title: Medication use in childhood dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data around current prescription practices in childhood dystonia is limited. Medication use may be limited by side effects, the incidence of which is uncertain. For a large cohort assessed by our supra-regional service we aimed to: i) Review medications used at the point of referral. ii) Determine the prevalence of adverse drug responses (ADR) resulting in discontinuation of drug use. iii) Identify clinical risk factors for ADR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case note review of 278 children with dystonia referred to our service. Data collected on medications, ADR, dystonia aetiology, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level and motor phenotype (pure dystonia/mixed dystonia-spasticity). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for ADR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At referral 82/278 (29.4%) children were taking no anti-dystonic medication. In the remainder the median number of anti-dystonic medications was 2 (range 1-5). Medications use increased with worsening GMFCS level. The commonest drugs used were baclofen (118/278: 42.4%), trihexyphenidyl (98/278: 35.2%), l-Dopa (57/278: 20.5%) and diazepam (53/278: 19%). Choice of medication appeared to be influenced by dystonia aetiology. ADR had been experienced by 171/278 (61.5%) of children. The commonest drugs responsible for ADR were trihexyphenidyl (90/171: 52.3%), baclofen (43/171: 25.1%) and l-Dopa (26/171: 15.2%). Binary logistic regression demonstrated no clinical risk factors for ADR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADR is commonly experienced by children with dystonia, regardless of dystonia severity or aetiology. A wide variation in drug management of dystonia was identified. Collectively these findings highlight the need for a rational approach to the pharmacological management of dystonia in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Complex Motor Disorder Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: Daniel.lumsden@gstt.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lumsden
authors.affiliation: Complex Motor Disorder Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminska
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Pharmacy, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlin
authors.affiliation: Complex Motor Disorder Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000209:etiology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D007980:Levodopa; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl; D001418:Baclofen; D003975:Diazepam
keywords: Childhood; Complications; Dystonia; Medication