title: Advances in understanding genomic markers and pharmacogenetics of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inheritance pattern of Parkinson's disease (PD) is likely multifactorial (owing to the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors). Many pharmacogenetic studies have tried to establish a possible role of candidate genes in PD risk. Several studies have focused on the influence of genes in the response to antiparkinsonian drugs and in the risk of developing side-effects of these drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review presents an overview of current knowledge, with particular emphasis on the most recent advances, both in case-control association studies on the role of candidate genes in the risk for PD as well as pharmacogenetic studies on the role of genes in the development of side effects of antiparkinsonian drugs. The most reliable results should be derived from meta-analyses of case-control association studies on candidate genes involving large series of PD patients and controls, and from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective studies of large samples involving several genes with a detailed history of exposure to environmental factors in the same cohort of subjects, should be useful to clarify the role of genes in the risk for PD. The results of studies on the role of genes in the development of side-effects of antiparkinsonian drugs should, at this stage, only be considered preliminary.
authors.affiliation: a Section of Neurology , Hospital Universitario del Sureste , Arganda del Rey (Madrid) , Spain.
authors.forename: Félix Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: a Section of Neurology , Hospital Universitario del Sureste , Arganda del Rey (Madrid) , Spain.
authors.forename: Hortensia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alonso-Navarro
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacology , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Martín
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacology , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain.
authors.forename: José A G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Agúndez
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; pharmacogenetics; polymorphisms; risk factors; side effects