title: Recent advances in salivary cancer diagnostics enabled by biosensors and bioelectronics.
abstract: There is a high demand for a non-invasive, rapid, and highly accurate tool for disease diagnostics. Recently, saliva based diagnostics for the detection of specific biomarkers has drawn significant attention since the sample extraction is simple, cost-effective, and precise. Compared to blood, saliva contains a similar variety of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota that can be compiled into a multiplex of cancer detection markers. The salivary diagnostic method holds great potential for early-stage cancer diagnostics without any complicated and expensive procedures. Here, we review various cancer biomarkers in saliva and compare the biomarkers efficacy with traditional diagnostics and state-of-the-art bioelectronics. We summarize biomarkers in four major groups: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/microbiota. Representative bioelectronic systems for each group are summarized based on various stages of a cancer. Systematic study of oxidative stress establishes the relationship between macromolecules and cancer biomarkers in saliva. We also introduce the most recent examples of salivary diagnostic electronics based on nanotechnologies that can offer rapid, yet highly accurate detection of biomarkers. A concluding section highlights areas of opportunity in the further development and applications of these technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Saswat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saadat
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Ohjin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Yongkuk
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Display Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woon-Seop
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA. Electronic address: jh.kim@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Electronic address: whyeo@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Woon-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Bioelectronics; Biosensors; Cancer biomarkers; Salivary diagnostics