title: Trends of Venereal Infections among Healthy Blood Donors at Karachi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the prevalence and trends of venereal infections, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and treponema pallidum in healthy blood donors over a decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the Blood Bank of Liaquat National Hospital, extended from January 2005 to December 2014, in which 148268 healthy donors were enrolled. Screening for HIV was done by Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay and Chemiluminescent immunoassay techniques. Syphilis screening was done by Treponema pallidum particle agglutination and Chemiluminescent Immunoassay methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 148268 total donors, 147684 (99.6%) were replacement donors and remaining 584 (0.4%) were voluntary donors with a mean age of 29.09 ± 7.04 years. Overall, there were 147939 (99.8%) males and 329 (0.2%) females. A total of 1536 (1.03%) donors were reactive. Among the replacement donors, 1535 (1.03%) were found to be reactive for HIV and treponema pallidum. Of these, 172 (0.11%) donors were positive for HIV, while 1363 (0.91%) were positive for treponema pallidum. All reactive donors were male (99.94%), except for one female (0.06%). The prevalence of HIV and syphilis were higher in the younger age group (18 - 30 years). Out of 584 voluntary donors, only one (0.1%) donor was positive for HIV, while all donors were negative for treponema pallidum. The positive rates among replacement and voluntary donors were 1.03% and 0.1%, respectively. Co-infectivity was observed in two (0.001%) donors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of venereal infection was higher in replacement donors as compared with voluntary donors. The prevalence of syphilis in our series was high compared with earlier studies. It emerges that syphilis positivity rate appears to escalate; however, HIV infection remains static over a decade. Higher prevalence in younger donors is alarming and adversely affects the prospective blood donation pool. Stringent donor selection, emphasis on voluntary donation, and vigilant donors screening are highly recommended to ensure the maximum safety of blood recipient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Blood Bank, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan. sadia.sultan@lnh.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.affiliation: Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Blood Bank, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Mohammed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Irfan
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Blood Bank, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Biag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060085:Coinfection; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D046148:Donor Selection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult