title: Cytokine Expression in Patients Hospitalized for Severe Odontogenic Infection in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe odontogenic infections remain an important public health concern and a significant economic burden to public health care facilities. Despite this, several aspects of the disease, such as its immune response profile, remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to search for an association between mRNA levels of the cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-17A, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β and the chemokines IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, and CCL5 and odontogenic infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case group was composed of 12 patients hospitalized in consequence of severe odontogenic infection, and our control group included 12 individuals with healthy periapical tissues. Clinical samples were taken from the case (drainage site) and control (periapical interstitial fluid) groups with the aid of paper points. Total RNA was extracted, complementary DNA was synthesized, and mRNA levels were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine statistical significance (P < .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data generated showed a significantly increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-17A), IL-8, and CCL2/MCP-1 in odontogenic infection patients. The mRNA levels of IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, and CCL5 were similar in both study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, individuals presenting with odontogenic infections exhibited extraordinary proinflammatory cytokine profiles paralleled with unaltered expression of regulatory mediators.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Augusto C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sette-Dias
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kamilla F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Fundação Universidade de Itaúna, Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana C N
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Auxiliadora R
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Gnotobiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leda Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Sobrinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: ppmagalhaes@ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Paula P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Magalhães
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009807:Odontogenic Cysts; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508717:IL17A protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Chemokines; cytokines; immune response; odontogenic infections