title: Effects of Prophylactic Ankle Supports on Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Landing: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: There has been much debate on how prophylactic ankle supports (PASs) may influence the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during landing. Therefore, the primary aims of this meta-analysis were to systematically review and synthesize the effect of PASs on vGRF, and to understand how PASs affect vGRF peaks (F1, F2) and the time from initial contact to peak loading (T1, T2) during landing. Several key databases, including Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, ProQuest, Medline, Ovid, Web of Science, and the Physical Activity Index, were used for identifying relevant studies published in English since inception to April 1, 2015. The computerized literature search and cross-referencing the citation list of the articles yielded 3,993 articles. Criteria for inclusion required that 1) the study was conducted on healthy adults; 2) the subject number and trial number were known; 3) the subjects performed landing with and without PAS; 4) the landing movement was in the sagittal plane; 5) the comparable vGRF parameters were reported; and 6) the F1 and F2 must be normalized to the subject's body weight. After the removal of duplicates and irrelevant articles, 6, 6, 15 and 11 studies were respectively pooled for outcomes of F1, T1, F2 and T2. This study found a significantly increased F2 (.03 BW, 95% CI: .001, .05) and decreased T1 (-1.24 ms, 95% CI: -1.77, -.71) and T2 (-3.74 ms, 95% CI: -4.83, -2.65) with the use of a PAS. F1 was not significantly influenced by the PAS. Heterogeneity was present in some results, but there was no evidence of publication bias for any outcome. These changes represented deterioration in the buffering characteristics of the joint. An ideal PAS design should limit the excessive joint motion of ankle inversion, while allowing a normal range of motion, especially in the sagittal plane. Key pointsPAS can effectively protect the ligamentous structure from spraining by providing mechanical support and cutaneous proprioceptive benefits.Using of PAS can significantly elevate F2 and reduce T1 and T2 during landing. These changes represented deterioration in the buffering characteristics of the joint.An ideal PAS design should limit the excessive joint motion of the ankle inversion, while allow normal range of motion, especially in the sagittal plane.
authors.affiliation: Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Eastern Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tienan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University , Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lejun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Eastern Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chenghua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Ankle brace; ankle sprain; anterior cruciate ligament; athletic tape