title: Small putative NANOG, SOX2, and SSEA-4-positive stem cells resembling very small embryonic-like stem cells in sections of ovarian tissue in patients with ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies it has been found that in cell cultures of human adult ovaries there is a population of small stem cells with diameters of 2-4 μm, which are present mainly in the ovarian surface epithelium and are comparable to very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) from bone marrow. These cells are not observed by histopathologists in the ovarian tissue due to their small size and unknown clinical significance. Because these cells express a degree of pluripotency, they might be involved in the manifestation of ovarian cancer. Therefore we studied the ovarian tissue sections in women with borderline ovarian cancer and serous ovarian carcinoma to perhaps identify the small putative stem cells in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 women with borderline ovarian cancer and 20 women with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma the ovarian tissue sections were stained, per standard practice, with eosin and hematoxylin staining and on NANOG, SSEA-4 and SOX2 markers, related to pluripotency, using immunohistochemistry. We focused on the presence and localization of small putative stem cells with diameters of up to 5 μm and with the nuclei spread over nearly the full cell volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ovarian sections of both borderline ovarian cancer and serous ovarian carcinoma patients we were able to identify the presence of small round cells complying with the above criteria. Some of these small cells were NANOG-positive, were located among epithelial cells in the ovarian surface epithelium and as a single cell or groups of cells/clusters in typical "chambers", were found only in the presence of ovarian cancer and not in healthy ovaries and are comparable to those in fetal ovaries. We envision that these small cells could be related to NANOG-positive tumor-like structures and oocyte-like cells in similar "chambers" found in sections of cancerous ovaries, which could support their stemness and pluripotency. Further immunohistochemistry revealed a similar population of SSEA-4 and SOX2-positive cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We may conclude that putative small stem cells expressing markers, related to pluripotency, are present in the ovarian tissue sections of women with borderline ovarian cancer and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma thus indicating their potential involvement in ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. irma.virant@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Virant-Klun
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. natasa@kenda.si.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kenda-Suster
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. spsmrkolj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Spela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smrkolj
mesh_terms: D048429:Cell Size; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000066449:Human Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D018297:Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C486780:NANOG protein, human; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens; C066584:stage-specific embryonic antigen-4