title: Safety of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Patients Equipped With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators.
abstract: Current guidelines warn of potential electromagnetic interferences (EMI) when using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to measure body composition in patients equipped with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). We aimed to test the occurrence of EMI in a setting where this risk was experimentally maximized.
  
  
  
  Outpatients scheduled for routine ICD controls simultaneously underwent a BIA measurement using an electrical current of 0.8 mAmp at frequencies from 5-100 kHz. ICD sensitivity levels were set to maximum levels while therapies were temporarily inactivated. The device electrograms were monitored in real time to detect sensed and/or visible EMI during BIA measurement.
  
  
  
  A total of 63 patients equipped with single-chamber (n = 13), dual-chamber (n = 18), or biventricular (n = 32) ICDs from 5 major manufacturers were included. No EMI were detected by the ICDs in these patients, nor were any artifacts visualized during real-time electrogram recordings.
  
  
  
  BIA can be safely performed in patients equipped with ICDs without cardiac monitoring. Current guidelines should be updated accordingly.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Makhlouf
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Louis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Mondouagne Engkolo
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trentaz
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.|3 Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichard
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Haran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: bioelectrical impedance analysis; heart failure; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator