title: Alterations in primary and secondary metabolism in Vitis vinifera 'Malvasía de Banyalbufar' upon infection with Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3.
abstract: Plant defense mechanisms against pathogens result in differential regulation of various processes of primary and secondary metabolism. Imaging techniques, such as fluorescence imaging and thermography, are very valuable tools providing spatial and temporal information about these processes. In this study, effects of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) on grapevine physiology were analyzed in pot-grown asymptomatic plants of the white cultivar Malvasía de Banyalbufar. The virus triggered changes in the activity of photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. There was a decrease in the photorespiratory intermediates glycine and serine in infected plants, possibly as a defense response against the infection. The content of malate, which plays an important role in plant metabolism, also decreased. These results correlate with the increased non-photochemical quenching found in infected plants. On the other hand, the concentration of flavonols (represented by myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives) and hydroxycinnamic acids (which include derivatives of caffeic acid) increased following infection by the virus. These compounds could be responsible for the increase in multicolor fluorescence F440 (blue fluorescence) and F520 (green fluorescence) on the leaves, and changes in the fluorescence parameters F440/F680, F440/F740, F520/F680, F520/F740 and F680/F740. The combined analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and blue-green fluorescence emitted by phenolics could constitute disease signatures allowing the discrimination between GLRaV-3 infected and non-infected plants at very early stage of infection, prior to the development of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca i Formació Agrària i Pesquera (IRFAP), Palma de Mallorca, 07009, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain.
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pérez-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Florez-Sarasa
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tohge
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
authors.forename: Alisdair Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, 07071, Spain.
authors.forename: Hanan El Aou
authors.initials: Hel A
authors.lastname: Ouad
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, 07071, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flexas
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, 07071, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bota
mesh_terms: D019069:Cell Respiration; D029381:Closteroviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D005453:Fluorescence; D008027:Light; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology