title: Immunology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Sulfur Mustard Induced Airway Injuries: Implications for Immunotherapeutic Interventions.
abstract: Sulfur mustard (SM)-induced airway injuries and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract and share some similarities regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms orchestrating airway destruction. Since available data regarding the immunobiology of COPD is much more known compared with SM-mediated injuries, and considering the similarities in the immunopathogenesis of these diseases, comparison of the immunopathogenesis of COPD and SM-induced respiratory complications can help designing new therapeutic approaches for treatment of SM-induced injuries.
  
  
  
  A multi-database search was performed to identify articles dealing with the role of immune system function in the pathogenesis of COPD and mustard mustard-induced respiratory complications.
  
  
  
  This review outlines the role of different components of the immune system in the pathogenesis of COPD and mustard-induced respiratory complications, and suggests therapeutic implication for improving the management of the latter condition as the most common chronic complication of sulfur mustard exposure.
  
  
  
  Although COPD and mustard lung are overlapping phenotypes and have shared pathophysiologic features, there are certain differences between these two diseases that necessitate further scrutiny. Combination therapies to counterbalance inflammation, oxidative stress and immune imbalance hold promise for the management of SM-induced respiratory complications but the success of such combined treatments need to be confirmed in proof-ofconcept trials.
authors.forename: Yunes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jadidi-Niaragh
authors.forename: Sadegh Azimzadeh
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jamalkandi
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. mghaneister@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghanei
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedone
authors.forename: Nazila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nikravanfard
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nikravesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Iran. sahebkara@mums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Amirhossein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahebkar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D009151:Mustard Gas; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D009151:Mustard Gas