title: Visualization and Quantification of Nasal and Olfactory Deposition in a Sectional Adult Nasal Airway Cast.
abstract: To compare drug deposition in the nose and olfactory region with different nasal devices and administration techniques. A Sar-Gel based colorimetry method will be developed to quantify local deposition rates.
  
  
  
  A sectional nasal airway cast was developed based on an MRI-based nasal airway model to visualize deposition patterns and measure regional dosages. Four nasal spray pumps and four nebulizers were tested with both standard and point-release administration techniques. Delivered dosages were measured using a high-precision scale. The colorimetry correlation for deposited mass was developed via image processing in Matlab and its performance was evaluated through comparison to experimental measurements.
  
  
  
  Results show that the majority of nasal spray droplets deposited in the anterior nose while only a small fraction (less than 4.6%) reached the olfactory region. For all nebulizers considered, more droplets went beyond the nasal valve, leading to distinct deposition patterns as a function of both the nebulizer type (droplet size and initial speed) and inhalation flow rate. With the point-release administration, up to 9.0% (±1.9%) of administered drugs were delivered to the olfactory region and 15.7 (±2.4%) to the upper nose using Pari Sinus.
  
  
  
  Standard nasal devices are inadequate to deliver clinically significant olfactory dosages without excess drug losses in other nasal epitheliums. The Sar-Gel based colorimetry method appears to provide a simple and practical approach to visualize and quantify regional deposition.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA. xi.jinxiang@cmich.edu.
authors.forename: Jinxiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jiayao Eddie
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA.
authors.forename: Dannielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nevorski
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA.
authors.forename: Zhaoxuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Aerosol and Respiratory Dosimetry Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D003124:Colorimetry; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents
keywords: colorimetry; intranasal delivery; nose-to-brain delivery; olfactory; point-release