title: Delivery systems for Leishmania vaccine development.
abstract: Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Lifelong immunity after recovery indicates that vaccination could be a promising approach to overcome the disease. Although different antigens have been successfully tested against all clinical forms, none of them have been shown to fulfill the safety and efficiency requirements for human applications. Hence, strong vehicles are needed to carry antigens of interest and potentiate its presence in the body. So far, various live or chemical carriers have been applied to reinforce the immunological effects of ideal antigens. In the current review, the recent attempts in this field have been summarized.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran (the Islamic Republic of).|b School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.affiliation: a Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran (the Islamic Republic of).
authors.forename: Farnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zahedifard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran (the Islamic Republic of).
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rafati
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054332:Leishmaniasis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D054332:Leishmaniasis Vaccines
keywords: Leishmaniasis; chemical delivery system; live delivery system; nano/microparticle; protective immune responses; vaccination