title: Staphylococcus aureus induces TGF-β1 and bFGF expression through the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors in bovine mammary gland fibroblasts.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a common Gram-positive pathogen that causes bovine mastitis, a persistent infection of the bovine mammary gland. To better understand the importance of bovine mammary fibroblasts (BMFBs) and the roles of the TLR-NF-κB and TLR-AP-1 signaling pathways in the regulation of S. aureus-associated mastitis and mammary fibosis, BMFBs cultured in vitro were stimulated with different concentrations of heat-inactivated S. aureus to analyze the gene and protein expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as well as the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activation protein-1 (AP-1) by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting, respectively. Specific NF-κB and AP-1 inhibitors were also used to investigate their effects on the regulation of TGF-β1 and bFGF expression. The results indicated that, in addition to increasing mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4, S. aureus could also upregulate TGF-β1 and bFGF mRNA expression and secretion through the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. The increase in TGF-β1 and bFGF expression was shown to be inhibited by AP-1- and NF-κB-specific inhibitors. Taken together, S. aureus induces TGF-β1 and bFGF expression through the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB in BMFBs. This information offers new potential targets for the treatment of bovine mammary fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yannan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaowuda Road 306, 010018, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: fengloowang@163.com.
authors.forename: Fenglong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors
keywords: Bovine mammary fibroblast; Staphylococcus aureus; TGF-β(1); TLR–AP-1; TLR–NF-κB; bFGF