title: Dietary Intake of Lutein and Diabetic Retinopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that dietary intake of lutein is inversely associated with prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and location within the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used logistic regression to examine the association between prevalent DR and energy-adjusted lutein intake by quartile (Q) using data collected from 1430 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) participants with diabetes (n = 994 white, n = 508 black). DR was assessed from 45° non-mydriatic retinal photographs of one randomly chosen eye taken at visit 3 (1993-1995). Dietary lutein intake was estimated using a 66-item food frequency questionnaire at visit 1 (1987-1989).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median estimated daily lutein intake was 1370 µg/1000 kcals and prevalence of DR was ~21%. We found a crude association between lutein and DR (odds ratio, OR, 2.11, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.45-3.09 for Q4, high intake, vs. Q1, low intake; p for trend <0.0001), which was attenuated after adjustment for ethnicity, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, field center and energy intake (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.87-2.28; p for trend = 0.01). In analyses limited to persons with short diabetes duration (<6 years), the association no longer persisted (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.31-2.16; p for trend =0.72) compared to the association in those with longer diabetes duration (≥6 years; OR 1.58, 95% CI 0.91-2.75; p for trend = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that the odds of higher lutein intake were greater among those with DR than those without DR. However, after adjusting for confounders, intake of lutein was not associated with DR.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, School of Health Professions and Studies , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Michelle W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sahli
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: d Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ochs-Balcom
authors.affiliation: d Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: d Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Millen
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Cohort studies; diabetic retinopathy; diet; epidemiology; lutein