title: Internet and smartphone application usage in eating disorders: A descriptive study in Singapore.
abstract: Eating disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The Internet is a popular medium for individuals with eating disorders to discuss and reinforce their affliction. However, the available literature on Internet usage and eating disorders is scarce, especially in the area of social media and smartphone application ("app") usage. This study looked at the Internet and smartphone app usage patterns of participants who presented with an eating disorder in Singapore, and whether it corresponded to severity of illness. Individuals who presented to the Eating Disorders clinic at the Singapore General Hospital completed a self-reported questionnaire on Internet and app usage. They also completed the EDE-Q, EAT-26 and CIA 3.0. 55 participants completed the study. 41.8% had anorexia nervosa, 34.5% had bulimia nervosa, and 9.1% were ED-NOS. 41.8% felt that apps helped to perpetuate their illness while 32.7% felt that the apps were helpful for recovery. Overall, any smartphone application usage was associated with younger age and greater eating disorder psychopathology and psychosocial impairment. While 30.9% had encountered eating disorder-related content on Facebook, only 12.7% visited Facebook groups related to eating disorders. For YouTube, "Cooking and Food" and "Beauty and Fashion" videos were among the top 3 types of videos that participants watched. In conclusion, Internet and smartphone app usage is significant, and they are associated with greater severity of illness. It is necessary to include interventions in this aspect as part of treatment of eating disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Angeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shih Ee
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ee Lian
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore. Electronic address: victor.kwok@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kwok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012846:Singapore; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anorexia; Apps; Bulimia; Eating disorders; Internet; Smartphone