title: The 200th anniversary of the stethoscope: Can this low-tech device survive in the high-tech 21st century?
abstract: In 1816, Laennec discovered that auscultation of the heart and lungs could effectively be performed by placing a hollow cylinder (initially made of a roll of paper) between the chest of the patient and the ear of the examiner. This was the first step in the development of the stethoscope, which was a breakthrough in the diagnosis and management of cardiac and pulmonary patients. Technical improvements of the stethoscope followed and in cardiac patients auscultation soon became a major diagnostic tool. In the second half of the 20th century, new powerful non-invasive diagnostic modalities were developed and the interest in auscultation declined. As a result, the auscultatory skills of students and physicians at all levels of training decreased to a disappointingly low level. We now must decide whether we should stimulate the use of and proficiency in auscultation or if we should accept the further decline and eventual abolishment of this component of the physical examination. Reviewing the literature and taking into consideration the setting in which the patients are presented, including the availability of advanced diagnostic facilities, we conclude that the time-honoured stethoscope, in spite of its limitations, still has potential as a patient-friendly, effective, and economical instrument in medical practice. However, new initiatives are required to train students, physicians and allied health professionals in cardiac auscultation to avoid misinterpretations that may harm the patients and generate extra costs. To be successful such programs will require wide support from the medical community.
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Lange Land Hospital, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bank
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hubert W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands abruschke@freeler.nl.
authors.forename: Albert V G
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bruschke
mesh_terms: D000846:Anniversaries and Special Events; D001314:Auscultation; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination; D019023:Stethoscopes
keywords: Auscultation; Cardiac physical examination; Stethoscope