title: Dose Escalation and Healthcare Resource Use among Ulcerative Colitis Patients Treated with Adalimumab in English Hospitals: An Analysis of Real-World Data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the real-world use of adalimumab for maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and associated healthcare costs in English hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of NHS Hospital Episode Statistics linked with pharmacy dispensing data in English hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult UC patients receiving ≥240mg during adalimumab treatment induction, subsequently maintained on adalimumab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency and pattern of adalimumab use and dose escalation during maintenance treatment and associated healthcare costs (prescriptions and hospital visits).
  
  
  RESULTS
  191 UC patients completed adalimumab treatment induction. 83 (43.46%) dose escalated during maintenance treatment by ≥100% (equivalent to weekly dosing) (median time to dose escalation: 139 days). 56 patients (67.47%) subsequently de-escalated by ≥50% (median time to dose de-escalation: 21 days). Mean all-cause healthcare costs for all patients ≤12 months of index were £13,892. Dose escalators incurred greater mean healthcare costs than non-escalators ≤12 months of index (£14,596 vs. £13,351). Prescriptions accounted for 96.49% of UC-related healthcare costs (£11,090 of £11,494 in all patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the cohort, 43.46% of UC patients escalated their adalimumab dose by ≥100% and incurred greater costs than non-escalators. The apparent underestimation of adalimumab dose escalation in previous studies may have resulted in underestimated costs in healthcare systems.
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co, Inc., Kenilworth, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: IMS Health Ltd, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hoddesdon, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eilish
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co, Inc., Kenilworth, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sumesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kachroo
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000068879:Adalimumab