title: An ex Vivo Model for Evaluating Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, Efflux, and Drug Metabolism.
abstract: The metabolism of drugs in the brain is difficult to study in most species because of enzymatic instability in vitro and interference from peripheral metabolism in vivo. A locust ex vivo model that combines brain barrier penetration, efflux, metabolism, and analysis of the unbound fraction in intact brains was evaluated using known drugs. Clozapine was analyzed, and its major metabolites, clozapine N-oxide (CNO) and N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), were identified and quantified. The back-transformation of CNO into clozapine observed in humans was also observed in locusts. In addition, risperidone, citalopram, fluoxetine, and haloperidol were studied, and one preselected metabolite for each drug was analyzed, identified, and quantified. Metabolite identification studies of clozapine and midazolam showed that the locust brain was highly metabolically active, and 18 and 14 metabolites, respectively, were identified. The unbound drug fraction of clozapine, NDMC, carbamazepine, and risperidone was analyzed. In addition, coadministration of drugs with verapamil or fluvoxamine was performed to evaluate drug-drug interactions in all setups. All findings correlated well with the data in the literature for mammals except for the stated fact that CNO is a highly blood-brain barrier permeant compound. Overall, the experiments indicated that invertebrates might be useful for screening of blood-brain barrier permeation, efflux, metabolism, and analysis of the unbound fraction of drugs in the brain in early drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Biology & Therapeutics unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund S-22184, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen , 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aadal Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Chemical Biology & Therapeutics unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund S-22184, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.affiliation: Chemical Biology & Therapeutics unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund S-22184, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006110:Grasshoppers; D023421:Models, Animal; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Locust; blood−brain barrier; brain; drug metabolism; drug−drug interactions; efflux