title: Effects of chitin and sepia ink hybrid sponge on the healing of burning wound rats and its impact on macrophages in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect whether chitin and sepia ink sponge (CS) can promote wound healing and elevate impact of CS on phagocytosis ability of macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight rats were assigned to four groups: Normal group (Normal), negative control group (Con), chitin and sepia ink sponge group (CS) and positive control Surgicel Gauze(r) group (SG). Deep second-degree burn model was created in rats. Wound area was recorded by digital imaging and determined using Image J software. Samples were collected and kept at -80oC on 3d, 7d, 14d and 21d for cytokines detecting. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, hydroxyproline (Hyp) and macrophage activity reflected by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing to Con and SG, scabs in CS group fell off and basically healed on 21 day. TGF-β1, IL-6, MMP-1 and Hyp were significantly increased by CS and SG comparing to Con (p < 0.05), CS had more apparently adjustment on TGF-β1 and MMP-1 compared to SG; results in vitro indicated CS significantly promoted phagocytosis ability of macrophages reflected in TNF-α (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS improved wound healing through exerting significant influences on secretion of kinds of cytokines and activating macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Lingnan Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China.
authors.forename: Xianxian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Lingnan Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Daohai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002686:Chitin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D007281:Ink; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D049833:Sepia; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D002686:Chitin; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D006909:Hydroxyproline