title: Behavioural interventions for sleep problems in people with an intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of single case and group studies.
abstract: Behavioural interventions are frequently used to address sleep problems in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The current study aimed to systematically review evidence on the efficacy of behavioural interventions for children and adults with ID and sleep problems.
  
  
  
  Electronic and hand searches identified seven studies for inclusion (N = 169). Standardised mean difference effect sizes (d) were calculated for group studies (N = 4). Non-overlap effect sizes (Tau-U) were calculated for single case experimental design studies (SCEDs; N = 3).
  
  
  
  A large effect size (weighted d = 0.923, confidence interval: 0.705 to 1.151) across group studies indicated large improvements in sleep problems following behavioural intervention. Effect size across SCEDs (weighted Tau-U: 0.528, confidence interval: 0.351 to 0.705) indicated a 53% improvement compared with baseline. Sleep initiation and sleep maintenance problems showed significant improvements post-intervention. Follow-up effects were less consistent across study designs and suggested that some sleep problems maintain gains better than others.
  
  
  
  Meta-analytic evidence from group and SCEDs can provide complementary information about efficacy. Findings propose that behavioural interventions are a promising evidence-based practice for improving sleep problems in people with ID.
authors.affiliation: North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Priday
authors.affiliation: North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Totsika
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: behavioural intervention; intellectual disability; meta-analysis; methodology in research; sleep problems; systematic review