title: Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from T helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages.
abstract: Cellular and molecular investigation of parasitic helminth infections has greatly accelerated the understanding of type 2 immune responses. However, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. Herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how CD4(+) T helper type 2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages coordinately control helminth-induced parasitism. Primarily, this review will draw from studies of the murine nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which bears important similarities to the human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Given that one or more hookworm species currently infect millions of individuals across the globe, we propose that vaccine and/or pharmaceutical-based cure strategies targeting these affected human populations should incorporate the conceptual advances outlined herein.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Meera G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: De'Broski R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Herbert
mesh_terms: D000722:Ancylostoma / Q000276:immunology*; D000724:Ancylostomiasis / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003170:Complement Pathway, Alternative; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D017221:Necator americanus / Q000276:immunology*; D009332:Necatoriasis / Q000276:immunology*; D009559:Nippostrongylus / Q000276:immunology*; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth
keywords: M2 macrophage; T helper type 2; helminth infection; helminth therapy; innate lymphoid cell