title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of fractures despite increased bone mineral density (BMD). In experimental studies a potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in bone remodeling is suggested but studies in humans are lacking. This is a first study in humans investigating whether circulated levels of PAI-1 in postmenopausal women with T2DM are related to BMD and adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric variables, PAI-1 and insulin levels, serum lipids and bone turnover markers were measured in 127 postmenopausal women with T2DM. A total of 117 female patients were divided according to lumbar spine BMD measurements via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in three groups: 47 with osteopenia, 21 with osteoporosis and 49 with normal BMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic patients with normal BMD had significantly higher BMI, greater waist circumference and lower bone turnover markers than diabetics with osteopenia and osteoporosis. PAI-1 was lower in diabetics with osteoporosis and osteopenia compared with diabetics with normal BMD. Multiple regression analysis revealed insulin, triglycerides levels, pyrilinks and beta blocker therapy to be the strongest predictors of PAI-1 levels. PAI-1 levels correlated with both L-BMD and hip BMD, but after adjustment for age and BMI association was no longer significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that elevated PAI-1 levels are associated with higher BMD in obese diabetic patients but the possible implications of this finding and underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Obviously, metabolic parameters, may affect both BMD and PAI-levels, and association of PAI-1 and BMD could be indirect. However, as pyrilinks is also independently and significantly negatively correlated to PAI-1 its direct involvement in bone metabolism is also plausible. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the nature of interaction of this matrix modulator in relation to energy and bone metabolism in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, University Hospital Center Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Silvija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canecki-Varžić
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, University Hospital Center Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia. prpic-krizevac.ivana@kbco.hr.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prpić-Križevac
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, University Hospital Center Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bilić-Ćurčić
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D015519:Bone Density; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human