title: Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a rapidly growing public health issue with an estimated prevalence of >37.7 million individuals globally. HF is a shared chronic phase of cardiac functional impairment secondary to many aetiologies, and patients with HF experience numerous symptoms that affect their quality of life, including dyspnoea, fatigue, poor exercise tolerance, and fluid retention. Although the underlying causes of HF vary according to sex, age, ethnicity, comorbidities, and environment, the majority of cases remain preventable. HF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and confers a substantial burden to the health-care system. HF is a leading cause of hospitalization among adults and the elderly. In the USA, the total medical costs for patients with HF are expected to rise from US$20.9 billion in 2012 to $53.1 billion by 2030. Improvements in the medical management of risk factors and HF have stabilized the incidence of this disease in many countries. In this Review, we provide an overview of the latest epidemiological data on HF, and propose future directions for reducing the ever-increasing HF burden.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.|Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Boback
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ziaeian
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.|Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, University of California, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 630 East, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors