title: Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery.
abstract: Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines are fused heterocyclic ring-systems that can be viewed at the first glance as purine isosteres. They are the 7 thia-analogs of purines via the replacement of the nitrogen at position 7 of the purine ring by a sulfur atom. Because of the structural resemblance to adenine and guanine and their related derivatives as adenosine, guanosine, cAMP, cGMP and similar biomolecules, many thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines scaffold were developed and utilized by medicinal chemists to design novel therapeutics. Many were found to have a broad range of pharmacological activities. The outstanding development of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines within a short time span shows its magnitude of usefulness for medicinal chemistry research. Despite their importance from pharmacological and synthetic point of views, hardly there is a comprehensive review of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines applications in medicinal research to date. Thus, this review article describes the structures and medicinal significance of all classes of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines reported in literature to date. It describe the development of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as immune-modulators, Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) receptor antagonists, anti-Parkinson's, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory agents including COX inhibitors, chemokines antagonists and Fractlkine receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60151, USA.
authors.forename: Bhimanna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuppast
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. Electronic address: Hesham.Fahmy@sdstate.edu.
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahmy
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D055808:Drug Discovery; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013844:Thiazoles; C039201:thiazolo(3,2-a)perimidine
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antimicrobial; Chemokine receptor; Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) ligands; Immunomodulator; Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimdines