title: Complete genome sequence of the cold-active bacteriophage VMY22 from Bacillus cereus.
abstract: The cold-active bacteriophage VMY22, belonging to the Podoviridae family, was isolated from Mingyong Glacier in China. Sequence analysis revealed that the genome is 18,609 bp long, with an overall G + C content of 36.4 mol%, and 25 open reading frames (ORFs). The sequence contains 46 potential promoters, 6 transcription terminators, and no tRNAs. Most of the ORFs show a high degree of similarity to B103 (NC_004165). Two noteworthy findings were made. First, one of the predicted proteins, ORF 19, shows high sequence similarity to the bacteriocin biosynthesis protein from Bacillus cereus. From this information, we propose that the VMY22 phage is at an intermediate phase in its coevolution with its bacterial host. Second, seven of the hypothetical proteins appear to be unique to this cold-active B. cereus phage (i.e., not found in temperate-active B. cereus phages). These observations add to our current knowledge about the coevolution of bacteriophages and their hosts. The identification of a novel group of gene and protein structures and functions will lead to a better understanding of cold-adaptation mechanisms in bacteria and their bacteriophages.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.|Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Kunhao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Regional Academic Heath Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA.
authors.forename: Benxu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Shengting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
authors.forename: Anxiu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
authors.forename: Lianbing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China. jixiuling1023@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China. weiyunlin18@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yunlin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017103:Bacillus Phages / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000821:virology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D001482:Base Composition; D002681:China; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D061806:Transcription Termination, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Bacteriocin; Bacteriophage; Cold-active phage; Sequence analysis