title: Hybrid biological, electron beam and zero-valent nano iron treatment of recalcitrant metalworking fluids.
abstract: Hybrid approaches for the remediation and detoxification of toxic recalcitrant industrial wastewater were investigated. The focus was waste metalworking fluid, which was selected as a representative model of other waste streams that are toxic, recalcitrant and that require more sustainable routes of safe disposal. The hybrid approaches included biodegradation, electron beam irradiation and zero-valent nano iron advanced oxidation processes that were employed individually and in sequence employing a factorial design. To compare process performance operationally exhausted and pristine metalworking fluid were compared. Sequential hybrid electron beam irradiation, biological, nanoscale zero-valent iron and biological treatment lead to synergistic detoxification and degradation of both recalcitrant streams, as determined by complementary surrogates and lead to overall improved COD removal of 92.8 ± 1.4% up from 85.9 ± 3.4% for the pristine metalworking fluid. Electron beam pre-treatment enabled more effective biotreatment, achieving 69.5 ± 8% (p = 0.005) and 24.6 ± 4.8% (p = 0.044) COD reductions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Thill
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
authors.forename: Duane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.affiliation: Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
authors.forename: Borivoj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vojnovic
authors.affiliation: Interface Analysis Centre, Oldbury House, 121 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol BS2 8BS, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tesh
authors.affiliation: Interface Analysis Centre, Oldbury House, 121 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol BS2 8BS, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK. Electronic address: ian.thompson@eng.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D004583:Electrons; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008669:Metallurgy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D007501:Iron
keywords: Biological treatment; COD; Electron beam irradiation; Metalworking fluid; Wastewater treatment; Zero-valent nano iron