title: Plant Quantity Affects Development and Survival of a Gregarious Insect Herbivore and Its Endoparasitoid Wasp.
abstract: Virtually all studies of plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions focus on plant quality as the major constraint on development and survival. However, for many gregarious feeding insect herbivores that feed on small or ephemeral plants, the quantity of resources is much more limiting, yet this area has received virtually no attention. Here, in both lab and semi-field experiments using tents containing variably sized clusters of food plants, we studied the effects of periodic food deprivation in a tri-trophic system where quantitative constraints are profoundly important on insect performance. The large cabbage white Pieris brassicae, is a specialist herbivore of relatively small wild brassicaceous plants that grow in variable densities, with black mustard (Brassica nigra) being one of the most important. Larvae of P. brassicae are in turn attacked by a specialist endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata. Increasing the length of food deprivation of newly molted final instar caterpillars significantly decreased herbivore and parasitoid survival and biomass, but shortened their development time. Moreover, the ability of caterpillars to recover when provided with food again was correlated with the length of the food deprivation period. In outdoor tents with natural vegetation, we created conditions similar to those faced by P. brassicae in nature by manipulating plant density. Low densities of B. nigra lead to potential starvation of P. brassicae broods and their parasitoids, replicating nutritional conditions of the lab experiments. The ability of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars to find corner plants was similar but decreased with central plant density. Survival of both the herbivore and parasitoid increased with plant density and was higher for unparasitized than for parasitized caterpillars. Our results, in comparison with previous studies, reveal that quantitative constraints are far more important that qualitative constraints on the performance of gregarious insect herbivores and their gregarious parasitoids in nature.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rieta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gols
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Harvey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation; D060434:Herbivory; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology*; D063245:Plant Development; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*