title: Therapy-induced microenvironmental changes in cancer.
abstract: In the past decade, the focus of tumor biology research has been switching from the functional dissection of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to investigation of the cross-talk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Tumorigenesis requires the organized assembly of cancer cells with non-malignant cells and non-cellular stroma, resembling an abnormal organogenesis. This process can be modulated by local cellular stress responses, such as senescence, ER stress and autophagy, and inflammatory and immunosuppressive cells and effector molecules within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Various cellular stress responses and cell death modalities are triggered in response to chemotherapies, radiotherapies, and targeted therapies (including immunotherapies). The exposure of immunostimulatory factors could (re)awaken anti-tumor immunity. Unexpectedly, the gut microbial flora is becoming recognized as an important external modulator of the TME. We will discuss in detail the TME changes that take place after certain cancer therapies, highlighting the importance of cellular stress responses, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and microbiota-derived factors.
authors.affiliation: Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China. yuting.ma@crc.jussieu.fr.|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. yuting.ma@crc.jussieu.fr.|Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, 75006, France. yuting.ma@crc.jussieu.fr.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France. yuting.ma@crc.jussieu.fr.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.|Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, 75006, France.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 94800, Villejuif, France.|INSERM U1015, 94800, Villejuif, France.|Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, 75006, France.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France.|Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 94800, Villejuif, France.|Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94805, France.|Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, 75015, France.|Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.affiliation: Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 94800, Villejuif, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.|INSERM U1015, 94800, Villejuif, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.|Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.|Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT), 1428, Villejuif, 94805, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.|University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France. laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell death-associated molecular pattern; ER stress; Immunosuppression; Inflammation; Microbiota; Necroptosis; Senescence; Tumor microenvironment; Tumor-infiltrating leukocytes