title: Effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. Leaves Extract on Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behavior and Oxidative Stress in Mice after Acute Restraint Stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Beta vulgaris is commonly known as "beet root" possessing antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the protective effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. ethanolic extract (BVEE) of leaves against acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice (n = 6) were pretreated with BVEE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p. o.) for 7 days and subjected to ARS for 6 h to induce behavioral and biochemical changes. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior were measured by using different behavioral paradigms such as open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) 40 min postARS. Brain homogenate was used to analyze oxidative stress parameters, that is, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BVEE pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the ARS-induced reduction in EPM parameters, that is, percentage entries and time spent in open arms and in OFT parameters, that is, line crossings, and rearings in mice. ARS-induced increase in the immobility time in FST and TST was attenuated significantly (P < 0.05) by BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage. An increase in MDA and depletion of GSH level postARS was prevented significantly (P < 0.05) with BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage (100 and 200 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BVEE exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in stressed mice along with good antioxidant property suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress plays major role in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressionARS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior through oxidative damage in miceBVEE pretreatment reversed ARS-induced behavioral changes, that is, anxiety and depressionARS-induced oxidative stress was prevented by BVEE pretreatment in mice. Abbreviations Used:
  Analysis of variance, ARS: Acute restraint stress, BVEE: Beta vulgaris ethanolic extract, BV: Beta vulgaris, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, CNS: Central nervous system, CPCSEA: Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals, cms: Centimeter, DNA: Deoxyribose nucleic acid, EPM: Elevated plus maze, FST: Forced swim test, GSH: Reduced glutathione, g: Gram, h: Hour, IAEC: Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, mg: Milligram, μM: Microgram, MDA: Malondialdehyde, SEM: Standard error of mean, TST: Tail suspension test, UV: Ultraviolet, w/v: Weight by volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kunjbihari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sulakhiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vikas Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Jagrati
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dashore
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sapience Bio-analytical Research Laboratory, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, DAVV University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rathore
keywords: Acute restraint stress; Beta vulgaris; antioxidant; anxiety; depression; oxidative stress