title: Barriers to and Correlates of Retention in Behavioral Health Treatment Among Latinos in 2 Different Host Countries: The United States and Spain.
abstract: Latino immigrants constitute a large portion of the Spanish and US immigrant populations, yet a dearth of research exists regarding barriers to retention in behavioral health care.
  
  
  
  To identify and compare perceived barriers related to behavioral health care among first- and second-generation Latinos in Boston, Madrid, and Barcelona, and evaluate whether the frequency of behavioral health care use in the last year was related to these barriers.
  
  
  
  Data were obtained from the International Latino Research Partnership project. First- or second-generation self-identified Latino immigrants aged 18 years and more who resided more than 1 year in the host country were recruited from community agencies and primary care, mental health, substance abuse, and HIV clinics.
  
  
  
  Eleven barriers were assessed and compared across sites. The relationship between barriers and behavioral services visits within the last year was evaluated, adjusting for sociodemographics, clinical measures, degree of health literacy, cultural, and social factors.
  
  
  
  Wanting to handle the problem on one's own, thinking that treatment would not work, and being unsure of where to go or who to see were the most frequently reported barriers for Latino immigrants. Previous treatment failure, difficulties in transportation or scheduling, and linguistic barriers were more likely to be reported in Boston; trying to deal with mental health problems on one's own was more commonly reported in Barcelona and Madrid. Two barriers associated with the number of visits were concerns about the cost of services and uncertainty about where to go or who to see.
  
  
  
  After adjusting for sociodemographics, clinical measures, degree of health literacy, cultural, and social factors, barriers still differed significantly across sites. Efforts to improve behavioral health services must be tailored to immigrants' context, with attention to changing attitudes of self-reliance and outreach to improve access to and retention in care.
authors.affiliation: Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Falgas and Qureshi); Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Falgas, Dr Ramos, Ms Herrera, Ms McPeck, Ms Wang, and Dr Alegría); University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Dr Chavez); University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain (Ms Bonal); Health Equity Research Lab, Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Dr Cook).
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Falgas
authors.forename: Zorangeli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Lizbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Ligia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.forename: Covadonga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonal
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McPeck
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alegría
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D000074822:Treatment Adherence and Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult