title: Quantitative estimates of dietary intake with special emphasis on snacking pattern and nutritional status of free living adults in urban slums of Delhi: impact of nutrition transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nutritional landscape of India is experiencing the fallout of urbanization and globalization. The changes are manifest in dietary patterns as well as health outcomes. The study aimed at assessing household dietary intake pattern with special emphasis on snacking pattern, anthropometric and lipid profiles in low socio-economic status households in an urban slum of Delhi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based cross-sectional study in 260 households of a purposively selected urban slum in North-East district of Delhi, India. Family dietary surveys including consumption pattern of commercial food products rich in Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (PHVOs), 24 h dietary recall and assessment of dietary diversity using Household Diet Diversity Scores (HDDS) were done. Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric and lipid profile on a subsample (n=130) were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median energy and fat intake were adequate. Micronutrient intake was found to be inadequate for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and folate.PHVOusage was low (<20 % households). Milk (39 %), green leafy vegetables (25 %) and fruits (25 %) intake were below recommendations. Mean HDDS was 7.87. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was high (66.7 %). Lipid profile showed mean HDL-C levels lower than recommendations for females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community based awareness programs for prevention of non-communicable diseases should incorporate healthy diet and lifestyle practices with emphasis on quantity and quality of nutrient intake. This must be considered as an integral part of chronic disease prevention strategy for underprivileged communities in urban India.
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector-44, Gurgaon 122002 Haryana, India ; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Archna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Vidhu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Leverhulm Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector-44, Gurgaon 122002 Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Suparna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh-Jerath
keywords: Fat consumption; Household dietary diversity; Lipid profile; Overweight; Snacks