title: Symptoms of Common Mental Disorders and Adverse Health Behaviours in Male Professional Soccer Players.
abstract: To present time, scientific knowledge about symptoms of common mental disorders and adverse health behaviours among professional soccer players is lacking. Consequently, the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders (distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance) and adverse health behaviours (adverse alcohol behaviour, smoking, adverse nutrition behaviour) among professional soccer players, and to explore their associations with potential stressors (severe injury, surgery, life events and career dissatisfaction). Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on baseline questionnaires from an ongoing prospective cohort study among male professional players. Using validated questionnaires to assess symptoms of common mental disorders and adverse health behaviours as well as stressors, an electronic questionnaire was set up and distributed by players' unions in 11 countries from three continents. Prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders and adverse health behaviours among professional soccer players ranged from 4% for smoking and 9% for adverse alcohol behaviour to 38% for anxiety/depression and 58% for adverse nutrition behaviour. Significant associations were found for a higher number of severe injuries with distress, anxiety/depression, sleeping disturbance and adverse alcohol behaviour, an increased number of life events with distress, sleeping disturbance, adverse alcohol behaviour and smoking, as well as an elevated level of career dissatisfaction with distress, anxiety/depression and adverse nutrition behaviour. Statistically significant correlations (p<0.01) were found for severe injuries and career dissatisfaction with most symptoms of common mental disorders. High prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders and adverse health behaviours was found among professional players, confirming a previous pilot-study in a similar study population.
authors.affiliation: World Players' Union (FIFPro), Hoofddorp, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Academic Medical Center / VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gouttebarge
authors.affiliation: St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Academic Medical Center / VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
keywords: adverse health behaviours; anxiety; depression; distress; sleeping disturbance; soccer