title: More nerve root injuries occur with minimally invasive lumbar surgery, especially extreme lateral interbody fusion: A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the lumbar spine, do more nerve root injuries occur utilizing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques versus open lumbar procedures? To answer this question, we compared the frequency of nerve root injuries for multiple open versus MIS operations including diskectomy, laminectomy with/without fusion addressing degenerative disc disease, stenosis, and/or degenerative spondylolisthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several of Desai et al. large Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial studies showed the frequency for nerve root injury following an open diskectomy ranged from 0.13% to 0.25%, for open laminectomy/stenosis with/without fusion it was 0%, and for open laminectomy/stenosis/degenerative spondylolisthesis with/without fusion it was 2%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alternatively, one study compared the incidence of root injuries utilizing MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) techniques; 7.8% of PLIF versus 2% of TLIF patients sustained root injuries. Furthermore, even higher frequencies of radiculitis and nerve root injuries occurred during anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs) versus extreme lateral interbody fusions (XLIFs). These high frequencies were far from acceptable; 15.8% following ALIF experienced postoperative radiculitis, while 23.8% undergoing XLIF sustained root/plexus deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review indicates that MIS (TLIF/PLIF/ALIF/XLIF) lumbar surgery resulted in a higher incidence of root injuries, radiculitis, or plexopathy versus open lumbar surgical techniques. Furthermore, even a cursory look at the XLIF data demonstrated the greater danger posed to neural tissue by this newest addition to the MIS lumbar surgical armamentariu. The latter should prompt us as spine surgeons to question why the XLIF procedure is still being offered to our patients?
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurousrgery, Winthrop Neuroscience, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Epstein
keywords: Extreme lateral interbody fusions (XLIF); minimally invasive surgery (MIS); nerve root injuries: lumbar surgery; percutaneous procedures; posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF); posterolateral fusions (PLF); transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)