title: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Associated ROS.
abstract: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a fascinating network of tubules through which secretory and transmembrane proteins enter unfolded and exit as either folded or misfolded proteins, after which they are directed either toward other organelles or to degradation, respectively. The ER redox environment dictates the fate of entering proteins, and the level of redox signaling mediators modulates the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulating evidence suggests the interrelation of ER stress and ROS with redox signaling mediators such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin (ERO)-1, glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disuphide (GSSG), NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), NADPH-P450 reductase (NPR), and calcium. Here, we reviewed persistent ER stress and protein misfolding-initiated ROS cascades and their significant roles in the pathogenesis of multiple human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, inflammation, ischemia, and kidney and liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea. hmaherali@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hafiz Maher Ali
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zeeshan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea. heloin@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Geum Hwa
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Pharmacology and Wonkwang Biomaterial Implant Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Korea. hrkimdp@wonkwang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyung-Ryong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea. hjchae@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Han-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chae
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D066263:Protein Aggregation, Pathological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017510:Protein Folding; D057165:Proteostasis Deficiencies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C498910:NOX4 protein, human; D005978:Glutathione; D002118:Calcium
keywords: ER stress; NADPH-dependent p450 reductase; Nox4; calcium; glutathione; reactive oxygen species