title: In Vitro Investigation of Influences of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Fluorescein Permeation into Alveolar Macrophages.
abstract: Pulmonary infection namely tuberculosis is characterized by alveolar macrophages harboring a large microbe population. The chitosan nanoparticles exhibit fast extracellular drug release in aqueous biological milieu. This study investigated the matrix effects of chitosan nanoparticles on extracellular drug diffusion into macrophages.
  
  
  
  Oligo, low, medium and high molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by nanospray drying technique. These nanoparticles were incubated with alveolar macrophages in vitro and had model drug sodium fluorescein added into the same cell culture. The diffusion characteristics of sodium fluorescein and nanoparticle behavior were investigated using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques.
  
  
  
  The oligochitosan nanoparticles enabled macrophage membrane fluidization with the extent of sodium fluorescein entry into macrophages being directly governed by the nanoparticle loading. Using nanoparticles made of higher molecular weight chitosan, sodium fluorescein permeation into macrophages was delayed due to viscous chitosan diffusion barrier at membrane boundary.
  
  
  
  Macrophage-chitosan nanoparticle interaction at membrane interface dictates drug migration into cellular domains.
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Haziyah Mohd
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chachuli
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kifayatullah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Idanawati
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naharudin
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia. wongtinwui@salam.uitm.edu.my.|Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia. wongtinwui@salam.uitm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Tin Wui
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008970:Molecular Weight; D050997:Nanomedicine; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D051381:Rats; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C493484:oligochitosan; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: Chitosan; macrophage; nanoparticles; pulmonary infection