title: Lignocaine and Esmolol on Stress Response to Laryngoscopy and Intubation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation causes significant sympathetic response resulting in hypertension and tachycardia. In individuals with systemic hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and intracranial aneurysm, the effect of this transient sympathetic response can evoke life threatening conditions like pulmonary oedema, cardiac failure and cerebrovascular haemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly divided into two groups, 30 in each group. Group I received 50 mg of esmolol and group II received lignocaine 2 mg/kg. Haemodynamic parameters like pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured before induction of anaesthesia, immediately after intubation then at intervals of one minute, three minutes, five minutes, seven minutes and 10 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in demographic or base line vital signs between two groups (Table 1). The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased on laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation by 15 mmHg in the group I whereas in group II it was 17.4 mmHg. There was a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in both the groups, but the rise was lesser in group II than in group I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both esmolol and lignocaine were not effective in attenuating hemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation; however esmolol was superior to lignocaine in blunting the stress response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rajbhandari
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011412:Propanolamines; D008012:Lidocaine; C036604:esmolol
keywords: esmolol; intubation; laryngoscopy; lignocaine; stress response.