title: CardioBengo study protocol: a population based cardiovascular longitudinal study in Bengo Province, Angola.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality, responsible for 38 million deaths in 2012, 75 % occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Most of these countries are facing a period of epidemiological transition, being confronted with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases, which challenge health systems mainly designed to deal with infectious diseases. With the adoption of the World Health Organization "Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of non-communicable diseases, 2013-2020", the national dimension of risk factors for non-communicable diseases must be reported on a regular basis. Angola has no national surveillance system for non-communicable diseases, and periodic population-based studies can help to overcome this lack of information. CardioBengo will collect information on risk factors, awareness rates and prevalence of symptoms relevant to cardiovascular diseases, to assist decision makers in the implementation of prevention and treatment policies and programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  CardioBengo is designed as a research structure that comprises a cross-sectional component, providing baseline information and the assembling of a cohort to follow-up the dynamics of cardiovascular diseases risk factors in the catchment area of the Dande Health and Demographic Surveillance System of the Health Research Centre of Angola, in Bengo Province, Angola. The World Health Organization STEPwise approach to surveillance questionnaires and procedures will be used to collect information on a representative sex-age stratified sample, aged between 15 and 64 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CardioBengo will recruit the first population cohort in Angola designed to evaluate cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Using the structures in place of the Dande Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a reliable methodology that generates comparable results with other regions and countries, this study will constitute a useful tool for the surveillance of cardiovascular diseases. Like all longitudinal studies, a strong concern exists regarding dropouts, but strategies like regular visits to selected participants and a strong community involvement are in place to minimize these occurrences.
authors.affiliation: Health Research Centre of Angola (CISA), Caxito, Angola. joao.pedro@ispup.up.pt.|EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. joao.pedro@ispup.up.pt.
authors.forename: João M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.affiliation: Health Research Centre of Angola (CISA), Caxito, Angola. edite.rosario@cisacaxito.org.
authors.forename: Edite
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosário
authors.affiliation: Health Research Centre of Angola (CISA), Caxito, Angola. miguel.brito@estesl.ipl.pt.|Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon, Portugal. miguel.brito@estesl.ipl.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. hbarros@med.up.pt.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal. hbarros@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000810:Angola / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult