title: Dietary polyphenols are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Polish adults of the HAPIEE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between total and individual classes and subclasses of dietary polyphenol intake and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Polish arm of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional population-based survey including 8821 adults (51.4 % female) was conducted in Kraków, Poland. Dietary polyphenol intake was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires and matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. Linear and logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in age and energy intake among different categories of total dietary polyphenol intake were found. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, and triglycerides were significantly lower among individuals in the higher quartiles of polyphenol intake, but a linear association was found only for BMI and WC. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, individuals in the highest quartile of polyphenol intake were less likely to have MetS (OR 0.80; 95 % CI 0.64, 0.98 and OR 0.70; 95 % CI 0.56, 0.86 for both men and women, respectively). High total polyphenol intake was negatively associated with WC, blood pressure, high lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in women, and fasting plasma glucose in both genders. Among individual classes of polyphenols, phenolic acids and stilbenes were significantly associated with MetS; lignans and stilbenes with WC; phenolic acids with blood pressure and triglycerides; and flavonoids with fasting plasma glucose. Among specific subclasses of polyphenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and dihydrochalcones had the most relevant role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total and individual classes and subclasses of dietary polyphenols were inversely associated with MetS and some of its components.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Cancer Registry of Catania-Messina-Siracusa-Enna, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via S. Sofia 85, 95123, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.grosso@studium.unict.it.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. giuseppe.grosso@studium.unict.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pająk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011044:Poland; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D059808:Polyphenols; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Blood pressure; Dietary polyphenols; Dyslipidemia; Flavonoids; Hyperglycemia; Lignans; Metabolic syndrome; Phenolic acids; Stilbenes; Waist circumference