title: Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and Experiment.
abstract: Natural anthocyanin pigments/dyes and phenolic copigments/co-dyes form noncovalent complexes, which stabilize and modulate (in particular blue, violet, and red) colors in flowers, berries, and food products derived from them (including wines, jams, purees, and syrups). This noncovalent association and their electronic and optical implications constitute the copigmentation phenomenon. Over the past decade, experimental and theoretical studies have enabled a molecular understanding of copigmentation. This review revisits this phenomenon to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of binding (the dispersion and electrostatic components of π-π stacking, the hydrophobic effect, and possible hydrogen-bonding between pigment and copigment) and of spectral modifications occurring in copigmentation complexes, in which charge transfer plays an important role. Particular attention is paid to applications of copigmentation in food chemistry.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges , Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.|Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trouillas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante , Apartado de Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sancho-García
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Porto University , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Freitas
authors.affiliation: Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Nanoscience , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gierschner
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otyepka
authors.affiliation: University of Avignon, INRA, UMR408 SQPOV , F-84000 Avignon, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dangles
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D010636:Phenols; D010860:Pigments, Biological