title: Impact and Cost-effectiveness of 3 Doses of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Among US Females Previously Vaccinated With 4-Valent HPV Vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We estimated the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of providing 3-doses of nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (9vHPV) to females aged 13-18 years who had previously completed a series of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV), a strategy we refer to as "additional 9vHPV vaccination."
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 2 distinct models: (1) the simplified model, which is among the most basic of the published dynamic HPV models, and (2) the US HPV-ADVISE model, a complex, stochastic, individual-based transmission-dynamic model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When assuming no 4vHPV cross-protection, the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained by additional 9vHPV vaccination was $146 200 in the simplified model and $108 200 in the US HPV-ADVISE model ($191 800 when assuming 4vHPV cross-protection). In 1-way sensitivity analyses in the scenario of no 4vHPV cross-protection, the simplified model results ranged from $70 300 to $182 000, and the US HPV-ADVISE model results ranged from $97 600 to $118 900.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The average cost per QALY gained by additional 9vHPV vaccination exceeded $100 000 in both models. However, the results varied considerably in sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Additional 9vHPV vaccination is likely not as efficient as many other potential HPV vaccination strategies, such as increasing primary 9vHPV vaccine coverage.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Harrell W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chesson
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Laprise
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brisson
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Lauri E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Markowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000071497:Immunogenicity, Vaccine; D008297:Male; D018448:Models, Immunological; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: cost-effectiveness analysis; disease transmission models; human papillomavirus; vaccine; vaccine impact