title: Pre-therapeutic fibrinogen levels are of prognostic significance in locally advanced head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this retrospective study was to clarify the potential prognostic significance of pre-therapeutic fibrinogen levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients treated with curative intent by primary radiotherapy (RT) or with postoperative radiotherapy (PORT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed data from 347 patients with histologically confirmed locally advanced HNSCC. Analysis was conducted separately for the patient collective treated with PORT (N = 141; 85.1 % AJCC stage III/IV) and for patients treated with primary RT (N = 206; 97.1 % AJCC stage III/IV). Kaplan Meier analyses as well as univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most relevant observation was that plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly associated with a reduction of overall survival rates. In the low-fibrinogen (below 411 mg/dL) postoperatively irradiated group, OS rates at 2 and 3 years were 86 and 83 %, and in the high-fibrinogen group 66 and 51 %, respectively. In the RT group with low fibrinogen levels, OS rates after 2 and 3 years were 74 and 53 %, and in the high-fibrinogen group 40 and 22 %, respectively. In multivariate analysis, elevated fibrinogen concentrations were associated with inferior OS in both the postoperatively (HR = 2.5; p = 0.001) as well as in the primarily irradiated (HR = 1.7; p = 0.003) group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude from these results that elevated pre-therapeutic fibrinogen may serve as a biomarker associated with worsened prognosis in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients treated by either RT or surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. edgar.selzer@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selzer
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grah
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiduschka
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine I-Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kornek
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thurnher
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000401:mortality*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: Biomarker; Fibrinogen; Head and neck cancer; Prognosis; Radiotherapy