title: Instability and Breakup of Model Tear Films.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An experimental platform to replicate the human tear film on a contact lens is presented. The influence of interfacial viscoelasticity in stabilizing in vitro model tear films against breakup and dewetting is investigated using this instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model tear films consisting of bovine meibomian lipids (meibum) spread on either PBS or artificial tear solution (ATS) are created. The interfacial shear rheology of these films is measured as a function of temperature. The dewetting dynamics of these films is then investigated using the Interfacial Dewetting and Drainage Optical Platform (i-DDrOP) on top of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses at 23 and 35°C. The film breakup times are evaluated using two parameters: onset of film breakup, Tonset for thick films (∼100 μm), and tear breakup times, TBU for thin films (∼1 μm). Thin film thinning rates as a result of evaporation are also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ATS/meibum films have the largest surface rheology and correspondingly show the largest Tonset times at both 23 and 35°C. The parameter TBU is also significantly larger for ATS/meibum (TBU ∼ 40 seconds) compared with that of ATS and PBS/meibum films (TBU ∼ 30 seconds) at room temperature. However, at 35°C, all three model tear films exhibit similar TBU ∼ 17 seconds and average rate of thinning of -4 μm/minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tear film stability is influenced by both surface rheology and evaporation. The in vitro tear breakup times and thinning rates of model tear films at 35°C are in good agreement with in vivo measurements previously reported, highlighting the utility of the i-DDrOP for in vitro tear film breakup research.
authors.forename: M Saad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bhamla
authors.forename: Chew
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Noelle I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Rabiah
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Frostad
authors.forename: Gerald G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids