title: Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881): A pioneering Russian surgeon and medical scientist.
abstract: Nikolay Pirogov qualified as a physician from Moscow University in 1828 and then studied surgery and anatomy at University of Dorpat. He developed new surgical techniques, including the eponymous osteoplastic foot amputation. His application of scientifically based techniques extended surgery from a craft to a science. During the Crimean War he initiated the deployment of women as nurses and used triage for dealing with mass casualties. His textbook on field surgery became the standard reference on the subject and his principles remained virtually unchanged until the Second World War. Pirogov died on 5 December 1881 at his estate in Vishnya.
authors.affiliation: Department of the Executive Board, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Department of the Executive Board, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bovill
authors.affiliation: Department of the Executive Board, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Luijt
authors.affiliation: Department of the Executive Board, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pancras Cw
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hogendoorn
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history*; D012426:Russia; D066231:Surgeons / Q000266:history*; D013782:Textbooks as Topic / Q000266:history*
keywords: Pirogov; Russia (pre-1917); applied anatomy; field surgery; foot amputation; surgery; topographical anatomy