title: Extubating Extremely Preterm Infants: Predictors of Success and Outcomes following Failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify variables that predict extubation success in extremely preterm infants born <28 weeks gestational age (GA), and to compare outcomes between those who had successful or failed extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of postextubation respiratory support that included 174 extremely preterm infants. "Extubation success" was defined as not requiring reintubation within 7 days, and "extubation failure" the converse. Predictive variables that were different between groups were included in a multivariable logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight percent of infants were successfully extubated. Compared with those infants who had extubation failure, they had a higher GA and birth weight, were extubated earlier, were more often exposed to prolonged ruptured membranes, more often avoided intubation in the delivery room, had a higher pre-extubation pH, and had lower mean pre-extubation fraction of inspired oxygen and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). Only GA and PCO2 remained significant in the multivariable analysis (area under a receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.81). Extubation failure was associated with death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe retinopathy of prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, and longer durations of respiratory support, oxygen supplementation, and hospitalization. When adjusted for allocated treatment in the randomized trial, GA, and birth weight z-score, extubation failure remained associated with death before discharge and prolonged respiratory support and hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In extremely preterm infants, higher GA and lower pre-extubation PCO2 predicted extubation success. Infants in whom extubation failed were more likely to die and have prolonged respiratory support and hospitalization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Network: ACTRN12610000166077.
authors.affiliation: Newborn Research Center and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: brett.manley@thewomens.org.au.
authors.forename: Brett J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.affiliation: Newborn Research Center and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lex W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Newborn Research Center and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Newborn Research Center and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D060666:Airway Extubation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Mechanical ventilation; Neonatal intensive care