title: Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected patients.
abstract: Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus causing systemic mycosis in Southeast Asia. The clinical significance of T. marneffei became evident when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic arrived in Southeast Asia in 1988. Subsequently, a decline in the incidence of T. marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients was seen in regions with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy and other control measures for HIV. Since the 1990s, an increasing number of T. marneffei infections have been reported among non-HIV-infected patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. Their comorbidities included primary adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies and secondary immunosuppressive conditions including other autoimmune diseases, solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, T-lymphocyte-depleting immunsuppressive drugs and novel anti-cancer targeted therapies such as anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors. Moreover, improved immunological diagnostics identified more primary immunodeficiency syndromes associated with T. marneffei infection in children. The higher case-fatality rate of T. marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected than HIV-infected patients might be related to delayed diagnosis due to the lack of clinical suspicion. Correction of the underlying immune defects and early use of antifungals are important treatment strategies. Clinicians should be familiar with the changing epidemiology and clinical management of T. marneffei infection among non-HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jasper F W
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Susanna K P
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kwok-Yung
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Patrick C Y
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007121:Immunocompetence; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D032901:Talaromyces / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents