title: Echocardiography service provision in New Zealand: The implications of capacity modelling for the cardiac sonographer workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regional disparity in both utilisation and the cardiac sonographer workforce has previously been identified. We sought to model the capacity of the cardiac sonographer workforce at a national and District Health Board level to better understand these regional differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2013, surveys were distributed to 18 hospitals who employ cardiac sonographers (return rate 100%). Questions related to cardiac sonographer demographics, echo utilisation and workflow. Actual clinical capacity was calculated from scan duration and annual scan volumes. New Zealand national actual capacity was compared to predicted capacity from three international models. Potential clinical capacity was calculated from the workforce size in fulltime equivalent (FTE) and clinical availability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In New Zealand, scan duration and population-based clinical capacity varies between centres. The New Zealand capacity is similar to the UK 30:70 model, and consistently less than the US model for all scan types. There are marked regional differences in potential versus actual capacity, with 10/16 DHBs demonstrating excess potential capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is regional disparity in the capacity of the cardiac sonographer workforce, which appears to be strongly related to scan duration. Workforce capacity modelling should be used with need and demand modelling to plan adequate levels of service provision.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Investigation Unit, Middlemore Hospital, Private Bag 93311, Otahuhu, Auckland 1640. Belinda.Buckley@middlemore.co.nz.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farnworth
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Whalley
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006280:Health Workforce; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload