title: I get height with a little help from my friends: herd protection from sanitation on child growth in rural Ecuador.
abstract: Infectious disease interventions, such as vaccines and bed nets, have the potential to provide herd protection to non-recipients. Similarly, improved sanitation in one household may provide community-wide benefits if it reduces contamination in the shared environment. Sanitation at the household level is an important predictor of child growth, but less is known about the effect of sanitation coverage in the community.
  
  
  
  From 2008 to 2013, we took repeated anthropometric measurements on 1314 children under 5 years of age in 24 rural Ecuadorian villages. Using mixed effects regression, we estimated the association between sanitation coverage in surrounding households and child growth.
  
  
  
  Sanitation coverage in the surrounding households was strongly associated with child height, as those with 100% coverage in their surroundings had a 67% lower prevalence of stunting [prevalence ratio (PR) 0.32, 95% CI 0.15-0.69] compared with those with 0% coverage. Children from households with improved sanitation had a lower prevalence of stunting (PR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64-1.15). When analysing height as a continuous outcome, the protective effect of sanitation coverage is manifested primarily among girls during the second year of life, the time at which growth faltering is most likely to occur.
  
  
  
  Our study highlights that a household's sanitation practices can provide herd protection to the overall community. Studies which fail to account for the positive externalities that sanitation provides will underestimate the overall protective effect. Future studies could seek to identify a threshold of sanitation coverage, similar to a herd immunity threshold, to provide coverage and compliance targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA jafuller@umich.edu.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villamor
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina-Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador and.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cevallos
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trostle
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph Ns
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D004777:Environment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population; D012499:Sanitation / Q000379:methods
keywords: Herd Protection; Malnutrition; Sanitation; Stunting