title: GDF15/MIC1 and MMP9 Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels in Parkinson's Disease and Lewy Body Dementia.
abstract: Based on animal and ex-vivo experiments, Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15, also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1, MIC1), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), a member of the matrix metalloprotease family may be potential markers for Lewy body disorders, i.e. Parkinson's disease with (PDD) and without dementia (PDND) and Lewy body dementia (DLB). GDF15 has a prominent role in development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and repair, whereas MMP9 degrades, as a proteolytic enzyme, components of the extracellular matrix. In this study, cerebrospinal fluid GDF15 and MMP9 levels of 59 PDND, 17 PDD and 23 DLB patients, as well as of 95 controls were determined, and associated with demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters. Our analysis confirmed the already described association of GDF15 levels with age and gender. Corrected GDF15 levels were significantly higher in PDD than in PDND patients, and intermediate in DLB patients. Within Lewy body disorders, GDF15 levels correlated positively with age at onset of Parkinsonism and dementia, Hoehn & Yahr stage and cerebrospinal fluid t-Tau and p-Tau levels, and negatively with the Mini Mental State Examination. Remarkably, it does not relevantly correlate with disease duration. MMP9 was not relevantly associated with any of these parameters. Cerebrospinal GDF15, but not MMP9, may be a potential marker of and in Lewy body disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maetzler
authors.affiliation: Fujirebio Europe NV, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deleersnijder
authors.affiliation: Fujirebio Europe NV, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hanssens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Justus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquetand
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wurster
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rattay
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncoroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lerche
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deuschle
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016875:tau Proteins; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9