title: Non-focal liver signal abnormalities on hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging: a review and differential diagnosis.
abstract: Gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a linear, non-ionic paramagnetic MR contrast agent with combined extracellular and hepatobiliary properties commonly used for several liver indications. Although gadoxetate disodium is commonly used for detection and characterization of focal lesions, a spectrum of diffuse disease processes can affect the hepatobiliary phase of imaging (i.e., when contrast accumulates within the hepatocytes). Non-focal signal abnormalities during the hepatobiliary phase can be seen with multiple disease processes such as deposition disorders, infiltrating tumors, vascular diseases, and post-treatment changes. The purpose of this paper is to review the different processes which result in non-focal signal alteration during the hepatobiliary phase and to describe imaging patterns that may order a differential diagnosis and facilitate patient management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh - UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside - Radiology, Suite 200 East Wing 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. furlana@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6099-1323
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh - UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside - Radiology, Suite 200 East Wing 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Borhani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh - UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside - Radiology, Suite 200 East Wing 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh - UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside - Radiology, Suite 200 East Wing 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Robinson K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh - UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside - Radiology, Suite 200 East Wing 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tublin
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C073590:gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA
keywords: Gadoxetate disodium; Liver diseases; Magnetic resonance imaging