title: Literature Review of Benign Müllerian Papilloma Contrasted With Vaginal Rhabdomyosarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benign müllerian papillomas of the genital tract are rare and, hence, can be mistaken for vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma on initial clinical review. This review of the literature will consolidate the previous cases of müllerian papilloma reported and looks for clues to differentiate the 2 entities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide a case report and literature review, with patients from a pediatric adolescent gynecology clinic in a tertiary center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a search of English-language publications from 1951 (the first case report) until January 2014 by using the search words "Müllerian papilloma" and "prepubertal bleeding." References from previous published reports were also obtained for completeness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature review of benign müllerian papilloma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1951, 56 cases of müllerian papilloma were reported, including 4 cases at our institution. Comorbid conditions were found in 31.5% of cases (with 3 cases associated with mesenchymal tumors). The average length of time from onset of symptoms (primarily vaginal bleeding) to diagnosis was 6.7 months (range, 1 day to 3 years), with only 1 case diagnosed incidentally. Median age of presentation was 5 years (range, 1 day to 52 years). Most cases were localized and resected with ease. Histology reveals complex papillary lesions without cytologic atypia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benign müllerian papilloma is distinguished from the more significant diagnosis of vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma by initial length of vaginal bleeding at presentation, lack of vaginal wall extension, ease of resection, and histopathology. This is compared with vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma which commonly exhibits both localized and distant spread.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: Sarah.mcquillan@medportal.ca.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McQuillan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Sonia R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Yasmin L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Jayasinghe
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000473:pathology; D010212:Papilloma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Benign müllerian papilloma; Prepubescent; Rhabdomyosarcoma