title: High-Resolution Methods for Diagnosing Cartilage Damage In Vivo.
abstract: Advances in current clinical modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, allow for earlier diagnoses of cartilage damage that could mitigate progression to osteoarthritis. However, current imaging modalities do not detect submicrometer damage. Developments in in vivo or arthroscopic techniques, including optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography, bioelectricity including streaming potential measurement, noninvasive electroarthrography, and multiphoton microscopy can detect damage at an earlier time point, but they are limited by a lack of penetration and the ability to assess an entire joint. This article reviews current advancements in clinical and developing modalities that can aid in the early diagnosis of cartilage injury and facilitate studies of interventional therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kira D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Novakofski
authors.affiliation: MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pownder
authors.affiliation: MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Koff
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Hollis G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fortier
keywords: CT; MRI; cartilage; imaging; multiphoton microscopy