title: Improving the accuracy of brain tumor surgery via Raman-based technology.
abstract: Despite advances in the surgical management of brain tumors, achieving optimal surgical results and identification of tumor remains a challenge. Raman spectroscopy, a laser-based technique that can be used to nondestructively differentiate molecules based on the inelastic scattering of light, is being applied toward improving the accuracy of brain tumor surgery. Here, the authors systematically review the application of Raman spectroscopy for guidance during brain tumor surgery. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate normal brain from necrotic and vital glioma tissue in human specimens based on chemical differences, and has recently been shown to differentiate tumor-infiltrated tissues from noninfiltrated tissues during surgery. Raman spectroscopy also forms the basis for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, a technique that amplifies spontaneous Raman signals by 10,000-fold, enabling real-time histological imaging without the need for tissue processing, sectioning, or staining. The authors review the relevant basic and translational studies on CRS microscopy as a means of providing real-time intraoperative guidance. Recent studies have demonstrated how CRS can be used to differentiate tumor-infiltrated tissues from noninfiltrated tissues and that it has excellent agreement with traditional histology. Under simulated operative conditions, CRS has been shown to identify tumor margins that would be undetectable using standard bright-field microscopy. In addition, CRS microscopy has been shown to detect tumor in human surgical specimens with near-perfect agreement to standard H & E microscopy. The authors suggest that as the intraoperative application and instrumentation for Raman spectroscopy and imaging matures, it will become an essential component in the neurosurgical armamentarium for identifying residual tumor and improving the surgical management of brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hollon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
authors.forename: Spencer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Invenio Imaging, Inc., Menlo Park, California; and.
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Freudiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sunney Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Orringer
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*
keywords: CARS = coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering; CRS = coherent Raman scattering; Raman spectroscopy; SRS = stimulated Raman scattering; brain metastasis; brain/tumor margin; coherent Raman scattering microscopy; glioma; primary brain tumors