title: Preoperative prediction of histopathological outcome in basal cell carcinoma: flat surface and multiple small erosions predict superficial basal cell carcinoma in lighter skin types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prediction of the histopathological subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is important for tailoring optimal treatment, especially in patients with suspected superficial BCC (sBCC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of the preoperative prediction of subtypes of BCC in clinical practice, to evaluate whether dermoscopic examination enhances accuracy and to find dermoscopic criteria for discriminating sBCC from other subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main presurgical diagnosis was compared with the histopathological, postoperative diagnosis of routinely excised skin tumours in a predominantly fair-skinned patient cohort of northern Europe during a study period of 3 years (2011-13). The study period was split in two: during period 1, dermoscopy was optional (850 cases with a pre- or postoperative diagnosis of BCC), while during period 2 (after an educational dermoscopic update) dermoscopy was mandatory (651 cases). A classification tree based on clinical and dermoscopic features for prediction of sBCC was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a total of 3544 excised skin tumours, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of BCC (any subtype) was 93·3%, specificity 91·8%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) 89·0%. The diagnostic accuracy as well as the PPV and the positive likelihood ratio for sBCC were significantly higher when dermoscopy was mandatory. A flat surface and multiple small erosions predicted sBCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows a high accuracy for an overall diagnosis of BCC and increased accuracy in prediction of sBCC for the period when dermoscopy was applied in all cases. The most discriminating findings for sBCC, based on clinical and dermoscopic features in this fair-skinned population, were a flat surface and multiple small erosions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Helsingborg Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, S Vallgatan 5, Helsingborg, S-251 87, Sweden. ingela.ahnlide@skane.se.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahnlide
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zalaudek
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Centre, Skåne, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Helsingborg Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, S Vallgatan 5, Helsingborg, S-251 87, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjellerup
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Helsingborg Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, S Vallgatan 5, Helsingborg, S-251 87, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome