title: Inhibition of multispecies biofilms by a fluoride-releasing dental prosthesis copolymer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to develop a new mixed-species acidogenic biofilm model and use it to assess the antimicrobial properties of a novel fluoride-releasing copolymer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stubs composed of a copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were produced by chemically-activated free radical polymerization. A fluoride-releasing copolymer was developed by incorporating sodium fluoride in place of a portion of the PMMA. Samples were mounted in polysulfone Modified Robbins Devices (MRDs) and were optimized for single- and mixed-species biofilm formation by Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus mutans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoride release was sustained for at least 48h in flowing conditions. Fluoride did not affect the colonization and biofilm growth of any of the microorganisms in monocultures. However, in mixed-species biofilms, cell densities of all three species were reduced approximately ten-fold (p<0.05) on the fluoridated material compared with the non-fluoridated copolymer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that intermicrobial interactions in mixed-species acidogenic biofilms are sensitive to fluoride, and that the inclusion of fluoride in a denture lining copolymer reduces the formation of polymicrobial biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth of acidogenic microorganisms on denture materials is associated with denture stomatitis and dental caries on surrounding teeth. A fluoride-releasing copolymer that inhibits acidogenic mixed-species biofilms, such as the material described in this study, has the potential to control these diseases by limiting biofilm growth.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK. Electronic address: drsufian2005@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sufian A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK. Electronic address: matthew.german@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: German
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK. Electronic address: s.l.rolland@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Electronic address: alexhr@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK. Electronic address: nick.jakubovics@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jakubovics
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D017266:Dental Prosthesis; D003819:Denture Bases / Q000382:microbiology; D003778:Dentures / Q000382:microbiology; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013282:Stomatitis, Denture / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Antibacterial agents; Biofilms; Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Dental plaque; Fluoride; Microbiology