title: Effect of Nasal Obstruction on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment: Computational Fluid Dynamics Analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal obstruction is a common problem in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea and limits treatment compliance. The purpose of this study is to model the effects of nasal obstruction on airflow parameters under CPAP using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and to clarify quantitatively the relation between airflow velocity and pressure loss coefficient in subjects with and without nasal obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of 16 Japanese adult subjects, of whom 9 had nasal obstruction and 7 did not (control group). Three-dimensional reconstructed models of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx with a CPAP mask fitted to the nostrils were created from each subject's CT scans. The digital models were meshed with tetrahedral cells and stereolithography formats were created. CPAP airflow simulations were conducted using CFD software. Airflow streamlines and velocity contours in the nasal cavities and nasopharynx were compared between groups. Simulation models were confirmed to agree with actual measurements of nasal flow rate and with pressure and flow rate in the CPAP machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under 10 cmH2O CPAP, average maximum airflow velocity during inspiration was 17.6 ± 5.6 m/s in the nasal obstruction group but only 11.8 ± 1.4 m/s in the control group. The average pressure drop in the nasopharynx relative to inlet static pressure was 2.44 ± 1.41 cmH2O in the nasal obstruction group but only 1.17 ± 0.29 cmH2O in the control group. The nasal obstruction and control groups were clearly separated by a velocity threshold of 13.5 m/s, and pressure loss coefficient threshold of approximately 10.0. In contrast, there was no significant difference in expiratory pressure in the nasopharynx between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first CFD analysis of the effect of nasal obstruction on CPAP treatment. A strong correlation between the inspiratory pressure loss coefficient and maximum airflow velocity was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Fluid Dynamics and Energy Machinery Systems, Joint Program Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanuma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed