title: A Healthy Dietary Pattern Reduces Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet and nutrients play an important role in cancer development and progress; a healthy dietary pattern has been found to be associated with several types of cancer. However, the association between a healthy eating pattern and lung cancer risk is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Therefore, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate whether a healthy eating pattern might reduce lung cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified relevant studies from the PubMed and Embase databases up to October 2015, and the relative risks were extracted and combined by the fixed-effects model when no substantial heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, the random-effects model was employed. Subgroup and publication bias analyses were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Finally, eight observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk of lung cancer for the highest vs. lowest category of healthy dietary pattern was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.75-0.86), and no significant heterogeneity was detected. The relative risks (RRs) for non-smokers, former smokers and current smokers were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.63-1.27), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.62-0.89) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.79-0.93), respectively. The results remained stable in subgroup analyses by other confounders and sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our meta-analysis suggest that a healthy dietary pattern is associated with a lower lung cancer risk, and they provide more beneficial evidence for changing the diet pattern in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China. sunyanlaisd@163.com.
authors.forename: Yanlai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China. lizjj123@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhenxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38 Wuyingshan Road, Jinan 250031, China. jianningleee@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianning
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China. lizjdear@163.com.
authors.forename: Zengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, No. 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, China. hanjianjsd@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: dietary pattern; lung cancer; meta-analysis; nutrition; risk factors