title: Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the effectiveness of community pharmacy-delivered interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analyses. 10 electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  randomised and non-randomised controlled trials; controlled before/after studies, interrupted times series.
  
  
  METHODS
  any relevant intervention set in a community pharmacy, delivered by the pharmacy team. No restrictions on duration, country, age, or language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 studies were included: 2 alcohol reduction, 12 smoking cessation and 5 weight management. Study quality rating: 6 'strong', 4 'moderate' and 9 'weak'. 8 studies were conducted in the UK, 4 in the USA, 2 in Australia, 1 each in 5 other countries. Evidence from 2 alcohol-reduction interventions was limited. Behavioural support and/or nicotine replacement therapy are effective and cost-effective for smoking cessation: pooled OR was 2.56 (95% CI 1.45 to 4.53) for active intervention vs usual care. Pharmacy-based interventions produced similar weight loss compared with active interventions in other primary care settings; however, weight loss was not sustained longer term in a range of primary care and commercial settings compared with control. Pharmacy-based weight management interventions have similar provider costs to those delivered in other primary care settings, which are greater than those delivered by commercial organisations. Very few studies explored if and how sociodemographic or socioeconomic variables moderated intervention effects. Insufficient information was available to examine relationships between effectiveness and behaviour change strategies, implementation factors, or organisation and delivery of interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community pharmacy-delivered interventions are effective for smoking cessation, and demonstrate that the pharmacy is a feasible option for weight management interventions. Given the potential reach, effectiveness and associated costs of these interventions, commissioners should consider using community pharmacies to help deliver public health services.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Tamara J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Centre for Health and Inequalities Research, Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Husband
authors.affiliation: FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Centre for Health and Inequalities Research, Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Adetayo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasim
authors.affiliation: FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Falko F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sniehotta
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nield
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK FUSE, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Summerbell
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006801:Humans; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: NUTRITION & DIETETICS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH