title: Lone parents, health, wellbeing and welfare to work: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lone parents and their children experience higher than average levels of adverse health and social outcomes, much of which are explained by high rates of poverty. Many high income countries have attempted to address high poverty rates by introducing employment requirements for lone parents in receipt of welfare benefits. However, there is evidence that employment may not reduce poverty or improve the health of lone parents and their children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies reporting lone parents' accounts of participation in welfare to work (WtW), to identify explanations and possible mechanisms for the impacts of WtW on health and wellbeing. Twenty one bibliographic databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and assessed study quality. Studies from any high income country that met the criteria of focussing on lone parents, mandatory WtW interventions, and health or wellbeing were included. Thematic synthesis was used to investigate analytic themes between studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening of the 4703 identified papers and quality assessment resulted in the inclusion of 16 qualitative studies of WtW in five high income countries, USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, covering a variety of welfare regimes. Our synthesis found that WtW requirements often conflicted with child care responsibilities. Available employment was often poorly paid and precarious. Adverse health impacts, such as increased stress, fatigue, and depression were commonly reported, though employment and appropriate training was linked to increased self-worth for some. WtW appeared to influence health through the pathways of conflict and control, analytical themes which emerged during synthesis. WtW reduced control over the nature of employment and care of children. Access to social support allowed some lone parents to manage the conflict associated with employment, and to increase control over their circumstances, with potentially beneficial health impacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WtW can result in increased conflict and reduced control, which may lead to negative impacts on mental health. Availability of social support may mediate the negative health impacts of WtW.
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK. Mhairi.Campbell@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mhairi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK. Hilary.Thomson@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK. Candida.Fenton@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Candida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK. Marcia.Gibson@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D004651:Employment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015406:Single Parent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012946:Social Welfare; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States