title: Elemental superdoping of graphene and carbon nanotubes.
abstract: Doping of low-dimensional graphitic materials, including graphene, graphene quantum dots and single-wall carbon nanotubes with nitrogen, sulfur or boron can significantly change their properties. We report that simple fluorination followed by annealing in a dopant source can superdope low-dimensional graphitic materials with a high level of N, S or B. The superdoping results in the following doping levels: (i) for graphene, 29.82, 17.55 and 10.79 at% for N-, S- and B-doping, respectively; (ii) for graphene quantum dots, 36.38 at% for N-doping; and (iii) for single-wall carbon nanotubes, 7.79 and 10.66 at% for N- and S-doping, respectively. As an example, the N-superdoping of graphene can greatly increase the capacitive energy storage, increase the efficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction and induce ferromagnetism. Furthermore, by changing the degree of fluorination, the doping level can be tuned over a wide range, which is important for optimizing the performance of doped low-dimensional graphitic materials.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Litao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-5004
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Advanced Carbon Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
authors.forename: Jincheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Advanced Carbon Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Advanced Carbon Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
authors.forename: Wencai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Advanced Carbon Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Libo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Fuchi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Nujiang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Carbon Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Youwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du