title: Impact evaluation of the Urban Health Initiative in urban Uttar Pradesh, India.
abstract: The Urban Health Initiative (UHI) was initiated in 2009 with the goal of increasing family planning (FP) use among the poor in urban areas of Uttar Pradesh, India. The Measurement, Learning & Evaluation project (MLE) was tasked with rigorous impact evaluation of the UHI. This paper presents the impact evaluation findings of the UHI program.
  
  
  
  The MLE design includes a longitudinal sample of women and health facilities with baseline (2010) and endline (2014) data collection in six cities in Uttar Pradesh, India. At baseline, samples representative of women in each city were selected with oversampling of the poor. Eighty-four percent of women interviewed at baseline were reinterviewed 4 years later at endline. The longitudinal data support a within/fixed-effects approach to identification of program impact on changes in modern FP use.
  
  
  
  Impact evaluation results show significant effects of exposure to both demand and supply side program activities. In particular, women exposed to brochures (marginal effect: 6.96, p<.001), billboards/posters/wall hangings (marginal effect: 2.09, p<.05), and FP on the television (marginal effect: 2.46, p<.001) were significantly more likely to be using a modern method at endline. In addition, we found borderline significance for being exposed to a community health worker (marginal effect: 1.66, p<.10) and living close to an improved public and private supply environment where UHI undertook activities (marginal effects and p values: 2.48, p<.05 and 1.56, p<.10, respectively).
  
  
  
  UHI program activities were designed to complement the Government of India's strategies aimed at ensuring access to and provision of FP to urban poor populations. The effective demand- and supply-side strategies of the UHI program are therefore likely to be sustainable and scalable to other urban areas in India.
  
  
  
  Findings from this study are important for designing sustainable and scalable FP strategies for urban India where increases in FP use will be relevant for meeting international FP targets.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Research on Women, Asia Regional Office.
authors.forename: Pranita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Achyut
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corroon
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Guilkey
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Essete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lance
authors.affiliation: International Center for Research on Women, Asia Regional Office.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: International Center for Research on Women, Asia Regional Office.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.affiliation: International Center for Research on Women, Asia Regional Office.
authors.forename: Ranajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Electronic address: ilene_speizer@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Ilene S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Family planning; Impact evaluation; India; Longitudinal; Urban