title: Spatial distribution and enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soil and water in the Apucaraninha Indigenous Land, southern Brazil.
abstract: The prevalence and distribution of soil and water samples contaminated with enteroparasites of humans and animals with zoonotic potential (EHAZP) in Apucaraninha Indigenous Land (AIL), southern Brazil, was evaluated. An environmental survey was conducted to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms in peridomiciliary soil and associated variables. Soil samples were collected from 40/293 domiciles (10 domiciles per season), from November 2010 to June 2011, and evaluated by modified methods of Faust et al. and Lutz. Analyses of water from seven consumption sites were also performed. The overall prevalence of soil samples contaminated by EHAZP was 23.8 %. The most prevalent parasitic forms were cyst of Entamoeba spp. and eggs of Ascaris spp. The highest prevalence of contaminated soil samples was observed in winter (31 %). The probability map obtained with geostatistical analyses showed an average of 47 % soil contamination at a distance of approximately 140 m. The parasitological analysis of water did not detect Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. and showed that all collection points were within the standards of the Brazilian law. However, the microbiological analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 6/7 sampled points. Despite the low level of contamination by EHAZP in peridomiciliar soil and the absence of pathogenic protozoa in water, the AIL soil and water (due to the presence of fecal coliforms) are potential sources of infection for the population, indicating the need for improvements in sanitation and water treatment, in addition periodic treatment of the population with antiparasitic.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Basic Health Sciences at the State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.|Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences at the UEM, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joseane Balan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences at the UEM, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Basic Health Sciences at the State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.|Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences at the UEM, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Falavigna-Guilherme
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Exact Sciences Center at the UEM, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo Francisco
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Rossoni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Basic Health Sciences at the State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil. mjotoledo@uem.br.|Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences at the UEM, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil. mjotoledo@uem.br.
authors.forename: Max Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: de Ornelas Toledo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D010271:Parasites / Q000254:growth & development*; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Basic sanitation; Enteroparasites; Indigenous population; Microbiological water analyses; Soil microbiology