title: [Depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders as long-term sequelae of intensive care treatment].
abstract: Modern intensive care medicine has led to increased survival rates even after severe life-threatening medical conditions. In self-critical and multidimensional outcome research, however, it must be considered that beyond survival rates treatment on intensive care units (ICU) can also be associated with high long-term rates of depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. Significant correlations with increased somatic morbidity and mortality, persisting cognitive impairments and significant deficits in health-related quality of life must also be taken into consideration. Empirical analysis of the risk factors reveals that a history of premorbid depression, sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, age, female sex, personality traits, the underlying pathophysiological condition requiring ICU treatment, mode of sedation and analgesia, life support measures, such as mechanical ventilation, manifold traumatic experiences and memories during the stay in the ICU are all of particular pathogenetic importance. In order to reduce principally modifiable risk factors several strategies are illustrated, including well-reflected intensive care sedation and analgesia, special prophylactic medication regarding the major risk of traumatic memories and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychological and psychotherapeutic interventions in states of increased acute stress symptoms and aids for personal memories and reorientation.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapeutische Medizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Österreich. Hans-peter.kapfhammer@klinikum-graz.at.
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kapfhammer
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D015984:Causality; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Affective Long-term outcome; Morbidity; Mortality; Quality of life; Risk factors