title: Do Women With Anxiety or Depression Have Higher Rates of Myocardial Ischemia During Exercise Testing Than Men?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) typically experience worse outcomes relative to men, possibly through diagnosis and treatment delays. Reasons for these delays may be influenced by mood and anxiety disorders, which are more prevalent in women and have symptoms (eg, palpitations and fatigue) that may be confounded with CAD. Our study examined sex differences in the association between mood and anxiety disorders and myocardial ischemia in patients with and without a CAD history presenting for exercise stress tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2342 patients (women n=760) completed a single photon emission computed tomographic exercise stress test (standard Bruce Protocol) and underwent a psychiatric interview (The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) to assess mood and anxiety disorders. Ischemia was assessed using single photon emission computed tomography, with odds ratio used to calculate the effect of sex and mood/anxiety on the presence of ischemia during stress testing by CAD history in a stratified analyses, adjusted for relevant covariates. There was a sex by anxiety interaction with ischemia in those without a CAD history (P=0.015): women with anxiety were more likely to exhibit ischemia during exercise than women without anxiety (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.89). No significant effects were observed for men nor mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with anxiety and no CAD history had higher rates of ischemia than women without anxiety. Results suggest that anxiety symptoms, many of which overlap with those of CAD, might mask CAD symptoms among women (but not men) and contribute to referral and diagnostic delays. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.).
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.).
authors.forename: Simon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.).
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.).
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arsenault
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.).
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Diodati
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B.); Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (N.J.P., S.L.B., A.A., K.L.L.); Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (K.L.L.); Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (R.P.); Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.A.); and Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.G.D.). k-lavoie@crhsc.rtss.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lavoie
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
keywords: anxiety; coronary artery disease; depression; ischemia; myocardial ischemia