title: Assessing the Flexibility of the Proximal Thoracic Segments Above the "Potential Upper Instrumented Vertebra" Using the Cervical Supine Side Bending Radiographs in Lenke 1 and 2 Curves for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the proximal thoracic (PT) flexibility and its compensatory ability above the "potential UIV."
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Shoulder and neck imbalance can be caused by overcorrection of the main thoracic (MT) curve due to inability of PT segment to compensate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical supine side bending (CSB) radiographs of 100 Lenke 1 and 2 patients were studied. We further stratified Lenke 1 curves into Lenke 1-ve: PT side bending (PTSB) < 15° (n = 33) and Lenke 1+ve: PTSB 15° to 24.9° (n = 37). The right side bending (RSB) and left side bending (LSB) angles were measured (T1-T6). Compensatory ability of the PT segment was analyzed with assumption of a "horizontal UIV" position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From T1 to T6 vertebrae, the RSB angle values showed increasing positive values. The LSB angle, comparing Lenke 1-ve versus 2 and Lenke 1+ve versus 2, showed significant difference at T2 to T6. The LSB angle comparing Lenke 1-ve versus 1+ve achieved significant difference at T5 and T6. In Lenke 2 curves, >80.0% of cases of the PT segment were unable to compensate at T3-T6. In Lenke 1+ve curves, 78.4% were unable to compensate at T6, followed by T5 (75.7%), T4 (73.0%), T3 (59.5%), T2 (27.0%), and T1 (21.6%). In Lenke 1-ve curves, 36.4% of cases were unable to compensate at T6, followed by T5 (45.5%), T4 (45.5%), T3 (30.3%), T2 (21.2%), and T1 (15.2%). A significant difference between Lenke 1-ve and Lenke 1+ve was observed from T3 to T6. The difference between Lenke 1+ve and Lenke 2 curves was significant only at T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The compensation ability and the flexibility of the PT segments of Lenke 1-ve and Lenke 1+ve curves were different. Lenke 1+ve curves demonstrated similar characteristics to Lenke 2 curves.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chris Yin Wei
authors.initials: CYW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Chee Kidd
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Mun Keong
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kwan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018583:Pliability / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult