title: Ginseng Metabolites on Cancer Chemoprevention: An Angiogenesis Link?
abstract: Cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States. Angiogenesis inhibitors have been introduced for the treatment of cancer. Based on the fact that many anticancer agents have been developed from botanical sources, there is a significant untapped resource to be found in natural products. American ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in the U.S., which possess antioxidant properties. After oral ingestion, natural ginseng saponins are biotransformed to their metabolites by the enteric microbiome before being absorbed. The major metabolites, ginsenoside Rg3 and compound K, showed significant potent anticancer activity compared to that of their parent ginsenosides Rb1, Rc and Rd. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of ginseng metabolites on cancer chemoprevention, especially apoptosis and angiogenic inhibition, are discussed. Ginseng gut microbiome metabolites showed significant anti-angiogenic effects on pulmonary, gastric and ovarian cancers. This review suggests that in addition to the chemopreventive effects of ginseng compounds, as angiogenic inhibitors, ginsenoside metabolites could be used in combination with other cancer chemotherapeutic agents in cancer management.
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chong-Zhi
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yuan
keywords: American ginseng; Panax quinquefolius; angiogenesis; cancer management; compound K; ginsenoside Rg3; intestinal microbiome; metabolites