title: Inactivated poliovirus type 2 vaccine delivered to rat skin via high density microprojection array elicits potent neutralising antibody responses.
abstract: Polio eradication is progressing rapidly, and the live attenuated Sabin strains in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) are being removed sequentially, starting with type 2 in April 2016. For risk mitigation, countries are introducing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into routine vaccination programs. After April 2016, monovalent type 2 OPV will be available for type 2 outbreak control. Because the current IPV is not suitable for house-to-house vaccination campaigns (the intramuscular injections require health professionals), we developed a high-density microprojection array, the Nanopatch, delivered monovalent type 2 IPV (IPV2) vaccine to the skin. To assess the immunogenicity of the Nanopatch, we performed a dose-matched study in rats, comparing the immunogenicity of IPV2 delivered by intramuscular injection or Nanopatch immunisation. A single dose of 0.2 D-antigen units of IPV2 elicited protective levels of poliovirus antibodies in 100% of animals. However, animals receiving IPV2 by IM required at least 3 immunisations to reach the same neutralising antibody titres. This level of dose reduction (1/40th of a full dose) is unprecedented for poliovirus vaccine delivery. The ease of administration coupled with the dose reduction observed in this study points to the Nanopatch as a potential tool for facilitating inexpensive IPV for mass vaccination campaigns.
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Germain J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agyei-Yeboah
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Nick S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Corrie
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan C J
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: M Steven
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oberste
authors.affiliation: Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A F
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014611:Vaccination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated