title: [Adipose-derived stem cells promote the polarization from M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on M1/M2 macrophages and whether ADSCs are able to promote the polarization from M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  M1 macrophages were induced from J774.1 macrophages by 24-hour stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFN-γ), and M2 macrophages were induced from J774.1 macrophages by interleukin 4 (IL-4) for another 24 hours. Then M1/M2 macrophages were separately cultured in the presence of ADSCs for 24 hours. The M1/M2 macrophages and their corresponding supernatants were collected for further analysis. The expressions of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CD86, arginase 1 (Arg1), mannose receptors/CD206 (MR/CD206), IL-10, found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1), chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym-1) were detected by real-time PCR and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADSCs significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CCL2 and CD86, and increased the levels of Arg1, CD206 and IL-10 in M1 macrophages. In the supernatant of M1 macrophages, the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced, while those of CD206 were enhanced. In M2 macrophages, ADSCs resulted in down-regulation of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CD86 and up-regulation of Arg1, CD206, FIZZ-1, Ym-1 and IL-10. In the supernatant of M2 macrophages, the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated and those of CD206 were up-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADSCs can inhibit the gene expression of M1 macrophages and promote the gene expression of M2 macrophages, as well as mediate the polarization from M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages.
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China.
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail: genglixia8252@sina.com.
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geng
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D037102:Lectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D037102:Lectins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C413576:Retnla protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C429541:Chil3 protein, mouse; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases; C544448:Arg1 protein, mouse; D001119:Arginase