title: Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum.
abstract: In 2013, seven outbreaks of granuloma disease occurred in Dutch flocks of productive layers housed on different farms. These outbreaks were characterized by increased mortality and high incidence of granulomas, mainly in caeca (340/408 hens = 83%) and livers (69/408 hens = 17%). Mortality started to increase between 21 and 35 weeks of age and reached 3.7% to 11.0% exceeding the breeder's norm in periods ranging from 9 to 48 weeks. Some flocks also showed decreased egg production and/or loss of mean egg weight. All affected flocks were linked to one rearing farm, which therefore seemed to be the source of the disease. However, no signs of disease had been observed at this rearing farm. Sentinel hens placed in one of the affected flocks to determine whether the disease had an infectious nature developed granulomas identical to those seen in the outbreaks. Next, by fulfilling Koch's postulates it was shown that Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was the aetiological agent of the granuloma disease. The condition was reproduced in mature specified pathogen free White Leghorn hens (GD - Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands) by inoculation via both an artificial and a natural route with a well-defined axenic T. gallinarum isolate obtained from one of the affected flocks. Other causes of granuloma disease were excluded.
authors.affiliation: a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W J M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.affiliation: a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Molenaar
authors.affiliation: b CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cian
authors.affiliation: a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H M J F
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.affiliation: b CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viscogliosi
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000469:parasitology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015994:Incidence; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D016834:Trichomonadida / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Blastocystis spp; Escherichia coli; Granuloma; Layer chickens; Tetratrichomonas gallinarum