title: Can We Prevent a Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma by Using Larger Diameter Suction Drains?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural hematoma is a rare but serious complication. According to previous studies, it is not prevented by suction drains. This study evaluated the following alternative hypothesis: the larger the diameter of a suction drain, the less the remaining epidural hematoma after spinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized prospective study. Patients who underwent posterior lumbar decompression and instrumented fusion were divided into two groups: the large drain (LD, 2.8-mm-diameter tube) and small drain (SD, 1.6-mm-diameter tube) groups according to the diameter of the suction drains. All patients were consecutive and allocated alternately according to the date of operations. Suction drains were removed on day 3 and magnetic resonance imaging was performed on day 7 postoperatively. The size of remaining hematomas was measured by the degree of thecal sac compression in cross section using the following 4-point numeric scale: G1, less than one quarter; G2, between one quarter and half; G3, more than half; and G4, more than subtotal obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 39 patients with LDs and 38 with SDs. They did not differ significantly in terms of sex, number of fusion segments, revision or not, antiplatelet medication, intraoperative injection of tranexamic acid. However, patient age differed significantly between the two groups (LD, 63.3 years and < SD, 68.6 years; p = 0.007). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet number, blood loss, or operation duration. However, platelet function analysis exhibited a significant difference (LD, 164.7 seconds and < SD, 222.3 seconds; p = 0.002). The two blinded readers showed high consistency (Kappa value = 0.740; p = 0.000). The results of reader 1 were as follows: LD and SD had 21 and 21 cases of G1, 9 and 11 cases of G2, 6 and 6 cases of G3, and 3 and 0 cases of G4, respectively. The results of reader 2 were as follows: LD and SD had 22 and 23 cases of G1, 7 and 9 cases of G2, 7 and 6 cases of G3, and 3 and 0 cases of G4, respectively. There was no difference between the two groups (reader 1, p = 0.636; reader 2, p = 0.466).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alternative hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, postoperative spinal epidural hematoma would not be prevented by LD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Ki
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hak
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Kwon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Epidural; Hematoma; Larger suction drain; Postoperative; Spinal