title: Analysis of aluminium in rat following administration of allergen immunotherapy using either aluminium or microcrystalline-tyrosine-based adjuvants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigation into the absorption, distribution and elimination of aluminium in rat after subcutaneous aluminium adjuvant formulation administration using ICP-MS is described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assays were verified under the principles of a tiered approach. There was no evidence of systemic exposure of aluminium, in brain or in kidney. Extensive and persistent retention of aluminium at the dose site was observed for at least 180 days after administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first published work that has quantified aluminium adjuvant retention based on the quantity of aluminium delivered in a typical allergy immunotherapy course. The results indicate that the repeated administration of aluminium-containing adjuvants will likely contribute directly and significantly to an individual's body burden of aluminium.
authors.affiliation: ARCINOVA, Willowburn Avenue, Alnwick, Northumberland, NE66 2JH, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.affiliation: Allergy Therapeutics plc, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Bencard Allergie GmbH, Messerschmittstr. 4, 80992 München, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Allergy Therapeutics plc, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA, UK.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014443:Tyrosine; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: ADME; ICP-MS; ICP-MS sample digestion; SCIT; adjuvant; body burden; subcutaneous; tiered approach; tissue distribution