title: Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis.
abstract: Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is an under-recognized entity that is associated with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. In absence of a congenital anomaly, the most common cause of IVC thrombosis is the presence of an unretrieved IVC filter. Due to the substantial increase in the number of IVC filters placed in the United States and the very low filter retrieval rates, clinicians are faced with a very large population of patients at risk for developing IVC thrombosis. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data and societal guidelines with regards to the diagnosis and management of IVC thrombosis. This paper aims to enhance the awareness of this uncommon, but morbid, condition by providing a concise, yet comprehensive, review of the etiology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies in patients with IVC thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York. Electronic address: adnanalkhouli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alkhouli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morad
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Narins
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Riyaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bashir
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D053828:Stockings, Compression; D017131:Thrombectomy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000009:adverse effects; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: catheter-directed thrombolysis; deep venous thrombosis; inferior vena cava; pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis; post-thrombotic syndrome