title: Evaluation of Microflow Digital Imaging Particle Analysis for Sub-Visible Particles Formulated with an Opaque Vaccine Adjuvant.
abstract: Microflow digital imaging (MDI) has become a widely accepted method for assessing sub-visible particles in pharmaceutical formulations however, to date; no data have been presented on the utility of this methodology when formulations include opaque vaccine adjuvants. This study evaluates the ability of MDI to assess sub-visible particles under these conditions. A Fluid Imaging Technologies Inc. FlowCAM® instrument was used to assess a number of sub-visible particle types in solution with increasing concentrations of AddaVax™, a nanoscale squalene-based adjuvant. With the objective (10X) used and the limitations of the sensor resolution, the instrument was incapable of distinguishing between sub-visible particles and AddaVax™ droplets at particle sizes less than 5 μm. The instrument was capable of imaging all particle types assessed (polystyrene beads, borosilicate glass, cellulose, polyethylene protein aggregate mimics, and lysozyme protein aggregates) at sizes greater than 5 μm in concentrations of AddaVax™ up to 50% (vol:vol). Reduced edge gradients and a decrease in measured particle sizes were noted as adjuvant concentrations increased. No significant changes in particle counts were observed for polystyrene particle standards and lysozyme protein aggregates, however significant reductions in particle counts were observed for borosilicate (80% of original) and cellulose (92% of original) particles. This reduction in particle counts may be due to the opaque adjuvant masking translucent particles present in borosilicate and cellulose samples. Although the results suggest that the utility of MDI for assessing sub-visible particles in high concentrations of adjuvant may be highly dependent on particle morphology, we believe that further investigation of this methodology to assess sub-visible particles in challenging formulations is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Grant E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Frahm
authors.affiliation: Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex W T
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pochopsky
authors.affiliation: Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|University of Ottawa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tessa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J W
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry*; D008853:Microscopy; D055616:Microtechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011137:Polystyrenes; D002482:Cellulose