title: Toward Continuous GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer: Eliminating the Time Discontinuity at an Anomaly.
abstract: The wide application of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase (CP) time transfer is limited by the problem of boundary discontinuity (BD). The discontinuity has two categories. One is "day boundary discontinuity," which has been studied extensively and can be solved by multiple methods [1-8]. The other category of discontinuity, called "anomaly boundary discontinuity (anomaly-BD)," comes from a GPS data anomaly. The anomaly can be a data gap (i.e., missing data), a GPS measurement error (i.e., bad data), or a cycle slip. Initial study of the anomaly-BD shows that we can fix the discontinuity if the anomaly lasts no more than 20 min, using the polynomial curve-fitting strategy to repair the anomaly [9]. However, sometimes, the data anomaly lasts longer than 20 min. Thus, a better curve-fitting strategy is in need. Besides, a cycle slip, as another type of data anomaly, can occur and lead to an anomaly-BD. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a new strategy, i.e., the satellite-clock-aided curve fitting strategy with the function of cycle slip detection. Basically, this new strategy applies the satellite clock correction to the GPS data. After that, we do the polynomial curve fitting for the code and phase data, as before. Our study shows that the phase-data residual is only ~3 mm for all GPS satellites. The new strategy also detects and finds the number of cycle slips by searching the minimum curve-fitting residual. Extensive examples show that this new strategy enables us to repair up to a 40-min GPS data anomaly, regardless of whether the anomaly is due to a data gap, a cycle slip, or a combination of the two. We also find that interference of the GPS signal, known as "jamming", can possibly lead to a time-transfer error, and that this new strategy can compensate for jamming outages. Thus, the new strategy can eliminate the impact of jamming on time transfer. As a whole, we greatly improve the robustness of the GPS CP time transfer.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305 USA; University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305 USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305 USA; University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305 USA.
authors.forename: Judah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305 USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
keywords: GPS; GPS jamming; anomaly boundary; boundary discontinuity; carrier phase; curve fitting; cycle slip; discontinuity (anomaly-BD); precise point positioning (PPP); time transfer