title: Q-PCR Based Culture-Independent Enumeration and Detection of Enterobacter: An Emerging Environmental Human Pathogen in Riverine Systems and Potable Water.
abstract: The availability of safe and pristine water is a global challenge when large numbers of natural and anthropogenic water resources are being depleted with faster rate. The remaining water resources are severely contaminated with various kinds of contaminants including microorganisms. Enterobacter is one of the fecal coliform bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter was earlier used as an indicator bacterium along with other fecal Coliforms namely Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella, but it is now known to cause various diseases in human beings. In this study, we have collected 55 samples from potable water and riverine system and proved their presence using their conserved sequences of 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes with the help of SYBR green real-time PCR, which showed very high specificity for the detection of Enterobacter. The Enterobacter counts in potable water were found to 1290 ± 32.89 to 1460 ± 39.42 cfu/100 ml. The Enterobacter levels in surface water were 1.76 × 10(4) ± 492, 1.33 × 10(4) ± 334, 1.15 × 10(4) ± 308, 2.56 × 10(4) ± 802, 2.89 × 10(4) ± 962, 8.16 × 10(4) ± 3443 cfu/100 ml; the levels of Enterobacter contamination associated with hydrophytes were 4.80 × 10(4) ± 1804, 3.48 × 10(4) ± 856, 8.50 × 10(4) ± 2074, 8.09 × 10(4) ± 1724, 6.30 × 10(4) ± 1738, 3.68 × 10(4) ± 949 cfu/10 g and the Enterobacter counts in sediments of the river, were 2.36 × 10(4) ± 703, 1.98 × 10(4) ± 530, 9.92 × 10(4) ± 3839, 6.80 × 10(4) ± 2230, 8.76 × 10(4) ± 3066 and 2.34 × 10(4) ± 732 cfu/10 g at the sampling Site #1, Site #2, Site #3, Site #4, Site #5, and Site #6, respectively. The assay could be used for the regular monitoring of potable water and other water reservoirs to check waterborne outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India; Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India.
authors.forename: Chandra B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanker
authors.affiliation: Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Vijai K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Ram S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
keywords: Enterobacter; fecal coliforms; microbial contamination; quantitative enumeration; real-time PCR; riverine system