title: Non-invasive visual tools for diagnosis of oral cancer and dysplasia: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gold standard for the diagnosis of oral dysplasia (OD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and malignant lesions is the histological examination. Several adjunctive diagnostic techniques have been proposed in order to increase the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of conventional oral examination and to improve the diagnostic first level accuracy. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review on non-invasive tools for diagnosis of OD and early OSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Scopus, Web of Knowledge databases were searched, using as entry terms "oral dysplasia AND diagnosis" / "oral cancer AND diagnosis". Data extracted from each study included number of lesions evaluated, histopathological diagnosis, SE, SP, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), diagnostic accuracy (DA) and the main conclusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After title and abstract scanning of 11.080 records, we selected 35 articles for full text evaluation. Most evaluated tools were autofluorescence (AF), chemiluminescence (CL), toluidine blu (TL) and chemiluminescence associated with toluidine blue (CLTB).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a great inhomogeneity of the reported values and there is no significant evidence of superiority of one tool over the other. Further clinical trials with a higher level of evidence are necessary in order to assess the real usefulness visual diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Center of Oral Laser Surgery and Oral Medicine, Dental School. Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43125 Parma, Italy marco.meleti@unipr.it.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giovannacci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vescovi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meleti
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: D014048:Tolonium Chloride