title: Immunological Landscape and Clinical Management of Rectal Cancer.
abstract: The clinical management of rectal cancer and colon cancer differs due to increased local relapses in rectal cancer. However, the current molecular classification does not differentiate rectal cancer and colon cancer as two different entities. In recent years, the impact of the specific immune microenvironment in cancer has attracted renewed interest and is currently recognized as one of the major determinants of clinical progression in a wide range of tumors. In colorectal cancer, the density of lymphocytic infiltration is associated with better overall survival. Due to the need for biomarkers of response to conventional treatment with chemoradiotherapy in rectal tumors, the immune status of rectal cancer emerges as a useful tool to improve the management of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology (REDISSEC), Hospital Costa del Sol , Marbella , Spain.
authors.forename: Elísabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) , Pamplona , Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berraondo
keywords: chemotherapy; immune system; predictive factors; radiotherapy; rectal cancer