title: Detecting false positive sequence homology: a machine learning approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate detection of homologous relationships of biological sequences (DNA or amino acid) amongst organisms is an important and often difficult task that is essential to various evolutionary studies, ranging from building phylogenies to predicting functional gene annotations. There are many existing heuristic tools, most commonly based on bidirectional BLAST searches that are used to identify homologous genes and combine them into two fundamentally distinct classes: orthologs and paralogs. Due to only using heuristic filtering based on significance score cutoffs and having no cluster post-processing tools available, these methods can often produce multiple clusters constituting unrelated (non-homologous) sequences. Therefore sequencing data extracted from incomplete genome/transcriptome assemblies originated from low coverage sequencing or produced by de novo processes without a reference genome are susceptible to high false positive rates of homology detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we develop biologically informative features that can be extracted from multiple sequence alignments of putative homologous genes (orthologs and paralogs) and further utilized in context of guided experimentation to verify false positive outcomes. We demonstrate that our machine learning method trained on both known homology clusters obtained from OrthoDB and randomly generated sequence alignments (non-homologs), successfully determines apparent false positives inferred by heuristic algorithms especially among proteomes recovered from low-coverage RNA-seq data. Almost ~42 % and ~25 % of predicted putative homologies by InParanoid and HaMStR respectively were classified as false positives on experimental data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our process increases the quality of output from other clustering algorithms by providing a novel post-processing method that is both fast and efficient at removing low quality clusters of putative homologous genes recovered by heuristic-based approaches.
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA.
authors.forename: M Stanley
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA. antony.suvorov@byu.edu.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suvorov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bybee
mesh_terms: D005189:False Positive Reactions; D000069550:Machine Learning; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017385:Sequence Homology