title: Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans.
abstract: The antifungal activity, kinetics, and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans were investigated in this study using multiple methods. Using the poisoned food technique, we determined that the minimum inhibitory concentration of garlic oil was 0.35 μg/mL. Observation by transmission electron microscopy indicated that garlic oil could penetrate the cellular membrane of C. albicans as well as the membranes of organelles such as the mitochondria, resulting in organelle destruction and ultimately cell death. RNA sequencing analysis showed that garlic oil induced differential expression of critical genes including those involved in oxidation-reduction processes, pathogenesis, and cellular response to drugs and starvation. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes were mainly clustered in 19 KEGG pathways, representing vital cellular processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, the spliceosome, the cell cycle, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, four upregulated proteins selected after two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analysis were identified with high probability by mass spectrometry as putative cytoplasmic adenylate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, hexokinase, and heat shock proteins. This is suggestive of a C. albicans stress responses to garlic oil treatment. On the other hand, a large number of proteins were downregulated, leading to significant disruption of the normal metabolism and physical functions of C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Ru
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Shan
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Huan-Qin
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bao
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Mo
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Ze
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016923:Cell Death; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013440:Sulfides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D013440:Sulfides; C038491:allyl sulfide