title: Randomized Trial of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation to Enhance Modified Constraint-Induced Therapy After Stroke.
abstract: Constraint-based therapy and peripheral nerve stimulation can significantly enhance movement function after stroke. No studies have investigated combining these interventions for cases of chronic, mild-to-moderate hemiparesis following stroke.
  
  
  
  This study aims to determine the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation paired with a modified form of constraint-induced therapy on upper extremity movement function after stroke. Nineteen adult stroke survivors with mild-to-moderate hemiparesis more than 12 mo after stroke received 2 hours of either active (n = 10) or sham (n = 9) peripheral nerve stimulation preceding 4 hours of modified constraint-induced therapy (10 sessions).
  
  
  
  Active peripheral nerve stimulation enhanced modified constraint-induced therapy more than sham peripheral nerve stimulation (significance at P < 0.05), both immediately after intervention (Wolf Motor Function Test: P = 0.006 (timed score); P = 0.001 (lift score); Fugl-Meyer Assessment: P = 0.022; Action Research Arm Test: P = 0.007) and at 1-mo follow-up (Wolf Motor Function Test: P = 0.025 (timed score); P = 0.007 (lift score); Fugl-Meyer Assessment: P = 0.056; Action Research Arm Test: P = 0.028).
  
  
  
  Pairing peripheral nerve stimulation with modified constraint-induced therapy can lead to significantly more improvement in upper extremity movement function than modified constraint-induced therapy alone. Future research is recommended to help establish longitudinal effects of this paired intervention, particularly as it affects movement function and daily life participation.
  
  
  
  Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES:: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Understand the role that afferent input plays with regard to movement function; (2) Understand general concepts of delivering modified constraint-based therapy in stroke rehabilitation research; and (3) Understand the rationale for applying an adjuvant intervention to optimize outcomes of constraint-based therapy following stroke.
  
  
  
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  : The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s). Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (CC, KCC, ES-P, LN, LS); Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (PMW); HealthSound Cardinal Hill Rehabilitation Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky (LN, LS); and Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (LS).
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrico
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chelette
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Westgate
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salmon-Powell
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Lumy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sawaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology