title: The effect of exercise on vastus medialis oblique muscle architecture: An ultrasound investigation.
abstract: The vastus medialis oblique (VMO) is thought to be implicated in patellofemoral pain (PFP), and weakness in this portion of the vastus medialis muscle may lead to PFP. Management includes physiotherapy to strengthen the VMO. Although this intervention has been shown to be effective, the effects on the architecture of the muscle have not been investigated. This study aims to determine the changes in VMO architecture following a program of strengthening exercises. Twenty-one male participants underwent an initial ultrasound scan to measure the fiber angle and the insertion level of the VMO on the patella. Each subject then undertook a 6-week quadriceps femoris strengthening program; the scan and measurements were then repeated. A significant increase in VMO fiber angle and insertion length was observed. Average fiber angle increased by 5.24°; average insertion length increased by 2.7 mm. There was found to be a significant negative correlation between the initial values and the degree of change. Pearson's coefficient of correlation for measurements of patella length taken before and after exercise was 0.921, indicating a high degree of reliability. There was a significant positive correlation between fiber angle change and declared level of compliance (R(2)  = 0.796). The results reported here indicate that physiotherapy leads to a significant change in VMO morphology. Given the inverse correlation noted between initial architectural parameters and the degree of change, we suggest that patients who would benefit most from physiotherapy can be identified in clinic using a simple ultrasound technique. Clin. Anat. 29:752-758, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoshkhoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Killingback
authors.affiliation: Wimbledon Clinics, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education (Anatomy), St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Adds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: muscle architecture; patellofemoral pain; ultrasound; vastus medialis