title: Morpho-Physiological and Proteome Level Responses to Cadmium Stress in Sorghum.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) stress may cause serious morphological and physiological abnormalities in addition to altering the proteome in plants. The present study was performed to explore Cd-induced morpho-physiological alterations and their potential associated mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor leaves at the protein level. Ten-day-old sorghum seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 100, and 150 μM) of CdCl2, and different morpho-physiological responses were recorded. The effects of Cd exposure on protein expression patterns in S. bicolor were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in samples derived from the leaves of both control and Cd-treated seedlings. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cd, and the amount of Cd taken up by the shoots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied concentration of Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 33 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of these, treatment with Cd resulted in significant increases in 15 proteins and decreases in 18 proteins. Major changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. Proteomic results revealed that Cd stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production and the regulation of protein synthesis. Our study provides insights into the integrated molecular mechanisms involved in responses to Cd and the effects of Cd on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings. We have aimed to provide a reference describing the mechanisms involved in heavy metal damage to plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Korea.
authors.forename: Swapan Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Division of Rice Research, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Abu Hena Mostafa
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Myeong-Won
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Korea.
authors.forename: Moon-Soon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Keun-Yook
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zhanguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D045868:Sorghum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019256:Cadmium Chloride