title: Psychometric properties of a Mandarin version of the tinnitus questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a Mandarin version of the tinnitus questionnaire (MTQ) and determine the reliability and validity, and to assess whether it could be used clinically in the Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MTQ, short-form (36) health survey, hospital anxiety and depression scale, Mandarin (Chinese) tinnitus handicap inventory, and visual analogue scale were completed by the participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 192 adults seeking treatment for primary or secondary tinnitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five factors, namely, emotional distress, auditory perceptual difficulties, cognitive distress, sleep disturbance, and intrusiveness, were extracted from the MTQ. Thirty-seven items were included. The MTQ had high test-retest reliability (Spearman correlation coefficients: 0.87-1.00). The MTQ and its subscales had good internal consistency and reliability (total α = 0.93, subscales α = 0.71-0.86). A single measure of severity can be acquired by summing the five subscale scores. The MTQ was significantly correlated with psychological distress and tinnitus-related handicap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that the MTQ is a reliable and valid measure of tinnitus-related psychopathological symptoms and could be used clinically to evaluate tinnitus-related psychological problems. Questionnaires designed to explore tinnitus-related depression and other symptoms not covered by the scope of the MTQ are needed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China .
authors.forename: Zhaoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: b Clinical Department , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China , and.
authors.forename: Zhenxi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China .
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China .
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China .
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: c Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Joey Sum-Wing
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kwong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002681:China; D003071:Cognition; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mandarin; Tinnitus questionnaire; reliability; validity