title: Increasing sodium removal on peritoneal dialysis: applying dialysis mechanics to the peritoneal dialysis prescription.
abstract: Optimal fluid removal on peritoneal dialysis (PD) requires removal of water coupled with sodium, which is predominantly achieved via the small pores in the peritoneal membrane. On the other hand, free-water transport takes place through aquaporin-1 channels, but leads to sodium retention and over hydration. PD prescription can be adapted to promote small pore transport to achieve improved sodium and fluid management. Both adequate dwell volume and dwell time are required for small pore transport. The dwell volume determines the amount of "wetted" peritoneal membrane being increased in the supine position and optimized at dwell volumes of approximately 1400 ml/m(2). Diffusion across the recruited small pores is time-dependent, favored by a long dwell time, and driven by the transmembrane solute gradient. According to the 3-pore model of conventional PD, sodium removal primarily occurs via convection. The clinical application of these principles is essential for optimal performance of PD and has resulted in a new approach to the automated PD prescription: adapted automated PD. In adapted automated PD, sequential short- and longer-dwell exchanges, with small and large dwell volumes, respectively, are used. A crossover trial in adults and a pilot study in children suggests that sodium and fluid removal are increased by adapted automated PD, leading to improved blood pressure control when compared with conventional PD. These findings are not explained by the current 3-pore model of peritoneal permeability and require further prospective crossover studies in adults and children for validation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatrie 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France. Electronic address: Michel.Fischbach@chru-strasbourg.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rukshana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatrie 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaloszyc
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Warady
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
keywords: coupled water; dwell time; dwell volume; free water; peritoneal dialysis prescription; sodium removal