title: The macrophages in rheumatic diseases.
abstract: Macrophages belong to the innate immune system giving us protection against pathogens. However it is known that they are also involved in rheumatic diseases. Activated macrophages have two different phenotypes related to different stimuli: M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). M1 macrophages release high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates killing microorganisms and tumor cells; while M2 macrophages are involved in resolution of inflammation through phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased synthesis of mediators important in tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and wound repair. The role of macrophages in the different rheumatic diseases is different according to their M1/M2 macrophages phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laria
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredomaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lurati
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariagrazia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marrazza
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazzocchi
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Katia Angela
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Re
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Fornaroli Hospital, Magenta, Italy.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpellini
keywords: macrophage; rheumatic diseases