title: Emergence or improved detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Himalayan highlands?
abstract: The emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the Himalayan highlands is of significant veterinary and public health concern and may be related to climate warming and anthropogenic landscape change, or simply improved surveillance. To investigate this phenomenon, a One Health approach focusing on the phylogeography of JEV, the distribution and abundance of the mosquito vectors, and seroprevalence in humans and animal reservoirs would be useful to understand the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in highland areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, UK matthew.baylis@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baylis
authors.affiliation: Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caminade
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research, Extension and Development (CEAPRED), Nayabato, Lalitpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Bhoj R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ganesh R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Department of Pediatrics, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rayamajhi
authors.affiliation: Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Impoinvil
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000254:growth & development*; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D057232:Global Warming; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D058974:Phylogeography; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D018609:Tibet / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Climate change; Emergence; JEV; Japanese encephalitis; Mosquito; Nepal