title: Contemporary Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Response Times for Suspected Stroke in the United States.
abstract: There are no contemporary national-level data on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response times for suspected stroke in the United States (US). Because effective stroke treatment is time-dependent, we characterized response times for suspected stroke, and examined whether they met guideline recommendations.
  
  
  
  Using the National EMS Information System dataset, we included 911 calls for patients ≥ 18 years with an EMS provider impression of stroke. We examined variation in the total EMS response time by dispatch notification of stroke, age, sex, race, region, time of day, day of the week, as well as the proportion of EMS responses that met guideline recommended response times. Total EMS response time included call center dispatch time (receipt of call by dispatch to EMS being notified), EMS dispatch time (dispatch informing EMS to EMS starts moving), time to scene (EMS starts moving to EMS arrival on scene), time on scene (EMS arrival on scene to EMS leaving scene), and transport time (EMS leaving scene to reaching treatment facility).
  
  
  
  We identified 184,179 events with primary impressions of stroke (mean age 70.4 ± 16.4 years, 55% male). Median total EMS response time was 36 (IQR 28.7-48.0) minutes. Longer response times were observed for patients aged 65-74 years, of white race, females, and from non-urban areas. Dispatch identification of stroke versus "other" was associated with marginally faster response times (36.0 versus 36.7 minutes, p < 0.01). When compared to recommended guidelines, 78% of EMS responses met dispatch delay of <1 minute, 72% met time to scene of <8 minutes, and 46% met on-scene time of <15 minutes.
  
  
  
  In the United States, time from receipt of 9-1-1 calls to treatment center arrival takes a median of 36 minutes for stroke patients, an improvement upon previously published times. The fact that 22%-46% of EMS responses did not meet stroke guidelines highlights an opportunity for improvement. Future studies should examine EMS diagnostic accuracy nationally or regionally using outcomes based approaches, as accurate recognition of prehospital strokes is vital in order to improve response times, adhere to guidelines, and ultimately provide timely and effective stroke treatment.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Rachel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugiah
authors.forename: Isuru
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D000071820:Emergency Medical Dispatch / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: emergency medical response; population; stroke