title: A survey of subcutaneous blood flow in patients with SMID and subcutaneous ceftazidime administration using mentholated warm compresses in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate subcutaneous blood flow rate (SBFR) in healthy volunteers and patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), and evaluate the effect of mentholated warm compresses (MWCs) on SBFR and subcutaneous ceftazidime absorption in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  SBFR at the forearm, chest and abdomen were evaluated in Japanese healthy volunteers and in adults with SMID. The effects of MWCs on blood flow rate and ceftazidime pharmacokinetics were evaluated in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SBFR was significantly lower in the forearms of female patients with SMID (n = 11) than in the forearms of healthy females (n = 6); it was not significantly lower in the abdomen or chest. There were no significant differences between male patients (n = 18) or controls (n = 12) in SBFR at any site. MWC application increased SBFR 1.3- to 2.0-fold compared with baseline in healthy controls (n = 6). MWC application increased ceftazidime maximum blood concentration, SBFR and time above mutant prevention concentration in a single healthy subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal SBFR in patients with SMID did not differ from that of healthy subjects. MWC application increases SBFR and subcutaneous drug absorption rate in healthy humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, National Rehabilitation Centre for Children with Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebihara
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kousuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negishi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Rehabilitation Centre for Children with Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Rehabilitation Centre for Children with Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Rehabilitation Centre for Children with Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kitazumi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan dkoba@josai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008610:Menthol; D002442:Ceftazidime
keywords: Severe motor and intellectual disabilities; blood flow rate; mentholated warm compress; mutant prevention concentration; subcutaneous administration