title: Autophagy in hepatocellular carcinomas: from pathophysiology to therapeutic response.
abstract: Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process performed by the cells to maintain energy balance. The autophagy response plays an important role in the progression of liver disease due to hepatitis virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An increased autophagy response also contributes to the pathogenesis of liver disease through modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses; a defective cellular autophagy response leads to the development of HCC. Recent progress in the field indicates that autophagy modulation provides a novel targeted therapy for human liver cancer. The purpose of this review is to update our understanding of how the cellular autophagy response impacts the pathophysiology of liver disease and HCC treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Srikanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chava
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Partha K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Yucel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Balart
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: autophagy inhibitor; chloroquine; hepatocellular carcinoma; hydroxychloroquine; macroautophagy; microautophagy; sorafenib