title: Essential oils of Nigella sativa protects Artemia from the pathogenic effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Dahv2.
abstract: The anti-Vibrio activity of essential oils (EOs) of nine medicinal plants was tested against 28 Vibrio spp. isolated from diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus. EO of Nigella sativa exhibited anti-Vibrio activity against all Vibrio spp. and greater inhibition was noted for the isolate V2 which was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus Dahv2. Further, EO of N. sativa effectively inhibited V. parahaemolyticus Dahv2 with an inhibition zone of 23.9mm at 101.2μgml(-1). Moreover, EO of N. sativa revealed anti-biofilm activity at 101.2μgml(-1) against V. parahaemolyticus Dahv2 and inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus Dahv2 at 100μgml(-1).In vivo experimental infection studies showed that the survival of Artemia spp. infected with V. parahaemolyticus Dahv2 at 1×10(3)cfuml(-1) was only 40%. However, the survival of Artemia spp. was significantly increased after challenge with 100μgml(-1) of EO of N. sativa. EO of N. sativa showed higher anti-oxidant potential and total phenol content than other EOs tested. The anti-oxidant activity of EO of N. sativa was highly correlated to their total phenolic contents (r=0.836, P<0.05). This observation suggests that EO of N. sativa protected the Artemia spp. after experimental infection of V. parahaemolyticus Dahv2.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sivalingam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manju
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malaikozhundan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Aquatic Animal Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Boonsirm
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Withyachumnarnkul
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: vaseeharanb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Baskaralingam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaseeharan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001156:Artemia / Q000382:microbiology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D031881:Nigella sativa / Q000737:chemistry; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014735:Vibrio Infections; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Artemia; Essential oil; Nigella sativa; Protective effects; Vibrio parahaemolyticus