title: Effects of incubation temperatures and trace mineral sources on chicken live performance and footpad skin development.
abstract: One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two incubation temperature profiles (TEM) and two trace mineral (TM) sources with their inclusion levels on performance and footpad skin development of Ross 708 chickens. A total of 1,000 eggs from 29-wk-old breeders were incubated following two TEM profiles: a standard (S) eggshell temperature (37.8±0.2°C) for 21 d of incubation and an early-low late-high (LH) TEM. The second profile had low (37.2±0.2°C) temperature for the first 3 d, and S until the last 3 d when eggshell temperature was 39.2±0.2°C. At hatch, 15 male and 15 female chicks from each TEM were selected, and footpads sampled. Additionally, 168 males per TEM were placed in 24 battery cages with 7 chickens each. The 48 cages were assigned to two TM dietary treatments: one with inorganic (ITM) sources of Zn (120 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Mn (120 ppm) and the other with chelated (CTM) mineral sources using lower inclusion levels of Zn (32 ppm), Cu (8 ppm), and Mn (32 ppm). At 7 and 21 d, BW gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained and chicks sampled for footpads. Histological analysis assessed thickness and area ofstratus corneum(SC), epidermis, and dermis. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with TEM and sex as main factors for hatch data and TEM and TM diets for 7 and 21 d data. The LH chicks were heavier than S chicks at hatch, but had more residual yolk. However, S TEM male chickens were heavier at 7 and 21 d. The S TEM had better FCR than LH TEM.Papillaedermis parameters at hatch were higher in the S TEM. At 7 d, SC height and area were increased by the S TEM. At 21 d CTM increased dermis height and area. In conclusion, TEM affected footpad skin development and broiler performance. Replacing ITM with reduced levels of CTM increased dermis development without affecting live performance or other skin layers.
authors.affiliation: Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Da Costa
authors.affiliation: Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 edgar_oviedo@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Oviedo-Rondón
authors.affiliation: Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wineland
authors.affiliation: Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D020405:Dermis / Q000254:growth & development; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004817:Epidermis / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012098:Reproduction; D013696:Temperature; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D003094:Collagen
keywords: broilers; collagen; footpad development; incubation; trace minerals