title: Tracking Patient Encounters and Clinical Skills to Determine Competency in Ambulatory Care Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the amount of exposure to patient encounters and clinical skills correlates to student clinical competency on ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Students in ambulatory care APPEs tracked the number of patients encountered by medical condition and the number of patient care skills performed. At the end of the APPE, preceptors evaluated students' competency for each medical condition and skill, referencing the Dreyfus model for skill acquisition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was collected from September 2012 through August 2014. Forty-six responses from a student tracking tool were matched to preceptor ratings. Students rated as competent saw more patients and performed more skills overall. Preceptors noted minimal impact on workload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased exposure to patient encounters and skills performed had a positive association with higher Dreyfus stage, which may represent a starting point in the conversation for more thoughtful design of ambulatory care APPEs.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jody L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lounsbery
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Chrystian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Ila M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jean Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Westberg
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolar
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004512:Education, Pharmacy; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D011231:Preceptorship / Q000379:methods; D013339:Students, Pharmacy
keywords: Dreyfus model; ambulatory care; assessment; competency; experiential education