title: In vitro digestion of Pickering emulsions stabilized by soft whey protein microgel particles: influence of thermal treatment.
abstract: Emulsions stabilized by soft whey protein microgel particles have gained research interest due to their combined advantages of biocompatibility and a high degree of resistance to coalescence. We designed Pickering oil-in-water emulsions using whey protein microgels by a facile route of heat-set gel formation followed by mechanical shear and studied the influence of heat treatment on emulsions stabilized by these particles. The aim of this study was to compare the barrier properties of the microgel particles and heat-treated fused microgel particles at the oil-water interface in delaying the digestion of the emulsified lipids using an in vitro digestion model. A combination of transmission electron microscopy and surface coverage measurements revealed an increased coverage of heat-treated microgel particles at the interface. The heat-induced microgel particle aggregation and, therefore, a fused network at the oil-water interface were more beneficial to delay the rate of digestion in the presence of pure lipase and bile salts compared to intact whey protein microgel particles, as shown by the measurements of zeta potential and free fatty acid release, plus theoretical calculations. However, simulated gastric digestion with pepsin impacted significantly on such barrier effects, due to the proteolysis of the particle network at the interface irrespective of the heat treatment, as visualized using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis measurements.
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anwesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rammile
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ettelaie
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. A.Sarkar@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D032701:Biomimetics; D004063:Digestion; D004655:Emulsions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005782:Gels; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004655:Emulsions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005782:Gels; D009821:Oils; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014867:Water; D008049:Lipase