title: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are associated with poorer cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study.
abstract: The importance of adequate nutrition on cognitive performance is well recognised. Greater intakes of soft drinks are associated with a higher risk for type 2 diabetes, as well as other cardiometabolic diseases. A few studies have specifically examined whether the intake of soft drinks may be related to cognitive function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soft drink intakes, including both sugar-sweetened and diet beverages, are associated with cognitive function, with adjustment for cardiovascular, lifestyle and dietary factors, and stratified according to type 2 diabetes status. Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken using 803 community-dwelling participants, aged 23-98 years, from the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study. Cognitive function was measured using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Usual dietary intake of soft drinks was assessed using a FFQ. Stratification by type 2 diabetes indicated that a greater intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks was significantly associated with poorer performance in visual spatial memory, working memory, scanning and tracking, executive function, the global composite and the Mini-Mental State Examination in diabetic individuals. These relations were not attenuated with statistical control for BMI and other cardiovascular, lifestyle and dietary factors. Diet soft drink intake was unrelated to cognitive performance. Frequent sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was associated with poorer cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the underlying causal mechanisms are yet to be determined. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these findings and the underlying causal mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Physiology Research Centre,University of South Australia,Adelaide, SA 50011,Australia.
authors.forename: Georgina E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6532-7931
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Psychology,University of Maine,Orono,ME 04469,USA.
authors.forename: Merrill F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Psychology,University of Maine,Orono,ME 04469,USA.
authors.forename: Rachael V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008281:Maine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009518:New York; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: AD Alzheimer’s disease; Cognitive function; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; MSLS Maine–Syracuse Longitudinal Study; SSB sugar-sweetened beverages; Soft drinks; Sugar-sweetened beverages; Type 2 diabetes