title: Granular biochar compared with activated carbon for wastewater treatment and resource recovery.
abstract: Granular wood-derived biochar (BC) was compared to granular activated carbon (GAC) for the treatment and nutrient recovery of real wastewater in both batch and column studies. Batch adsorption studies showed that BC material had a greater adsorption capacity at the high initial concentrations of total chemical oxygen demand (COD-T) (1200 mg L(-1)), PO4 (18 mg L(-1)), and NH4 (50 mg L(-1)) compared to GAC. Conversely the BC material showed a lower adsorption capacity for all concentrations of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD-D) and the lower concentrations of PO4 (5 mg L(-1)) and NH4 (10 mg L(-1)). Packed bed column studies showed similar average COD-T removal rate for BC with 0.27 ± 0.01 kg m(-3) d(-1) and GAC with 0.24 ± 0.01 kg m(-3) d(-1), but BC had nearly twice the average removal rate (0.41 ± 0.08 kg m(-3) d(-3)) compared to GAC during high COD-T concentrations (>500 mg L(-1)). Elemental analysis showed that both materials accumulated phosphorous during wastewater treatment (2.6 ± 0.4 g kg(-1) and 1.9 ± 0.1 g kg(-1) for BC and GAC respectively). They also contained high concentrations of other macronutrients (K, Ca, and Mg) and low concentrations of metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu). The good performance of BC is attributed to its macroporous structure compared with the microporous GAC. These favorable treatment data for high strength wastewater, coupled with additional life-cycle benefits, helps support the use of BC in packed bed column filters for enhanced wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haeger
authors.affiliation: US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW., Code 6100, Washington DC., 20375, USA. Electronic address: Justin.biffinger@nrl.navy.mil.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Biffinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: zhiyong.ren@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Zhiyong Jason
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D005374:Filtration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D002606:Charcoal; D008274:Magnesium; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010758:Phosphorus; D011188:Potassium; D062065:Wastewater; C540010:biochar
keywords: Activated carbon; Biochar; Nutrient recovery; Sustainability; Wastewater