title: Non-typhoidal Salmonella DNA traces in gallbladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We earlier proposed a genetic model for gallbladder carcinogenesis and its dissemination cascade. However, the association of gallbladder cancer and 'inflammatory stimulus' to drive the initial cascade in the model remained unclear. A recent study suggested infection with Salmonella can lead to changes in the host signalling pathways in gallbladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the whole exomes of 26 primary gall bladder tumour and paired normal samples for presence of 143 HPV (Human papilloma virus) types along with 6 common Salmonella serotypes (S. typhi Ty2, S. typhi CT18, S. typhimurium LT2, S. choleraesuis SCB67, S. paratyphi TCC, and S. paratyphi SPB7) using a computational subtraction pipeline based on the HPVDetector, we recently described. Based on our evaluation of 26 whole exome gallbladder primary tumours and matched normal samples: association of typhoidal Salmonella species were found in 11 of 26 gallbladder cancer samples, and non-typhoidal Salmonella species in 12 of 26 gallbladder cancer, with 6 samples were found co-infected with both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first evidence to support the association of non-typhoidal Salmonella species along with typhoidal strains in gallbladder cancer. Salmonella infection in the chronic carrier state fits the role of the 'inflammatory stimulus' in the genetic model for gallbladder carcinogenesis that may play a role in gallbladder cancer analogous to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai India.
authors.forename: Prajish
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gastrointestinal Oncology, and Bariatric Surgery, Medanta Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Savio George
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai India.
authors.forename: Bikram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.affiliation: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai India.
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chandrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Ernest Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Mukta R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ramadwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Ernest Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Shailesh V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shrikhande
authors.affiliation: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1119-4774
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutt
keywords: Gall bladder cancer; Inflammation; Non-typhoidal; Salmonella