title: Beyond the gut bacterial microbiota: The gut virome.
abstract: The gastrointestinal tract is colonized with a highly different population of bacterial, viral, ad fungal species; viruses are reported to be dominant. The composition of gut virome is closely related to dietary habits and surrounding environment. Host and their intestinal microbes live in a dynamic equilibrium and viruses stimulate a low degree of immune responses without causing symptoms (host tolerance). However, intestinal phages could lead to a rupture of eubiosis and may contribute to the shift from health to disease in humans and animals. Viral nucleic acids and other products of lysis of bacteria serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and could trigger specific inflammatory modulations. At the same time, phages could elicit innate antiviral immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) operated as innate antiviral immune sensors and their activation triggers signaling cascades that lead to inflammatory response. J. Med. Virol. 88:1467-1472, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Columpsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sacchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zuccaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cima
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarda
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.|Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: gut virome; microbiota; ultra deep sequencing