title: Household trends in access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities in Vietnam and associated factors: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite progress made by the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 7.C, Vietnam still faces challenges with regard to the provision of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes household trends in access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities separately, and analyses factors associated with access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities in combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in 2000, 2006, and 2011 were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and tests of significance describe trends over time in access to water and sanitation by location, demographic and socio-economic factors. Binary logistic regressions (2000, 2006, and 2011) describe associations between access to water and sanitation, and geographic, demographic, and socio-economic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been some outstanding developments in access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities from 2000 to 2011. In 2011, the proportion of households with access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities reached 90% and 77%, respectively, meeting the 2015 MDG targets for safe drinking water and basic sanitation set at 88% and 75%, respectively. However, despite these achievements, in 2011, only 74% of households overall had access to combined improved drinking water and sanitation facilities. There were also stark differences between regions. In 2011, only 47% of households had access to both improved water and sanitation facilities in the Mekong River Delta compared with 94% in the Red River Delta. In 2011, households in urban compared to rural areas were more than twice as likely (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-2.5) to have access to improved water and sanitation facilities in combination, and households in the highest compared with the lowest wealth quintile were over 40 times more likely (OR: 42.3; 95% CI: 29.8-60.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More efforts are required to increase household access to both improved water and sanitation facilities in the Mekong River Delta, South East and Central Highlands regions of Vietnam. There is also a need to address socio-economic factors associated with inadequate access to improved sanitation facilities.
authors.affiliation: Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; tth2@hsph.edu.vn.
authors.forename: Tran Thi
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tuyet-Hanh
authors.affiliation: JW LEE Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; docmohw@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: JW LEE Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Juhwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Minh
authors.affiliation: JW LEE Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ou Lee
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Le Thi
authors.initials: le T
authors.lastname: Hoan
authors.affiliation: JW LEE Center for Global Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: You-Seon
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran Khanh
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D012424:Rural Population / Q000639:trends; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
keywords: MICS; Vietnam; improved water sources; sanitation facilities