title: Bird ticks in Hungary reflect western, southern, eastern flyway connections and two genetic lineages of Ixodes frontalis and Haemaphysalis concinna.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Birds play an important role in short- and long-distance transportation of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the present study was to provide comprehensive information on the species and genetic diversity of ixodid ticks transported by migratory and non-migratory bird species in Central Europe, and to evaluate relevant data in a geographical, as well as in an ecological context.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a three year period (2012-2014), altogether 3339 ixodid ticks were collected from 1167 passerine birds (representatives of 47 species) at ringing stations in Hungary. These ticks were identified, and the tick-infestations of bird species were compared according to various traits. In addition, PCR and sequencing of part of the cytochrome oxidase subunit-I (COI) and 16S rDNA genes were performed from representatives of five tick species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most abundant tick species found were Ixodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis concinna (with 2296 and 989 immature stages, respectively). In addition, 48 I. frontalis (all stages), three Hyalomma rufipes nymphs, one I. lividus and two I. festai females were collected. The majority of I. ricinus and I. frontalis specimens occurred on ground-feeding bird species, as contrasted to Ha. concinna. Hy. rufipes showed the highest degree of sequence identity to an Ethiopian hybrid of the same tick species. Based on both COI and 16S rDNA gene analyses, two genetic lineages of I. frontalis were recognized (with only 91.4 % identity in their partial COI gene). These were highly similar to South-Western European isolates of the same tick species. Phylogenetic analysis of Ha. concinna specimens collected from birds in Hungary also revealed two genetic lineages, one of which showed high (≥99 %) degree of 16S rDNA sequence identity to conspecific East Asian isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two genetic lineages of I. frontalis and Ha. concinna are transported by birds in Central Europe, which reflect a high degree of sequence identity to South-Western European and East Asian isolates of the same tick species, respectively. In addition, I. festai was collected for the first time in Hungary. These findings highlight the importance of western and eastern migratory connections by birds (in addition to the southern direction), which are also relevant to the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary. hornok.sandor@aotk.szie.hu.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hornok
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary. flaisz.barbara@aotk.szie.hu.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flaisz
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary. takacs.nora@aotk.szie.hu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takács
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. jkontschan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kontschán
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránt University, Budapest, Hungary. csorgo@elte.hu.|Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Ócsa, Hungary. csorgo@elte.hu.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Csörgő
authors.affiliation: Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Ócsa, Hungary. csipak.armin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Á
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Csipak
authors.affiliation: Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Ócsa, Hungary. jaksabianka@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jaksa
authors.affiliation: Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Ócsa, Hungary. david.kovats@gmail.com.|Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. david.kovats@gmail.com.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kováts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D001717:Birds; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006814:Hungary; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV