title: Spatiotemporal analysis of encroachment on wetlands: a case of Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda.
abstract: Wetlands provide vital ecosystem services such as water purification, flood control, and climate moderation among others, which enhance environmental quality, promote public health, and contribute to risk reduction. The biggest threat to wetlands is posed by human activities which transform wetlands, often for short-term consumptive benefits. This paper aimed to classify and map recent land cover and provide a multi-temporal analysis of changes from 2002 to 2014 in the Nakivubo wetland through which wastewater from Kampala city drains to Lake Victoria in Uganda. The paper contributes through spatially congruent change maps showing site-specific land cover conversions. In addition, it gives insight into what happened to the wetlands, why it happened, how the changes in the wetlands affect the communities living in them, and how the situation could be better managed or regulated in future. The analysis is based on very high resolution (50-62 cm) aerial photos and satellite imagery, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Overall, the analysis of losses and gains showed a 62 % loss of wetland vegetation between 2002 and 2014, mostly attributable to crop cultivation. Cultivation in the wetland buffering the lake shore makes it unstable to anchor. The 2014 data shows large portions of the wetland calved away by receding lake waves. With barely no wetland vegetation buffer around the lake, the heavily polluted wastewater streams will lower the quality of lake water. Furthermore, with increased human activities in the wetland, exposure to flooding and pollution will be likely to have a greater impact on the health and livelihoods of vulnerable communities. This calls for a multi-faceted approach, coordination of the various stakeholders and engagement of wetland-dependent communities as part of the solution, and might require zoning out the wetland and restricting certain activities to specific zones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa. isunju@musph.ac.ug.|Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. isunju@musph.ac.ug.
authors.forename: John Bosco
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Isunju
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa. jkemp@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemp
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D063809:Satellite Imagery; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014454:Uganda; D014507:Urbanization / Q000639:trends; D062065:Wastewater / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Adaptation; Flooding; Land-cover; Pollution; Wetlands; Wise use