title: Anti-HIV Factors: Targeting Each Step of HIV's Replication Cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Similar to other animal viruses, HIV-1 relies on the contributions of the cellular machinery to ensure efficient virus propagation. However, human cells have evolved refined mechanisms to block key steps of the virus life-cycle, thereby suppressing viral replication. These cellular proteins are generally known as restriction factors, and they provide an early antiviral defense. So far, five potent restriction factors have been shown to effectively block HIV and/or SIV replication. These are TRIM5 proteins, SAMHD-1, members of the APOBEC3 (A3) family, Mx2 and Tetherin/BST-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we review the antiviral mechanisms of these and other antiviral factors, their interaction with the innate immune responses, and how their functions might be exploited to clear and prevent HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the majority of vaccine approaches against HIV have failed so far, it is imperative to start looking at alternative strategies for vaccine and therapy development. By better understanding how HIV hijacks the cellular machinery for its own benefit in completing its life-cycle, and how the virus adapts to circumvent our intrinsic immunity, we will be better equipped to design compounds that specifically interrupt virus replication and spread.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colomer-Lluch
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gollahon
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences. Texas Tech University, 8th and Canton Ave. Experimental Sciences Building Room 113, Box 43131. Lubbock, Texas 79409-3131, USA. ruth.serra-moreno@ttu.edu.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serra-Moreno
mesh_terms: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C579068:MX2 protein, human; C506934:RNF115 protein, human; C477346:TRIM5 protein, human; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human