title: Virtual facial reconstruction based on accurate registration and fusion of 3D facial and MSCT scans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accurate registration and feasible fusion of a three-dimensional (3D) photorealistic surface images (captured using the FaceSCAN3D® Scientific Photo Lab) from multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) images is important to achieve optimal craniomaxillofacial surgery outcomes; thus, the aim of this work was to optimize this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSCT and 3D facial scans were acquired from 37 randomly selected patients. Using the Invesalius software package, skin and bone tissue models were reconstructed. The 3D photorealistic surface images were then constructed. Four image registration processes were performed using Geomagic Studio software: manual Procrustes and semi-automatic registration (global modified ICP) using both 7 and 15 anthropometric landmarks. The statistical differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests. P values <0.05 were considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average distances between these two surfaces measured 0.99 (SD 0.13 mm), 0.77 (SD 0.11 mm), 0.99 (SD 0.15 mm), and 0.77 mm (SD 0.10 mm) via the four image registration methods. Statistical differences were observed between the manual and semi-automatic registration groups (according to 7 and 15 anthropometric landmarks, respectively). Image registration errors for the entire virtual face were <0.8 mm in the semi-automatic registration groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employing the Procrustes registration system using seven anthropometric landmarks together with global registration allows accurate registration and feasible fusion of 3D facial scans with reconstructed 3D MSCT image data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Sheng Li South Road, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jixiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Sheng Li South Road, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. drtwd@sina.com.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. drtwd@sina.com.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. mydrtw@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005145:Face / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Craniomaxillofacial surgery; ICP algorithm; Image registration; Procrustes registration; Virtual face