title: Concentration-dependent behaviors of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and infectious bacteria toward magnesium oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: This article reports the quantitative relationship between the concentration of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and its distinct biological activities towards mammalian cells and infectious bacteria for the first time. The effects of MgO nanoparticles on the viability of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and infectious bacteria (both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis) showed a concentration-dependent behavior in vitro. The critical concentrations of MgO nanoparticles identified in this study provided valuable guidelines for biomaterial design toward potential clinical translation. BMSCs density increased significantly when cultured in 200μg/mL of MgO in comparison to the Cells Only control without MgO. The density of BMSCs decreased significantly after culture in the media with 500μg/mL or more of MgO. Concentrations at or above 1000μg/mL of MgO resulted in complete BMSCs death. Quantification of colony forming units (CFU) revealed that the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MgO for E. coli and S. epidermidis was 1200μg/mL. The addition of MgO nanoparticles into the cultures increased the pH and Mg(2+) ion concentration in the respective culture media, which might have played a role in the observed cell responses but not the main factors. E. coli and S. epidermidis still proliferated significantly at alkaline pH up to 10 or with supplemental Mg(2+) dosages up to 50mM, indicating bactericidal properties of MgO are beyond the effects of increased media pH and Mg(2+) ion concentrations. MgO nanoparticles at a concentration of 200μg/mL provided dual benefits of promoting BMSC proliferation while reducing bacterial adhesion, which should be further studied for potential medical implant applications. The use of free MgO nanoparticles yielded detrimental effects to BMSCs in concentrations above 300μg/mL. We recommend further study into MgO nanoparticle as a coating material or as a part of a composite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reports the quantitative relationship between the concentration of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and its distinct biological activities towards mammalian cells and infectious bacteria for the first time. The effects of MgO nanoparticles on the viability of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and infectious bacteria (both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis) showed a concentration-dependent behavior in vitro. The critical concentrations of MgO nanoparticles identified in this study provided valuable guidelines for biomaterial design toward potential clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Cheyann Lee
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wetteland
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Nhu-Y Thi
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: huinan.liu@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Huinan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008277:Magnesium Oxide
keywords: Bacteria; Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); Cytocompatibility; Escherichia coli (E. coli); Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles; Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis); Viability