title: Consumption of dairy foods in relation to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Maastricht Study.
abstract: Observational studies suggest an inverse association between total dairy product intake and diabetes risk. However, there is a lack of information on the relationship of specific dairy products with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals aged 40-75 years were recruited for the Maastricht Study. All the participants filled out a 253-food item FFQ, covering fifty specific dairy items that captured differences between full-fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed products, as well as fermented and non-fermented products. Glucose metabolism status was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, and participants were informed on their glucose metabolism status after returning the FFQ. Data of 2391 individuals were available to estimate OR (95 % CI) for IGM (n 470) and newly diagnosed (ND) T2DM (n 125), with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, energy intake and intakes of vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. For IGM, fully adjusted analyses revealed inverse associations, with OR comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of intake of 0·73 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·96) for skimmed products and 0·74 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·99) for fermented products. These dairy products were not associated with ND T2DM. In contrast, full-fat products were positively associated with ND T2DM (OR 2·01; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·47), whereas total dairy product intake was inversely associated with ND T2DM (OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·26, 0·93). In conclusion, individuals with a high consumption of skimmed and fermented products had lower odds of having IGM, and individuals with a high consumption of total dairy products had lower odds of having ND T2DM. High intake of full-fat products was not related to IGM but was positively related to ND T2DM.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simone J P M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0559-6838
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eussen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martien C J M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wijckmans
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: den Biggelaar
authors.affiliation: 4FrieslandCampina,Amersfoort,PO Box 238,6700 AE,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefanie J W H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oude Elferink
authors.affiliation: 4FrieslandCampina,Amersfoort,PO Box 238,6700 AE,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cécile M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Singh-Povel
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miranda T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schram
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simone J S
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sep
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carla J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van der Kallen
authors.affiliation: 6Department of Social Medicine,School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicolaas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: 2School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM),Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Maastricht University,PO Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dagnelie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Dairy foods; FFQ; IGM impaired glucose metabolism; Impaired glucose metabolism; ND newly diagnosed; NGM normal glucose metabolism; Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus; Observational studies; T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus