title: Self-Propelled Vesicles Induced by the Mixing of Two Polymeric Aqueous Solutions through a Vesicle Membrane Far from Equilibrium.
abstract: This study describes the development of self-propelled vesicles using transient interfacial energy in an aqueous two-phase system composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG), dextran (DEX), and water. The transient interfacial energy was generated at the mixing boundary between the PEG and DEX solutions when the two miscible liquids were in contact with each other far from equilibrium. Vesicles encapsulating 20 wt % DEX solution traveled spontaneously when the PEG concentration in the environmental media was >15 wt %. The motility of the vesicles varied with the permeability of the vesicle membrane. The permeability increased significantly when the concentration of PEG was >15 wt %. PEG had a profound effect not only on mass transfer through the membrane but also on the motility of the vesicles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyamacho 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyamacho 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyamacho 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Doshisha University , Tatara Miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagatsu