title: Corticospinal Inputs to Primate Motoneurons Innervating the Forelimb from Two Divisions of Primary Motor Cortex and Area 3a.
abstract: Previous anatomical work in primates has suggested that only corticospinal axons originating in caudal primary motor cortex ("new M1") and area 3a make monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connections with limb motoneurons. By contrast, the more rostral "old M1" is proposed to control motoneurons disynaptically via spinal interneurons. In six macaque monkeys, we examined the effects from focal stimulation within old and new M1 and area 3a on 135 antidromically identified motoneurons projecting to the upper limb. EPSPs with segmental latency shorter than 1.2 ms were classified as definitively monosynaptic; these were seen only after stimulation within new M1 or at the new M1/3a border (incidence 6.6% and 1.3%, respectively; total n = 27). However, most responses had longer latencies. Using measures of the response facilitation after a second stimulus compared with the first, and the reduction in response latency after a third stimulus compared with the first, we classified these late responses as likely mediated by either long-latency monosynaptic (n = 108) or non-monosynaptic linkages (n = 108). Both old and new M1 generated putative long-latency monosynaptic and non-monosynaptic effects; the majority of responses from area 3a were non-monosynaptic. Both types of responses from new M1 had significantly greater amplitude than those from old M1. We suggest that slowly conducting corticospinal fibers from old M1 generate weak late monosynaptic effects in motoneurons. These may represent a stage in control of primate motoneurons by the cortex intermediate between disynaptic output via an interposed interneuron seen in nonprimates and the fast direct monosynaptic connections present in new M1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The corticospinal tract in Old World primates makes monosynaptic connections to motoneurons; previous anatomical work suggests that these connections come only from corticospinal tract (CST) neurons in the subdivision of primary motor cortex within the central sulcus ("new M1") and area 3a. Here, we show using electrophysiology that cortico-motoneuronal connections from fast conducting CST fibers are indeed made exclusively from new M1 and its border with 3a. However, we also show that all parts of M1 and 3a have cortico-motoneuronal connections over more slowly conducting CST axons, as well as exert disynaptic effects on motoneurons via interposed interneurons. Differences between old and new M1 are thus more subtle than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Witham
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Edgley
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom, and stuart.baker@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stuart N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology
keywords: EPSP; corticospinal; macaque; monosynaptic