title: Reassortment of Avian Influenza A/H6N6 Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Guangdong, China.
abstract: Since early 2013, H7N9-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused human infection in eastern China. To evaluate AIV contamination and the public risk of infection, we systematically implemented environmental sampling from live poultry markets in Guangdong Province. Through real-time polymerase chain reaction assays and next-generation sequencing, we generated full nucleotide sequences of all 10 H6N6 AIVs isolated during sampling. Focusing on sequence analyses of hemagglutinin genes of the 10 H6N6 AIVs revealed that the viruses were low pathogenic AIVs with the typical hemagglutinin cleavage site of P-Q-I-E-T-R-G. The hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleocapsid genes of nine AIVs were of ST2853-like (H6-subtype) lineage, ST192-like (N6-subtype) lineage, and HN573-like (H6-subtype) lineage, respectively; whereas the other five genes were of ST339-like (H6-subtype) lineage. However, the polymerase PB2 and nucleocapsid genes of one strain (HZ057) were of GS/GD-like (H5N1-subtype) and ST339-like lineages. Phylogenic analysis revealed that all eight genes of the 10 viruses belonged to Eurasian avian lineage. Altogether, the 10 AIVs were reassortants of different genetic groups of exchanges with the same virus subtype, thus illustrating the genetic diversity and complexity of H6N6-subtype AIVs in Guangdong Province.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Runyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yinfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xianqiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yingchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hanzhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jinyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious DiseasesGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Changwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ke
keywords: Guangdong; H6N6; avian influenza virus; live poultry market; reassortment