title: A 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to evaluate the geographical authenticity of herbal medicine and its application in building a model effectively assessing the mixing proportion of intentional admixtures: A case study of Panax ginseng: Metabolomics for the authenticity of herbal medicine.
abstract: Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng has long been the subject of adulteration, especially regarding its origins. Here, 60 ginseng samples from Korea and China initially displayed similar genetic makeup when investigated by DNA-based technique with 23 chloroplast intergenic space regions. Hence, (1)H NMR-based metabolomics with orthogonal projections on the latent structure-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied and successfully distinguished between samples from two countries using seven primary metabolites as discrimination markers. Furthermore, to recreate adulteration in reality, 21 mixed samples of numerous Korea/China ratios were tested with the newly built OPLS-DA model. The results showed satisfactory separation according to the proportion of mixing. Finally, a procedure for assessing mixing proportion of intentionally blended samples that achieved good predictability (adjusted R(2)=0.8343) was constructed, thus verifying its promising application to quality control of herbal foods by pointing out the possible mixing ratio of falsified samples.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Huy Truong
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Kyu
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Geun
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Agricultural and Forest Faculty, Dalat University, Dalat, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Yun-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeongmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Electronic address: hillpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong Hill
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D029001:Herbal Medicine; D055432:Metabolomics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D005894:Panax / Q000378:metabolism*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
keywords: (1)H NMR-based metabolomics; Geographical origin; Mixing proportion estimation; Panax ginseng