title: Evaluation of the insertion torque, implant stability quotient and drilled hole quality for different drill design: an in vitro Investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to compare the insertion torque and implant stability quotient between different drill design for implant site preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthetic blocks of bone (type I density) were used for drilling procedures. Three groups were evaluated: Group G1 - drilling with a single bur for a 4.2 mm conical implant; Group G2 and Group G3 - drilling with three consecutive burs for a 4.1 mm cylindrical implant and for a 4.3 mm conical implant respectively. For each group, 15 drilling procedures were performed without irrigation for 10-mm in-depth. The drilled hole quality (HQ) after the osteotomy for implant site preparation was measured in the five-first holes through a fully automated roundness/cylindricity instrument at three levels (top, middle, and bottom of the site). The insertion torque value (ITV) was achieved with a computed torquimeter and the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were measured using a resonance frequency apparatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The single drill (group 1) achieved a significantly higher ITV and ISQ than the multiple drills for osteotomy (groups 2 and 3). Group 1 and 3 displayed significantly better HQ than group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of the study, the results suggest that the hole quality, in addition to the insertion torque, may significantly affect implant primary stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Biotecnos - Technology and Science, Santa Maria Brazil, Catholic University San Anotnio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio Alexandre
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gehrke
authors.affiliation: Chairman of International Research Cathedra, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis Calvo
authors.initials: JLC
authors.lastname: Guirado
authors.affiliation: Adjunct Associate Professor New York University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettach
authors.affiliation: Academic Researcher, Università degli Studi di Milano, Director of the Research Center in Oral Health, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo Del
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fabbro
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of International Research Cathedra, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos Pérez-Albacete
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jamil Awad
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shibli
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D000074269:Resonance Frequency Analysis; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: bone density; dental implants; drill precision; insertion torque; resonance frequency analysis