title: Regional circulatory distribution of novel cardiac bio-markers and their relationships with haemodynamic measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regional sampling may identify sites of production or removal of novel biomarkers in the circulation; their relationship to haemodynamic measurements may clarify their association with the pathophysiology of heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were obtained from up to eight circulatory sites from 22 patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing elective cardiac catheterisation. The plasma concentrations (PC) of six biomarkers [mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1), mid-regional pro-adreno-medullin (MR-proADM), high sensitivity pro-calcitonin (hsPCT), copeptin and galectin-3 (Gal-3)] were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of MR-proANP were highest in the pulmonary artery (PA) and left ventricle, suggesting myocardial production. Lower concentrations of copeptin, CT-proET-1, MR-proADM and hsPCT were found in the supra-renal inferior vena cava (SRIVC) sample suggesting renal extraction. Plasma concentrations of Galectin-3 varied little by sampling site. Plasma concentrations of MR-proANP (R=0.69, P=0.002), MR-proADM (R=0.51, P=0.03), CT-proET-1 (R=0.60, P=0.009) and Copeptin (R=0.47, P<0.05) measured from PA samples correlated with PA systolic pressure. There was no relation between any measured marker and cardiac index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional sampling shows variation in the plasma concentration of various novel peptides that provides clues to sites of net production and removal. Plasma concentrations of several biomarkers were positively correlated with pulmonary artery pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK. Electronic address: pierpaolo.pellicori@hey.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pellicori
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Daniyal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School (at University of Hull), Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK.
authors.forename: John G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000097:blood; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides
keywords: Biomarker; Cardiac haemodynamics; Heart failure; Left ventricular dysfunction; Pulmonary artery pressure