title: Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Combined with Biofeedback Therapy in Patients with Functional Constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A large number of studies have shown that function constipation (FC) has an extremely high incidence of mental and psychological disorders. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) was applied to the treatment of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. We explored the effects of CES combined with biofeedback therapy (BFT) on the psychological state, clinical symptoms, and anorectal function in patients with FC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 74 patients with FC were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group received BFT. CES combined with BFT was carried out in the experiment group. All patients were assessed using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Wexner constipation score at baseline and the end of each course. Anorectal manometry and balloon expulsion tests were performed before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment, the participants in the experiment group had significantly lower score SAS, SDS, and Wexner constipation scores than the control group (all P < 0.05). The number of successful expulsion in the experiment group was larger than the control group (P = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CES combined with BFT was effective in improving the psychological status of anxiety, depression, and bowel symptoms in patients with FC.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Bing Yan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hong Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Si Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xi Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
keywords: Biofeedback; Constipation; Cranial electrotherapy stimulation; Treatment outcome