title: Molecular systematics of the wood-inhabiting, lichen-forming genusXylographa(Baeomycetales, Ostropomycetidae) with eight new species.
abstract: The ascomycete genusXylographaincludes some of the most abundant species of wood-inhabiting lichenized fungi in boreal and temperate regions. It has never been monographed and little is known of its species diversity and evolutionary relationships. Based on a morphological and secondary metabolite-based assessment of material from North and South America, Europe and Asia, we generated a three-locus phylogeny based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, 28S nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA. We analyzed the data within the context of putatively related genera in the order Baeomycetales.Xylographais a strongly supported monophyletic group closely related toLithographaandPtychographa, as well as rock-dwelling and lichenicolous species ofRimularias.lat. The evolution of linearized ascomata inXylographaappears to have enabled ascomata to grow laterally, and patterns of lateral growth are diagnostic. We recognize twenty species inXylographaand provide a thorough revision of nomenclature. The following eight species are new:Xylographa bjoerkiiT. Sprib.,X. constrictaT. Sprib.,X. erraticaT. Sprib.,X. lagoiT. Sprib. & Pérez-Ortega,X. schofieldiiT. Sprib.,X. septentrionalisT. Sprib.,X. stenosporaT. Sprib. & Resl andX. vermicularisT. Sprib. The combinationsLambiella insularis(Nyl.) T. Sprib. andXylographa carneopallida(Räsänen) T. Sprib. are newly proposed.Xylographa constrictafrom southern South America represents the first known case of secondary de-lichenization in the Baeomycetales.Xylographa parallelas.str. is confirmed as bipolar on the basis of sequenced collections from both southern Chile and the northern Hemisphere.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria. ; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812 U.S.A.
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spribille
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Resl
authors.affiliation: Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Teuvo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ Serrano 115-dpdo, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ortega
authors.affiliation: University Museum of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P. O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tønsberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayrhofer
authors.affiliation: Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A.
authors.forename: H Thorsten
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lumbsch
keywords: Ascomycota; Fungi; biodiversity; evolution; lignicolous; phylogenetics; saproxylic; taxonomy