title: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in giant cell arteritis.
abstract: PurposeGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that affects medium-to-large-caliber arteries. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential as involvement of the ophthalmic artery or its branches may cause blindness. Radiographic findings may be variable and non-specific leading to delay in diagnosis. We conducted a review of the literature on neuroimaging findings in GCA and present a retrospective case series from tertiary-care ophthalmic referral centers of three patients with significant neuroimaging findings in biopsy-proven GCA.MethodsRetrospective case series of biopsy-proven GCA cases with neuroimaging findings at the Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital between 2010-2015 were included in this study. Literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and Medline search engines between the years 1970 and 2015.ResultsWe report findings of optic nerve enhancement, optic nerve sheath enhancement, and the first description in the English-language ophthalmic literature, to our knowledge, of chiasmal enhancement in biopsy-proven GCA. We describe four main categories of neuroimaging findings that may be seen in GCA from our series and from past cases in the literature.DiscussionIt is essential that clinicians be aware of the possible radiographic findings in GCA. Appropriate and prompt treatment should not be delayed based upon these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Almarzouqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA.|UTMB Galveston, TX and the UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D011241:Prednisone; D008775:Methylprednisolone