title: Post-stroke depression among stroke survivors attending two hospitals in Kampala Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The burden of stroke worldwide is increasing rapidly. There is paucity of data on post-stroke depression (PSD) among stroke survivors in Uganda, despite the high prevalence of PSD reported elsewhere.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we assessed adult participants with confirmed first stroke with a standardized questionnaire. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess for depression among non-aphasic patients while the Aphasic Depression Rating Scale was administered to aphasic patients. Univariable and multivariable analyses performed to describe associations with PSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty three females (58.9%) and 30 males (41.1%) who had a stroke participated. Fifty eight (79.5%) had ischemic strokes and 12 participants (16.4%) were aphasic. The prevalence of PSD among the study participants was 31.5%. PSD was higher among patients assessed within 6 months after the onset of stroke. PSD was strongly associated with the total Barthel index of activities of daily living (BIADL) score; p=0.001. There was no significant association between demographic characteristics and PSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of unrecognized post-stroke depression. Post-stroke depression was strongly associated with the patient's inability to undertake activities of daily life. There is urgent need for integration of screening for and management of post-stroke depression among stroke survivors.
authors.affiliation: Mother Kevin Post graduate Medical School, Uganda Martyr's University, Nsambya Hospital, P. O. Box 5498 Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Joseph Ogavu
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Gyagenda
authors.affiliation: Mother Kevin Post graduate Medical School, Uganda Martyr's University, Nsambya Hospital, P. O. Box 5498 Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ddumba
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , P.O. Box 7072 Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Odokonyero
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072 Kampala Uganda.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaddumukasa
authors.affiliation: Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
authors.affiliation: Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
authors.forename: Kathyleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072 Kampala Uganda.
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katabira
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Stroke; post-stroke depression