title: Association between Maternal Fish Consumption and Gestational Weight Gain: Influence of Molecular Genetic Predisposition to Obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that fish consumption can restrict weight gain. However, little is known about how fish consumption affects gestational weight gain (GWG), and whether this relationship depends on genetic makeup.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between fish consumption and GWG, and whether this relationship is dependent on molecular genetic predisposition to obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-cohort study based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) sampling the most obese women (n = 990) and a random sample of the remaining participants (n = 1,128). Replication of statistically significant findings was attempted in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 4,841). We included 32 body mass index (BMI) associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 5 SNPs found associated with GWG. BMI associated SNPs were combined in a genetic risk score (GRS). Associations between consumption of fish, GRS or individual variants and GWG were analysed, and interactions between fish and the GRS or individual variants were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the DNBC, each portion/week (150 g) of fatty fish was associated with a higher GWG of 0.58 kg (95% CI: 0.16, 0.99, P<0.01). For total fish and lean fish, similar patterns were observed, but these associations were not statistically significant. We found no association between GRS and GWG, and no interactions between GRS and dietary fish on GWG. However, we found an interaction between the PPARG Pro12Ala variant and dietary fish. Each additional Pro12Ala G-allele was associated with a GWG of -0.83 kg (95% CI: -1.29, -0.37, P<0.01) per portion/week of dietary fish, with the same pattern for both lean and fatty fish. In ALSPAC, we were unable to replicate these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no consistent evidence of association between fish consumption and GWG, and our results indicate that the association between dietary fish and GWG has little or no dependency on GRS or individual SNPs.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sofus C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ängquist
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laurin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Morgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paternoster
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George Davey
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sjurdur F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nohr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult