title: The tall and the short: Repainting the landscape about the growth effects of inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier 1-year growth studies that used older inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) formulations consistently showed that ICS, but not intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), produced a small ∼1 cm/y growth effect that appeared to be nonprogressive and noncumulative. Studies that lasted for >1 year showed that such treatment during childhood did not affect final adult height. Collectively, these studies led to the beliefs that (1) the small short-term effect on growth is unimportant, (2) there is no long-term harm, and (3) any small risk is easily outweighed by the benefit. This led to the cavalier use of ICS and INCS in children and approval of some INCS for over-the-counter sales for children as young as 2 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search using Pub-Med.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More recent studies, with improved scientific designs, have challenged and overturned the earlier beliefs. Moreover, some of the newer ICS formulations have negative, robust growth studies (designed per FDA guidance and detected no growth effect).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review focused on the new evidence and how it will change the way that we use ICS and INCS in children with allergy and asthma in both clinical practice and research, with a renewed focus on safety. There also are significant implications for future iterations of asthma guidelines. The goal was to identify the proper amount of new concern about ICS and INCS, not to generate undue steroid "phobia."
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Skoner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents