title: Supplementation with α-Lipoic Acid Alone or in Combination with Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates the Inflammatory Status of Healthy Overweight or Obese Women Consuming an Energy-Restricted Diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proinflammatory state induced by obesity plays an important role in obesity-related metabolic complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with α-lipoic acid (LA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), separately or in combination, could improve inflammatory and cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women consuming an energy-restricted diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the context of the Effects of Lipoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Human Obesity (OBEPALIP) study, Caucasian women (n = 73) aged 20-50 y with a BMI (in kg/m2) between 27.5 and 40 consumed an energy-restricted diet for 10 wk after being randomly assigned to 1 of 4 parallel experimental groups: a control group or groups supplemented with 1.3 g EPA/d, 0.3 g LA/d, or both. Secondary outcomes were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. These included circulating inflammatory [C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), chemerin, haptoglobin, amyloid A, and leukocytes] and cardiovascular disease risk markers (platelet count and circulating apelin, asymmetric dimethylarginine, vascular endothelial growth factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Gene expression of IL6, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (ADGRE1), interleukin 10 (IL10), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and adiponectin was measured in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies at endpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation with LA caused a greater reduction in some circulating inflammatory risk markers, such as CRP (-0.13 ± 0.07 mg/dL compared with 0.06 ± 0.07 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and leukocyte count (-0.74 ± 0.18 × 103/mm3 compared with 0.06 ± 0.18 × 103/mm3, P < 0.01), than in the groups that were not supplemented with LA. In contrast, the fall in apelin concentrations that accompanied weight loss was less pronounced in groups that were supplemented with LA (-1.1 ± 4.9 pg/mL) than in those that were not (-21.3 ± 4.8 pg/mL, P < 0.01). In adipose tissue, compared with those who did not receive EPA, EPA-supplemented groups exhibited a downregulation of ADGRE1 (0.7 ± 0.1-fold compared with 1.0 ± 0.1-fold) (P < 0.05) and an upregulation of IL10 (1.8 ± 0.2-fold compared with 1.0 ± 0.2-fold) (P < 0.05) gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with LA improves some systemic inflammatory and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women independently of weight loss, whereas EPA modulates inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01138774.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Prieto-Hontoria
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Neira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sáinz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moreno-Aliaga
keywords: inflammation; lipoic acid; nutritional intervention; obesity; ω-3 fatty acids