title: Hybrid surgical guidance based on the integration of radionuclear and optical technologies.
abstract: With the evolution of imaging technologies and tracers, the applications for nuclear molecular imaging are growing rapidly. For example, nuclear medicine is increasingly being used to guide surgical resections in complex anatomical locations. Here, a future workflow is envisioned that uses a combination of pre-operative diagnostics, navigation and intraoperative guidance. Radioguidance can provide means for pre-operative and intraoperative identification of "hot" lesions, forming the basis of a virtual data set that can be used for navigation. Luminescence guidance has shown great potential in the intraoperative setting by providing optical feedback, in some cases even in real time. Both of these techniques have distinct drawbacks, which include inaccuracy in areas that contain a background signal (radioactivity) or a limited degree of signal penetration (luminescence). We, and others, have reasoned that hybrid/multimodal approaches that integrate the use of these complementary modalities may help overcome their individual weaknesses. Ultimately, this will lead to advancement of the field of interventional molecular imaging/image-guided surgery. In this review, an overview of clinically applied hybrid surgical guidance technologies is given, whereby the focus is placed on tracers and hardware.
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fijs W B
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdés-Olmos
authors.affiliation: 1 Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buckle
authors.affiliation: 3 Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vidal-Sicart
mesh_terms: D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018511:Systems Integration; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*