title: Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012-2015.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cases of paralysis caused by poliovirus have decreased by >99% since the 1988 World Health Assembly's resolution to eradicate polio. The World Health Organization identified environmental surveillance (ES) of poliovirus in the poliomyelitis eradication strategic plan as an activity that can complement acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. This article summarizes key public health interventions that followed the isolation of polioviruses from ES between 2012 and 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  The grap method was used to collect 1.75 L of raw flowing sewage every 2-4 weeks. Once collected, samples were shipped at 4 °C to a polio laboratory for concentration. ES data were then used to guide program implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2012 to 2015, ES reported 97 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV2) and 14 wild polioviruses. In 2014 alone, 54 cVDPV type 2 cases and 1 WPV type 1 case were reported. In Sokoto State, 58 cases of AFP were found from a search of 9426 households. A total of 2 252 059 inactivated polio vaccine and 2 460 124 oral polio vaccine doses were administered to children aged <5 year in Borno and Yobe states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article is among the first from Africa that relates ES findings to key public health interventions (mass immunization campaigns, inactivated polio vaccine introduction, and strengthening of AFP surveillance) that have contributed to the interruption of poliovirus transmission in Nigeria.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ticha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson Muluh
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abdullahi Walla
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hamisu
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kehinde
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mkanda
authors.affiliation: National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja.
authors.forename: Etsano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.affiliation: University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adeniji
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adefunke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akande
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Audu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Isiaka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ayodeji
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
authors.forename: Gumede
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicksy
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Banda
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sisay G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tegegne
authors.affiliation: Global Public Health Solutions, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nsubuga
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ajiboye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyetunji
authors.affiliation: World Health organization, Head Quarters, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Diop
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Country Representative Office, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rui G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja.
authors.forename: Ado J G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Muhammad
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D060740:Disease Eradication; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines; D012722:Sewage
keywords: circulating vaccine derived poliovirus; environmental surveillance; poliovirus; sewage; wild poliovirus