title: Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.
abstract: An outbreak of necrotic enteritis (NE) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic Clostridium perfringens. Examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as Fusarium mycotoxins in feed and Eimeria infections. Recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition. Butyrate-producing-strains of the Ruminococcaceae family are decreased in abundance by both fishmeal and Eimeria. Similarly, a decreased abundance of butyrate-producing-strains belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family has been induced by fishmeal. Also shifts are observed in the lactic acid-producing bacteria, such as decreased abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii or Weissella confusa, when broilers were fed a fishmeal-based diet or a Fusarium mycotoxin contaminated diet. Finally, the abundance of Candidatus Savagella was decreased in broilers following Eimeria challenge or feeding a fumonisins contaminated diet. The nature of the microbiota shifts indicate that immune modulatory actions of the intestinal microbiota may play a critical role in the effect on the necrosis inducing activity of C. perfringens. Indeed, colonization with butyrate-producing bacteria plays a key role in counteracting inflammation in the gut and preserving intestinal integrity, while Candidatus Savagella is involved in stimulating Th17 and immunoglobulin A responses. Lactic acid bacteria stimulate colonization of lactate-utilizing and butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae. Future research needs to clarify the role of the microbiota changes in the pathogenesis of NE.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.|b Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonissen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Venessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eeckhaut
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Karolien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Driessche
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Lonneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Onrust
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ducatelle
authors.affiliation: c School of Applied Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Immerseel
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004751:Enteritis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D007249:Inflammation / Q000662:veterinary; D009336:Necrosis / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Clostridium perfringens; chicken; microbiota; necrotic enteritis; short-chain fatty acids