title: An Analysis of the Effects and the Molecular Mechanism of Deep Hypothermic Low Flow on Brain Tissue in Mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of deep hypothermic low flow (DHLF) on brain tissue in three genotypes of 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice (N = 180).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice in the model condition were subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) while undergoing DHLF, then reperfused and rewarmed. Brain tissue damage was measured with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and protein expression was measured by Western blot at 2 h, 24 h, and 72 h after treatment; messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 2 h, 24 h, and 72 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of p-Akt1 and p-GSK-3β were significantly higher in the model condition than the condition across genotypes, but both were significantly lower in the Akt1 mice. The expressions of Akt1 mRNA and Akt3 mRNA, but not Akt2 mRNA, were significantly higher in the model condition across genotypes. Brain damage was significantly greater in the Akt1 knockout gene mice compared with Akt2 gene knockout and wild type mice at 24 h and 72 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of DHLF reflect increased expression of p-GSK-3β induced through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Findings of real-time PCR imply that Akt1 mRNA and Akt3 mRNA may influence the expression of p-Akt1 and p-GSK-3β in mice undergoing DHLF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005838:Genotype; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C514862:Akt1 protein, mouse; C494922:Akt2 protein, mouse; C491753:Akt3 protein, mouse; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt