title: Towards hybrid pixel detectors for energy-dispersive or soft X-ray photon science.
abstract: JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free-electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low-noise performance and hence soft X-ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge-integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e(-) electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge-sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge-sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm-diameter holes are laser-drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single-photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge-sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a `software mask' or a `cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge-sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy-dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X-ray irradiation from an X-ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X-ray energy regime or for an energy-dispersive detection system.
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jungmann-Smith
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergamaschi
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brückner
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cartier
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinapoli
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greiffenberg
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huthwelker
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maliakal
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayilyan
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Medjoubi
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mezza
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mozzanica
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramilli
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schädler
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tinti
keywords: energy-dispersive detectors; hybrid detectors; instrumentation for FELs; instrumentation for synchrotrons; soft X-rays