title: Antimicrobial activity of topically-applied soyaethyl morpholinium ethosulfate micelles against Staphylococcus species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Here we evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of soyaethyl morpholinium ethosulfate (SME) micelles as an inherent bactericide against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity was examined by in vitro culture model and murine model of skin infection. Cationic micelles formed by benzalkonium chloride or cetylpyridinium chloride were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against S. aureus and MRSA were 1.71-3.42 and 1.71-6.84 μg/ml, respectively. Topical administration of SME micelles significantly decreased the cutaneous infection and MRSA load in mice. The killing of bacteria was caused by direct cell wall/membrane rupture. SME micelles also penetrated into the bacteria to elicit a Fenton reaction and oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SME micelles have potential as antimicrobial agents due to their lethal effect against S. aureus and MRSA with a low toxicity to mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.|Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Aljuffali
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Calvin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chwan-Fwu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.|Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.|Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-You
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008823:Micelles; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008823:Micelles; D009025:Morpholines; C000612979:soyaethyl morpholinium
keywords: antimicrobial; methicillin-resistant S. aureus; micelle; skin; soyaethyl morpholinium ethosulfate