title: Readmissions, Observation, and the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, which is included in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), applies financial penalties to hospitals that have higher-than-expected readmission rates for targeted conditions. Some policy analysts worry that reductions in readmissions are being achieved by keeping returning patients in observation units instead of formally readmitting them to the hospital. We examined the changes in readmission rates and stays in observation units over time for targeted and nontargeted conditions and assessed whether hospitals that had greater increases in observation-service use had greater reductions in readmissions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared monthly, hospital-level rates of readmission and observation-service use within 30 days after hospital discharge among Medicare elderly beneficiaries from October 2007 through May 2015. We used an interrupted time-series model to determine when trends changed and whether changes differed between targeted and nontargeted conditions. We assessed the correlation between changes in readmission rates and use of observation services after adoption of the ACA in March 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed data from 3387 hospitals. From 2007 to 2015, readmission rates for targeted conditions declined from 21.5% to 17.8%, and rates for nontargeted conditions declined from 15.3% to 13.1%. Shortly after passage of the ACA, the readmission rate declined quickly, especially for targeted conditions, and then continued to fall at a slower rate after October 2012 for both targeted and nontargeted conditions. Stays in observation units for targeted conditions increased from 2.6% in 2007 to 4.7% in 2015, and rates for nontargeted conditions increased from 2.5% to 4.2%. Within hospitals, there was no significant association between changes in observation-unit stays and readmissions after implementation of the ACA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readmission trends are consistent with hospitals' responding to incentives to reduce readmissions, including the financial penalties for readmissions under the ACA. We did not find evidence that changes in observation-unit stays accounted for the decrease in readmissions.
authors.affiliation: From the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (R.B.Z., S.H.S., E.J.O., J.R., A.M.E.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J.O.).
authors.forename: Rachael B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.affiliation: From the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (R.B.Z., S.H.S., E.J.O., J.R., A.M.E.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J.O.).
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sheingold
authors.affiliation: From the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (R.B.Z., S.H.S., E.J.O., J.R., A.M.E.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J.O.).
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Orav
authors.affiliation: From the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (R.B.Z., S.H.S., E.J.O., J.R., A.M.E.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J.O.).
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruhter
authors.affiliation: From the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (R.B.Z., S.H.S., E.J.O., J.R., A.M.E.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J.O.).
authors.forename: Arnold M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D033161:Government Regulation; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States