title: Defining characteristics and risk indicators for diagnosing nursing home-acquired pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents, using the electronically-modified Delphi Method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In nursing home residents, it is not possible to distinguish pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia clinically. International literature reveals no consensus on which and how many characteristics and risk indicators must be present to diagnose (nursing home-acquired) pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia. The aim of this survey was to reach consensus among a panel of clinical medical experts in geriatrics and pulmonology about the characteristics required for diagnosing pneumonia, and about the risk indicators needed to consider the diagnosis aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents with pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review and three expert-rating iterations using the electronically-modified Delphi Method were carried out. After each expert rating iteration, data analysis was performed. Qualitative responses and additional (nursing home-acquired) pneumonia characteristics which were mentioned in reply to structured open-ended questions were summarised, whilst similar responses were combined and these combinations were ordered by frequency in order to use them in the next iteration. Characteristics which failed to reach consensus were considered as inconclusive and eliminated. Consensus was reached when at least 70 % of the participants agreed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature review revealed 16 currently used common characteristics for diagnosing (nursing home-acquired) pneumonia. No consensus was reached about characteristics and the number of characteristics required for diagnosing (nursing home-acquired) pneumonia. However, 57 % agreed that dyspnea, fever, deterioration of general functioning, tachypnea and crepitation with auscultation are the most important characteristics and the responses by the participants suggested that two or three characteristics should be present. Subsequently, 80 % of the participants agreed on the risk indicators dysphagia, choking incident, (history of) tube feeding, neurological disease and cognitive impairment for considering the diagnosis aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents with pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No final consensus could be reached about which and how many characteristics are required for diagnosing pneumonia in nursing home residents. However, the results indicated that dyspnea, fever, deterioration of general functioning, tachypnea and crepitation with auscultation are characteristics of some importance and that at least two or three characteristics should be present. With regard to considering aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents with pneumonia, final consensus was reached about the risk indicators dysphagia, choking incident, (history of) tube feeding, neurological disease and cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, 6503, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. vanessa.hollaar@radboudumc.nl.|BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Ghent, Belgium. vanessa.hollaar@radboudumc.nl.|BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. vanessa.hollaar@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. vanessa.hollaar@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hollaar
authors.affiliation: BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Ghent, Belgium. c.wierink@sbt.acta.nl.|BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. c.wierink@sbt.acta.nl.|Center for Special Care in Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.wierink@sbt.acta.nl.
authors.forename: Claar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Maarel-Wierink
authors.affiliation: BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Ghent, Belgium. Gert-Jan.vanderputten@radboudumc.nl.|Center for Special Care in Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Gert-Jan.vanderputten@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Gert-Jan.vanderputten@radboudumc.nl.|Amaris Gooizicht, Paulus van Loolaan 21, 1217, SH, Hilversum, The Netherlands. Gert-Jan.vanderputten@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Putten
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. wil.vandersanden@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Wil
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van der Sanden
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, 6503, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. bert.deswart@han.nl.|Department of Rehabilitation, division Speech Therapy, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. bert.deswart@han.nl.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Swart
authors.affiliation: BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Ghent, Belgium. debaat_cees@hotmail.com.|BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. debaat_cees@hotmail.com.|Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. debaat_cees@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Baat
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors