title: Independence of Hot and Cold Executive Function Deficits in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
abstract: Individuals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) display diverse deficits in social, cognitive and behavioral functioning. To date, there has been mixed findings on the profile of executive function deficits for high-functioning adults (IQ > 70) with ASD. A conceptual distinction is commonly made between "cold" and "hot" executive functions. Cold executive functions refer to mechanistic higher-order cognitive operations (e.g., working memory), whereas hot executive functions entail cognitive abilities supported by emotional awareness and social perception (e.g., social cognition). This study aimed to determine the independence of deficits in hot and cold executive functions for high-functioning adults with ASD. Forty-two adults with ASD (64% male, aged 18-66 years) and 40 age and gender matched controls were administered The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT; emotion recognition and social inference), Letter Number Sequencing (working memory) and Hayling Sentence Completion Test (response initiation and suppression). Between-group analyses identified that the ASD group performed significantly worse than matched controls on all measures of cold and hot executive functions (d = 0.54 - 1.5). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the ASD sample performed more poorly on emotion recognition and social inference tasks than matched controls after controlling for cold executive functions and employment status. The findings also indicated that the ability to recognize emotions and make social inferences was supported by working memory and response initiation and suppression processes. Overall, this study supports the distinction between hot and cold executive function impairments for adults with ASD. Moreover, it advances understanding of higher-order impairments underlying social interaction difficulties for this population which, in turn, may assist with diagnosis and inform intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Basis of Health, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Basis of Health, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ownsworth
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Basis of Health, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Analise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.affiliation: School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gullo
keywords: adults; autism spectrum disorder; executive functions; neuropsychological assessment; social cognition