title: Park characteristics, use, and physical activity: A review of studies using SOPARC (System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities).
abstract: The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) can obtain information on park users and their physical activity using momentary time sampling. We conducted a literature review of studies using the SOPARC tool to describe the observational methods of each study, and to extract public park use overall and by demographics and physical activity levels. We searched PubMed, Embase, and SPORTDiscus for full-length observational studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals through 2014. Twenty-four studies from 34 articles were included. The number of parks observed per study ranged from 3 to 50. Most studies observed parks during one season. The number of days parks were observed ranged from 1 to 16, with 16 studies observing 5 or more days. All studies included at least one weekday and all but two included at least one weekend day. Parks were observed from 1 to 14times/day, with most studies observing at least 4 times/day. All studies included both morning and afternoon observations, with one exception. There was a wide range of park users (mean 1.0 to 152.6 people/park/observation period), with typically more males than females visiting parks and older adults less than other age groups. Park user physical activity levels varied greatly across studies, with youths generally more active than adults and younger children more active than adolescents. SOPARC was adapted to numerous settings and these review results can be used to improve future studies using the tool, demonstrate ways to compare park data, and inform park promotions and programming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: kelly_evenson@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: sydneyaj@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Sydney A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: khausman@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Katelyn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Holliday
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407, United States. Electronic address: dcohen@rand.org.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5127 Walsh Way, San Diego, CA 92115, United States. Electronic address: tmckenzi@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D000068316:Parks, Recreational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Observation; Park and recreation; Physical activity; Sedentary behavior; Surveillance