title: Subtype analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from municipal and domestic raw wastewaters in Iran.
abstract: A total of 54 raw wastewater samples collected from three urban treatment plants and two slaughterhouses in Tehran, Iran, were assessed for the presence of the Giardia cysts using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. To characterize the cysts at the molecular level, the three genetic loci were amplified and sequenced. The assemblages A (37.5 %) and E (58.3 %) were detected in livestock wastewater samples. Assemblage A, which is composed of only G. duodenalis genotype, was detected in 100 % of urban wastewater samples. The subassemblages A2, A3, A-I, A-II, and E3 were identified with β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. This study is the first to report on G. duodenalis genotypes in aquatic environmental samples in Iran.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Kareem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatam-Nahavandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohebali
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, and Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir-Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mahvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keshavarz
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research institute for Gastroentrology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research institute for Gastroentrology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirjalali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad-Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Meamar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. rezaiian@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaeian
mesh_terms: D005243:Feces; D005838:Genotype; D005872:Giardia; D016829:Giardia lamblia; D005873:Giardiasis; D007492:Iran; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Giardia duodenalis; Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH); Iran; Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI); Wastewater; β-giardin gene (BG)