title: Macroporous natural capsules extracted from Phoenix dactylifera L. spore and their application in oral drugs delivery.
abstract: Macroporous natural sporopollenin exine capsules (SEC) were extracted from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and coated by natural polymer composite (carboxymethyl cellulose with epichlorohydrin). The polymer coated exine capsules (PCEC) were used in in-vitro investigations for controlled delivery of paracetamol. SEC, PCEC, and drugs loaded capsules (PCEC-PAR) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface area (BET), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The length of SEC was found to be 20-20.5 μm, and the pore sized was 50-135 nm, as measured using SEM. The studies revealed that maximum loading of the drug was at pH 6.0 (97.2%, with 50 mg mL(-1)). The results indicate that by increasing the pH from 1.4 to 7.4, the cumulative release rates of paracetamol in physiological buffer solution (PBS) is more than two times as in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). In addition, the in-vitro toxicity of PCEC against Caco-2 cells was tested by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the results revealed that PCEC are biocompatible materials. The overall results encourage further studies on the clinical use of PCEC as drug carriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alshehri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Surfactant Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamad A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Al-Lohedan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Eida
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Farraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Norah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alhokbany
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anis Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: tahamed@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Tansir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahamad
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000284:Administration, Oral; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002214:Capsules; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004811:Epichlorohydrin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D065749:Phoeniceae; D016062:Porosity; D013170:Spores / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D002214:Capsules; D004811:Epichlorohydrin; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
keywords: Drugs delivery; FTIR; Paracetamol; Sporopollenin; X-ray diffraction