title: Development of Similar Broth Microdilution Methods to Determine the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum.
abstract: Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum are major fish pathogens that cause diseases that may require antimicrobial therapy. Choice of appropriate treatment is dependent upon determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Therefore we optimized methods for broth microdilution testing of F. columnare and F. psychrophilum to facilitate standardizing an antimicrobial susceptibility test. We developed adaptations to make reproducible broth inoculums and confirmed the proper incubation time and media composition. We tested the stability of potential quality-control bacteria and compared test results between different operators. Log phase occurred at 48 h for F. columnare and 72-96 h for F. psychrophilum, confirming the test should be incubated at 28°C for approximately 48 h and at 18°C for approximately 96 h, respectively. The most consistent susceptibility results were achieved with plain, 4-g/L, dilute Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with dilute calcium and magnesium. Supplementing the broth with horse serum did not improve growth. The quality-control strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658, yielded stable minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against all seven antimicrobials tested after 30 passes at 28°C and 15 passes at 18°C. In comparison tests, most MICs of the isolates agreed 100% within one drug dilution for ampicillin, florfenicol, and oxytetracycline. The agreement was lower with the ormetoprim-sulfdimethoxine combination, but there was at least 75% agreement for all but one isolate. These experiments have provided methods to help standardize antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these nutritionally fastidious aquatic bacteria. Received June 24, 2015; accepted October 2, 2015.
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , Maryland 20708 , USA.
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gieseker
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , Maryland 20708 , USA.
authors.forename: Tina C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , Maryland 20708 , USA.|b Present address: Sirenas Marine Discovery , 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego , California 92121 , USA.
authors.forename: Tamara D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , Maryland 20708 , USA.
authors.forename: Sonya M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bodeis
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , Maryland 20708 , USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media