title: Inhibition of HIF Reduces Bladder Hypertrophy and Improves Bladder Function in Murine Model of Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of partial bladder outlet obstruction in the pediatric population. However, to our knowledge the etiology and the detailed mechanisms underlying pathological changes in the bladder following partial bladder outlet obstruction remain to be elucidated. Recent findings suggest that hypoxia and associated up-regulation of HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factors) have a key role in partial bladder outlet obstruction induced pathology in the bladder. We examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of HIF pathways by 17-DMAG (17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) in pathophysiological phenotypes after partial bladder outlet obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial bladder outlet obstruction was surgically created in male C57BL/6J mice. The animals received oral administration of 17-DMAG or vehicle daily starting from the initiation of obstruction up to 5 days. Sham operated mice served as controls. Bladders were harvested from each group 2, 4 and 7 days postoperatively, and analyzed for histological and biochemical changes. Bladder function was assessed by in vitro muscle contractility recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial bladder outlet obstruction caused a significant increase in the bladder mass accompanying enhanced collagen deposition in the bladder wall while 17-DMAG treatment suppressed those increases. Treatment with 17-DMAG attenuated the degree of up-regulation of HIFs and their target genes involving the development of tissue fibrosis in obstructed bladders. Treatment with 17-DMAG improved the decreased responses of obstructed bladder strips to electrical field stimulation and KCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo 17-DMAG treatment decreased partial bladder outlet obstruction induced pathophysiological changes in the bladder. HIF pathway inhibition has a potential clinical implication for the development of novel pharmacological therapies to treat bladder pathology associated with partial bladder outlet obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Malykhina
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. Electronic address: Duncan.Wilcox@childrenscolorado.org.
authors.forename: Duncan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000517:prevention & control; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D016227:Benzoquinones; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C448659:17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
keywords: 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin; anoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor 1; muscle; smooth; urinary bladder neck obstruction