title: Diabetes insipidus: The other diabetes.
abstract: Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a hereditary or acquired condition which disrupts normal life of persons with the condition; disruption is due to increased thirst and passing of large volumes of urine, even at night. A systematic search of literature for DI was carried out using the PubMed database for the purpose of this review. Central DI due to impaired secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) could result from traumatic brain injury, surgery, or tumors whereas nephrogenic DI due to failure of the kidney to respond to AVP is usually inherited. The earliest treatment was posterior pituitary extracts containing vasopressin and oxytocin. The synthetic analog of vasopressin, desmopressin has several benefits over vasopressin. Desmopressin was initially available as intranasal preparation, but now the oral tablet and melt formulations have gained significance, with benefits such as ease of administration and stability at room temperature. Other molecules used for treatment include chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, thiazide diuretics, indapamide, clofibrate, indomethacin, and amiloride. However, desmopressin remains the most widely used drug for the treatment of DI. This review covers the physiology of water balance, causes of DI and various treatment modalities available, with a special focus on desmopressin.
authors.affiliation: Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Abdul Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zargar
authors.affiliation: Managing Director, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sunil M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Consultant Endocrinologist, CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Bipin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: GD Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Sun Valley Diabetes and Endocrine Research Centre, Guwahati, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Awadhesh Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Vice-Principal (Research), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Chellaram Diabetes Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Piya Ballani
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.affiliation: Lead Medical, Asia Pacific region, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Harshad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malve
keywords: Antidiuretic hormone; desmopressin; polydipsia; polyuria; vasopressin