title: Influence of the Biliary System on Biliary Bacteria Revealed by Bacterial Communities of the Human Biliary and Upper Digestive Tracts.
abstract: Biliary bacteria have been implicated in gallstone pathogenesis, though a clear understanding of their composition and source is lacking. Moreover, the effects of the biliary environment, which is known to be generally hostile to most bacteria, on biliary bacteria are unclear. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities of the biliary tract, duodenum, stomach, and oral cavity from six gallstone patients by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found that all observed biliary bacteria were detectable in the upper digestive tract. The biliary microbiota had a comparatively higher similarity with the duodenal microbiota, versus those of the other regions, but with a reduced diversity. Although the majority of identified bacteria were greatly diminished in bile samples, three Enterobacteriaceae genera (Escherichia, Klebsiella, and an unclassified genus) and Pyramidobacter were abundant in bile. Predictive functional analysis indicated enhanced abilities of environmental information processing and cell motility of biliary bacteria. Our study provides evidence for the potential source of biliary bacteria, and illustrates the influence of the biliary system on biliary bacterial communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fuqiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongzhang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Service, Zhiyuan Inspection Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Service, Zhiyuan Inspection Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology*; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000382:microbiology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S