title: Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  West Nile Virus (WNV) infection has been reported worldwide, including in Africa but its existence in Zambia is unknown. Symptoms for the virus include headache, myalgia, arthralgia and rash.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of WNV and its correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was conducted in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia. Samples were subjected to IgG and IgM antibodies testing against WNV. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine magnitudes of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3,625 of persons participated in the survey out of which 10.3% had WNV infection. Farmers were 20% (AOR=0.80; 95% CI [0.64, 0.99]) less likely to have infection compared to students. Meanwhile participants who lived in grass roofed houses were 2.97 (AOR=2.97; 95% CI [1.81, 4.88]) times more likely to be infected than those who lived in asbestos roofed houses. IRS was associated with reduced risk of infection (AOR=0.81; 95% CI [0.69, 0.94]). Travelling to Angola was associated with the infection [AOR=1.40; 95% CI [1.09, 1.81].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spraying houses with insecticide residual spray would minimize mosquito-man contact. Furthermore, surveillance at the border with Angola should be enhanced in order to reduce importation of the virus into the country.
authors.affiliation: Immunization, Vaccines and Emergencies, World Health Organization Country Office, Lusaka, Zambia; Pathology and Microbiology Department, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Idah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mweene-Ndumba
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia; Public Health Department, University Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Seter
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siziya
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Microbiology Department, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Mwaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monze
authors.affiliation: Immunization, Vaccines and Emergencies, World Health Organization Country Office, Lusaka, Zambia; Pathology and Microbiology Department, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Mazyanga L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mazaba
authors.affiliation: Diseases Prevention and Control, World Health Organization Country Office, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Freddie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masaninga
authors.affiliation: Diseases Prevention and Control, World Health Organization Country Office, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Songolo
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Home Affairs, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mwaba
authors.affiliation: Formerly of World Health Organization, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Olusegun A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Babaniyi
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M
keywords: North-Western province; Seroprevalence; West Wile Virus; Western province; Zambia