title: Co-Ingestion of Whey Protein with a Carbohydrate-Rich Breakfast Does Not Affect Glycemia, Insulinemia or Subjective Appetite Following a Subsequent Meal in Healthy Males.
abstract: We aimed to assess postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a mixed-macronutrient lunch following prior addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Ten healthy males (age: 24 ± 1 years; body mass index (BMI): 24.5 ± 0.7 kg/m²) completed three trials in a non-isocaloric, crossover design. A carbohydrate-rich breakfast (93 g carbohydrate; 1799 kJ) was consumed with (CHO + WP) or without (CHO) 20 g whey protein isolate (373 kJ), or breakfast was omitted (NB). At 180 min, participants consumed a mixed-macronutrient lunch meal. Venous blood was sampled at 15 min intervals following each meal and every 30 min thereafter, while subjective appetite sensations were collected every 30 min throughout. Post-breakfast insulinemia was greater after CHO + WP (time-averaged area under the curve (AUC0--180 min): 193.1 ± 26.3 pmol/L), compared to CHO (154.7 ± 18.5 pmol/L) and NB (46.1 ± 8.0 pmol/L; p < 0.05), with no difference in post-breakfast (0-180 min) glycemia (CHO + WP, 3.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L; CHO, 4.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L; NB, 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L; p = 0.247). There were no post-lunch (0-180 min) effects of condition on glycemia (p = 0.492), insulinemia (p = 0.338) or subjective appetite (p > 0.05). Adding whey protein to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast enhanced the acute postprandial insulin response, without influencing metabolic or appetite responses following a subsequent mixed-macronutrient meal.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. d.allerton@northumbria.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dean M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Allerton
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. m.d.campbell@leedsbeckett.ac.uk.|School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK. m.d.campbell@leedsbeckett.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. j.t.gonzalez@bath.ac.uk.|Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. j.t.gonzalez@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Javier T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. penny.rumbold@northumbria.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Penny L S
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rumbold
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. daniel.west@newcastle.ac.uk.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. daniel.west@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. emma.stevenson@newcastle.ac.uk.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. emma.stevenson@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D062408:Breakfast; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013997:Time Factors; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: appetite; breakfast; glycemia; insulinemia; whey protein