title: Update on pharmacological management of procedural sedation for children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review provides an update on pharmacological techniques for procedural sedation for children outside the operating room.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increasing number of studies of propofol, ketamine, nitrous oxide, dexmedetomidine, and intranasal administration of drugs for procedural sedation of children continue to be reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol and ketamine are commonly used for procedural sedation in children and the use of dexmedetomidine and nitrous oxide is increasing. Although the intravenous route remains the mainstay; intranasal drug administration is increasingly used for anxiolysis and moderate sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Roback
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Franz E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Babl
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005045:Etomidate / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007649:Ketamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol; D005045:Etomidate