title: Is it taking longer to die in paediatric intensive care in England and Wales?
abstract: All-cause infant and childhood mortality has decreased in the UK over the last 30 years. Advances in paediatric critical care have increased survival in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) but may have affected how and when children die in PICU. We explored factors affecting length of stay (LOS) of children who died in PICU over an 11-year period.
  
  
  
  We analysed demographic and clinical data of 165 473 admissions to PICUs in England and Wales, from January 2003 to December 2013. We assessed time trends in LOS for survivors and non-survivors and explored the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics on LOS for non-survivors.
  
  
  
  LOS increased 0.310 days per year in non-survivors (95% CI 0.169 to 0.449) and 0.064 days per year in survivors (95% CI 0.046 to 0.083). The proportion of early deaths (<24 h of admission) fell 0.44% points per year (95% CI -0.971 to 0.094), but the proportion of late deaths (>28 days of PICU stay) increased by 0.44% points per year (95% CI 0.185 to 0.691). The paediatric index of mortality score in early deaths increased by 0.77% points per year (95% CI 0.31% to 1.23%).
  
  
  
  Increased LOS in children who die in PICU is driven by a decreased proportion of early deaths and an increased proportion of late deaths. This trend, combined with an increase in the severity of illness in early deaths, is consistent with a reduction in early mortality for acutely ill children, but a prolongation of life for those children admitted to PICU with life-limiting illnesses.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Parslow
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Intensive Care; Mortality; Outcomes research