title: Use of ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in the bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata).
abstract: Ultrasound is a powerful, low-cost, non-invasive medical tool used by laboratory animal veterinarians for diagnostic imaging. Sonohysterography and transvaginal ultrasound are frequently used to assess uterine anomalies in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). In the present study, we have evaluated the abdominal ultrasound of bonnet monkeys ( n = 8) showing spontaneous ovulatory ( n = 5) and anovulatory ( n = 3) AUB. The ovulatory ( n = 5) macaques showed cyclic AUB for 7-8 days. The anovulatory ( n = 3) macaques had irregular AUB with menstrual cycles of 40-45 days. The B-mode abdominal, colour Doppler and 3D ultrasound scans were performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Ultrasound examination revealed endometrial polyps in five macaques and endometrial hyperplasia in three animals. The width and length of endometrial polyps was around 0.5-1 cm (average 0.51 ± 0.23 cm × 0.96 ± 0.16 cm) with significant increase in endometrial thickness ( P < 0.0002). 3D ultrasound also showed a homogeneous mass in the uterine cavity and colour Doppler ultrasound showed increased vascularity in the endometrial polyps. Endometrial hyperplasia characteristically appeared as a thickened echogenic endometrium ( P < 0.0002). This study demonstrates the use of non-invasive ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of AUB in macaques.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Uddhav K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: 2 Experimental Animal House Facility, NIRRH (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Dhananjay D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Manjramkar
authors.affiliation: 2 Experimental Animal House Facility, NIRRH (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Siddhanath M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Metkari
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Nilesh P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Sable
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pathology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Dnyaneshwar S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gavhane
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Rajendra R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Katkam
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Geetanjali
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Meenakshi H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeeva D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kholkute
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008255:Macaca radiata; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: abdominal ultrasound; abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB); bonnet monkey; endometrial polyps