title: Induction of trap formation in nematode-trapping fungi by bacteria-released ammonia.
abstract: A total of 11 bacterial strains were assayed for bacteria-induced trap formation in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora YMF1·01883 with two-compartmented Petri dish. These strains were identified on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of eight isolates were extracted using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and their structures were identified based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At the same time, all isolates were used for quantitative measurement of ammonia by the indophenol blue method. The effects of pure commercial compounds on inducement of trap formation in A. oligospora were tested. Taken together, results demonstrated that the predominant bacterial volatile compound inducing trap formation was ammonia. Meanwhile, ammonia also played a role in other nematode-trapping fungi, including Arthrobotrys guizhouensis YMF1·00014, producing adhesive nets; Dactylellina phymatopaga YMF1·01474, producing adhesive knobs; Dactylellina cionopaga YMF1·01472, producing adhesive columns and Drechslerella brochopaga YMF1·01829, producing constricting rings.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|Angang general hospital, Anshan, China.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: K Q
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009348:Nematoda / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000641:Ammonia; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
keywords: ammonia; bacteria; nematode-trapping fungus; trap formation; volatile organic compounds