title: Four emerging arboviral diseases in North America: Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika virus diseases.
abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses, are viruses that are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies. There are numerous arboviruses throughout the world capable of causing human disease spanning different viral families and genera. Recently, Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika viruses have emerged as increasingly important arboviruses that can cause human disease in North America. Unfortunately, there are currently no proven disease-modifying therapies for these arboviral diseases, so treatment is largely supportive. Given there are also no commercially available vaccines for these four arboviral infections, prevention is the key. To prevent mosquito or tick bites that might result in one of these arboviral diseases, people should wear long-sleeved shirts and pants while outside if feasible, apply insect repellant when going outdoors, using window screens or air conditioning to keep mosquitoes outside, and perform tick checks after being in wooded or brushy outdoor areas.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop L950, Room 486, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. Daniel.Pastula@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pastula
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop L950, Room 486, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop L950, Room 486, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beckham
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop L950, Room 486, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001179:Arthropod Vectors / Q000821:virology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D002141:Encephalitis Virus, California / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D004670:Encephalitis, California / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D013987:Ticks / Q000821:virology; D000071244:Zika Virus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology
keywords: Arboviral disease; Arbovirus; Chikungunya virus; Jamestown Canyon virus; North America; Powassan virus; Zika virus