title: Respiratory complications following hydrocarbon aspiration in children.
abstract: Accidental hydrocarbon ingestion may lead to aspiration and chemical pneumonitis in children. In this review article, the clinical course of hydrocarbon pneumonitis, chest radiographic abnormalities, complications, and treatment interventions are summarized. Most children remain asymptomatic and without complications following ingestion of a hydrocarbon. In approximately 15% of ingestions, aspiration pneumonitis occurs and evolves over the first 6-8 hr presenting with fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and tachycardia. A symptom zenith is reached within 48 hr followed by progressive improvement. Up to 5% of pneumonitis cases progress rapidly to acute respiratory failure. Chest radiographic abnormalities develop by 4-8 hr after ingestion, but they are not always predictive of clinical pneumonitis. Patients with history of hydrocarbon ingestion should be monitored for 6-8 hr in the emergency department and a chest radiogram should be obtained at the end of the observation period. Spontaneous or induced emesis and gastric lavage have been related to aspiration pneumonitis. Children who are symptomatic are admitted to the hospital for cardiorespiratory status monitoring and supportive care. Approximately 90% of hospitalized patients have a benign clinical course. Increased work of breathing with or without altered sensorium and seizures are indications for admission to the intensive care unit. Hypoxemia unresponsive to supplemental oxygen and/or severe central nervous system involvement require mechanical ventilation. Corticosteroids do not seem to offer any benefit and antibiotics are administered in cases of bacterial superinfection. Pneumatoceles may become evident after the first 6-10 days of symptoms on follow-up chest radiograms and they resolve up to 6 months later. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:560-569. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evanthia A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Makrygianni
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Fani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palamidou
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kaditis
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum
keywords: hydrocarbon aspiration; hydrocarbon ingestion; hydrocarbon pneumonitis; pneumatoceles