title: Morphological Diversity of the Rod Spherule: A Study of Serially Reconstructed Electron Micrographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rod spherules are the site of the first synaptic contact in the retina's rod pathway, linking rods to horizontal and bipolar cells. Rod spherules have been described and characterized through electron micrograph (EM) and other studies, but their morphological diversity related to retinal circuitry and their intracellular structures have not been quantified. Most rod spherules are connected to their soma by an axon, but spherules of rods on the surface of the Mus musculus outer plexiform layer often lack an axon and have a spherule structure that is morphologically distinct from rod spherules connected to their soma by an axon. Retraction of the rod axon and spherule is often observed in disease processes and aging, and the retracted rod spherule superficially resembles rod spherules lacking an axon. We hypothesized that retracted spherules take on an axonless spherule morphology, which may be easier to maintain in a diseased state. To test our hypothesis, we quantified the spatial organization and subcellular structures of rod spherules with and without axons. We then compared them to the retracted spherules in a disease model, mice that overexpress Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule), to gain a better understanding of the rod synapse in health and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reconstructed serial EM images of wild type and DscamGoF (gain of function) rod spherules at a resolution of 7 nm in the X-Y axis and 60 nm in the Z axis. Rod spherules with and without axons, and retracted spherules in the DscamGoF retina, were reconstructed. The rod spherule intracellular organelles, the invaginating dendrites of rod bipolar cells and horizontal cell axon tips were also reconstructed for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stereotypical rod (R1) spherules occupy the outer two-thirds of the outer plexiform layer (OPL), where they present as spherical terminals with large mitochondria. This spherule group is highly uniform and composed more than 90% of the rod spherule population. Rod spherules lacking an axon (R2) were also described and characterized. This rod spherule group consists of a specific spatial organization that is strictly located at the apical OPL-facing layer of the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL). The R2 spherule displays a large bowl-shaped synaptic terminal that hugs the rod soma. Retracted spherules in the DscamGoF retina were also reconstructed to test if they are structurally similar to R2 spherules. The misplaced rod spherules in DscamGoF have a gross morphology that is similar to R2 spherules but have significant disruption in internal synapse organization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We described a morphological diversity within Mus musculus rod spherules. This diversity is correlated with rod location in the ONL and contributes to the intracellular differences within spherules. Analysis of the DscamGoF retina indicated that their R2 spherules are not significantly different than wild type R2 spherules, but that their retracted rod spherules have abnormal synaptic organization.
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: North Idaho College, Natural Sciences Division, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, 83814, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States of America.
authors.forename: Deidrie J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jaime K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Lewis-Clark State College, Department of Computer Sciences, Lewiston, Idaho, 83501, United States of America.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States of America.|WWAMI Medical Education Program, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fuerst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048430:Cell Shape; D003712:Dendrites / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013569:Synapses / Q000648:ultrastructure*