title: Treatmentstrategies in refractory panic disorder.
abstract: A considerable amount of patients with panic disorder (25 - 30%) is refractory for the first line of treatment, mostly antidepressants, and for psychotherapy. Augmentation and combination strategies are discussed; and a protocol for the treatment of refractory patients with panic disorder is proposed with consists of five steps. No patients is considered treatment refractory until they have had a trial with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Timmerman