title: Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney tissues of male Wistar rats that pre- and postnatally exposed to wireless electromagnetic field (EMF) with an internet frequency of 2.45 GHz for a long time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in three groups of rats which were pre-natal, post-natal. and sham exposed groups. Oxidative stress markers and histological evaluation of kidney tissues were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant (TOS) levels of pre-natal group were high and total antioxidant (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were low. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in pre- and post-natal groups (p < 0.001). Tubular injury was detected in most of the specimens in post-natal groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low-intensity staining with Bax in cortex, high-intensity staining with Bcl-2 in cortical and medullar areas of pre-natal group (p values, 0.000, 0.002, 0.000, respectively) when compared with sham group. Bcl2/Bax staining intensity ratios of medullar and cortical area was higher in pre-natal group than sham group (p = 0.018, p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on kidney.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Ayça Esra
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kuybulu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmi Alem University , Istanbul , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Öktem
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey ;
authors.forename: İbrahim Metin
authors.initials: İM
authors.lastname: Çiriş
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biochemistry , Katip Celebi Faculty of Medicine , Izmir , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutcu
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Ahmet Rıfat
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Örmeci
authors.affiliation: f Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Engineering , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Selçuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Çömlekçi
authors.affiliation: g Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey.
authors.forename: Efkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Apoptosis; neonates; oxidative damage; prenatal exposure; wireless