title: Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management.
abstract: Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: JoAnn L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Vanderford
authors.affiliation: Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.affiliation: Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Stanton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Rudolf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bohm
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D030121:Betaretrovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006800:Deltaretrovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D006568:Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008251:Macaca; D023421:Models, Animal; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D011786:Quality Control; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015303:Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: herpes B virus; macaque colony management; simian T-cell lymphotropic virus; simian betaretrovirus; simian immunodeficiency virus; specific pathogen free; virus testing