title: Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the capacity of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) in the presence of light to cause photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Candida albicans.
  
  
  METHODS
  HMME photoactivity was evaluated against azole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans. The mechanisms by which PDI of C. albicans occurred were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMME-mediated PACT caused a dose-dependent inactivation of azole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans. Incubation with 10 μM HMME and irradiation with 72 J cm(-2) light decreased the viability of C. albicans by 7 log10, induced damage of genomic DNA, led to loss of cellular proteins and damaged the cell wall, membrane and intracellular targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida albicans can be effectively inactivated by HMME in the presence of light, and HMME-mediated PACT shows its potential as an antifungal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Environment & Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Environment & Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005453:Fluorescence; D006415:Hematoporphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008027:Light; D050296:Microbial Viability; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D006415:Hematoporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C494379:hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether
keywords: Candida albicans; PACT; hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether; mechanism