title: Mechanisms of resistance to linalool in Salmonella Senftenberg and their role in survival on basil.
abstract: Fresh produce contaminated with human pathogens raises vital and ecological questions about bacterial survival strategies. Such occurrence was basil harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg that caused an outbreak in 2007. This host was unanticipated due to its production of antibacterial substances, including linalool. We show that linalool perforates bacterial membranes, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of vital molecules. It also inhibits cell motility and causes bacterial aggregation. Linalool-resistance was investigated by identification and characterization of S. Senftenberg mutants that perform altered resistance. Resistance mechanisms include selective permeability, regulated efflux/influx and chemotaxis-controlled motility. Moreover, survival of S. Senftenberg on basil leaves was substantially affected by McpL, a putative chemotaxis-related receptor, and RfaG, a component of the lipopolysaccharide production pathway, both have a role in resistance to linalool. Results reveal that adaptation to linalool occurs in nature by concurrent mechanisms. This adaption raises concerns about pathogens adaptation to new hosts including antimicrobial-compound-producing plants.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalily
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cymerman
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaron
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018649:Ocimum basilicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C018584:linalool