title: Focal interictal epileptiform discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
abstract: Are idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) truly generalized? Do IGEs represent a continuum or rather distinct syndromes? Focal changes in the electroencephalography (EEG) have been reported in IGEs. The aim of this work is to investigate focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in IGEs, and their relation to clinical variables. Forty-one IGE patients (classified according to ILAE, 2001) were recruited from a tertiary center (age 23 ± 10.938 years). Their files were reviewed and they were subjected to clinical examination and interictal EEG. Patients with focal IEDs were compared to those without focal IEDs. Nine patients had juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and 32 had idiopathic epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only (EGTCSA). Focal IEDs were found in 20 patients, mostly in the frontal (45.5 %) and temporal (31.8 %) distribution. Patients with focal IEDs were treated with a larger number of combined antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (p value = 0.022). No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding age, sex, age at onset, epilepsy syndrome, seizure frequency, family history, AEDs used (sodium valproate and carbamazepine) and their doses. Seventeen EGTCSA patients had focal IEDs. They were treated with larger number of combined AEDs (p value = 0.0142). No significant difference was found between the EGTCSA patients with and those without focal IEDs regarding age, sex, age at onset, seizure frequency, family history and AEDs doses. Caution must be applied in the interpretation of interictal focal IEDs. These focal changes may be related to prognosis, however this needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Kasr Alaini Hospital, Cairo University, Elmanial Street, Cairo, Egypt. emaan_neuro@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eman H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-7593
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Esmail
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Kasr Alaini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amani M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nawito
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Kasr Alaini Hospital, Cairo University, Elmanial Street, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dalia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Kasr Alaini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mye A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Basheer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: EEG; EGTCSA; Epilepsy; Focal; JME; Resistance