title: Biomarkers of the involvement of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in asthma and allergic diseases.
abstract: Biomarkers of disease activity have come into wide use in the study of mechanisms of human disease and in clinical medicine to both diagnose and predict disease course; as well as to monitor response to therapeutic intervention. Here we review biomarkers of the involvement of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in human allergic inflammation. Included are surface markers of cell activation as well as specific products of these inflammatory cells that implicate specific cell types in the inflammatory process and are of possible value in clinical research as well as within decisions made in the practice of allergy-immunology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Dean D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pawankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.affiliation: The School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Franco H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gleich
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA USA.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Irani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA.
authors.forename: Mats W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Klion
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leiferman
authors.affiliation: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi-Schaffer
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
authors.forename: Calman
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prussin
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: University of Bern, Institute of Pharmacology, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans-Uwe
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Southampton General Hospital, Immunopharmacology Group, Southampton, Hampshire UK.
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Triggiani