title: Control of Perovskite Crystal Growth by Methylammonium Lead Chloride Templating.
abstract: State-of-the-art solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ) now reach efficiencies over 20 %. This fast improvement was possible with intensive research in perovskite processing. In particular, chloride-based precursors are known to have a positive influence on the crystallization of the perovskite. Here, we used a combination of in-situ X-ray diffraction and charge-transport measurements to understand the influence of chloride during perovskite crystallization in planar heterojunction solar cells. We show that MAPbCl3 crystallizes directly after the deposition of the starting solution and acts as a template for the formation of MAPbI3 . Additionally, we show that the charge-carrier mobility doubles by extending the time for the template formation. Our results give a deeper understanding of the influence of chloride in the synthesis of MAPbI3 and illustrate the importance of carefully controlling crystallization for reproducible, high-efficiency solar cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hufnagel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Handloser
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Docampo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartschuh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus E), 81377, Munich, Germany. bein@lmu.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bein
keywords: crystallization; hybrid perovskite; in-situ X-ray diffraction; methylammonium lead iodide; time-of-flight charge-carrier mobility