title: Extra-coronary calcification (aortic valve calcification, mitral annular calcification, aortic valve ring calcification and thoracic aortic calcification) in HIV seropositive and seronegative men: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated an association between HIV infection and coronary artery disease (CAD); little is known about potential associations between HIV infection and extra-coronary calcification (ECC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 621 HIV infected (HIV+) and 384 HIV uninfected (HIV-) men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who underwent non-contrast computed tomography (CT) from 2010-2013. Agatston scores were calculated for mitral annular calcification (MAC), aortic valve calcification (AVC), aortic valve ring calcification (AVRC), and thoracic aortic calcification (TAC). The associations between HIV infection and the presence of each type of ECC (score > 0) were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. We also evaluated the association of ECC with inflammatory biomarker levels and coronary plaque morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among HIV+ and HIV- men, the age-standardized prevalences were 15% for TAC (HIV+ 14%/HIV- 16%), 10% for AVC (HIV+ 11%/HIV- 8%), 24% for AVRC (HIV+ 23% HIV- 24%), and 5% for MAC (HIV+ 7%/HIV- 3%). After adjustment, HIV+ men had 3-fold greater odds of MAC compared to HIV- men (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.5-6.7), and almost twice the odds of AVC (1.8, 1.1-2.9). HIV serostatus was not associated with TAC or AVRC. AVRC was associated with higher Il-6 and sCD163 levels. TAC was associated with higher ICAM-1, TNF-α RII, and Il-6 levels. AVC and AVRC calcification were associated with presence of non-calcified plaque in HIV+ but not HIV- men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is an independent predictor of MAC and AVC. Whether these calcifications predict mortality in HIV+ patients deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda, CA.|Division of Cardiology- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Panteha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rezaeian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: P Elliott
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Sabina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haberlen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Aryabod
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razipour
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bahrami
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda, CA.
authors.forename: Romeo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV Medicine- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Mallory D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health; Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Rine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Florida; Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Lisa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD.|Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Post
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Coronary plaque morphology; Extra-coronary calcification; HIV; Inflammatory biomarkers