title: Incorporation and effects of punicic acid on muscle and adipose tissues of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) supplementation, rich in punicic acid (55 %/C18:3-9c,11 t,13c/CLNA), on the lipid profile and on the biochemical and oxidative parameters in the gastrocnemius muscle and adipose tissues of healthy rats. Linseed oil (LO), rich in linolenic acid (52 %/C18:3-9c12c15c/LNA) was used for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 56) were distributed in seven groups: control (water); LNA 1 %, 2 % and 4 % (treated with LO); CLNA 1 %, 2 % and 4 % (treated with PSO), po for 40 days. The percentages were compared to the daily feed intake. Fatty acid profile were performed by gas chromatography, antioxidant enzymes activity by spectrophotometer and the adipocytes were isolated by collagenase tissue digestion. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to check for differences between the groups (control, LNAs and CLNAs) and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to project the groups in the factor-place (PC1 vs PC2) based on the biochemical responses assessed in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fatty acids profile of tissues showed that the LNA percentages were higher in the animals that were fed LO. However, PA was only detected in the adipose tissues. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was present in all the tissues of the animals supplemented with PSO, in a dose dependent manner, and 9c11t-CLA was the predominant isomer. Nevertheless there were no changes in the total weight gain of the animals, the weights of the tissues, and the oxidative stress parameters in the muscle. In addition, there was an increase in the size of the epididymal fat cells in the groups treated with PSO. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the CLNAs groups were arranged separately with a cumulative variance of 68.47 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that PSO can be used as a source of CLAs but that it does not cause changes in body modulation and does not interfere in the antioxidant activity of healthy rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Lipids, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 14, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil. illanalpm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Illana Louise Pereira
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Sergipe, Biological Science and Health Center, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Mara
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira e Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Lipids, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 14, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliane Bonifácio Teixeira
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Lipids, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 14, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Tedesco
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Yoshime
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Lipids, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 14, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Augusto Gasparotto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sattler
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Lipids, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bloco 14, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mancini-Filho
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000378:metabolism; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; C519714:punicic acid