title: Pain and sickness behavior associated with corneal lesions in dairy calves.
abstract: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries. Behavioral observations were collected from 29 Holstein calves 8 to 12 weeks of age randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) corneal scarification only, (2) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovoculi and (3) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovis. Behavior was continuously observed between time 1230 - 1730 h on day -1 (baseline time period) and day 0 (scarification time period). Corneal scarification and inoculation occurred between 0800 - 1000 h on day 0. Frequency of head-directed behaviors (head shaking, head rubbing, head scratching) and durations of head rubbing, feeding, standing with head lifted, lying with head lifted and sleeping were compared between study days and groups. Following scarification, the frequency of head-directed behavior significantly increased (p = 0.0001), as did duration of head rubbing (p=0.02). There was no significant effect of trial, trial day, treatment or treatment-day interaction on other behaviors studied. Our study demonstrated that head-directed behavior, such as head shaking, rubbing and scratching, was associated with scarification of eyes using an IBK challenge model, but sickness behavior was not observed.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Millman
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Reneé D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Dewell
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
keywords: calves; infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis; ocular pain; sickness behavior