title: Increasing anti-Aβ-induced neurotoxicity ability of Antrodia camphorata-fermented product with deep ocean water supplementary.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antrodia camphorata is proven to probably inhibit the neurotoxicity of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), known as a risk factor toward the development of Alzheimer's disease. Deep ocean water (DOW), drawn from an ocean depth of more than 200 m, has proven to stimulate the growth and metabolite biosynthesis of fungi owing to its rich minerals and trace elements. Based on these advantages of DOW, this study used statistical response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of DOW on the growth and anti-Aβ-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of A. camphorata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that DOW was useful for increasing the biomass of A. camphorata and enhancing its neuroprotective capability. The anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of filtrate was increased via raising the mycelium-secreted components. Furthermore, the anti-Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity ability of mycelium was also increased by the DOW-stimulated intracellular antioxidants. Using 80% DOW concentration, initial pH 3.3 and 20% inoculum size as the optimal culture conditions of A. camphorata significantly stimulated the biomass and mycelium-mediated Aβ40-induced cell viability from 302 ± 14 mg per 100 mL and 49.2 ± 2.2% to 452 ± 33 mg per 100 mL and 65.0 ± 7.4% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that DOW could be used as a promising supplementary for the production of A. camphorata secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant activity to protect neuron cells from damage based on Aβ stimulation cytotoxicity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.|Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yeuching
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shuyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
authors.forename: David Yuewei
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 950, Taiwan. cllee@nttu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D055491:Antrodia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D003470:Culture Media; D005285:Fermentation; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D012623:Seawater
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D003470:Culture Media
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Antrodia camphorata; amyloid β-peptide; deep ocean water; neurocytotoxicity; response surface methodology