title: Release-Modulated Antioxidant Activity of a Composite Curcumin-Chitosan Polymer.
abstract: Curcumin is known to have immense therapeutic potential but is hindered by poor solubility and rapid degradation in solution. To overcome these shortcomings, curcumin has been conjugated to chitosan through a pendant glutaric anhydride linker using amide bond coupling chemistry. The hybrid polymer has been characterized by UV-visible, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopies as well as zeta potential measurements and SEM imaging. The conjugation reactivity was confirmed through gel permeation chromatography and quantification of unconjugated curcumin. An analogous reaction of curcumin with glucosamine, a small molecule analogue for chitosan, was performed and the purified product characterized by mass spectrometry, UV-visible, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopies. Conjugation of curcumin to chitosan has greatly improved curcumin aqueous solubility and stability, with no significant curcumin degradation detected after one month in solution. The absorbance and fluorescence properties of curcumin are minimally perturbed (λmax shifts of 2 and 5 nm, respectively) by the conjugation reaction. This conjugation strategy required use of one out of two curcumin phenols (one of the main antioxidant functional groups) for covalent linkage to chitosan, thus temporarily attenuating its antioxidant capacity. Hydrolysis-based release of curcumin from the polymer, however, is accompanied by full restoration of curcumin's antioxidant potential. Antioxidant assays show that curcumin radical scavenging potential is reduced by 40% after conjugation, but that full antioxidant potential is restored upon hydrolytic release from chitosan. Release studies show that curcumin is released over 19 days from the polymer and maintains a concentration of 0.23 ± 0.12 μM curcumin/mg polymer/mL solution based on 1% curcumin loading on the polymer. Release studies in the presence of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme with known phenolic esterase activity, show no significant difference from nonenzymatic release studies, implying that simple ester hydrolysis is the dominant release mechanism. Conjugation of curcumin to chitosan through a phenol ester modification provides improved stability and solubility to curcumin, with ester hydrolysis restoring the full antioxidant potential of curcumin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Soucy
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Rajat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Mandapati V Ramakrishnam
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Dhruvina N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Betty M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keynton
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ehringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nantz
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keynton
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gobin
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003474:Curcumin / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers; D048271:Chitosan; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D003474:Curcumin; D005944:Glucosamine