title: Modified halloysite nanotubes reduce the toxic effects of zearalenone in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and has been proven to affect the reproductive capacity of many species to varying degrees. The present experiment was designed to study the maternal persistent effects of zearalenone toxicity in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings, and the alleviation of zearalenone toxicity by modified halloysite nanotubes (MHNTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen sows were fed with one of three dietary treatments that included the following: (1) a control diet, (2) a contaminated grain diet (with 50 % moldy corn, 2.77 mg/kg ZEN), and (3) a contaminated grain diet (with 50 % moldy corn, 2.76 mg/kg ZEN) + 1 % MHNTs. Each sow was exclusively fed its experimental diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation at a total of 2 kg daily. Muscle samples were collected from six piglets per treatment at birth, weaning and finishing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that feeding the sows with the ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation decreased the ADG, ADFI and G:F of their offsprings (P < 0.05). The muscle fiber numbers in the newborn, weaning and growing-finishing pigs and the muscle fiber diameters at birth and weaning were also decreased by maternal ZEN exposure (P < 0.05). The expressions of IGF-I, IGF-II, Myf-5 and Mstn at birth and IGF-II, Pax7, Myf-5 and MyoD1 at weaning were altered by feeding gestating sows with ZEN-contaminated diets (P < 0.05). The MHNTs reduced most of the ZEN-induced toxic effects: the ADG and ADFI on growth performance, the muscle fiber numbers at weaning and finishing and the muscle fiber diameters at weaning (P < 0.05). The expression levels of IGF-II and Mstn in newborn piglets and IGF-II and Myf-5 in weaning piglets were also prevented by adding 1 % MHNTs (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that the offsprings of sows fed with ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 day of gestation exhibited weakening on growth performance, physiological changes in their muscle fibers and alterations of mRNA expression in their muscle tissues, and also indicated that MHNTs prevented most of the ZEN-induced weakening in the muscle tissues.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qingwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jianan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chongpeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Anshan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shan
keywords: Growth; MHNTs; Muscle development; Offsprings; Sows; Zearalenone