulose and rhamnose recovery and lactulose/rhamnose ratio in urine were not statistically different in patients with and without autism.
  
  
  
  The present study supports the observation that children with autism who have symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders have objective findings similar to children without autism. Neither noninvasive testing nor endoscopic findings identify gastrointestinal pathology specific to autism, but may be of benefit in identifying children with autism who have atypical symptoms.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston †Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA.
authors.forename: Rafail I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kushak
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Buie
authors.forename: Katherine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Newburg
authors.forename: Ceng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nestoridi
authors.forename: Harland S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services; D004384:Duodenoscopy; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D007781:Lactoferrin