title: A comparative evaluation of diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of cervical cancer.
abstract: Optical spectroscopic techniques show improved diagnostic accuracy for non-invasive detection of cervical cancers. In this study, sensitivity and specificity of two in vivo modalities, i.e diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), were compared by utilizing spectra recorded from the same sites (67 tumor (T), 22 normal cervix (C), and 57 normal vagina (V)). Data was analysed using principal component - linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), and validated using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for classification between normal (N) and tumor (T) sites were 91%, 96%, 95% and 93%, respectively for RS and 85%, 95%, 93% and 88%, respectively for DRS. Even though DRS revealed slightly lower diagnostic accuracies, owing to its lower cost and portability, it was found to be more suited for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. On the other hand, RS based devices could be ideal for screening patients with centralised facilities in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
authors.forename: Rubina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Vasumathi G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Prabitha
authors.affiliation: Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
authors.forename: Tapas Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Dora
authors.affiliation: Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.affiliation: Tata Memorial Hospital, Gynecology Oncology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
authors.forename: Kedar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deodhar
authors.affiliation: Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rekhi
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Nita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sukumar
authors.affiliation: Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
authors.forename: C Murali
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, Centre for Innovation in Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, 560019, India.
authors.forename: Narayanan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Subhash
mesh_terms: D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; cancer screening; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; in vivo; principal component-linear discriminant analysis