title: Daily salt intake estimated by overnight urine collections indicates a high cardiovascular disease risk in Thailand.
abstract: This cross-sectional study (February 2012 to March 2013) was conducted to estimate daily salt intake and basic characteristics among 793 community-dwelling participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease (Framingham risk score >15%), who had visited diabetes or hypertension clinics at health centres in the Muang district, Chiang Rai, Thailand. We performed descriptive analysis of baseline data and used an automated analyser to estimate the average of 24-hour salt intake estimated from 3 days overnight urine collection. Participants were divided into two groups based on median estimated daily salt intake. Mean age and proportion of males were 65.2 years and 37.6% in the higher salt intake group (>=10.0 g/day, n=362), and 67.5 years and 42.7% in the lower salt intake group (<10.0 g/day, n=431), respectively (p=0.01, p<0.01). The higher salt intake group comprised more patients with a family history of hypertension, antihypertensive drug use, less ideal body mass index (18.5-24.9), higher exercise frequency (>=2 times weekly) and lower awareness of high salt intake. Among higher salt intake participants, those with lower awareness of high salt intake were younger and more often had a family history of hypertension, relative to those with more awareness. Our data indicated that families often share lifestyles involving high salt intake, and discrepancies between actual salt intake and awareness of high salt intake may represent a need for salt reduction intervention aiming at family level. Awareness of actual salt intake should be improved for each family.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Email: yokokawa@pa3.so-net.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Hirohide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokokawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supalert
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nedsuwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Saiyud
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moolphate
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social Science, Kyorin University Graduate School of International Corporation Studies, Hachioji, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Laboratory of School Health, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Arts Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D059349:Urine Specimen Collection
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary