title: Combined biocidal action of silver nanoparticles and ions against Chlorococcales (Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris) and filamentous algae (Klebsormidium sp.).
abstract: Despite the extensive research, the mechanism of the antimicrobial and biocidal performance of silver nanoparticles has not been unequivocally elucidated yet. Our study was aimed at the investigation of the ability of silver nanoparticles to suppress the growth of three types of algae colonizing the wetted surfaces or submerged objects and the mechanism of their action. Silver nanoparticles exhibited a substantial toxicity towards Chlorococcales Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris, and filamentous algae Klebsormidium sp., which correlated with their particle size. The particles had very good stability against agglomeration even in the presence of multivalent cations. The concentration of silver ions in equilibrium with nanoparticles markedly depended on the particle size, achieving about 6 % and as low as about 0.1 % or even less for the particles 5 nm in size and for larger ones (40-70 nm), respectively. Even very limited proportion of small particles together with larger ones could substantially increase concentration of Ag ions in solution. The highest toxicity was found for the 5-nm-sized particles, being the smallest ones in this study. Their toxicity was even higher than that of silver ions at the same silver concentration. When compared as a function of the Ag(+) concentration in equilibrium with 5-nm particles, the toxicity of ions was at least 17 times higher than that obtained by dissolving silver nitrite (if not taking into account the effect of nanoparticles themselves). The mechanism of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles was found complex with an important role played by the adsorption of silver nanoparticles and the ions released from the particles on the cell surface. This mechanism could be described as some sort of synergy between nanoparticles and ions. While our study clearly showed the presence of this synergy, its detailed explanation is experimentally highly demanding, requiring a close cooperation between materials scientists, physical chemists, and biologists.
authors.affiliation: J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.|Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zouzelka
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavlina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cihakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rihova Ambrozova
authors.affiliation: J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic. jiri.rathousky@jh-inst.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathousky
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007477:Ions / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012996:Solutions; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D007477:Ions; D012996:Solutions; D012834:Silver
keywords: Algae; Concentration of silver ions in equilibrium with silver nanoparticles; Silver ions; Silver nanoparticles; Toxicity; Uptake of silver by algae