title: The urge to change appearance in different psychopathological categories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In professional literature, mainly anecdotic descriptions can be found of striking, sometimes even bizarre manipulations of the appearance by psychiatric patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, it was examined whether the inclination to (drastically) change the appearance is related to (pre)psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  By means of a questionnaire, the frequency and nature of changing the appearance was studied among a sample of healthy volunteers (n = 38) and psychiatric patients (n = 61). The psychiatric group consisted of 1) patients with schizophrenia (n = 22), 2) patients with a borderline personality disorder (n = 20) and 3) patients with a depressive disorder (n = 19).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In accordance with previous findings, self-reports of drastic changes of appearance were associated with scores on various schizotypy scales. Psychiatric patients reported more changes of appearance, compared with healthy volunteers. Patients with schizophrenia reported most changes, followed by the group of patients with borderline personality disordered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perhaps, drastic changes of the appearance are a visible expression of the loss of ego boundaries and/or of the sense of reality.
authors.affiliation: 1Mondriaan Zorggroep, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost À
authors.initials: JÀ
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: 1Mondriaan Zorggroep, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Experimental Psychology and the Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Merckelbach
authors.affiliation: 3Forensic psychiatric hospital 'De Kijvelanden', Poortugaal, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.affiliation: 3Forensic psychiatric hospital 'De Kijvelanden', Poortugaal, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Almar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zwets