title: Maintaining Perceived Control with Unemployment Facilitates Future Adjustment.
abstract: Unemployment is a major challenge to individuals' development. An important personal resource to ameliorate the negative impact of unemployment may be perceived control, a general-purpose belief system. Little is known, however, about how perceived control itself changes with the experience of unemployment and what the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of such change in perceived control are in different ages. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (N= 413 who experienced unemployment andN= 413 case-matched controls; time period of data collection: 1994 - 1996) to examine whether perceived control changes with unemployment, explore the role of socio-demographic, psychosocial and health factors in moderating such change, and investigate whether levels of perceived control prior to unemployment and unemployment-related change in perceived control predict unemployment-related outcomes up to five years following. Results indicated that, on average, perceived control remained relatively stable with unemployment, and that younger and older workers did not differ in this regard. However, there were sizeable individual differences in change in perceived control, with women and those with fewer years of education experiencing greater unemployment-related declines in perceived control. Lower levels of perceived control prior to unemployment and steeper unemployment-related decrements in perceived control were each associated with a higher risk of remaining unemployed in the 12 months immediately following unemployment. Steeper unemployment-related declines in perceived control also predicted lower life satisfaction up to five years following. We discuss possible pathways by which perceived control may facilitate adjustment to unemployment, consider the role of perceived control for better understanding the dynamics of unemployment, and suggest routes for further more process-oriented inquiry.
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Infurna
authors.affiliation: Humboldt University Berlin, Germany; German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Germany; Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerstorf
authors.affiliation: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Germany; Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nilam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Germany; Free University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schupp
authors.affiliation: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gert G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heckhausen
keywords: Control Beliefs; German Socio-Economic Panel Study; Life Satisfaction; Major Life Events; SOEP; Self-Regulation; Unemployment