title: Effectiveness of footwear and foot orthoses for calcaneal apophysitis: a 12-month factorial randomised trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Calcaneal apophysitis, is a relatively common cause of heel pain in children. Very few randomised studies have evaluated treatment options. This trial compared the effectiveness of currently employed treatment options for the relief of pain and disability associated with calcaneal apophysitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Factorial 2×2 randomised comparative effectiveness trial with 1, 2, 6 and 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from the caseload of podiatrists at Monash health and Peninsula Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 8-14 years with clinically diagnosed calcaneal apophysitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment factor 1: two different types of in-shoe orthoses: a heel raise or prefabricated orthoses. Treatment factor 2: footwear replacement or no footwear replacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our primary outcome was functional disability, the secondary outcomes were pain and ankle dorsiflexion range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 133 children and their parents responded to the recruitment advertisement, 124 participated in the trial.At the 1 and 2-month follow-up points, there was a main effect of the shoe insert (heel raise) in only the physical domain for the Oxford ankle foot questionnaire (p=0.04). At the 6 and 12-month follow-up points, there was no main effect or interaction effect for any outcome measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial indicates at the 2-month time point there is a relative advantage in the use of heel raises over prefabricated orthoses for the treatment for calcaneal apophysitis. At 12 months there was no relative advantage to any one of the investigated treatment choices over another. Therefore, if a physical impact is experienced for greater than 2 months, the selection of treatment choice may defer to clinical judgement, cost-minimisation and or patient preference.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ACTRN12609000696291.
authors.affiliation: Peninsula Health Service, Frankston, Victoria, Australia Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Peninsula Health Service, Frankston, Victoria, Australia Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Cylie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia Department of Monash Health, Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Terry P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Haines
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055034:Osteochondrosis / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012775:Shoes
keywords: Adolescent; Paediatrics