title: [Pioglitazone decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines in SD rats with traumatic brain injury via up-regulating PPARγ].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effect of pioglitazone on the levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNAs and the dose-dependent relationship in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a sham operation group, a control group and three pioglitazone groups receiving doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, with 12 rats in each group. Modified Feeney's free falling method was used to make TBI models; the sham operation group only had an operation but without combat; the pioglitazone groups were given pioglitazone at the doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively; the control group and sham operation group were given equal amount of placebo. The levels of PPARγ, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNAs in lesion brain tissues were detected by reverse transcription PCR 24 and 48 hours after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four hours after the injury, the expression of PPARγ mRNA was up-regulated significantly in all pioglitazone groups, with significant difference between each pioglitazone group in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of TNF-α mRNA was significantly down-regulated in the treatment groups after injury. Twenty-four hours after the injury, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNAs in the pioglitazone groups receiving the doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg decreased compared with those in the group receiving 0.5 mg/kg pioglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone inhibits inflammatory reaction by up-regulating the level of PPARγ mRNA and down-regulating the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNAs in rats with TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Qinqin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016; Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail: dyb0913@126.com.
authors.forename: Yongbing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012313:RNA; D000077205:Pioglitazone