title: Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder.
abstract: Neurogenic bladder refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder secondary to diseases of the nervous system that result in problems with urine storage, micturition, or both. The most common causes are multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Patients commonly present with recurrent UTIs, obstructive uropathies, and urinary retention. Without proper treatment, neurogenic bladder may result in nephropathy and renal failure, both of which have a significant negative impact on the health and life expectancy of patients. Restoration of lost neural function using artificial stimulators is a feasible therapeutic strategy. This article reviews the pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder and the 2 most commonly employed sacral nerve stimulation methods-the Brindley procedure and sacral neuromodulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Electronic address: llfrandom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lai-Fung
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ka-Kit Leung
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Wai-Man
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lui
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Electrical stimulation; Neurogenic; Spinal cord injuries; Urinary bladder