title: Being Anxious, Thinking Positively: The Effect of Emotional Context on Respiratory Sensory Gating.
abstract: Respiratory sensory gating function has been found decreased by induced negative emotion in healthy adults. The increased ratio of the respiratory-related evoked potential (RREP) N1 peak amplitude for the second occlusion (S2) vs. the first occlusion (S1), S2/S1, is indicative of such decreased respiratory sensory gating. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a positive emotional context would enhance respiratory sensory gating function in healthy individuals. In addition, we tested the modulating role of individual anxiety levels. We compared respiratory sensory gating in 40 healthy individuals by the paired inspiratory occlusion paradigm in a positive and neutral emotional context induced by emotional picture viewing. The results showed that the group averaged RREP N1 peak amplitudes S2/S1 ratios were significantly smaller in the positive compared to neutral context (0.49 vs. 0.64; p < 0.01). Further, analysis showed that the ratio decrease was due to a reduced response to the S2 and an enhanced response to S1 in the positive emotional context (p < 0.05). The subgroup analyses showed that in the positive emotional context, both individuals with low-moderate anxiety levels and those with no anxiety demonstrated a significant decrease of their S2/S1 ratio, but only those with low-moderate anxiety levels showed reduced S2 amplitudes compared to the neutral context (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that a positive emotional context is related to better brain inhibitory mechanisms by filtering out repetitive respiratory stimuli in healthy individuals, especially in the presence of low-moderate anxiety levels. Further, investigation on how positive emotional contexts might contribute to improved respiratory sensory gating ability in clinical populations is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, and Healthy Ageing Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Ying S
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, and Healthy Ageing Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, and Healthy Ageing Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital at Yuan ShanYilan County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Jhih
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial hospital at LinkouTaoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Leupoldt
keywords: anxiety; positive emotional context; respiratory sensation; respiratory sensory gating; respiratory-related evoked potential (RREP)