title: A correlation between selenium and carnitine levels with hypo-osmotic swelling test for sperm membrane in low-grade varicocele patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test predicts membrane integrity by determining the ability of the sperm membrane to maintain equilibrium between the sperm cell and its environment. The aim of our study was to determine the correlation between selenium and carnitine levels in the seminal fluid with HOS test for sperm membrane in low-grade varicocele patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study numbered 64 examinees who suffered from low-grade varicocele and were divided into two groups, according to fertility potential and HOS test outcome. The study also included a control group of 64 healthy subjects, with no varicocele.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the Shapiro-Wilk's test, it is clear that carnitine distribution differs significantly from normal (0.938, p = 0.03). In distribution of selenium, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test clearly shows statistically significant deviation from the normal curve (z = 0.225, p < 0.000), likewise Shapiro-Wilk's statistic (0.787, p < 0.000). According to the results, the second group had significantly higher levels of carnitine and selenium than the first group of examinees (p < 0.05); therefore, when we compared epididymal markers with HOS tests outcomes, we found significant differences between the two groups. There were no significant differences between second group and healthy subjects (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HOS test outcome in varicocele patients is directly proportional to the carnitine and selenium levels, which could play a major role in both determining fertility parameters and in the treatment of its impairment. This result is important for sub-clinical varicocele in infertile patients with normal semen analysis, since there is no evidence of benefit from any treatment so far.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro. marko.vukovic09@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pajovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitrovski
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Radojevic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009995:Osmosis / Q000502:physiology*; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012643:Selenium; D002331:Carnitine