title: Interrater Reliability of the Power Mobility Road Test in the Virtual Reality-Based Simulator-2.
abstract: To assess interrater reliability of the Power Mobility Road Test (PMRT) when administered through the Virtual Reality-based SIMulator-version 2 (VRSIM-2).
  
  
  
  Within-subjects repeated-measures design.
  
  
  
  Participants interacted with VRSIM-2 through 2 display options (desktop monitor vs immersive virtual reality screens) using 2 control interfaces (roller system vs conventional movement-sensing joystick), providing 4 different driving scenarios (driving conditions 1-4). Participants performed 3 virtual driving sessions for each of the 2 display screens and 1 session through a real-world driving course (driving condition 5). The virtual PMRT was conducted in a simulated indoor office space, and an equivalent course was charted in an open space for the real-world assessment. After every change in driving condition, participants completed a self-reported workload assessment questionnaire, the Task Load Index, developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  
  
  
  A convenience sample of electric-powered wheelchair (EPW) athletes (N=21) recruited at the 31st National Veterans Wheelchair Games.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Total composite PMRT score.
  
  
  
  The PMRT had high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]>.75) between the 2 raters in all 5 driving conditions. Post hoc analyses revealed that the reliability analyses had >80% power to detect high ICCs in driving conditions 1 and 4.
  
  
  
  The PMRT has high interrater reliability in conditions 1 and 4 and could be used to assess EPW driving performance virtually in VRSIM-2. However, further psychometric assessment is necessary to assess the feasibility of administering the PMRT using the different interfaces of VRSIM-2.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Deepan C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: dicianno@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Brad E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Dicianno
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Harshal P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Alhaji M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Buhari
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014910:Wheelchairs
keywords: Durable medical equipment; Neurological rehabilitation; Process assessment (health care); Rehabilitation; Reproducibility of results; Simulation training; Virtual reality exposure therapy; Wheelchairs