title: Exploring the Role of Different Neonatal Nutrition Regimens during the First Week of Life by Urinary GC-MS Metabolomics.
abstract: In this study, a gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics study was applied to examine urine metabolite profiles of different classes of neonates under different nutrition regimens. The study population included 35 neonates, exclusively either breastfed or formula milk fed, in a seven-day timeframe. Urine samples were collected from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), large for gestational age (LGA), and appropriate gestational age (AGA) neonates. At birth, IUGR and LGA neonates showed similarities in their urine metabolite profiles that differed from AGA. When neonates started milk feeding, their metabolite excretion profile was strongly characterized by the different diet regimens. After three days of formula milk nutrition, urine had higher levels of glucose, galactose, glycine and myo-inositol, while up-regulated aconitic acid, aminomalonic acid and adipic acid were found in breast milk fed neonates. At seven days, neonates fed with formula milk shared higher levels of pseudouridine with IUGR and LGA at birth. Breastfed neonates shared up-regulated pyroglutamic acid, citric acid, and homoserine, with AGA at birth. The role of most important metabolites is herein discussed.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy. angelicadessi@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. a-murgia@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murgia
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Unit and Neonatal Pathology, "S. Giovanni Calibita" Hospital, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy. rocco.agostino@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agostino
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Unit and Neonatal Pathology, "S. Giovanni Calibita" Hospital, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy. mpattumelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pattumelli
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy. andrea.schirru.as@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schirru
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy. scano@unica.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scano
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy. vafanos@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. caboni@unica.it.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caboni
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D050177:Overweight / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
keywords: AGA; IUGR; LGA; breastfeeding; formula milk; glycine; metabonomics; myo-inositol; pseudouridine