title: Meloidogyne graminicola: a major threat to rice agriculture.
abstract: Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Metazoa; Phylum Nematoda; Class Chromadorea; Order Tylenchida; Suborder Tylenchina; Infraorder Tylenchomorpha; Superfamily Tylenchoidea; Family Meloidogynidae; Subfamily Meloidogyninae; Genus Meloidogyne.
  
  
  
  Microscopic non-segmented roundworm. Plant pathogen; obligate sedentary endoparasitic root-knot nematode. Reproduction: facultative meiotic parthenogenetic species in which amphimixis can occur at a low frequency (c. 0.5%); relatively fast life cycle completed in 19-27 days on rice depending on the temperature range.
  
  
  
  Reported to infect over 100 plant species, including cereals and grass plants, as well as dicotyledonous plants. Main host: rice (Oryza sativa).
  
  
  
  Characteristic hook-shaped galls (root swellings), mainly formed at the root tips of infected plants. Alteration of the root vascular system causes disruption of water and nutrient transport, stunting, chlorosis and loss of vigour, resulting in poor growth and reproduction of the plants with substantial yield losses in crops.
  
  
  
  Nematicides, chemical priming, constant immersion of rice in irrigated fields, crop rotation with resistant or non-host plants, use of nematode-free planting material. Some sources of resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola have been identified in African rice species (O. glaberrima and O. longistaminata), as well as in a few Asian rice cultivars.
  
  
  
  Major threat to rice agriculture, particularly in Asia. Adapted to flooded conditions, Meloidogyne graminicola causes problems in all types of rice agrosystems.
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector Consortium, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mantelin
authors.affiliation: IRD-CIRAD-Université Montpellier II, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France.|LMI-RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellafiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kyndt
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D012275:Oryza / Q000469:parasitology*; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*
keywords: Oryza sativa; effectors; nematode control; root-knot nematode