title: A review of solute encapsulating nanoparticles used as delivery systems with emphasis on branched amphipathic peptide capsules.
abstract: Various strategies are being developed to improve delivery and increase the biological half-lives of pharmacological agents. To address these issues, drug delivery technologies rely on different nano-sized molecules including: lipid vesicles, viral capsids and nano-particles. Peptides are a constituent of many of these nanomaterials and overcome some limitations associated with lipid-based or viral delivery systems, such as tune-ability, stability, specificity, inflammation, and antigenicity. This review focuses on the evolution of bio-based drug delivery nanomaterials that self-assemble forming vesicles/capsules. While lipid vesicles are preeminent among the structures; peptide-based constructs are emerging, in particular peptide bilayer delimited capsules. The novel biomaterial-Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules (BAPCs) display many desirable properties. These nano-spheres are comprised of two branched peptides-bis(FLIVI)-K-KKKK and bis(FLIVIGSII)-K-KKKK, designed to mimic diacyl-phosphoglycerides in molecular architecture. They undergo supramolecular self-assembly and form solvent-filled, bilayer delineated capsules with sizes ranging from 20 nm to 2 μm depending on annealing temperatures and time. They are able to encapsulate different fluorescent dyes, therapeutic drugs, radionuclides and even small proteins. While sharing many properties with lipid vesicles, the BAPCs are much more robust. They have been analyzed for stability, size, cellular uptake and localization, intra-cellular retention and, bio-distribution both in culture and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Pinakin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sukthankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: L Adriana
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Sushanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudlur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo I C
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Beltrão
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Electronic address: jtomich@ksu.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tomich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D053769:Nanocapsules; D010455:Peptides
keywords: BAPCs; Drug delivery; Nanoparticle; Peptide bilayer; Self-assembly