title: Perineural Invasion and Lymphovascular Invasion are Associated with Increased Risk of Biochemical Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy.
abstract: This study was designed to determine whether perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are independent predictors for biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) following radical prostatectomy (RP) in the Asian population.
  
  
  
  The study population comprised 2394 PCa patients undergoing RP at our institution in Korea. After excluding 360 patients, we compared the baseline characteristics between the groups according to the presence of PNI or LVI and estimated BCR-free survival using the Kaplan-Meier survival. Multivariate Cox regression model was adopted to identify significant predictive factors of BCR following RP.
  
  
  
  Among 2034 patients, PNI and LVI were detected in 69.3 and 12.4 % patients, respectively. Patients with PNI or LVI had higher rates of advanced biopsy and pathological Gleason score (≥7), and higher proportions of advanced clinical and pathological T stage ≥3, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and surgical margin positivity. Notably, BCR-free survival was lower in patients with PNI or LVI compared with that in patients without these markers and lower in patients with both markers compared with that in other populations of patients. Moreover, PNI (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.11) and LVI (HR = 1.57) were significant predictors of BCR. The presence of the two markers was associated with a higher risk of BCR (HR = 4.60) compared with the presence of either marker alone (HR = 3.47).
  
  
  
  PNI and LVI are adverse pathologic parameters and independent predictors for BCR, and the concurrent presence of PNI and LVI resulted in poorer outcomes for BCR in PCa patients who underwent RP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minyong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangchul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. ssbyun@snubh.org.
authors.forename: Seok-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Byun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*