title: DNA methylation in human epigenomes depends on local topology of CpG sites.
abstract: In vertebrates, methylation of cytosine at CpG sequences is implicated in stable and heritable patterns of gene expression. The classical model for inheritance, in which individual CpG sites are independent, provides no explanation for the observed non-random patterns of methylation. We first investigate the exact topology of CpG clustering in the human genome associated to CpG islands. Then, by pooling genomic CpG clusters on the basis of short distances between CpGs within and long distances outside clusters, we show a strong dependence of methylation on the number and density of CpG organization. CpG clusters with fewer, or less densely spaced, CpGs are predominantly hyper-methylated, while larger clusters are predominantly hypo-methylated. Intermediate clusters, however, are either hyper- or hypo-methylated but are rarely found in intermediate methylation states. We develop a model for spatially-dependent collaboration between CpGs, where methylated CpGs recruit methylation enzymes that can act on CpGs over an extended local region, while unmethylated CpGs recruit demethylation enzymes that act more strongly on nearby CpGs. This model can reproduce the effects of CpG clustering on methylation and produces stable and heritable alternative methylation states of CpG clusters, thus providing a coherent model for methylation inheritance and methylation patterning.
authors.affiliation: Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lövkvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.affiliation: Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark sneppen@nbi.dk.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sneppen
authors.affiliation: Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark haerter@nbi.dk.
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Haerter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D057890:Epigenomics / Q000379:methods; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological