title: The role of the gastrointestinal tract and microbiota on uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease development.
abstract: It is well-established that uremic toxins are positively correlated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. In addition, emerging data suggest that gut bacteria exert an influence over both the production of uremic toxins and the development of chronic kidney disease. As such, modifying the gut microbiota may have the potential as a treatment for chronic kidney disease. This is supported by data that suggest that rescuing microbiota dysbiosis may: reduce uremic toxin production; prevent toxins and pathogens from crossing the intestinal barrier; and, reduce gastrointestinal tract transit time allowing nutrients to reach the microbiota in the distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite emerging literature, the gut-kidney axis has yet to be fully explored. A special focus should be placed on examining clinically translatable strategies that might encourage improvements to the microbiome, thereby potentially reducing the risk of the development of chronic kidney disease. This review aims to present an overview of literature linking changes to the gastrointestinal tract with microbiota dysbiosis and the development and progression of chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. d.briskey@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-6700
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Briskey
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Coombes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D018450:Disease Progression; D064806:Dysbiosis; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Gastrointestinal tract; Kidney disease; Microbiota; Permeability; Probiotics