title: Mitigation of marine biofouling on tubes of open rack vaporizers using electromagnetic fields.
abstract: This study quantitatively evaluates the antifouling action of the continuous physical treatment with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of seawater used as heat exchanger fluid in an open rack vaporizer (ORV) pilot plant to reduce the growth of biofouling on external rib-tube surfaces. The results demonstrate that the biofilm adhered on the treated rib-tubes was reduced by 33% in thickness and by 44% in dissolved solids regarding the biofilm adhered on the untreated control rib-tubes. The lower conductivity and Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ionic content in the effluent of the treated seawater confirmed that the EMFs accelerated the process of ionic calcium nucleation and precipitation as calcium carbonate. The precipitation of ions dissolved affected the inter-molecular interactions among extracellular polymers, thereby weakening the biofouling film matrix and reducing its adhesion capacity. The drag of small particles by the flow of seawater had an erosive action and decreased the biofouling film thickness. Consequently, the antifouling methods treatment with EMFs allowed reduce the negative effect that the biofouling have for the heat transfer equipment used in the regasification process and keep the highest techno-economic operating conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail: vegalm@unican.es.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trueba
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail: vegalm@unican.es.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail: vegalm@unican.es.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail: vegalm@unican.es.
authors.forename: Félix M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail: vegalm@unican.es.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madariaga
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D057219:Biofouling; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012623:Seawater
chemical_list: D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D008274:Magnesium