title: Glucose and magnetic-responsive approach toward in situ nitric oxide bubbles controlled generation for hyperglycemia theranostics.
abstract: Stimuli-responsive devices that deliver drugs or imaging contrast agents in spatial-, temporal- and dosage-controlled fashions have emerged as the most promising and valuable platform for targeted and controlled drug delivery. However, implementing high performance of these functions in one single delivery carrier remains extremely challenging. Herein, we have developed a sequential strategy for developing glucose and magnetic-responsive microvesicle delivery system, which regulates the glucose levels and spatiotemporally controls the generation of nitric oxide gas free bubbles. It is observed that such injectable microvesicles loaded with enzyme and magnetic nanoparticles can firstly regulate hyperglycemic level based on the enzymatic reactions between glucose oxidase and glucose. In a sequential manner, concomitant magnetic field stimuli enhance the shell permeability while prompts the reaction between H2O2 and l-arginine to generate the gasotransmitters nitric oxide, which can be imaged by ultrasound and further delivered for diabetic nephropathy therapy. Therefore, magnetic microvesicles with glucose oxidase may be designed as a novel theranostic approach for restoring glucose homeostasis and spatiotemporally control NO release for maintaining good overall diabetic health.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China. Electronic address: yangfang2080@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Mingxi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Tuantuan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
authors.forename: Huating
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China. Electronic address: guning@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005949:Glucose Oxidase
keywords: Alternating magnetic field; Blood glucose level; Diabetes; Glucose oxidase; Magnetic microvesicles; Nitric oxide bubbles