title: Technique for implanting intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm by videolaparoscopy in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a novel approach for implanting intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm through videolaparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used twelve pigs for this videolaparoscopic technique, which permits at the same time to explore the diaphragm, to locate its motor points and to fix the electrodes in the diaphragm bilaterally. In this technique we used three trocars: one portal for a 10-mm 0° viewing angle laparoscope, one portal for the manipulation of structures and another for electrode implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived the procedure without pneumothorax/capnothorax or other complication. Implanted electrodes provided an appropriate interface between the muscle and the electrical current generator, and electroventilation was satisfactorily generated in all animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This videolaparoscopic technique with three trocars enables the exploration and identification of motor points and an efficient fixation of one or two electrodes in each hemidiaphragm.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Guellner
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ghedini
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Artur de Oliveira
authors.initials: Ade O
authors.lastname: Paludo
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariano
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Éverton Franco
authors.initials: ÉF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Dalla Giacomassa Rocha
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Thomaz
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Elias Lise
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Simoneti
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Igor Pires
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Drachler
authors.affiliation: Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiano Feijó
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D061646:Operative Time; D013552:Swine