title: Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Ambipolar Frequency Multipliers for Biochemical Sensing.
abstract: In this Letter, the ambipolar properties of an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) have been explored to fabricate frequency-doubling biochemical sensor devices. By biasing the ambipolar GFETs in a common-source configuration, an input sinusoidal voltage at frequency f applied to the electrolyte gate can be rectified to a sinusoidal wave at frequency 2f at the drain electrode. The extraordinary high carrier mobility of graphene and the strong electrolyte gate coupling provide the graphene ambipolar frequency doubler an unprecedented unity gain, as well as a detection limit of ∼4 pM for 11-mer single strand DNA molecules in 1 mM PBS buffer solution. Combined with an improved drift characteristics and an enhanced low-frequency 1/f noise performance by sampling at doubled frequency, this good detection limit suggests the graphene ambipolar frequency doubler a highly promising biochemical sensing platform.
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Wangyang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Lingyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panaitov
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kireev
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Offenhäusser
authors.affiliation: Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000032:analysis*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D006108:Graphite
keywords: DNA; ambipolar; biosensors; field-effect transistors; frequency doublers; graphene