title: The effect of prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field on calcineurin and bone development in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigated the effects of exposure to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on bone development during the prenatal period in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats in the experimental group were exposed to radiation for six, 12, and 24 hours daily for 20 days. No radiation was given to the pregnant rats in the control group. We distributed the newborn rats into four groups according to prenatal EMF exposure as follows: Group 1 was not exposed to EMF; groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to EMF for six, 12, and 24 hours a day, respectively. The rats were evaluated at the end of the 60th day following birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing the duration of EMF exposure during the prenatal period resulted in a significant reduction of resting cartilage levels and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. There was also a reduction in calcineurin activities in both bone and muscle tissues. We observed that the development of the femur, tibia, and ulna were negatively affected, especially with a daily EMF exposure of 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone and muscle tissue development was negatively affected due to prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erkut
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tumkaya
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Sabri
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Balik
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yildiray
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kalkan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yilmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guvercin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kumru State Hospital, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuce
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cure
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sehitoglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D001846:Bone Development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000473:pathology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000473:pathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019703:Calcineurin