title: Epigenetically mediated spontaneous reduction of NFAT1 expression causes imbalanced metabolic activities of articular chondrocytes in aged mice.
abstract: Abnormal metabolic activities of chondrocytes may cause articular cartilage (AC) degradation, but key transcription factors regulating metabolic activities in AC of aging individuals remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of transcription factor NFAT1 in regulating the expression of anabolic and catabolic molecules in AC of aged mice.
  
  
  
  The hip, knee, and shoulder joints of BALB/c mice were harvested at 6, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months of age for histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. Total RNA was isolated from AC for gene expression. Genomic DNA and chromatin were prepared from AC for methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.
  
  
  
  NFAT1 expression in AC of mice was significantly decreased after 12 months of age, which was associated with reduced proteoglycan staining, decreased expression of chondrocyte markers, and increased expression of interleukin-1β. Forced Nfat1 expression in chondrocytes from aged mice significantly reversed the abnormal metabolic activities. ChIP assays confirmed that NFAT1 bound to the promoter of the Acan, Col2a1, Col9a1, Col11a1, Il1b, Mmp13 and Tnfa genes in articular chondrocytes of aged mice. ChIP and MeDIP assays revealed that reduced NFAT1 expression in AC of aged mice was regulated by epigenetic histone methylation at the promoter region and was correlated with increased DNA methylation at introns 1 and 10 of the Nfat1 gene.
  
  
  
  NFAT1 is a transcriptional regulator of multiple anabolic and catabolic genes in AC of aged mice. Epigenetically mediated reduction of NFAT1 expression causes imbalanced metabolic activities of articular chondrocytes in aged mice.
authors.affiliation: Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: mzhang@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: qlu@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: began@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: xiaobo.zhong@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: X-B
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: kenbrandt@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: jwang@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes; D019175:DNA Methylation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D051379:Mice; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D011509:Proteoglycans
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D011509:Proteoglycans
keywords: Aging; Chondrocyte; Epigenetics; NFAT1; Osteoarthritis