title: An investigation of process contaminants' formation during the deep frying of breadcrumbs using a bread coat model.
abstract: The formation of acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural was investigated in a deep fried breadcrumb coat model resembling the coat batter of breaded foods. The influence of the composition of the breadcrumb and the frying conditions on the formation of these contaminants was evaluated. Six wheat-based flour formulations of breadcrumbs were deep fried in sunflower oil at temperatures between 170-200 °C and for frying times of 1-5 minutes. Results showed significant differences in the levels of contaminants according to the concentration of the potential precursors in the breadcrumbs. HMF was influenced by the sugar content in the breadcrumbs whereas levels of acrylamide were significantly correlated with the ratio between asparagine and reducing sugars. Acrylamide, HMF and furfural were directly related to the frying time and temperature. The composition of the breadcrumb and the compounds formed during frying contributed to the total antioxidant capacity of the fried samples. The bread coat model is a useful tool in the formulation of breaded foods since it allows the evaluation of the contribution of breadcrumbs in the formation of process contaminants after frying.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, ICTAN-CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. mmesias@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mesías
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, ICTAN-CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. mmesias@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Holgado
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, ICTAN-CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. mmesias@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Márquez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, ICTAN-CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. mmesias@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Morales
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis*; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D003296:Cooking; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008954:Models, Biological; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D020106:Acrylamide; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D005662:Furaldehyde