title: A vaccine consisting of Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B formulated in Montanide ISA 720 VG induces high level protection against murine schistosomiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosomiasis is the most important human helminth infection due to its impact on public health. The clinical manifestations are chronic and significantly decrease an individual's quality of life. Infected individuals suffer from long-term organ pathologies including fibrosis which eventually leads to organ failure. The development of a vaccine against this parasitic disease would contribute to a long-lasting decrease in disease spectrum and transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our group has chosen Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) cathepsin B, a peptidase involved in parasite feeding, as a prospective vaccine candidate. Our experimental formulation consisted of recombinant Sm-cathepsin B formulated in Montanide ISA 720 VG, a squalene based adjuvant containing a mannide mono-oleate emulsifier. Parasitological burden was assessed by determining adult worm, hepatic egg, and intestinal egg numbers in each mouse. Serum was used in ELISAs to evaluate production of antigen-specific antibodies, and isolated splenocytes were stimulated with the antigen for the analysis of cytokine secretion levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Sm-cathepsin B and Montanide formulation conferred protection against a challenge infection by significantly reducing all forms of parasitological burdens. Worm burden, hepatic egg burden and intestinal egg burden were decreased by 60%, 6%, and 56%, respectively in immunized animals compared to controls (P = 0.0002, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0009, respectively). Immunizations with the vaccine elicited robust production of Sm-cathepsin B specific antibodies (endpoint titers = 122,880). Both antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2c titers were observed, with the former having more elevated titers. Furthermore, splenocytes isolated from the immunized animals, compared to control animals, secreted higher levels of key Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α, as well as the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-4 when stimulated with recombinant Sm-cathepsin B. The Th17 cytokine IL-17, the chemokine CCL5, and the growth factor GM-CSF were also significantly increased in the immunized animals compared to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formulation tested in this study was able to significantly reduce all forms of parasite burden, stimulate robust production of antigen-specific antibodies, and induce a mixed Th1/Th2 response. These results highlight the potential of Sm-cathepsin B/Montanide ISA 720 VG as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Kittipos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Visitsunthorn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre (MBC) Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. momar.ndao@mcgill.ca.|National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. momar.ndao@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Momar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D014612:Vaccines; D002401:Cathepsin B