title: The Evaluation and Observation of "Hidden" Hypertrophy of Cervical Ligamentum Flavum, Cervical Canal, and Related Factors Using Kinetic Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objective The objective was to measure the change of flavum ligament diameter during positional changes of the cervical spine using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to examine the correlational diameter changes of the flavum ligament, disk bulging, and the spinal canal from extension to flexion positions. Methods One hundred eight-nine patients underwent kinetic MRI in neutral, extension, and flexion positions. The diameters of cervical ligamentum flavum, disk bulging, and cervical spinal canal and the disk degeneration grade and Cobb angles were measured from C2-C3 to C7-T1. Results In all, 1,134 cervical spinal segments from 189 patients were included. There was a 0.26 ± 0.85-mm average increase in the diameter of the ligamentum flavum from flexion to extension, and 62.70% of the segments had increased ligamentum flavum diameter from flexion to extension. For all segments of the 189 patients, the cervical spinal canal diameters had an average decrease at the disk level of 0.56 ± 1.21 mm from flexion to extension. For all segments with cervical spinal canal narrowing ≥1 mm from flexion to extension view, the ligamentum flavum diameters at C3-C4 to C5-C6 had significant increases compared with patients with spinal canal narrowing < 1 mm (p < 0.05). For patients with ligamentum flavum hypertrophy of ≥1 mm from the flexion to extension view, the cervical spinal canal diameters at C2-C3, C4-C5, and C5-C6 had significant decreases compared with patients with ligamentum flavum hypertrophy of <1 mm (p < 0.05). Conclusion The "hidden" hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum was significant at C4-C5 and C5-C6 and significantly contributes to the stenosis of cervical spinal canal in the extension position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurosurgery, USC Spine Center, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Yanlin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Haijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Bayan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aghdasi
keywords: cervical spine; disk herniation; kinematic analysis; kinetic MRI; ligamentum flavum; spinal canal