title: Attitude and satisfaction of health care providers towards clinical pharmacy services in Ethiopia: A post-deployment survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical pharmacy service has evolved steadily over the past few decades and is contributing to the 'patient care journey' at all stages. The service improves safety and effectiveness of medicines, thereby avoiding medication errors. As part of this global shift in pharmacy education and practice, Ethiopian Universities revamped the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum and the first graduates came out in July 2013. These graduates were immediately deployed in public hospital settings, with the ultimate aim of providing clinical pharmacy services. As such an initiative is new to the Ethiopian pharmacy sector, there is a need to do assessment of the health care providers' perception and satisfaction towards the service.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted in six regions and one-city administration of the country. Physicians, Health officers and Nurses working along with the new pharmacy graduates formed the study population. A total of 650 healthcare professionals participated in the study. Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Majority of the health care providers agreed that clinical pharmacy service could have a significant contribution to the patient care. A large proportion of them (70-90 %) had a positive attitude, although there appeared to be some differences across professions. About 50 % of the professionals were of the opinion that patient care should be left to the health care providers and pharmacists should concentrate on drug products. In addition, the same proportion of respondents said that the setup in their respective hospital was appropriate for provision of clinical pharmacy service. Multivariable analysis indicated that attitude of the health care providers was significantly associated with year of experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of the health care providers had positive attitude towards the service, although the extent of the service was below their expectation. Hence, efforts should be in place to organize continuous professional training for pharmacists and awareness creation forums for other healthcare professionals.
authors.affiliation: Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Arebu Issa
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Zelalem
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tilahun
authors.affiliation: Departement of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Gebremedhin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beedemariam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Belete
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ayalneh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Bisrat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hailemeskel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Ephrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engidawork
keywords: Attitude; Clinical pharmacy services; Ethiopia; Health care providers; Perception; Post deployment survey; Satisfaction