title: Oxidative stress, anti-oxidants and the cross-sectional and longitudinal association with depressive symptoms: results from the CARDIA study.
abstract: Depression may be accompanied by increased oxidative stress and decreased circulating anti-oxidants. This study examines the association between depressive symptoms, F2-isoprostanes and carotenoids in a US community sample. The study includes 3009 participants (mean age 40.3, 54.2% female) from CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults). Cross-sectional analyses were performed on data from the year 15 examination (2000-2001) including subjects whose depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and had measurements of plasma F2-isoprostanes (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) or serum carotenoids (high-performance liquid chromatography). Carotenoids zeaxanthin/lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene were standardized and summed. Longitudinal analyses were conducted using the data from other examinations at 5-year intervals. Cross-lagged analyses investigated whether CES-D predicted F2-isoprostanes or carotenoids at the following exam, and vice versa. Regression analyses were controlled for sociodemographics, health and lifestyle factors. F2-isoprostanes were higher in subjects with depressive symptoms (CES-D ⩾ 16) after adjustment for sociodemographics (55.7 vs 52.0 pg ml(-1); Cohen's d = 0.14, P < 0.001). There was no difference in F2-isoprostanes after further adjustment for health and lifestyle factors. Carotenoids were lower in those with CES-D scores ⩾ 16, even after adjustment for health and lifestyle factors (standardized sum 238.7 vs 244.0, Cohen's d = -0.16, P < 0.001). Longitudinal analyses confirmed that depression predicts subsequent F2-isoprostane and carotenoid levels. Neither F2-isoprostanes nor carotenoids predicted subsequent depression. In conclusion, depressive symptoms were cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with increased F2-isoprostanes and decreased carotenoids. The association with F2-isoprostanes can largely be explained by lifestyle factors, but lower carotenoids were independently associated with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Odegaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants