title: Efficacy of postoperative antibiotic injection in and around ventriculoperitoneal shunt in reduction of shunt infection: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection is a common complication of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery. The incidence of shunt infection is still high despite routine administration of perioperative antibiotics. A lower incidence of shunt infection was observed when antibiotic-impregnated shunts (AIS) were used to treat hydrocephalus and a rapid cure was reported in cases of ventriculitis when antibiotics were injected into external ventricular drain (EVD). That is why we theorized that postoperative prophylactic injection of antibiotics in and around the shunt hardware would reduce the incidence of shunt infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled clinical trial where 60 patients up to one year old, diagnosed with congenital hydrocephalus and submitted to VP shunt insertion, were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. The treatment groups received the conventional perioperative antibiotics in addition to vancomycin and gentamicin injection in the reservoir and around the peritoneal catheter either once (group A) or twice (group B), while the control group (C) received only the conventional perioperative antibiotics. Cases were followed-up for up to 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients were less than 1 month old. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 12 months with a mean of 8.9 months. The mean duration of onset of infection after surgery was 30 days. Prematurity (p=0.00236), age less than one month (p<0.0001) and duration of surgery of 90 min or more (p<0.00001) were significant risk factors for postoperative shunt infection. Significantly more cases of shunt infection occurred within one month after surgery (p=0.021). The control group had significantly more cases of postoperative shunt infection than the treatment groups (p=0.0042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In congenital hydrocephalus patients submitted to VP shunt insertion, injection of prophylactic vancomycin and gentamicin in and around the shunt hardware significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative shunt infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: waelmmosa@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Wael Mohamed Mohamed
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed Abbas Aly
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Gentamicin; Hydrocephalus; Infection; Shunt; Vancomycin; Ventriculoperitoneal (VP)