title: Apolipoprotein E Related Co-Morbidities and Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: The primary goal of advancement in clinical services is to provide a health care system that enhances an individual's quality of life. Incidence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and associated dementia coupled with the advancing age of the population, have led to an increase in the worldwide challenge to the healthcare system. In order to overcome these challenges, prior knowledge of common, reliable risk factors and their effectors is essential. Oral health constitutes one such relatively unexplored but indispensable risk factor for aforementioned co-morbidities, in the form of poor oral hygiene and tooth loss during aging. Behavioral traits such as low education, smoking, poor diet, neglect of oral health, lack of exercise, and hypertension are few of the risk factors that are shared commonly among these conditions. In addition, common genetic susceptibility traits such as the apolipoprotein E gene, together with an individual's lifestyle can also influence the development of co-morbidities such as periodontitis, atherosclerosis/stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This review specifically addresses the susceptibility of apolipoprotein E gene allele 4 as the plausible commonality for the etiology of co-morbidities that eventually result from periodontal diseases and ultimately progress to dementia.
authors.affiliation: Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
authors.forename: Sim K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singhrao
authors.affiliation: Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Sasanka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chukkapalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.|Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Lakshmyya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kesavalu
authors.affiliation: Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
authors.forename: StJohn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crean
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; apolipoprotein; atherosclerosis; co-morbidities; dyslipidemia; periodontitis