title: A new allele for aluminium tolerance gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aluminium (Al) toxicity is the main factor limiting the crop production in acid soils and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most Al-sensitive of the small-grained cereals. The major gene for Al tolerance in barley is HvAACT1 (HvMATE) on chromosome 4H which encodes a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) protein. The HvAACT1 protein facilitates the Al-activated release of citrate from root apices which protects the growing cells and enables root elongation to continue. A 1 kb transposable element-like insert in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of HvAACT1 is associated with increased gene expression and tolerance and a PCR-based marker is available to score for this insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We screened a wide range of barley genotypes for Al tolerance and identified a moderately tolerant Chinese genotype named CXHKSL which did not show the typical allele in the 5' UTR of HvAACT1 associated with tolerance. We investigated the mechanism of Al tolerance in CXHKSL and concluded it also relies on the Al-activated release of citrate from roots. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of double haploid lines generated with CXHKSL and the Al-sensitive variety Gairdner mapped the tolerance locus to the same region as HvAACT1 on chromosome 4H.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the Chinese barley genotype CXHKSL possesses a novel allele of the major Al tolerance gene HvAACT1.
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture and School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia. Yanling.ma@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia. Chengdao.Li@agric.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Chengdao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. Peter.Ryan@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture and School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia. Sergey.shabala@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shabala
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. Jiangfeng.You@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture and School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia. Jie.Liu2@csiro.au.|CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. Jie.Liu2@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Agriculture, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia. Chunji.Liu@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Chunji
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture and School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia. mzhou@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Meixue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000483:Alleles; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D008293:Malates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D019343:Citric Acid; C030298:malic acid; D000535:Aluminum