title: Predicting Modulation in Corticomotor Excitability and in Transcallosal Inhibition in Response to Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Responses to neuromodulatory protocols based either on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are known to be highly variable between individuals. In this study, we examined whether variability of responses to anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) could be predicted from individual differences in the ability to recruit early or late indirect waves (I-waves), as reflected in latency differences of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by TMS of different coil orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 20) first underwent TMS to measure latency of MEPs elicited at different coil orientations (i.e., PA, posterior-anterior; AP, anterior-posterior; LM, latero-medial). Then, participants underwent a-tDCS (20 min @ 2 mA) targeting the primary motor cortex of the contralateral preferred hand (right, n = 18). Individual responses to a-tDCS were determined by monitoring changes in MEP amplitude at rest and in the duration of the contralateral silent period (cSP) and ipsilateral silent period (iSP) during contraction; the latter providing an index of the latency and duration of transcallosal inhibition (LTI and DTI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous reports, individual responses to a-tDCS were highly variable when expressed in terms of changes in MEP amplitude or in cSP duration with ~50% of the participants showing either little or no modulation. In contrast, individual variations in measures of transcallosal inhibition were less variable, allowing detection of significant after-effects. The reduced LTI and prolonged DTI observed post-tDCS were indicative of an enhanced excitability of the transcallosal pathway in the stimulated hemisphere. In terms of predictions, AP-LM latency differences proved to be good predictors of responses to a-tDCS when considering MEP modulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results corroborate the predictive value of latency differences derived from TMS to determine who is likely to express "canonical" responses to a-tDCS in terms of MEP modulation. The results also provide novel suggestive evidencethat a-tDCS can modulate the excitability of the transcallosal pathway of the stimulated hemisphere.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Bruyère Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tremblay
keywords: motor cortex; motor evoked potential; non-invasive brain stimulation; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS); transcranial magnetic stimulation