title: Adjuvant-induced mono-arthritis potentiates cerebral hemorrhage in the spontaneously hypertensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have a higher incidence of hypertension and stroke than the normal population. Currently there exists no animal model to study the pathogenic interactions of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) subsequent to chronic inflammation and hypertension. We have created and defined a hypertensive-mono-arthritic animal model who demonstrate gros signs of cerebral hemorrhage in presence of mono-arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed either a high salt diet (4% NaCl; HSD) or Purina chow (RD) from weaning. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the left hind paw at 21-28weeks (control groups received saline (SAL)). Degree of inflammation, joint swelling, weight and blood pressure were monitored for 21days. Animals were then sacrificed and their brain and left hind paw evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups were hypertensive throughout the experimental period (>180mmHg systolic), irrespective of diet. Both CFA groups produced significant local inflammatory response in their injected paw with associated joint degradation and cellular infiltrates. Systemic plasma TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in CFA groups, with significant increase in TNF-α at 7 and 14days, compared to SAL groups. Cerebral hemorrhage was visualized in the CFA groups but not SAL controls, with a higher severity in HSD-CFA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mono-arthritic hypertensive animals are capable of developing HS upon induction of inflammatory insult. The HSD appears to exacerbate the inflammatory response and influence degree of the hemorrhage. Our novel, multi-disease model may provide an appropriate platform to study the pathogenesis of HS among arthritic patients.
authors.affiliation: 300 Prince Philip Drive, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Pharmacy, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Randell
authors.affiliation: 300 Prince Philip Drive, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Pharmacy, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada. Electronic address: norikod@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daneshtalab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004032:Diet; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Adjuvant-induced-arthritis; Animal models; Complete Freund's adjuvant; Hemorrhagic stroke; High salt diet; Hypertension; Mono-arthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Spontaneously hypertensive rats