title: Estimates of Parainfluenza Virus-Associated Hospitalizations and Cost Among Children Aged Less Than 5 Years in the United States, 1998-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is the second leading cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in young children in the United States. Infection can result in a full range of respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia. The recognized human subtypes of PIV are numbered 1-4. This study calculates estimates of PIV-associated hospitalizations among U.S. children younger than 5 years using the latest available data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System were used to characterize seasonal PIV trends from July 2004 through June 2010. To estimate the number of PIV-associated hospitalizations that occurred annually among U.S. children aged <5 years from 1998 through 2010, respiratory hospitalizations from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample were multiplied by the proportion of acute respiratory infection hospitalizations positive for PIV among young children enrolled in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Estimates of hospitalization charges attributable to PIV infection were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parainfluenza virus seasonality follows type-specific seasonal patterns, with PIV-1 circulating in odd-numbered years and PIV-2 and -3 circulating annually. The average annual estimates of PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations among children aged <5 years in the United States were 3888 (0.2 hospitalizations per 1000), 8481 per year (0.4 per 1000 children), and 10,186 (0.5 per 1000 children), respectively. Annual charges for PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations were approximately $43 million, $58 million, and $158 million, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of PIV-associated hospitalizations in young children occur among those aged 0 to 2 years. When vaccines for PIV become available, immunization would be most effective if realized within the first year of life.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Abedi
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Mila M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Prill
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Gayle E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wikswo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York.
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Aaron T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Curns
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003440:Croup / Q000453:epidemiology; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: bronchiolitis; croup; parainfluenza; pneumonia