title: Upper Extremity Runoff: Pearls and Pitfalls in Computed Tomography Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography.
abstract: Upper extremity vasculature can be affected by various traumatic and nontraumatic pathologies; however, the evaluation of these arteries can be challenging for the radiologists as well as for the clinicians. After an accurate history and clinical examination, imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of these patients. Depending on the urgency and the indication, upper extremity arteries may be evaluated by ultrasonography with color Doppler, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or digital subtraction angiography. This review article discusses relevant imaging anatomy of the upper extremity arteries, presents CT and MRI protocols, briefly describes the state-of-the-art CT and MRI of various pathologies affecting the upper extremity arteries, and summarizes the important pearls needed for busy practicing radiologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: drprashantnagpal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maller
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Gunjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hedgire
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khandelwal
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Sanjeeva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalva
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Steigner
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Sachin S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Saboo
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*