title: Personal factors influencing the visual reaction time of pedestrians to detect turn indicators in the presence of Daytime Running Lamps.
abstract: Daytime running lamps (DRL) on vehicles have proven to be an effective measure to prevent accidents during the daytime, particularly when pedestrians and cyclists are involved. However, there are negative interactions of DRL with other functions in automotive lighting, such as delays in pedestrians' visual reaction time (VRT) when turn indicators are activated in the presence of DRL. These negative interactions need to be reduced. This work analyses the influence of variables inherent to pedestrians, such as height, gender and visual defects, on the VRT using a classification and regression tree as an exploratory analysis and a generalized linear model to validate the results. Some pedestrian characteristics, such as gender, alone or combined with the DRL colour, and visual defects, were found to have a statistically significant influence on VRT and, hence, on traffic safety. These results and conclusions concerning the interaction between pedestrians and vehicles are presented and discussed. Practitioner Summary: Visual interactions of vehicle daytime running lamps (DRL) with other functions in automotive lighting, such as turn indicators, have an important impact on a vehicle's conspicuity for pedestrians. Depending on several factors inherent to pedestrians, the visual reaction time (VRT) can be remarkably delayed, which has implications in traffic safety.
authors.affiliation: a Research Group 'Lighting Technology for Safety and Sustainability', Department of Civil Engineering , ETSICCP, University of Granada , Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peña-García
authors.affiliation: b TRYSE Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering , ETSICCP, University of Granada , Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Oña
authors.affiliation: c Department of Statistics and O.R. , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro Antonio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: b TRYSE Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering , ETSICCP, University of Granada , Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Oña
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D000069636:Pedestrians; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Perception; injury risks; product safety; vision and lighting