title: 3D-printed photo-spectroelectrochemical devices for in situ and in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation.
abstract: Three-dimensional printed multi-purpose electrochemical devices for X-ray absorption spectroscopy are presented in this paper. The aim of this work is to show how three-dimensional printing can be a strategy for the creation of electrochemical cells for in situ and in operando experiments by means of synchrotron radiation. As a case study, the description of two cells which have been employed in experiments on photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting are presented. The main advantages of these electrochemical devices are associated with their compactness and with the precision of the three-dimensional printing systems which allows details to be obtained that would otherwise be difficult. Thanks to these systems it was possible to combine synchrotron-based methods with complementary techniques in order to study the mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic process.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Achilli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minguzzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visibile
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vertova
authors.affiliation: CNR - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naldoni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rondinini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fracchia
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghigna
keywords: 3D printing; compact environmental cells; in situ and in operando XAS; photo-electrochemistry; photoanodic reactions