title: Accuracy and evaluation of irradiation of novel localization devices with unique three-dimensional structures in microendoscopic spine surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many reports are available on using a variety of instruments and techniques to prevent wrong-level spine surgery, the accurate localization of the correct spinal level remains problematic. At the same time, surgeons are also required to reduce radiation exposure to patients and operating room personnel. To solve these problems, we developed and used specially designed marking devices with a unique three-dimensional structure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of our novel devices for localization of the spinal level to prevent wrong-level surgery and reduce the amount and time of radiation exposure during surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 8240 consecutive patients who underwent microendoscopic spine surgery between 1993 and 2012, the incidence of wrong-level surgery was studied. In addition, the amount of radiation exposure and total fluoroscopy time were measured in recent 100 consecutive patients using a digital dosimeter attached to the fluoroscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight (0.097 %) patients had undergone wrong-level surgery. The average radiation exposure was 0.26 mGy (range 0.10-1.15 mGy), and the average total fluoroscopy time was 3.1 s (range 1-7 s).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel localization devices and technique for their use in spine surgery are reliable and accurate for identifying the target level and contributed to reductions in preoperative localization error and radiation exposure to patients and operating room personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Endoscopic Spine Surgery, 145 Rue de la Pelouse-de-Douet, 33000, Bordeaux, France. maatomo324@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masanari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Endoscopic Spine Surgery, 145 Rue de la Pelouse-de-Douet, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elwany
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Endoscopic Spine Surgery, 145 Rue de la Pelouse-de-Douet, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Destandau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments
keywords: Localization device; Microendoscopic surgery; Radiation exposure; Spine surgery; Wrong-level surgery