title: Sodium-Oxygen Battery: Steps Toward Reality.
abstract: Rechargeable metal-oxygen batteries are receiving significant interest as a possible alternative to current state of the art lithium ion batteries due to their potential to provide higher gravimetric energies, giving significantly lighter or longer-lasting batteries. Recent advances suggest that the Na-O2 battery, in many ways analogous to Li-O2 yet based on the reversible formation of sodium superoxide (NaO2), has many advantages such as a low charge overpotential (∼100 mV) resulting in improved efficiency. In this Perspective, we discuss the current state of knowledge in Na-O2 battery technology, with an emphasis on the latest experimental studies, as well as theoretical models. We offer special focus on the principle outstanding challenges and issues and address the advantages/disadvantages of the technology when compared with Li-O2 batteries as well as other state-of-the-art battery technologies. We finish by detailing the direction required to make Na-O2 batteries both commercially and technologically viable.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU , 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Imanol
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Landa-Medrano
authors.affiliation: CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain.
authors.forename: Nagore
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Vitoriano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU , 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Larramendi
authors.affiliation: CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU , 48080 Bilbao, Spain.|CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain.
authors.forename: Teófilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rojo