title: Beneficial changes in food consumption and nutrient intake after 10 years of follow-up in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The assessment of changes in dietary habits provides interesting information on whether or not the observed trends are in line with accepted nutritional guidelines. The objective was to evaluate within-subject longitudinal changes in food consumption and nutrient intake and in a 10-year follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) project is a prospective Spanish cohort study. Diet was assessed using a 136-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), previously validated in Spain. The participants were 3036 university graduates (55.8 % women) of Spain and the main outcome measures the changes in dietary quality and in food consumption and nutrient intake. Paired t-tests and conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate within-subject longitudinal dietary changes and the risk of inadequacy respectively, after 10 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, participants showed a relevant and significant increase (p < 0.001) in the consumption of fruits (7.4 %), vegetables (8.6 %), low-fat dairy products (35.2 %), lean meat (12.4 %), fish (2.9 %), whole grains (53.2 %), nuts (52.4 %) and a significant decrease in legumes (-7.4 %), whole-fat dairy products (-44.2 %), red meat (-17.6 %), sugar-sweetened beverages (-58.7 %) and wine (-11.9 %). With respect to nutrients, we found a higher proportion of carbohydrates (3.6 %) and fiber (7.4 %) and a decrease in total energy intake (2.7 %), total fat (-4.5 %), SFA (-9.4 %), MUFA (-4.9 %), PUFA (-12.7 %), w-3 and w-6 fatty acids (-9.1 and -20.5 % respectively) and cholesterol (-9.6 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Mediterranean cohort study, mainly beneficial changes in the consumption of most foods and macronutrients were observed after 10 years of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. cfuente@unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. cfuente@unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. cfuente@unav.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente-Arrillaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. izazpe@unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. izazpe@unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. izazpe@unav.es.|Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. izazpe@unav.es.
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zazpe
authors.affiliation: Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. ssantiago@unav.es.|Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. ssantiago@unav.es.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mbes@unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. mbes@unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. mbes@unav.es.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. mcanela@unav.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Canela
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. ageas@alumni.unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. ageas@alumni.unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. ageas@alumni.unav.es.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.|Navarra's Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain