title: Point-of-care test for cervical cancer in LMICs.
abstract: Cervical cancer screening using Papanicolaou's smear test has been highly effective in reducing death from this disease. However, this test is unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries, and its complexity has limited wide-scale uptake. Alternative tests, such as visual inspection with acetic acid or Lugol's iodine and human papillomavirus DNA, are sub-optimal in terms of specificity and sensitivity, thus sensitive and affordable tests with high specificity for on-site reporting are needed. Using proteomics and bioinformatics, we have identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as differentially expressed between normal specimens and those with cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN2/CIN3+) or worse. VCP-specific immunohistochemical staining (validated by a point-of-care technology) provided sensitive (93%) and specific (88%) identification of CIN2/CIN3+ and may serve as a critical biomarker for cervical-cancer screening. Future efforts will focus on further refinements to enhance analytic sensitivity and specificity of our proposed test, as well as on prototype development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.|Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Sulma I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.|Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.affiliation: Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Bartek
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rajwa
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Carla J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chibwesha
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Groesbeck P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Parham
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.|Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M K
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Irudayaraj
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003124:Colorimetry; D003906:Developing Countries; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C000614178:VCP protein, human; D000074405:Valosin Containing Protein
keywords: Africa; LMIC; cancer; cervical; point-of-care