title: Viral forensic genomics reveals the relatedness of classic herpes simplex virus strains KOS, KOS63, and KOS79.
abstract: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread global pathogen, of which the strain KOS is one of the most extensively studied. Previous sequence studies revealed that KOS does not cluster with other strains of North American geographic origin, but instead clustered with Asian strains. We sequenced a historical isolate of the original KOS strain, called KOS63, along with a separately isolated strain attributed to the same source individual, termed KOS79. Genomic analyses revealed that KOS63 closely resembled other recently sequenced isolates of KOS and was of Asian origin, but that KOS79 was a genetically unrelated strain that clustered in genetic distance analyses with HSV-1 strains of North American/European origin. These data suggest that the human source of KOS63 and KOS79 could have been infected with two genetically unrelated strains of disparate geographic origins. A PCR RFLP test was developed for rapid identification of these strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: cdb5004@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: dwr19@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: jtshreve@iu.edu.
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Shreve
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Electronic address: ytafuri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tafuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: kim.payne@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: rdix@gsu.edu.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Dix
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: kinchingtonp@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kinchington
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.gatherer@lancaster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gatherer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: moriah@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Moriah L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Szpara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005333:Fetus; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000821:virology; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000821:virology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Co-infection; Genetic distance; Genome; HSV−1; KOS; KOS63; KOS79; Variation