title: Cervicofacial non-tuberculous mycobacteria: A report of 30 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycobacterial infection is the most common cause of cervical granuloma, implicating either a tuberculous or a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). NTM is a ubiquitous organism, found in soil, water, food, etc. The most frequently implicated is Mycobacterium avium-intracellular. Most authors agree that NTM is increasingly isolated, due to a decrease in vaccination rates. Initial diagnosis is difficult and management is not clearly codified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study conducted in the University Hospital of Nantes, France, between 2005 and 2014, included all patients treated for head and neck NTM lymphadenitis. The research was conducted on the database of the institution's bacteriology department. Population, history, symptoms and diagnostic features were noted. Treatment, surgical complications, adverse reactions to antibiotics, patient adherence, antibiotic therapy duration, time to remission and prognosis were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2005 and 2014, 30 patients were diagnosed with head and neck NTM lymphadenitis: 17 female, 13 male; mean age at diagnosis, 4.5 years. Locations were submandibular (n=16), parotid, (n=7), cervical (n=5), parapharyngeal (n=4) and, for 1 patient, in the auricle concha. Eight patients received first-line surgical treatment, which was effective in 75% of cases, 2 patients requiring additional antibiotic therapy. Twenty-two patients were treated with first-line antibiotherapy, which was effective in 90% of cases. There were no relapses at a mean 32 weeks' follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total resection of all affected nodes and infiltrated subcutaneous fatty tissue is the treatment of choice. Drug therapy (including at least a macrolide) seems indicated only in case of incomplete resection or if surgery would entail functional and/or esthetic risk. Increased incidence, since BCG vaccination was stopped, will continue to confront the practitioner with an infantile disease in which management must be multidisciplinary.
authors.affiliation: Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rives
authors.affiliation: Service d'anatomopathologie, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joubert
authors.affiliation: Service de pédiatrie, HME de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Launay
authors.affiliation: Service de bactériologie, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillouzouic
authors.affiliation: Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France; Service de bactériologie, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Espitalier
authors.affiliation: Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France. Electronic address: omalard@chu-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Malard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003663:Decision Trees; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008199:Lymphadenitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009165:Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009333:Neck; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adenopathy; BCG; Clarithromycin; Lymphadenitis; Non-tuberculous mycobacteria; Parotitis