title: Correlation of proliferation, TGF-β3 promoter methylation, and Smad signaling in MEPM cells during the development of ATRA-induced cleft palate.
abstract: Mesenchymal cell proliferation is one of the processes in shelf outgrowth. Both all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) play an important role in mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cell proliferation. The cellular effects of TGF-β are mediated by Smad-dependent or Smad-independent pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that atRA promotes TGF-β3 promoter demethylation and protein expression, but can cause depression of mesenchymal cell proliferation, especially at embryonic day 14 (E14). Moreover, the inhibition of MEPM cell proliferation by atRA results in the downregulation of Smad signaling mediated by transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF). We speculate that the effects of atRA on MEPM cell proliferation may be mediated by Smad pathways, which are regulated by TGIF but are not related to TGF-β3 expression. Finally, the cellular effects of TGF-β3 on MEPM cell proliferation may be mediated by Smad-independent pathways.
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China; Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China.
authors.forename: Xiaozhuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China.
authors.forename: Jingjiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Yuchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China.
authors.forename: Zhitao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China. Electronic address: zly@zzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zengli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin
chemical_list: D051785:Smad Proteins; C509045:Tgfb3 protein, mouse; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D014212:Tretinoin
keywords: AtRA; MEPM; Methylation; Proliferation; TGF-β3; TGIF