title: Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes.
abstract: Families and genera assigned to Tremellomycetes have been mainly circumscribed by morphology and for the yeasts also by biochemical and physiological characteristics. This phenotype-based classification is largely in conflict with molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here a phylogenetic classification framework for the Tremellomycetes is proposed based on the results of phylogenetic analyses from a seven-genes dataset covering the majority of tremellomycetous yeasts and closely related filamentous taxa. Circumscriptions of the taxonomic units at the order, family and genus levels recognised were quantitatively assessed using the phylogenetic rank boundary optimisation (PRBO) and modified general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) tests. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on an expanded LSU rRNA (D1/D2 domains) gene sequence dataset covering as many as available teleomorphic and filamentous taxa within Tremellomycetes was performed to investigate the relationships between yeasts and filamentous taxa and to examine the stability of undersampled clades. Based on the results inferred from molecular data and morphological and physiochemical features, we propose an updated classification for the Tremellomycetes. We accept five orders, 17 families and 54 genera, including seven new families and 18 new genera. In addition, seven families and 17 genera are emended and one new species name and 185 new combinations are proposed. We propose to use the term pro tempore or pro tem. in abbreviation to indicate the species names that are temporarily maintained.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: X-Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Q-M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Göker
authors.affiliation: CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groenewald
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kachalkin
authors.affiliation: Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lumbsch
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Millanes
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wedin
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yurkov
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boekhout
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F-Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Bai
keywords: A. cacaoliposimilis (J.L. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. dehoogii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. domesticum (Sugita, A. Nishikawa & Shinoda) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. dulcitum (Berkhout) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. gamsii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. gracile (Weigmann & A. Wolff) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. laibachii (Windisch) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. lignicola (Diddens) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. loubieri (Morenz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. montevideense (L.A. Queiroz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. mycotoxinivorans (O. Molnár, Schatzm. & Prillinger) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. scarabaeorum (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. siamense (Nakase, Jindam., Sugita & H. Kawas.) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. sporotrichoides (van Oorschot) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. vadense (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. veenhuisii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. wieringae (Middelhoven) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; A. xylopini (S.O. Suh, Lee, Gujjari & Zhou) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Apiotrichumbrassicae (Nakase) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Bandonia A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bandoniamarina (van Uden & Zobell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. foliicola (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. hainanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. panici (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. pseudovariabile (F.Y. Bai, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. sanyaense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. setariae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. siamense (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. variabile (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bu. wuzhishanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bulleraceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bulleribasidiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Bulleribasidiumbegoniae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Carc. polyporina (D.A. Reid) A.M. Yurkov; Carcinomycesarundinariae (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov; Carlosrosaea A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Carlosrosaeavrieseae (Landell, Brandão, Safar, Gomes, Félix, Santos, Pagani, Ramos, Broetto, Mott, Valente & Rosa) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cr. luteus (Roberts) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.; Cryptococcusdepauperatus (Petch) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.; Cu. curvatus (Diddens & Lodder) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. cutaneum (de Beurmann, Gougerot & Vaucher) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. cyanovorans (Motaung, Albertyn, J.L.F. Kock et Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. daszewskae (Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. debeurmannianum (Sugita, Takash., Nakase & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. dermatis (Sugita, Takash., Nakase, Ichikawa, Ikeda & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. guehoae (Middelhoven, Scorzettii & Fell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. haglerorum (Middelhoven, Á. Fonseca, S.C. Carreiro, Pagnocca & O.C. Bueno) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. jirovecii (Frágner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. moniliiforme (Weigmann & A. Wolff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. mucoides (E. Guého & M.T. Smith) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. oleaginosus (J.J. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. smithiae (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sugita & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cu. terricola (Sugita, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cutaneotrichosporon X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Cutaneotrichosporonarboriformis (Sugita, M. Takash., Sano, Nishim., Kinebuchi, S. Yamag. & Osanai) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Dimennazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Dimennazyma cistialbidi (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Effuseotrichosporon A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Effuseotrichosporon vanderwaltii (Motaung, Albertyn, Kock, C.F. Lee, S.O. Suh, M. Blackwell & C.H. Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fil. magnum (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fil. oeirense (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fil. stepposum (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fil. wieringae (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Filobasidium chernovii (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fon. mujuensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fon. tronadorensis (V. De Garcia, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brook) A.M. Yurkov; Fonsecazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Fonsecazyma betulae (K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang, C. T. Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov, A.V. Kachalkin & Boekhout; Gelidatrema A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai; Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae (Garcia, Brizzio, Boekhout, Theelen, Libkind & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gen. armeniaca (Á. Fonseca & J. Inácio) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gen. bromeliarum (Landell & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gen. tibetensis (F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Genolevuria X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Genolevuria amylolytica (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gof. agrionensis (Russo, Libkind, Samp. & van Broock) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gof. gastrica (Reiersöl & di Menna) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gof. gilvescens (Chernov & Babeva) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gof. iberica (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Gof. metallitolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Goffeauzyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Goffeauzyma aciditolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Haglerozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Haglerozymachiarellii (Pagnocca, Legaspe, Rodrigues & Ruivo) A. M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Het. bachmannii (Diederich & M.S. Christ.) Millanes & Wedin; Het. physciacearum (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin; Heterocephalacriaarrabidensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Itersoniliapannonica (Niwata, Takash., Tornai-Lehoczki, T. Deák & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Jelly fungi; Ko. distylii (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ko. fuzhouensis (J.Z. Yue) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ko. lichenicola (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai; Ko. mexicana (Lopandic, O. Molnár & Prillinger) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ko. ogasawarensis (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout; Ko. sichuanensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kockovaellachinensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kockovaellaprillingeri (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kr. tahquamenonensis (Wang, Hulfachor, Sylvester and Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov; Krasilnikovozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Krasilnikovozymahuempii (C. Ramírez & A. E. González) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kw. dejecticola (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kw. dendrophila (Van der Walt & D.B. Scott) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kw. pini (Golubev & Pfeiffer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kw. shivajii (S.R. Ravella, S.A. James, C.J. Bond, I.N. Roberts, K. Cross, Retter & P.J. Hobbs) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Kwoniellabestiolae (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; M. Groenew. & Boekhout; M. cryoconiti (Margesin & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; M. niccombsii (Thomas-Hall) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Morphology; Mrakiaaquatica (E.B.G. Jones & Slooff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Mrakiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Multigene phylogeny; Naem. microspora (Lloyd) Millanes & Wedin; Naemateliaaurantialba (Bandoni & M. Zang) Millanes & Wedin; Naemateliaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. albida (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. albidosimilis (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. antarctica (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. bhutanensis (Goto & Sugiy.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. cerealis (Passoth, A.-C. Andersson, Olstorpe, Theelen, Boekhout & Schnürer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. diffluens (Zach) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. friedmannii (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. liquefaciens (Saito & M. Ota) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. onofrii (Turchetti, Selbmann & Zucconi) A.M. Yurkov; Nag. randhawae (Z.U. Khan, S.O. Suh. Ahmad, F. Hagen, Fell, Kowshik, Chandy & Boekhout) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. uzbekistanensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nag. vaughanmartiniae (Turchetti, Blanchette & Arenz) A.M. Yurkov; Nag. vishniacii (Vishniac & Hempfling) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Naganishiaadeliensis (Scorzetti, I. Petrescu, Yarrow & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Niel. melastomae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nielozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Nielozymaformosana (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; P. mycophaga (G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin; Pap. aspenensis (K. Ferreira-Paim, T.B. Ferreira, L. Andrade-Silva, D.J. Mora, D.J. Springer, J. Heitman, F.M. Fonseca, D. Matos, M.S.C. Melhem & M.L. Silva-Vergara) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Pap. aurea (Saito) M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. baii (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. flavescens (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. fonsecae (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. frias (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. fuscus (J.P. Samp., J. Inácio, Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. hoabinhensis (D.T. Luong, M. Takash., Ty. Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. japonica (J.P. Samp., Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. laurentii (Kuff.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. mangalensis (Fell, Statzell & Scorzett) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. nemorosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. perniciosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai; Pap. pseudoalba (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. rajasthanensis (Saluja & G.S. Prasad) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. ruineniae (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov; Pap. taeanensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. terrestris (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pap. wisconsinensis (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Papiliotremaanemochoreius (C.H. Pohl, Kock, P.W.J. van Wyk & Albertyn) F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ph. mycetophiloides (Kobayasi) Millanes & Wedin; Ph. neofoliacea (Chee J. Chen) Millanes & Wedin; Ph. simplex (H.S. Jacks. & G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin; Ph. skinneri (Phaff & Carmo Souza) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Phaeotremellaceae A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Phaeotremellafagi (Middelhoven & Scorzetti) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Pis. cylindrica (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pis. fildesensis (T. Zhang & L.-Y. Yu) A.M. Yurkov; Pis. filicatus (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) Kachalkin; Pis. silvicola (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout; Pis. sorana (Hauerslev) A.M. Yurkov; Pis. taiwanensis (Nakase, Tsuzuki & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Piskurozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Piskurozymacapsuligena (Fell, Statzell, I.L. Hunter & Phaff) A.M. Yurkov; Piskurozymaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ps. lacticolor (Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov; Ps. moriformis (Berk.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Ps. nivalis (Chee J. Chen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pseudotremella X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Pseudotremellaallantoinivorans (Middelhoven) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; R. complexa (Landell, Pagnocca, Sette, Passarini, Garcia, Ribeiro, Lee, Brandao, Rosa & Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. fermentans (Lee) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. glucofermentans (S.O. Suh & Blackwell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. nanyangensis (F.L. Hui & Q.H. Niu) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. noutii (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzett & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. tunnelae (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzetti & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; R. visegradensis (Peter & Dlauchy) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; Ranks; Rhynchogastremaaquatica (Brandao, Valente, Pimenta & Rosa) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; Sait. ninhbinhensis (Luong, Takash., Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov; Sait. paraflava (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Sait. podzolica (Babeva & Reshetova) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Saitozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Saitozymaflava (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Sol. fuscescens (Golubev) A.M. Yurkov; Sol. keelungensis (C.F. Chang & S.M. Liu) A.M. Yurkov; Sol. phenolicus (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov; Sol. terreus (Di Menna) A.M. Yurkov; Sol. terricola (T.A. Pedersen) A.M. Yurkov; Solicoccozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Solicoccozymaaeria (Saito) A.M. Yurkov; Sugitazyma A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Sugitazymamiyagiana (Nakase, Itoh, Takem. & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Tausoniapullulans (Lindner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Taxonomy; Tremellayokohamensis (Alshahni, Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov; Tremellomycetes; Trimorphomycessakaeraticus (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov; Trimorphomycetaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Van. meifongana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Van. nantouana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Van. thermophila (Vogelmann, Chaves & Hertel) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout; Vanrijafragicola (M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. dimennae (Fell & Phaff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. foliicola (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov; Vis. globispora (B.N. Johri & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. heimaeyensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. nebularis (Vishniac) A.M. Yurkov; Vis. peneaus (Phaff, Mrak & O.B. Williams) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. psychrotolerans (V. de García, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov; Vis. taibaiensis (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov; Vis. tephrensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vis. victoriae (M.J. Montes, Belloch, Galiana, M.D. García, C. Andrés, S. Ferrer, Torr.-Rodr. & J. Guinea) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vishniacozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Vishniacozymacarnescens (Verona & Luchetti) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout; Yeasts