title: Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review.
abstract: The purpose of this review is to describe and evaluate the existing research on the use of urine alarms in the daytime toilet training of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). A systematic literature search yielded 12 studies, many of which were published over a decade ago. The findings suggest that interventions that incorporate the use of urine alarms are promising in the treatment of daytime enuresis for children with IDD; however, more carefully controlled research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the precise role urine alarms may play in toileting interventions. Methodological strengths and limitations of the body of research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: Lynne_Levato@URMC.Rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Lynne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Levato
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: Courtney_Aponte@URMC.Rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Courtney A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Aponte
authors.affiliation: Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: Jonathan.Wilkins@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: Rebekah.Travis@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: Rachel_Aiello@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: Katherine_Zanibbi@URMC.Rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zanibbi
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: Whitney.a.Loring@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Whitney A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Loring
authors.affiliation: Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: Eric.Butter@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Butter
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: Tristram_Smith@URMC.Rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Tristram
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Electronic address: Daniel_Mruzek@URMC.Rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mruzek
mesh_terms: D056902:Clinical Alarms; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D053207:Diurnal Enuresis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004775:Enuresis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014039:Toilet Training
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Intellectual and developmental disabilities; Toilet training; Urine alarm