title: Adaptation of Staphylococcus xylosus to Nutrients and Osmotic Stress in a Salted Meat Model.
abstract: Staphylococcus xylosus is commonly used as starter culture for meat fermentation. Its technological properties are mainly characterized in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms for its adaptation to meat remain unknown. A global transcriptomic approach was used to determine these mechanisms. S. xylosus modulated the expression of about 40-50% of the total genes during its growth and survival in the meat model. The expression of many genes involved in DNA machinery and cell division, but also in cell lysis, was up-regulated. Considering that the S. xylosus population remained almost stable between 24 and 72 h of incubation, our results suggest a balance between cell division and cell lysis in the meat model. The expression of many genes encoding enzymes involved in glucose and lactate catabolism was up-regulated and revealed that glucose and lactate were used simultaneously. S. xylosus seemed to adapt to anaerobic conditions as revealed by the overexpression of two regulatory systems and several genes encoding cofactors required for respiration. In parallel, genes encoding transport of peptides and peptidases that could furnish amino acids were up-regulated and thus concomitantly a lot of genes involved in amino acid synthesis were down-regulated. Several genes involved in glutamate homeostasis were up-regulated. Finally, S. xylosus responded to the osmotic stress generated by salt added to the meat model by overexpressing genes involved in transport and synthesis of osmoprotectants, and Na(+) and H(+) extrusion.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR454 Microbiologie Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermassen
authors.affiliation: INRA, INP- ENVT, Université de Toulouse, UMR 1225 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dordet-Frisoni
authors.affiliation: INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de La Foye
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR454 Microbiologie Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Micheau
authors.affiliation: Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laroute
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR454 Microbiologie Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR454 Microbiologie Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Régine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talon
keywords: Staphylococcus xylosus; meat; nutrient adaptation; osmotic stress; transcriptome