title: Serum metabolomic profiling in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by GC/MS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to characterize the serum metabolic profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using metabolomics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected from patients with SLE (n = 80) and gender- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 57). Metabolite profiles were performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis, and possible biomarker metabolites were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLE and disease severity-related metabolic phenotypes were identified in sera. Parameters of the metabolomic model were correlated with SLEDAI (SLE disease activity index) scores in SLE. The metabolic signature of SLE patients comprised metabolite changes associated with amino acid turnover or protein biosynthesis, saccharometabolism, lipid metabolism, and gut microbial metabolism. Disease activity-related alterations included glutamate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, citrate, glycerol, linoleic acid, and propylparaben metabolites. Parts of endogenous metabolites related to SLE had the relationship with serum immunological parameters and organ manifestations. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a higher diagnosis accuracy of endogenous metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study distinguished serum metabotypes associated with SLE and disease activities. The implementation of this metabolomic strategy may help to develop biochemical insight into the metabolic alterations in SLE.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China , and.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China , and.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China , and.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Aixin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Weibin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Luyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China , and.
authors.forename: Cibo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: GC/MS; Metabolomics; Serum; Systemic lupus erythematosus