title: Effects of Different Dietary Interventions on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
abstract: Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of individual dietary approaches for blood pressure (BP) control, but their relative effectiveness is not well established. We performed a systematic review of published dietary pattern interventions and estimated the aggregate BP effects through meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies published between January 1, 1990 and March 1, 2015. Studies meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis models. Twenty-four trials with 23 858 total participants were included. The overall pooled net effect of dietary intervention on systolic BP and diastolic BP was -3.07 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -3.85 to -2.30) and -1.81 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -2.24 to -1.38), respectively. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet had the largest net effect (systolic BP, -7.62 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, -9.95 to -5.29] and diastolic BP, -4.22 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, -5.87 to -2.57]). Low-sodium; low-sodium, high-potassium; low-sodium, low-calorie; and low-calorie diets also led to significant systolic and diastolic BP reductions, whereas Mediterranean diet participants experienced a significant incremental reduction in diastolic but not systolic BP. Subgroup analysis also showed important variations in effectiveness based on duration, size, and participant demographics. In conclusion, dietary modifications are associated with clinically meaningful, though variable, reductions in BP. Some diets are more effective than others and under different circumstances, which has important implications from both clinical and public health perspectives.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (H.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.R.); Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (V.V.); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (V.V., M.K.A.).
authors.forename: Hawkins C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (H.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.R.); Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (V.V.); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (V.V., M.K.A.).
authors.forename: Shreya G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (H.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.R.); Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (V.V.); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (V.V., M.K.A.).
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (H.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.G.R.); Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (V.V.); and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (V.V., M.K.A.). mkali@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Mohammed K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000379:methods*; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: blood pressure; diet; hypertension; lifestyle; primary prevention