title: Calf muscle perfusion as measured with magnetic resonance imaging to assess peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: We hypothesized that skeletal muscle perfusion is impaired in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients compared to healthy controls and that perfusion patterns exhibit marked differences across five leg muscle compartments including the anterior muscle group (AM), lateral muscle group (LM), deep posterior muscle group (DM), soleus (SM), and the gastrocnemius muscle (GM). A total of 40 individuals (26 PAD patients and 14 healthy controls) underwent contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) utilizing a reactive hyperemia protocol. Muscle perfusion maps were developed for AM, LM, DM, SM, and GM. Perfusion maps were analyzed over the course of 2 min, starting at local pre-contrast arrival, to study early-to-intermediate gadolinium enhancement. PAD patients had a higher fraction of hypointense voxels at pre-contrast arrival for all five muscle compartments compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0005). Among PAD patients, the fraction of hypointense voxels of the AM, LM, and GM were inversely correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = -0.509, p = 0.008; r = -0.441, p = 0.024; and r = -0.431, p = 0.028, respectively). CE-MRI-based skeletal leg muscle perfusion is markedly reduced in PAD patients compared with healthy controls and shows heterogeneous patterns across calf muscle compartments.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. gbrunner@bcm.edu.|Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. gbrunner@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bismuth
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.|Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nambi
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.|Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Addison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lumsden
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morrisett
authors.affiliation: Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., FB-Alkek Tower - Suite A679A, Mailstop A-601, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Dipan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010477:Perfusion; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Image analysis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Microvascular circulation; Peripheral artery disease