title: Toxicological Evaluation of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract and its Anti-inflammatory and Free Radical Scavenging Properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae), popularly known as Indian gooseberry or "Amla" in India, is used in Ayurveda as "rejuvenating herb" since ancient times.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to estimate toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities of the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit (MEO) in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidative property of MEO was assessed by in vitro assays such as phosphomolybdenum assay (total antioxidant capacity), free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis and 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (DPPH and ABTS method) and lipid peroxidation assay (LPO). The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats by measuring rat paw volume at different time intervals and toxicological analysis using mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High performance liquid chromatography studies revealed the presence of gallic acid (2.10%), mucic acid (4.90%), ellagic acid (2.10%), quercetin (28.00%), rutin (3.89%), and β-glucogallin (1.46%). MEO showed highest antioxidant activities by using DPPH (17.33-89.00%), ABTS (23.03-94.16%), nitric oxide scavenging activity (12.94-70.16%), LPO (56.54%), and phosphomolybdenum assay (142 ± 6.09 μg/ml). The LD50 was found to be approximately 1125 mg/kg (p.o). High dose of MEO showed significant reduction (72.71%) in the inflammation after 4 h of treatment, which was comparable to diclofenac (10 mg/kg) (61.57%) treated group. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) markers were also observed (57.25% and 35.41%, respectively) in serum of MEO treated animals as compared to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, phenolic compounds of MEO may serve as a potential herbal drug for amelioration of acute inflammation due to their modulatory action on free radicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit (MEO) has potent antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH, ABTS and LPO assaysMEO has potent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema modelThe phenolic compounds of MEO might be a potential herbal drug for amelioration of acute inflammation. Abbreviations used: ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species, LPO, lipid peroxidation, NO, nitric oxide, IL, interleukin; TNF α tumor necrosis factor alpha; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs; AA, ascorbic acid; MEO, methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit; ABTS+; 2,2' azino bis 3 ethylbenzthiazoline 6 sulphonic acid; DPPH, 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; MDA, malondialdehyde; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Malleswarm, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sushil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Middha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bamboo Technology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, BTAD, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Arvind Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, CPGS, Jain College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lokesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Malleswarm, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Malleswarm, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Lavanya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mojamdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Deepthi Sudhir
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Keni
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Malleswarm, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Talambedu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usha
keywords: 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; Emblica officinalis; acute inflammation; amla; antioxidant; high performance liquid chromatography