title: Genetic Dissociation of Daily Sleep and Sleep Following Thermogenetic Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep rebound-the increase in sleep that follows sleep deprivation-is a hallmark of homeostatic sleep regulation that is conserved across the animal kingdom. However, both the mechanisms that underlie sleep rebound and its relationship to habitual daily sleep remain unclear. To address this, we developed an efficient thermogenetic method of inducing sleep deprivation in Drosophila that produces a substantial rebound, and applied the newly developed method to assess sleep rebound in a screen of 1,741 mutated lines. We used data generated by this screen to identify lines with reduced sleep rebound following thermogenetic sleep deprivation, and to probe the relationship between habitual sleep amount and sleep following thermogenetic sleep deprivation in Drosophila.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop a thermogenetic method of sleep deprivation suitable for screening, we thermogenetically stimulated different populations of wake-promoting neurons labeled by Gal4 drivers. Sleep rebound following thermogenetically-induced wakefulness varies across the different sets of wake-promoting neurons that were stimulated, from very little to quite substantial. Thermogenetic activation of neurons marked by the c584-Gal4 driver produces both strong sleep loss and a substantial rebound that is more consistent within genotypes than rebound following mechanical or caffeine-induced sleep deprivation. We therefore used this driver to induce sleep deprivation in a screen of 1,741 mutagenized lines generated by the Drosophila Gene Disruption Project. Flies were subjected to 9 h of sleep deprivation during the dark period and released from sleep deprivation 3 h before lights-on. Recovery was measured over the 15 h following sleep deprivation. Following identification of lines with reduced sleep rebound, we characterized baseline sleep and sleep depth before and after sleep deprivation for these hits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified two lines that consistently exhibit a blunted increase in the duration and depth of sleep after thermogenetic sleep deprivation. Neither of the two genotypes has reduced total baseline sleep. Statistical analysis across all screened lines shows that genotype is a strong predictor of recovery sleep, independent from effects of genotype on baseline sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that rebound sleep following thermogenetic sleep deprivation can be genetically separated from sleep at baseline. This suggests that genetically controlled mechanisms of sleep regulation not manifest under undisturbed conditions contribute to sleep rebound following thermogenetic sleep deprivation.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Biomedical Graduate Studies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubowy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moravcevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Joy Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.
authors.forename: Hans P A
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Drosophila; sleep deprivation; sleep rebound; thermogenetics