title: A comparative study on postoperative pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Intraperitoneal bupivacaine versus combination of bupivacaine and buprenorphine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the analgesic efficacy of the combination of bupivacaine and buprenorphine in alleviating postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is comparatively advantageous as it offers less pain in the postoperative period and requires a shorter hospital stay. There are only a few studies performed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal instillation of buprenorphine and bupivacaine during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present research is a randomized, double-blind controlled study conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Ludhiana, Punjab after formal ethical approval from Hospital's Ethics Committee.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analyzed 90 adults admitted for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After the procedure, subjects were divided into three equal groups to conduct the study. Three Groups A, B, and C had intraperitoneal instillation of the 25 ml of physiological saline (0.9% normal saline), 0.25% of bupivacaine, 0.25% bupivacaine, and 0.3 mg buprenorphine, respectively. Necessary vitals were monitored and recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS) scores were recorded and analyzed systematically.
  
  
  METHODS
  All observations were analyzed using analysis of variance and Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pain scores were highest in Group A compared to Group B and Group C. Mean VAS and VRS scores were highest in Group C comparatively and lowest in Group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of buprenorphine and bupivacaine intraperitoneally is comparatively more effective in relieving postoperative pain in comparison to intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine alone for postoperative pain management after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Max Hospital, Mohali, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Kamakshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Tej K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bose
keywords: Bupivacaine; buprenorphine; laparoscopic cholecystectomy