title: Advancing Pharmacogenomics Education in the Core PharmD Curriculum through Student Personal Genomic Testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop, implement, and evaluate "Test2Learn" a program to enhance pharmacogenomics education through the use of personal genomic testing (PGT) and real genetic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-two second-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students in a required course were offered PGT as part of a larger program approach to teach pharmacogenomics within a robust ethical framework. The program added novel learning objectives, lecture materials, analysis tools, and exercises using individual-level and population-level genetic data. Outcomes were assessed with objective measures and pre/post survey instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred students (82%) underwent PGT. Knowledge significantly improved on multiple assessments. Genotyped students reported a greater increase in confidence in understanding test results by the end of the course. Similarly, undergoing PGT improved student's self-perceived ability to empathize with patients compared to those not genotyped. Most students (71%) reported feeling PGT was an important part of the course, and 60% reported they had a better understanding of pharmacogenomics specifically because of the opportunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of PGT in the core pharmacy curriculum was feasible, well-received, and enhanced student learning of pharmacogenomics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Solomon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Kacey B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Coons
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Randall B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Empey
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D004514:Education, Pharmacy, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D023281:Genomics / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy
keywords: active learning; curriculum; genetics; personal genomic testing; pharmacogenomics