title: Evaluation of DNA barcoding coupled high resolution melting for discrimination of closely related species in phytopharmaceuticals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytopharmaceuticals are increasingly popular as alternative medicines, but poorly regulated in many countries. The manufacturers of these products should be subject to strict controls regarding each product's quality and constituents. Routine testing and identification of raw materials should be performed to ensure that the raw materials used in pharmaceutical products are suitable for their intended use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have applied DNA Barcoding - High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM), an emerging method for identifying of medicinal plant species based on DNA dissociation kinetics and DNA barcoding, for the authentication of medicinal plant species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commonly commercialized Thai medicinal plants that are widely used for medicinal purposes were used in this study. Publicly available sequences of four plastid markers were used for universal primer design. Species discrimination efficiency of the designed primers was evaluated as single and multi-locus analyses by using the primers sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  HRM analysis was performed in triplicate on each of the 26 taxa to establish the Tm for each primer set (matK, rbcLA, rbcLB, rbcLC, rpoC1, and trnL). The shapes of the melting curves were analyzed to distinguish the different plant species. Bar-HRM species identification success rates were assessed for each single-locus as well as for multi-locus combinations to establish the optimal combination of primer sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In single locus analysis the rpoC1 primer set gave the highest discrimination (58%), and in multi locus analysis this could be increased from 87% to 99% depending on the total number of regions included. Different combinations proved to be more or less effective at discrimination, depending on the genus or family examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bar-HRM has proven to be a cost-effective and reliable method for the identification of species in this study of Thai medicinal plants, and results show an identification success rate of 99% among species in the test set.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Electronic address: omaslin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maslin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osathanunkul
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution State, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chatmongkon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suwannapoom
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kitisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osathanunkul
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madesis
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Boer
mesh_terms: D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification*; D011786:Quality Control; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Authentication; DNA barcoding; Herbal pharmacovigilance; High resolution melting; Medicinal plants