title: Age- and Gender-Related Mean Hearing Threshold in a Highly-Screened Population: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In evaluating hearing disability in medicolegal work, the apportionment of age- and gender-related sensorineural hearing loss should be considered as a prior factor, especially for the elderly. However, in the literature written in the English language no studies have reported on the age- and gender-related mean hearing threshold for the South Korean population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify the mean hearing thresholds in the South Korean population to establish reference data and to identify the age- and gender-related characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, which was conducted by the Korean government, the data of which was disclosed to the public. A total of 15,606 participants (unweighted) representing 33,011,778 Koreans (weighted) with normal tympanic membrane and no history of regular or occupational noise exposure were selected and analyzed in this study. The relationship between the hearing threshold level and frequency, age, and gender was investigated and analyzed in a highly-screened population by considering the sample weights of a complex survey design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A gender ratio difference was found between the unweighted and the weighted designs: male:female, 41.0%: 59.0% (unweighted, participants) vs. 47.2%:52.8% (weighted, representing population). As age increased, the hearing threshold increased for all frequencies. Hearing thresholds of 3 kHz, 4 kHz, and 6 kHz showed a statistical difference between both genders for people older than 30, with the 4 kHz frequency showing the largest difference. This paper presents details about the mean hearing threshold based on age and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from KNHANES 2010-2012 showed gender differences at hearing thresholds of 3 kHz, 4 kHz, and 6 kHz in a highly-screened population. The most significant gender difference in relation to hearing threshold was observed at 4 kHz. The hearing thresholds at all of the tested frequencies worsened with increasing age. The mean hearing thresholds suggested in this study will be useful for the formulation of healthcare-related hearing policies and used as reference data for disability ratings for hearing loss due to various causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Hwi
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006309:Hearing; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult