title: Ketamine may be related to reduced ejection fraction in children during the procedural sedation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic agent with sympathomimetic effects used commonly for procedural sedation in emergency department. The present study aimed to reveal the effect of ketamine on myocardium by measuring ejection fraction (EF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients less than 9 years old undergoing procedural sedation with ketamine secondary to minor trauma composed the study population by convenience sampling. Study patients received ketamine at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. A cardiologist performed the measurements of cardiac contractility pre-ketamine and 10 min after the ketamine administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 patients were enrolled into the study. Patient recruitment has been ceased after the 22nd patient because of the thought that more patients would not provide additional information. The study subjects had a mean age of 3.5 ± 2.2 years and 14 (64%) of them were male. EF reduced in 14 (63.6%) patients (mean: 5.6 ± 3.1; median: 5; interquartile range (IQR): 3.75-7; minimum-maximum (min-max): 1-14). Systolic blood pressures reduced in 10 of 14 patients with decreased EF and increased in 8 of 10 patients without decreased EF. The changes in systolic blood pressure in patients with decreased EF ( n = 14) were as follows: -7.6 ± 10.9; median: -7.5; IQR: -16.5 to 1.75; and min-max: -30 to 9. There were two patients with elevated high-sensitive troponin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine may reduce EF and systolic blood pressure in children less than 9 years old undergoing procedural sedation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eken
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serinken
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogan
keywords: Ketamine; ejection fraction; emergency depatment; sedation