title: Prevalence of Salmonella Excretion in Stool: A Community Survey in 2 Sites, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic and convalescent carriers play an important role in the transmission and endemicity of many communicable diseases. A high incidence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection has been reported in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, yet the prevalence of Salmonella excretion in the general population is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool specimens were collected from a random sample of households in 2 populations in West Africa: Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, and Dakar, Senegal. Stool was cultured to detect presence of Salmonella, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on the isolated organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stool was cultured from 1077 and 1359 individuals from Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, respectively. Salmonella Typhi was not isolated from stool samples at either site. Prevalence of NTS in stool samples was 24.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.5-35.1; n = 26/1077) per 1000 population in Guinea-Bissau and 10.3 (95% CI, 6.1-17.2; n = 14/1359) per 1000 population in Senegal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of NTS excretion in stool in both study populations indicates a possible NTS transmission route in these settings.
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard-Andersen
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Dakar Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Amy Gassama
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Løfberg
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Dakar.
authors.forename: Adama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tall
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Deok
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aaby
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ligia Maria Cruz
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Hamburg.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Dakar.
authors.forename: Aissatou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niang
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Panzner
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schütt-Gerowitt
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wierzba
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Kalckreuth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006169:Guinea-Bissau / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: NTS; Salmonella; carrier; stool culture; typhoid