title: Predictors of physical restraint in a psychiatric emergency setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considering the negative consequences of using physical restraints, we conducted this study to identify patients who are more frequently restrained in a psychiatric emergency ward as an initial step to limit the use of restraint to the minimum possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case control study conducted in Iran Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran. We reviewed the files of 607 patients who were admitted during a one year period using convenience sampling; of them, 186 were in the restrained group and 421 in the unrestrained group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surprisingly, no significant difference was found between the restrained and unrestrained groups in demographic characteristics. The patients who were referred because of violence were diagnosed as having methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder or bipolar I disorder in manic 1episode and had a higher odds of being restrained (OR=2.51, OR=1.61, and OR=1.57 respectively). Being restrained was also associated with a longer duration of hospitalization and duration of staying in the emergency ward. Moreover, patients in their first admission were more frequently restrained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical and nursing staff should consider special measures for the patients who are at a higher risk for being restrained. More frequent visits and education for both patients and staff may be effective in reducing the number of physical restraints for these groups of patients.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemehadi88@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. terme.khosravi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Termeh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shariat.v@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Seyed Vahid
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. jalali.ah@Iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jalali Nadoushan
keywords: Case-Control Studies; Physical Restraint; Psychiatric Emergency Settings