title: Reporting of Rehabilitation Intervention for Low Back Pain in Randomized Controlled Trials: Is the Treatment Fully Replicable?
abstract: METHODS
  Methodological review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the quality of reporting of rehabilitation interventions for mechanical low back pain (LBP) in published RCTs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Reporting of interventions in RCTs often focused on the outcome value and failed to describe interventions adequately.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched for all RCTs in Cochrane systematic reviews on LBP published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews until December 2013. The description of rehabilitation interventions of each RCT was evaluated independently by 2 of the investigators, using an ad hoc checklist of 7 items. The primary outcome was the number of items reported in sufficient details to be replicable in a new RCT or in everyday practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 11 systematic reviews, including 220 eligible RCTs, on LBP. Of those, 185 RCTs were included. The median publication year was 1998 (I-III quartiles, 1990 to 2004). The most reported items were the characteristics of participants (91.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 87.3-95.4), the intervention providers (81.1%; 95% CI, 75.4-86.7), and the intervention schedule (69.7%; 95% CI, 63-76). Based on the description of the intervention, less than one fifth would be replicable clinically. The proportion of trials providing all essential information about the participants and interventions increased from 14% (n = 7) in 1971 to 1980 to 20% (n = 75) in 2001 to 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the remarkable amount of energy spent producing RCTs in LBP rehabilitation, the majority of RCTs failed to report sufficient information that would allow the intervention to be replicated in clinical practice. Improving the quality of intervention description is urgently needed to better transfer research into rehabilitation practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  1.
authors.affiliation: *Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy†Clinical Epidemiology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy‡University of Milano, Milan, Italy§Laboratory of Kinematics and Robotics. I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venezia, Italy¶Service of Physiotherapy, National Institute of Injury Insurance, Milan, Italy||Unit of Functional Recovery, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy**Spinal Cord Unit, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy††Department of rehabilitation, Asl Biella, Italy‡‡APSS Tn, Villa Igea, Trento, Italy§§La Quiete casa di cura S.r.l, Varese, Italy¶¶Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada||||Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada***Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gianola
authors.forename: Greta
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authors.lastname: Castellini
authors.forename: Michela
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authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Rosa
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authors.lastname: Frigerio
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authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: Paolo
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authors.lastname: Gozzer
authors.forename: Erica
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authors.lastname: Guariento
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Valentina
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authors.lastname: Pecoraro
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirtori
authors.forename: Andrea
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authors.lastname: Turolla
authors.forename: Anita
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authors.lastname: Andreano
authors.forename: Lorenzo
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authors.lastname: Moja
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D058028:Research Report; D016896:Treatment Outcome