title: Associations between fish consumption and metabolic syndrome. A large cross-sectional study from the Norwegian Tromsø Study: Tromsø 4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fish consumption may prevent or improve metabolic health. The aim of this study was to identify associations between fish consumption, both fatty and lean, and metabolic syndrome and its components.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations between fish consumption and metabolic syndrome and its components were studied in a large sample from a Norwegian population (N = 23,907), using cross-sectional data from the Tromsø 4 survey (1994-1995). Metabolic syndrome was defined using the JIS definition, and dietary data was collected using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Blood samples were taken for biochemical assessments, and anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were carried out according to standard protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this sample from an adult population (aged 26-70 years, mean age 44 years, SD 11.69, 48 % men), a higher fish consumption (≥1/week) was associated with a healthier lipid profile with increased HDL-C and decreased TG. Participants aged 60-70 years consuming fish once a week or more had significantly lower risk of having MetS, compared to those consuming fish less than once a week (OR 0.64, CI 0.45-0.91). When investigating fatty and lean fish separately, only lean fish consumption was associated with a reduced the risk of having MetS. Participants aged 60-70 years consuming lean fish once a week or more, had lower risk of having MetS compared to those consuming lean fish less than once a week (OR 0.65, CI 0.48-0.87). No association was found for consumption of fatty fish, or for lean fish in the age groups <45 or 45-59 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicates that fatty and lean fish consumption influences MetS risk differently, possibly also related to age. However, further investigation is needed to establish how various fish consumption may influence MetS and its components, particularly when stratified by fatty and lean fish.
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: C
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4548-7265
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tørris
authors.affiliation: Bjorknes University College, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cvancarova Småstuen
keywords: Diet; Fatty fish; Fish consumption; Insulin resistance; Lean fish; Metabolic syndrome