title: Fast Visual Field Progression Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between the rates of progressive visual field loss and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in patients with glaucoma followed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 204 eyes of 102 patients with glaucomatous visual field defects on standard automated perimetry (SAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients had Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) questionnaires and visual field tests obtained over a mean follow-up time of 2.2±0.6 years. Change in depressive symptoms was assessed by calculating the difference between GDS scores at the last follow-up visit from those at baseline. Rates of visual field loss were assessed by SAP. An integrated binocular visual field was estimated from the monocular SAP tests, and rates of change in mean sensitivity (MS) over time were obtained from linear mixed models. Regression models were used to investigate the association between progressive visual field loss and changes in depressive symptoms, adjusting for potentially confounding clinical and socioeconomic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between rates of change in binocular SAP MS and change in GDS questionnaire scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant correlation between change in the GDS scores during follow-up and change in binocular SAP sensitivity. Each 1 decibel (dB)/year change in binocular SAP MS was associated with a change of 2.0 units in the GDS scores during the follow-up period (P = 0.025). In a multivariable model adjusting for baseline disease severity, change in visual acuity, age, gender, race, Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, education, income, and comorbidity index, each 1 dB/year change in binocular SAP MS was associated with a change of 3.0 units in the GDS score (P = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Faster visual field progression was associated with the occurrence of depressive symptoms in patients with glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Performance and Visual Function, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diniz-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Performance and Visual Function, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Ricardo Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Hyong Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Performance and Visual Function, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Performance and Visual Function, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina P B
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gracitelli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Performance and Visual Function, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. Electronic address: fmedeiros@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*