title: Electrical stimulation enhances tissue reorganization during orthodontic tooth movement in rats.
abstract: This study evaluated the effects of a low-intensity electric current on tissue reorganization during experimental orthodontic tooth movement.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two animals were divided into two groups evaluated on days 3 and 7: OTM-orthodontic tooth movement and OTM + MC-orthodontic tooth movement and microcurrent application (10 μA/5 min). The samples were processed for histological, morphometric, and Western blotting analysis.
  
  
  
  Analysis of the periodontal ligament (PL) showed a significantly smaller number of granulocytes in the OTM + MC group on day 7.The number of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the OTM + MC group on days 3 and 7. The area of birefringent collagen fibers was more organized in the OTM + MC group on days 3 and 7. The number of blood vessels was significantly higher in the OTM + MC group on day 7. Microcurrent application significantly increased the number of osteoclasts in the compression region of the PL. In the OTM + MC group on day 7 of tooth movement, the expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF was significantly reduced whereas the expression of bFGF was increased in PL.
  
  
  
  Electrical stimulation enhances tissue responses, reducing the number of granulocytes and increasing the number of fibroblasts, blood vessels, and osteoclasts and modulates the expression of TGF-β1, VEFG, and bFGF.
  
  
  
  This technique is used in many areas of medicine, but poorly explored in dentistry and orthodontics. This treatment is cheap and non-invasive and can be applied by own orthodontist, and it can improve the treatment with a faster and safe tooth movement, without pain.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Orthodontics, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisele Sampaio
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Spadari
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ewerton
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaniboni
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Orthodontics, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Amelia Scudeler
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vedovello
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, State University of São Paulo, UNESP, Av. Eng. Francisco José Longo, 777, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro Pedrine
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Esméria Corezola
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: do Amaral
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gláucia Maria Tech
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Augusto Marretto
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Esquisatto
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Aparecida Sampaio
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mendonca
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Orthodontics, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil. santamariajr@mailcity.com.|Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Heminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil. santamariajr@mailcity.com.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santamaria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
keywords: Low-intensity electric current; Microcurrent application; Orthodontic tooth movement