title: The Aetiology, Treatment, and Outcome of Urogenital Fistulae Managed in Well- and Low-resourced Countries: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Urogenital fistula is a global healthcare problem, predominantly associated with obstetric complications in low-resourced countries and iatrogenic injury in well-resourced countries. Currently, the published evidence is of relatively low quality, mainly consisting retrospective case series.
  
  
  
  We evaluated the available evidence for aetiology, intervention, and outcomes of urogenital fistulae worldwide.
  
  
  
  We performed a systematic review of the PubMed and Scopus databases, classifying the evidence for fistula aetiology, repair techniques, and outcomes of surgery. Comparisons were made between fistulae treated in well-resourced countries and those in low-resourced countries.
  
  
  
  Over a 35-yr period, 49 articles were identified using our search criteria, which were included in the qualitative analysis. In well-resourced countries, 1710/2055 (83.2%) of fistulae occurred following surgery, whereas in low-resourced countries, 9902/10398 (95.2%) were associated with childbirth. Spontaneous closure can occur in up to 15% of cases using catheter drainage and conservative approaches are more likely to be successful for nonradiotherapy fistulae. Of patients undergoing repairs in well-resourced countries, the median overall closure rate was 94.6%, while in low-resourced countries, this was 87.0%. Closure was significantly more likely to be achieved using a transvaginal approach then a transabdominal technique (90.8% success vs 83.9%, Fisher's exact test; p=0.0176).
  
  
  
  It is difficult to conclude whether any specific route of surgery has advantage over any other, given the selection of patients to a particular procedure is based upon individual fistula characteristics. However, surgical repair should be carried out by experienced fistula surgeons, well versed in all techniques as the primary attempt at repair is likely to be the most successful.
  
  
  
  Urogenital fistulae are a common problem worldwide; however, the available evidence on fistula management is poor in quality. We searched the current literature and identified that 95% of fistulae occur following childbirth in low-resourced countries, whereas 80% of fistulae are associated with surgery in well-resourced countries, where successful repair is also more likely to be achieved. The first attempt at repair is often the most successful and therefore fistula surgery should be centralised to hospitals with the most experience.
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hillary
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Nadir I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urogynaecology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK. Electronic address: c.r.chapple@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036801:Parturition; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Fistula; Interposition graft; Obstetric fistula; Obstructed labour; Radiation fistula; Vesico-vaginal fistula