title: Extracts from Dendropanax morbifera Leaves Have Modulatory Effects on Neuroinflammation in Microglia.
abstract: Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera), a species endemic to Korea, is largely distributed throughout the southern part of the country. Its leaves, stems, roots, and seeds have been used as a form of alternative medicine for various diseases and neurological disorders including paralysis, stroke, and migraine. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the remedial effects of D. morbifera remain largely unknown. In this paper, extracts from D. morbifera leaves were prepared using ethyl acetate as a solvent (abbreviated as DMLE). The modulatory effects of DMLE on neuroinflammation were studied in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 murine microglial cell line. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B), and different M1/M2 activation states of microglia were examined. DMLE treatment suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. DMLE treatment also attenuated the activation of MAPKs and NF-[Formula: see text]B. In a novel discovery, we found that DMLE up-regulated the marker genes representing an alternative, anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, while suppressing the expression of the classical, pro-inflammatory M1 activation state genes. Here, we uncovered the cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of D. morbifera against neuroinflammation using BV2 microglia cells. These results strongly suggest that DMLE was able to counter the effects of LPS on BV2 cells via control of microglia polarization states. Additionally, study results indicated that DMLE may have therapeutic potential as a neuroinflammation-suppressing treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: * Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sinwoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: * Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: † College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggido 443-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: † College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggido 443-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: * Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyoung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: * Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Woon
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027481:Araliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D020078:Neurogenic Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Dendropanax morbifera; M2 Polarization; Microglia; NF-B; Neuroinflammation