title: State Laws on Emergency Holds for Mental Health Stabilization.
abstract: Psychiatric emergency hold laws permit involuntary admission to a health care facility of a person with an acute mental illness under certain circumstances. This study documented critical variation in state laws, identified important questions for evaluation research, and created a data set of laws to facilitate the public health law research of emergency hold laws' impact on mental health outcomes.
  
  
  
  The research team built a 50-state, open-source data set of laws currently governing emergency holds. A protocol and codebook were developed so that the study may be replicated and extended longitudinally, allowing future research to accurately capture changes to current laws.
  
  
  
  Although every state and the District of Columbia have emergency hold laws, state law varies on the duration of emergency holds, who can initiate an emergency hold, the extent of judicial oversight, and the rights of patients during the hold. The core criterion justifying an involuntary hold is mental illness that results in danger to self or others, but many states have added further specifications. Only 22 states require some form of judicial review of the emergency hold process, and only nine require a judge to certify the commitment before a person is hospitalized. Five states do not guarantee assessment by a qualified mental health professional during the emergency hold.
  
  
  
  The article highlights variability in state law for emergency holds of persons with acute mental illness. How this variability affects the individual, the treatment system, and law enforcement behavior is unknown. Research is needed to guide policy making and implementation on these issues.
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrila
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dingman
authors.affiliation: Mrs. Hedman is with Legal Science, LLC (e-mail: leslie@legalscience.io ), and Dr. Dingman and Mr. Burris are with Public Health Law Research and Policy Surveillance Programs, Temple University Beasley School of Law, Philadelphia. Mr. Petrila is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Dr. Fisher is with the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Swanson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burris
mesh_terms: D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States