title: Effects of melatonin injection or green-wavelength LED light on the antioxidant system in goldfish (Carassius auratus) during thermal stress.
abstract: We tested the mitigating effects of melatonin injections or irradiation from green-wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to thermal stress (high water temperature, 30 °C). The effects of the two treatments were assessed by measuring the expression and activity levels of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, plasma hydrogen peroxide, lipid hydroperoxide, and lysozyme. In addition, a comet assay was conducted to confirm that high water temperature damaged nuclear DNA. The expression and activity of the antioxidant enzymes, plasma hydrogen peroxide, and lipid hydroperoxide were significantly higher after exposure to high temperature and were significantly lower in fish that received melatonin or LED light than in those that received no mitigating treatment. Plasma lysozyme was significantly lower after exposure to high temperature and was significantly higher after exposure to melatonin or LED light. The comet assay revealed that thermal stress caused a great deal of damage to nuclear DNA; however, treatment with melatonin or green-wavelength LED light prevented a significant portion of this damage from occurring. These results indicate that, although high temperatures induce oxidative stress and reduce immune system strength in goldfish, both melatonin and green-wavelength LED light inhibit oxidative stress and boost the immune system. LED treatment increased the antioxidant and immune system activity more significantly than did melatonin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: seojin@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: discus62@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: tellmenana@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Na Na
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yong@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ji Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Jeju, 63068, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: bskim2002@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bong-Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choic@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Cheol Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006054:Goldfish / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000097:blood; D008027:Light; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Carassius auratus; Green-wavelength LED; Immune system; Melatonin; Thermal stress