title: Prefrontal Cortex Activation Upon a Demanding Virtual Hand-Controlled Task: A New Frontier for Neuroergonomics.
abstract: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive vascular-based functional neuroimaging technology that can assess, simultaneously from multiple cortical areas, concentration changes in oxygenated-deoxygenated hemoglobin at the level of the cortical microcirculation blood vessels. fNIRS, with its high degree of ecological validity and its very limited requirement of physical constraints to subjects, could represent a valid tool for monitoring cortical responses in the research field of neuroergonomics. In virtual reality (VR) real situations can be replicated with greater control than those obtainable in the real world. Therefore, VR is the ideal setting where studies about neuroergonomics applications can be performed. The aim of the present study was to investigate, by a 20-channel fNIRS system, the dorsolateral/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC/VLPFC) in subjects while performing a demanding VR hand-controlled task (HCT). Considering the complexity of the HCT, its execution should require the attentional resources allocation and the integration of different executive functions. The HCT simulates the interaction with a real, remotely-driven, system operating in a critical environment. The hand movements were captured by a high spatial and temporal resolution 3-dimensional (3D) hand-sensing device, the LEAP motion controller, a gesture-based control interface that could be used in VR for tele-operated applications. Fifteen University students were asked to guide, with their right hand/forearm, a virtual ball (VB) over a virtual route (VROU) reproducing a 42 m narrow road including some critical points. The subjects tried to travel as long as possible without making VB fall. The distance traveled by the guided VB was 70.2 ± 37.2 m. The less skilled subjects failed several times in guiding the VB over the VROU. Nevertheless, a bilateral VLPFC activation, in response to the HCT execution, was observed in all the subjects. No correlation was found between the distance traveled by the guided VB and the corresponding cortical activation. These results confirm the suitability of fNIRS technology to objectively evaluate cortical hemodynamic changes occurring in VR environments. Future studies could give a contribution to a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying human performance either in expert or non-expert operators during the simulation of different demanding/fatiguing activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petracca
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lancia
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basso Moro
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brigadoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spezialetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Placidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quaresima
keywords: LEAP motion controller; brain activation; functional near-infrared spectroscopy; hand-controlled task; neuroergonomics; remote control; virtual reality