title: CLIPB8 is part of the prophenoloxidase activation system in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.
abstract: In insects and other arthropods the formation of eumelanin (melanization) is a broad spectrum and potent immune response that is used to encapsulate and kill invading pathogens. This immune response is regulated by the activation of prophenoxidase (proPO), which is controlled by proteinase cascades and its serpin inhibitors, together forming the proPO activation system. While the molecular composition of these protease cascades are well understood in insect model systems, major knowledge gaps remain in mosquitoes. Recently, a regulatory unit of melanization in Anopheles gambiae was documented, comprised of the inhibitory serpin-clip-serine proteinase, CLIPB9 and its inhibitor serpin-2 (SRPN2). Partial reversion of SRPN2 phenotypes in melanotic tumor formation and adult survival by SRPN2/CLIPB9 double knockdown suggested other target proteinases of SRPN2 in regulating melanization. Here we report that CLIPB8 supplements the SRPN2/CLIPB9 regulatory unit in controlling melanization in An. gambiae. As with CLIPB9, knockdown of CLIPB8 partially reversed the pleiotropic phenotype induced by SRPN2 silencing with regards to adult survival and melanotic tumor formation. Recombinant SRPN2 protein formed an SDS-stable protein complex with activated recombinant CLIPB8, however did not efficiently inhibit CLIPB8 activity in vitro. CLIPB8 did not directly activate proPO in vitro nor was it able to cleave and activate proCLIPB9. Nevertheless, epistasis analysis using RNAi placed CLIPB8 and CLIPB9 in the same pathway leading to melanization, suggesting that CLIPB8 either acts further upstream of CLIPB9 or is required for activation of a yet to be identified serine proteinase homolog. Taken together, this study identifies CLIPB8 as an additional player in proPO activation cascade and highlights the complexity of the proteinase network that regulates melanization in An. gambiae.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Chunju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: KaraJo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sprigg
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Electronic address: kmichel@ksu.edu.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D019476:Insect Proteins; D008543:Melanins; C038451:pro-phenoloxidase; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
keywords: Host–pathogen interactions; Innate immunity; Insect biochemistry; Malaria; Mosquito; Serpin