title: Examining perceptions of the usefulness and usability of a mobile-based system for pharmacogenomics clinical decision support: a mixed methods study.
abstract: Background. Pharmacogenomic testing has the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy, but clinical application of pharmacogenetic knowledge has remained uncommon. Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems could help overcome some of the barriers to clinical implementation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception and usability of a web- and mobile-enabled CDS system for pharmacogenetics-guided drug therapy-the Medication Safety Code (MSC) system-among potential users (i.e., physicians and pharmacists). Furthermore, this study sought to collect data on the practicability and comprehensibility of potential layouts of a proposed personalized pocket card that is intended to not only contain the machine-readable data for use with the MSC system but also human-readable data on the patient's pharmacogenomic profile. Methods. We deployed an emergent mixed methods design encompassing (1) qualitative interviews with pharmacists and pharmacy students, (2) a survey among pharmacogenomics experts that included both qualitative and quantitative elements and (3) a quantitative survey among physicians and pharmacists. The interviews followed a semi-structured guide including a hypothetical patient scenario that had to be solved by using the MSC system. The survey among pharmacogenomics experts focused on what information should be printed on the card and how this information should be arranged. Furthermore, the MSC system was evaluated based on two hypothetical patient scenarios and four follow-up questions on the perceived usability. The second survey assessed physicians' and pharmacists' attitude towards the MSC system. Results. In total, 101 physicians, pharmacists and PGx experts coming from various relevant fields evaluated the MSC system. Overall, the reaction to the MSC system was positive across all investigated parameters and among all user groups. The majority of participants were able to solve the patient scenarios based on the recommendations displayed on the MSC interface. A frequent request among participants was to provide specific listings of alternative drugs and concrete dosage instructions. Negligence of other patient-specific factors for choosing the right treatment such as renal function and co-medication was a common concern related to the MSC system, while data privacy and cost-benefit considerations emerged as the participants' major concerns regarding pharmacogenetic testing in general. The results of the card layout evaluation indicate that a gene-centered and tabulated presentation of the patient's pharmacogenomic profile is helpful and well-accepted. Conclusions. We found that the MSC system was well-received among the physicians and pharmacists included in this study. A personalized pocket card that lists a patient's metabolizer status along with critically affected drugs can alert physicians and pharmacists to the availability of essential therapy modifications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blagec
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States.
authors.forename: Katrina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4855-2571
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samwald
keywords: Clinical; Decision support systems; Individualized medicine; Mixed methods studies; Pharmacogenetics; User studies