title: Multi-channel intramuscular and surface EMG decomposition by convolutive blind source separation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study of motor unit behavior has been classically performed by selective recording systems of muscle electrical activity (EMG signals) and decomposition algorithms able to discriminate between individual motor unit action potentials from multi-unit signals. In this study, we provide a general framework for the decomposition of multi-channel intramuscular and surface EMG signals and we extensively validate this approach with experimental recordings.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we describe the conditions under which the assumptions of the convolutive blind separation model are satisfied. Second, we propose an approach of convolutive sphering of the observations followed by an iterative extraction of the sources. This approach is then validated using intramuscular signals recorded by novel multi-channel thin-film electrodes on the Abductor Digiti Minimi of the hand and Tibilias Anterior muscles, as well as on high-density surface EMG signals recorded by electrode grids on the First Dorsal Interosseous muscle. The validation was based on the comparison with the gold standard of manual decomposition (for intramuscular recordings) and on the two-source method (for comparison of intramuscular and surface EMG recordings) for the three human muscles and contraction forces of up to 90% MVC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of common sources identified for the validation was 14 ± 7 (averaged across all trials and subjects and all comparisons), with a rate of agreement in their discharge timings of 92.8 ± 3.2%. The average Decomposability Index, calculated on the automatic decomposed signals, was 16.0 ± 2.2 (7.3-44.1). For comparison, the same index calculated on the manual decomposed signals was 15.0 ± 3.0 (6.3-76.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the method provides a solid framework for the decomposition of multi-channel invasive and non-invasive EMG signals that allows the study of the behavior of a large number of concurrently active motor units.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurorehabilitation Systems, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muceli
authors.forename: Anna Margherita
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Castronovo
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holobar
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*