title: Use of fluorescent proteins and color-coded imaging to visualize cancer cells with different genetic properties.
abstract: Fluorescent proteins are very bright and available in spectrally-distinct colors, enable the imaging of color-coded cancer cells growing in vivo and therefore the distinction of cancer cells with different genetic properties. Non-invasive and intravital imaging of cancer cells with fluorescent proteins allows the visualization of distinct genetic variants of cancer cells down to the cellular level in vivo. Cancer cells with increased or decreased ability to metastasize can be distinguished in vivo. Gene exchange in vivo which enables low metastatic cancer cells to convert to high metastatic can be color-coded imaged in vivo. Cancer stem-like and non-stem cells can be distinguished in vivo by color-coded imaging. These properties also demonstrate the vast superiority of imaging cancer cells in vivo with fluorescent proteins over photon counting of luciferase-labeled cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA. all@anticancer.com.|Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. all@anticancer.com.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008156:Luciferases; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
keywords: Circulating tumor cells; Clonality; Color-coded imaging; Genetic exchange; Green fluorescent protein; Imaging; Metastasis; Red fluorescent protein; Variants