title: RBC invasion and invasion-inhibition assays using free merozoites isolated after cold treatment of Babesia bovis in vitro culture.
abstract: Babesia bovis is an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan that can invade bovine red blood cells (RBCs), where it multiplies asexually. RBC invasion assays using free viable merozoites are now routinely used to understand the invasion mechanism of B. bovis, and to evaluate the efficacy of chemicals and antibodies that potentially inhibit RBC invasion by the parasite. The application of high-voltage pulses (high-voltage electroporation), a commonly used method to isolate free merozoites from infected RBCs, reduces the viability of the merozoites. Recently, a cold treatment of B. bovis in vitro culture was found to induce an effective release of merozoites from the infected RBCs. In the present study, we incubated in vitro cultures of B. bovis in an ice bath to liberate merozoites from infected RBCs and then evaluated the isolated merozoites in RBC invasion and invasion-inhibitions assays. The viability of the purified merozoites (72.4%) was significantly higher than that of merozoites isolated with high-voltage electroporation (48.5%). The viable merozoites prepared with the cold treatment also invaded uninfected bovine RBCs at a higher rate (0.572%) than did merozoites prepared with high-voltage electroporation (0.251%). The invasion-blocking capacities of heparin, a polyclonal rabbit antibody directed against recombinant B. bovis rhoptry associated protein 1, and B. bovis-infected bovine serum were successfully demonstrated in an RBC invasion assay with the live merozoites prepared with the cold treatment, suggesting that the targets of these inhibitors were intact in the merozoites. These findings indicate that the cold treatment technique is a useful tool for the isolation of free, viable, invasion-competent B. bovis merozoites, which can be effectively used for RBC invasion and invasion-inhibition assays in Babesia research.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Thillaiampalam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Bumduuren
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tuvshintulga
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. Electronic address: yokoyama@obihiro.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000469:parasitology; D002417:Cattle; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018274:Electroporation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D052940:Merozoites / Q000502:physiology; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000469:parasitology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin
keywords: Babesia bovis; Cold treatment; Invasion-inhibition assay; Merozoite isolation; RBC invasion