title: A Comparison between Alpine Skiing, Cross-Country Skiing and Indoor Cycling on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Response.
abstract: Since physical inactivity especially prevails during winter months, we set out to identify outdoor alternatives to indoor cycling (IC) by comparing the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during alpine skiing (AS), cross-country skiing (XCS) and IC and analyse the effects of sex, age and fitness level in this comparison. Twenty one healthy subjects performed alpine skiing (AS), cross-country skiing (XCS), and IC. Oxygen uptake (VO2), total energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), lactate, blood glucose and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined during three 4-min stages of low, moderate and high intensity. During XCS and IC VO2max and EE were higher than during AS. At least 2½ hours of AS are necessary to reach the same EE as during one hour of XCS or IC. HR, VO2, lactate, and RPEarms were highest during XCS, whereas RPEwhole-body was similar and RPElegs lower than during AS and IC, respectively. Weight adjusted VO2 and EE were higher in men than in women while fitness level had no effect. Male, fit and young participants were able to increase their EE and VO2 values more pronounced. Both AS and XCS can be individually tailored to serve as alternatives to IC and may thus help to overcome the winter activity deficit. XCS was found to be the most effective activity for generating a high EE and VO2 while AS was the most demanding activity for the legs. Key pointsDuring cross-country skiing and indoor cycling VO2max and energy expenditure were higher than during alpine skiingApproximately 2½ hours of alpine skiing are necessary to reach the same energy expenditure of one hour of cross-country skiing or indoor cycling.Alpine skiing and cross-country skiing can be individually tailored to serve as sports alternatives in winter to activity deficit.By applying different skiing modes as parallel ski steering, carving long radii and short turn skiing, metabolic and cardiorespiratory response can be increased during alpine skiing.Male, fit and young participants were able to increase their energy expenditure and VO2 more pronounced with an increase in intensity compared with their counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Hallein/Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stöggl
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein/Rif, Austria; University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwarzl
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Edith E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University , Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Hallein/Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stöggl
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Hallein/Rif, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheiber
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schönfelder
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niebauer
keywords: Borg; blood lactate; cross-country skiing; cycling; energy expenditure; fitness level; gender; oxygen uptake