title: Ranking reactive glutamines in the fibrinogen αC region that are targeted by blood coagulant factor XIII.
abstract: Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) introduces covalent γ-glutamyl-ε-lysyl crosslinks into the blood clot network. These crosslinks involve both the γ and α chains of fibrin. The C-terminal portion of the fibrin α chain extends into the αC region (210-610). Crosslinks within this region help generate a stiffer clot, which is more resistant to fibrinolysis. Fibrinogen αC (233-425) contains a binding site for FXIIIa and three glutamines Q237, Q328, and Q366 that each participate in physiological crosslinking reactions. Although these glutamines were previously identified, their reactivities toward FXIIIa have not been ranked. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods were thus used to directly characterize these three glutamines and probe for sources of FXIIIa substrate specificity. Glycine ethyl ester (GEE) and ammonium chloride served as replacements for lysine. Mass spectrometry and 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR revealed that Q237 is rapidly crosslinked first by FXIIIa followed by Q366 and Q328. Both (15)NH4Cl and (15)N-GEE could be crosslinked to the three glutamines in αC (233-425) with a similar order of reactivity as observed with the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry assay. NMR studies using the single αC mutants Q237N, Q328N, and Q366N demonstrated that no glutamine is dependent on another to react first in the series. Moreover, the remaining two glutamines of each mutant were both still reactive. Further characterization of Q237, Q328, and Q366 is important because they are located in a fibrinogen region susceptible to physiological truncations and mutation. The current results suggest that these glutamines play distinct roles in fibrin crosslinking and clot architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and.
authors.forename: Kelly Njine
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Mouapi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and.
authors.forename: Jacob D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kerrie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ariëns
authors.affiliation: Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Philippou
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and.
authors.forename: Muriel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D026122:Factor XIIIa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D017354:Point Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C464794:fibrinogen Aalpha; D005973:Glutamine; D005340:Fibrinogen; D026122:Factor XIIIa; D008239:Lysine