title: Pesticide monitoring on soccer fields via shoe wipes and urine samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the feasibility of measuring pesticide exposure of children using athletic fields to which pesticides were recently applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This project was a pilot feasibility study designed to measure pre and posttest environmental exposure to Horsepower; a combination herbicide containing (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA), dicamba and triclopyr. A spot application of Horsepower to a soccer field occurred at 8AM. Six players, ages 5-11 years, provided shoe wipes and urine samples before and after evening soccer practice on the field later the same day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sent samples to commercial labs where shoe wipes were analyzed for a panel of herbicides and urine samples were analyzed for dicamba, triclopyr, and creatinine. All analytes were below level of detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established the feasibility of both the recruitment and sampling procedures. Spot application, in the one instance examined, did not result in measurable exposure to pesticides. A larger study involving both spot and broadcast application and including direct observation of pesticide application is needed to ascertain whether pesticide application on athletic fields results in measurable and potentially hazardous exposure of children.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655W. Lombard St, Baltimore MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: rgilden@son.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilden
authors.affiliation: Environmental Profiles, Inc., 8805 Columbia 100 Parkway, Suite 100, Columbia MD 21045, USA. Electronic address: MPlisko@episervices.com.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plisko
authors.affiliation: Environmental Profiles, Inc., 8805 Columbia 100 Parkway, Suite 100, Columbia MD 21045, USA. Electronic address: khiteshew@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiteshew
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655W. Lombard St, Baltimore MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: efrie002@son.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland College Park, School of Public Health, 2242 Valley Drive, College Park, MS 20742, USA. Electronic address: dmilton@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milton
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012775:Shoes; D012916:Soccer; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Athletic field; Children; Exposure; Pesticide; Sampling