title: Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, 1990-2012.
abstract: To describe trends in country- and individual-level dual burden of malnutrition in children <5 years, and age-stratified (<2 years, ≥2 years) country-level trends, in thirty-six low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
  
  
  
  Using repeated cross-sectional nationally representative data, we calculated the prevalence of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, overweight) at each survey wave, annualized rates of prevalence change for each country over time, and trends before and after 2000, for all children <5 years and separately for those </≥2 years. We examined country- (ratio of stunting to overweight) and individual-level (coexistence of stunting and overweight) dual burden in children <5 years.
  
  
  
  Demographic and Health Surveys from thirty-six LMIC between 1990 and 2012.
  
  
  
  Children <5 years.
  
  
  
  Overall malnutrition prevalence decreased in children <5 years, driven by stunting decreases. Stunting rates decreased in 78 % of countries, wasting rates decreased in 58 % of countries and overweight rates increased in 36 % of countries. Rates of change differed for children </≥2 years, with children <2 years experiencing decreases in stunting in fewer countries yet increases in overweight in more countries. Countries with nearly equal prevalences of stunting and overweight in children <5 years increased from 2000 to the final year. Within a country, 0·3-10·9 % of children <5 years were stunted and overweight, and 0·6-37·8 % of stunted children <5 years were overweight.
  
  
  
  The dual burden exists in children <5 years on both country and individual levels, indicating a shift is needed in policies and programmes to address both sides of malnutrition. Children <2 years should be identified as a high-risk demographic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition,Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,137 E. Franklin Street,Room 6312,Chapel Hill,NC 27516,USA.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzioumis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition,Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,137 E. Franklin Street,Room 6312,Chapel Hill,NC 27516,USA.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition,Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,137 E. Franklin Street,Room 6312,Chapel Hill,NC 27516,USA.
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition,Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,137 E. Franklin Street,Room 6312,Chapel Hill,NC 27516,USA.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Adair
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Children; Developing countries; Dual burden; Nutritional status