title: Bone mineral density profile among post-menopausal women in Manipur: a hospital-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the bone mineral density (BMD) profile in post-menopausal women and to examine the role of various socio-demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological factors in predicting fracture risk in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study recruited consenting postmenopausal women presenting with some form of pain complaints, such as joint pain, body ache, low back pain and so on. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic details. Height and weight were measured and BMI (body mass index) was calculated. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed in three sites: lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and trochanteric region (TR) to assess BMD. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 107 patients. Mean age was 59.70 ± 9.02 years and mean age at menopause was 46.37 ± 4.48 years. Fracture history was present in 25/107 (23.36%). Mean BMI observed was 25.34 ± 3.73. Women with fracture history had statistically significant differences in six factors, namely age, years since menopause, BMI and T-score measurements at LS, FN and TR (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis for these six variables revealed that no factor was independently associated with fracture risk, but those patients who had abnormal T-scores in all three regions had significant history of fracture (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, age since menopause, BMI, and BMD T-score measurements at LS, FN and TR individually predict fracture risk, but none remain significant when all factors are considered together. Patients with abnormal BMD T-scores in all three sites more often gave histories of fractures. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.
authors.forename: Romi Singh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Nongmaithem
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.
authors.forename: Minggam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pertin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.
authors.forename: Chongreilen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiru
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India.
authors.forename: Yengkhom
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jotin
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010758:Phosphorus; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: body mass index; bone mineral density; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; osteoporosis; post-menopausal woman