title: Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: From pathophysiology to clinical approach.
abstract: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), defined as epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation, are among the most frequent types of small bowel neoplasm. They represent a rare, slow-growing neoplasm with some characteristics common to all forms and others attributable to the organ of origin. The diagnosis of this subgroup of neoplasia is not usually straight-forward for several reasons. Being a rare form of neoplasm they are frequently not readily considered in the differential diagnosis. Also, clinical manifestations are nonspecific lending the clinician no clue that points directly to this entity. However, the annual incidence of NETs has risen in the last years to 40 to 50 cases per million probably not due to a real increase in incidence but rather due to better diagnostic tools that have become progressively available. Being a rare malignancy, investigation regarding its pathophysiology and efforts toward better understanding and classification of these tumors has been limited until recently. Clinical societies dedicated to this matter are emerging (NANETS, ENETS and UKINETS) and several guidelines were published in an effort to standardize the nomenclature, grading and staging systems as well as diagnosis and management of NETs. Also, some investigation on the genetic behavior of small bowel NETs has been recently released, shedding some light on the pathophysiology of these tumors, and pointing some new directions on the possible treating options. In this review we focus on the current status of the overall knowledge about small bowel NETs, focusing on recent breakthroughs and its potential application on clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Sofia Xavier, Bruno Rosa, José Cotter, Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Sofia Xavier, Bruno Rosa, José Cotter, Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Sofia Xavier, Bruno Rosa, José Cotter, Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotter
keywords: Carcinoid; Diagnostic markers; Gastrointestinal tumors; Neuroendocrine tumors; Small bowel neoplasms