title: Proteome analysis of digestive fluids in Nepenthes pitchers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carnivorous plants have developed strategies to enable growth in nutrient-poor soils. For the genus Nepenthes, this strategy represents producing pitcher-modified leaves that can trap and digest various prey. These pitchers produce a digestive fluid composed of proteins, including hydrolytic enzymes. The focus of this study was on the identification of these proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to better characterize and have an overview of these proteins, digestive fluid was sampled from pitchers at different stages of maturity from five species of Nepenthes (N. mirabilis, N. alata, N. sanguinea, N. bicalcarata and N. albomarginata) that vary in their ecological niches and grew under different conditions. Three complementary approaches based on transcriptomic resources, mass spectrometry and in silico analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study permitted the identification of 29 proteins excreted in the pitchers. Twenty of these proteins were never reported in Nepenthes previously and included serine carboxypeptidases, α- and β-galactosidases, lipid transfer proteins and esterases/lipases. These 20 proteins display sequence signals allowing their secretion into the pitcher fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nepenthes pitcher plants have evolved an arsenal of enzymes to digest prey caught in their traps. The panel of new proteins identified in this study provides new insights into the digestive process of these carnivorous plants.
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Aura Optik GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Str. 6, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rottloff
authors.affiliation: Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Sissi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Flore
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biteau
authors.affiliation: Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nisse
authors.affiliation: Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammann
authors.affiliation: Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and.
authors.forename: Lauriane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and.
authors.forename: Johana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chicher
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bazile
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaume
authors.affiliation: Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mignard
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Alain.Hehn@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hehn
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bourgaud
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015723:Gene Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D052583:Sarraceniaceae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Carnivorous plants; Nepenthes alata; Nepenthes albomarginata; Nepenthes bicalcarata; Nepenthes mirabilis; Nepenthes sanguinea; digestive fluid; enzymes; mass spectrometry; pitcher plants; proteome; transcriptomic analysis