title: Effect of fluence smoothing on the quality of intensity-modulated radiation treatment plans.
abstract: A fluence-smoothing function applied for reducing the complexity of a treatment plan is an optional requirement in the inverse planning optimization algorithm of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). In this study, we investigated the consequences of fluence smoothing on the quality of highly complex and inhomogeneous plans in a treatment-planning system, Eclipse™. The smoothing function was applied both in the direction of leaf travel (X) and perpendicular to leaf travel (Y). Twenty IMRT plans from patients with cancer of the nasopharynx and lung were selected and re-optimized with use of various smoothing combinations from X = 0, Y = 0 to X = 100, Y = 100. Total monitor units (MUs), dose-volume histograms, and radiobiological estimates were computed for all plans. The study yielded a significant reduction in the average total MUs from 2079 ± 265.4 to 1107 ± 137.4 (nasopharynx) and from 1556 ± 490.3 to 791 ± 176.8 (lung) while increasing smoothing from X, Y = 0 to X, Y = 100. Both the tumor control and normal tissue complication probabilities were found to vary, but not significantly so. No appreciable differences in doses to the target and most of the organs at risk (OARs) were noticed. The doses measured with the I'MRT MatriXX 2-D system indicated improvements in deliverability of the plans with higher smoothing values. Hence, it can be concluded that increased smoothing reduced the total MUs exceptionally well without any considerable changes in OAR doses. The observed progress in plan deliverability in terms of the gamma index strongly supports the recommendation of smoothing levels up to X = 70 and Y = 60, at least for the nasopharynx and lung.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Farook College, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673632, India. pniyas@gmail.com.|Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Oncology, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673004, India. pniyas@gmail.com.|University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India. pniyas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Puzhakkal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niyas
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Farook College, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673632, India.
authors.forename: Kallikuzhiyil Kochunny
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Farook College, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673632, India.|Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Oncology, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673004, India.|University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India.
authors.forename: Manthala Padannayil
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Noufal
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Oncology, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673004, India.
authors.forename: Thekkedath
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sankaran Nair
mesh_terms: D011786:Quality Control; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
keywords: DVH; EUD; Fluence smoothing; IMRT; Monitor units (MUs)