title: Resistance to antimicrobial agents among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species in the southern coast of Brazil.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate species distribution, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and presence of resistance genes in enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species, including seabirds (n=12), sea turtles (n=8), and mammals (n=3) found alive or dead in southern coast of Brazil. Enterococci were classified based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and the presence of tet(S), tet(M), tet(L), mrsC, and erm(B) genes by PCR. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were the most common species. Single (37.09%), double (25.80%), and multiple (16.12%) antibiotic resistance patterns were observed. Resistance to rifampicin occurred most frequently. The msrC, tet(M), and/or tet(L) genes were detected in 60.15%, 73.07%, and 23.07% of the resistant strains, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of antibiotic resistant strains in these species could be related to food web interactions and aquatic pollutants or linked to environmental resistome.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janira
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prichula
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rebeca Inhoque
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Raffo
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wachholz
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Almansa
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Neidimar Cezar Correa
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Tolfo
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Naiara Aguiar
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Santestevan
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Weber
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (CECLIMAR), Institute of Biosciences, UFRGS. Av. Tramandaí, 976, 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 - Campus do Vale - Prédio 443.212, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeverson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frazzon
authors.affiliation: Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Alves
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: d'Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: ana.frazzon@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Guedes
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Frazzon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000235:genetics; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Enterococci resistant; Resistance genes; Wild marine species