title: Difficult-To-Treat Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Current and Future Options.
abstract: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in childhood and is usually treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate or sulfasalazine. However, not all patients respond to these treatments, and toxicities may limit long-term use or diminish compliance. With advances in pharmacotherapy and the development of new therapeutic agents, there have been improvements in treatment of both systemic and non-systemic JIA, particularly with biologic agents such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, anti-interleukin (IL)-1, and anti-IL6. Anti-cell therapies, such as co-stimulator blockers or anti-CD20, small molecules, and biosimilars represent new areas of interest, and, while many are not yet currently commercially available for use in children, preliminary studies appear to be promising. In the present article, the authors review therapeutic strategies for the different JIA subtypes, mainly according to guidelines and recommendations. Newer and possible future treatments for arthritis, already approved in adults but currently under study in children, are also discussed. Drugs currently in development plans for rheumatoid arthritis, which hopefully will also be useful for JIA patients in the future, are also mentioned in this paper.
authors.affiliation: AOU Meyer, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagnini
authors.affiliation: AOU Meyer, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.affiliation: AOU Meyer, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy. r.cimaz@meyer.it.
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cimaz
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059451:Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D059451:Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008727:Methotrexate