title: Laboratory investigation of three distinct emissions monitors for hydrochloric acid.
abstract: The measurement of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on a continuous basis in coal-fired plants is expected to become more important if HCl standards become implemented as part of the Federal Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) standards that are under consideration. For this study, the operational performance of three methods/instruments, including tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were evaluated over a range of real-world operating environments. Evaluations were done over an HCl concentration range of 0-25 ppmv and temperatures of 25, 100, and 185 °C. The average differences with respect to temperature were 3.0% for the TDL for values over 2.0 ppmv and 6.9% of all concentrations, 3.3% for the CRDS, and 4.5% for the FTIR. Interference tests for H2O, SO2, and CO, CO2, and NO for a range of concentrations typical of flue gases from coal-fired power plants did not show any strong interferences. The possible exception was an interference from H2O with the FTIR. The instrument average precision over the entire range was 4.4% for the TDL with better precision seen for concentrations levels of 2.0 ppmv and above, 2.5% for the CRDS, and 3.5% for the FTIR. The minimum detection limits were all on the order of 0.25 ppmv, or less, utilizing the TDL values with a 5-m path. Zero drift was found to be 1.48% for the TDL, 0.88% for the CRDS, and 1.28% for the FTIR.
  
  
  
  This study provides an evaluation of the operational performance of three methods/instruments, including TDL absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), and FTIR spectroscopy, for the measurement of hydrochloric acid (HCl) over a range of real-world operating environments. The results showed good instrument accuracy as a function of temperature and no strong interferences for flue gases typical to coal-fired power plants. The results show that these instruments would be viable for the measurement of HCl in coal-fired plants if HCl standards become implemented as part of the Federal Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) standards that are under consideration.
authors.affiliation: a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dene
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California , Riverside , CA , USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pisano
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California , Riverside , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California , Riverside , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bumiller
authors.affiliation: c CEMTEK Environmental , Santa Ana , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crabbe
authors.affiliation: d Fossil Energy Research Corp ., Laguna Hills , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Muzio
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D011210:Power Plants; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid