title: Surface properties and early murine pre-osteoblastic cell responses of phosphoric acid modified titanium surface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the surface properties and murine pre-osteoblast cell (MC3T3-E1) responses of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) treated commercially pure titanium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium discs were treated with various concentration of H3PO4 (5%, 10%, and 20%; v/v) at 90 °C for 30 min. Surface properties were evaluated by profilometer, contact angle meter, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-rays. MC3T3-E1 attachment and spreading were evaluated by SEM and phalloidin immunohistochemistry staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface roughness and wettability were not statistically difference among all experimental and control groups. Phosphate and oxygen were detected on H3PO4 treated surfaces. At 20 min, cell attachment was significantly higher in 10% and 20% H3PO4 treated groups compared to the control. Cells exhibited orientated-cytoskeleton fibers on 20% H3PO4 modified titanium surface. Though, there was no difference in cell spreading stage among all treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H3PO4 treatment on titanium may influence early cell response, particularly on attachment and spreading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thanaphum
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osathanon
authors.affiliation: Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chenphop
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sawangmake
authors.affiliation: Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nanticha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruangchainicom
authors.affiliation: Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pavitra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wutikornwipak
authors.affiliation: Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Panisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kantukiti
authors.affiliation: Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nunthawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nowwarote
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Mineralized Tissue Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prasit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavasant
keywords: Cell attachment; Cell spreading; Osteoblast; Surface modification; Titanium