title: Association between low birth weight and childhood-onset chronic kidney disease in Japan: a combined analysis of a nationwide survey for paediatric chronic kidney disease and the National Vital Statistics Report.
abstract: Although numerous epidemiological surveys performed across several continents and ethnic groups have linked low birth weight (LBW) to increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood, the effects of birth weight and prematurity on development of CKD in childhood have not been clearly established.
  
  
  
  Data on sex, LBW incidence and gestational age were compared between paediatric CKD cases and a control group. Paediatric CKD cases were obtained from a nationwide survey conducted by the Pediatric CKD Study Group in Japan. The population attributable fraction was calculated to evaluate the effects of reducing the prevalence of LBW infants (LBWI).
  
  
  
  Of 447 individuals born between 1993 and 2010 that fulfilled the eligibility criteria, birth weight data were obtained for 381 (85.2%) (231 boys and 150 girls), 106 (27.8%) of whom were LBWI. The proportion of LBWI in the general population during the same period was much lower (8.6%). Therefore, the risk ratio (RR) for paediatric CKD was significantly higher in the LBW group [crude RR: 4.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.62-5.01], and the overall impact on paediatric CKD for removal of LBW amounted to 21.1% (95% CI 16.0-26.1%). In addition, 82 patients (21.9%) with paediatric CKD were born prematurely (before 37 weeks of gestation), and as with LBW, a strong correlation was observed between prematurity and CKD (RR: 4.73; 95% CI 3.91-5.73).
  
  
  
  Both birth weight and gestational age were strongly associated with childhood-onset CKD in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daishi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Science and Technology for Sustainable Society (Faculty of Science and Technology), Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryojiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Japan; chronic kidney disease; developmental origins of health and disease; intrauterine growth restriction; low birth weight