title: Cytoprotective effect of glutaraldehyde erythropoietin on HEK293 kidney cells after silver nanoparticle exposure.
abstract: The toxic effects from exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are broadly present in many consumer products, have long raised concerns. Many studies have focused on the mechanisms of nanosilver, which cause toxicity in human cells, but little is known about prevention of this type of injury. This study investigated the in vitro effects of glutaraldehyde erythropoietin (GEPO), a cytoprotective compound derived from erythropoietin, in terms of cell protection against AgNP-induced injury. HEK293 cells were pretreated with or without GEPO before administration of AgNPs. The protective effects of GEPO in this cell line were assessed by the percentage of viable cells, alterations of cell morphology, and the proliferative capability of the cells. In addition, we assessed the role of GEPO in lowering cellular oxidative stress and regulating expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. The results showed rescue effects on the percentage of viable and proliferative cells among GEPO pretreated cells. Pretreatment with GEPO maintained the normal cell shape and ultrastructural morphology. Moreover, GEPO reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species in cells and activated expression of Bcl2, which are the major mechanisms in protection against cellular toxicity induced by AgNPs. In conclusion, our study showed that the cytotoxic effects from exposure to AgNPs can be prevented by GEPO.
authors.affiliation: Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kanidta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sooklert
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supreecha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattong
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Krissanapong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manotham
authors.affiliation: Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chawikan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boonwong
authors.affiliation: Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: I-yanut
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Klaharn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Depicha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jindatip
authors.affiliation: Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Amornpun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sereemaspun
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004921:Erythropoietin; D012834:Silver; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: cytoprotection; glutaraldehyde erythropoietin; nanotoxicity; silver nanoparticles