title: Renal failure in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Predictors, clinical and angiographic features, and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the associations between clinical outcomes and both baseline renal function and the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) have not been reported in a trial population with unselected baseline renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in the APEX-AMI trial who underwent primary PCI for the treatment of STEMI were categorized according to (a) baseline renal function and (b) the development of AKI. Patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and treatment patterns were analyzed according to baseline renal function and the development of AKI. A prediction model for AKI after primary PCI for STEMI was also developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5,244 patients were included in this analysis and stratified according to baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (milliliters per minute per 1.73 m(2)) of >90, 60 to 90, 30 to 59, or <30 or as dialysis dependent. Patients with lower eGFR were older, more often female, and less often treated with evidence-based medicines and had worse angiographic outcomes and higher mortality. The rates of AKI for patients with a baseline eGFR of >90, 60 to 90, 30 to 59, and <30 were 2.5%, 4.1%, 8.1%, and 1.6%, respectively (P < .0001). The strongest predictors of AKI were age and presenting in Killip class III or IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI, impaired renal function at presentation and development of post-PCI AKI were highly associated with worse clinical and angiographic outcomes, including death. The risk of developing AKI was low and only modestly associated with baseline renal function.
authors.affiliation: Center for Heart & Vascular Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vavalle
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Diepen
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hochman
authors.affiliation: Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: W Douglas
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Rajendra H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Manesh R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Uptal D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. Electronic address: renato.lopes@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Renato D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine