title: Determination of D-glucaric acid and/or D-glucaro-1,4-lacton in different apple varieties through hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
abstract: d-Glucaric acid (GA) derivatives exhibit anti-cancerogenic properties in vivo in apples, but quantitative information about these derivatives is limited. Hydrophilic interaction-based HPLC with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry was developed to quantify GA and/or D-glucaro-1,4-lacton (1,4-GL) in apples. Although the formation of 1,4-GL from GA could be the prerequisite to exert biological effects in vivo, only a small portion of GA (<5%) was identified and converted to 1,4-GL in the rat stomach. The 1,4-GL content in apples ranged from 0.3 mg/g to 0.9 mg/g, and this amount can substantiate health claims associated with apples. The amount of 1,4-GL was 1.5 times higher in Gala and the ratio of 1,4-GL to GA was lower in Green Delicious apples than those in the other varieties. Our findings suggested that the variety and maturity of apples at harvest are factors that determine 1,4-GL content.
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China. Electronic address: xiebaogang@ncu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Baogang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
authors.forename: Yalan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
authors.forename: Huiqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Nanchang, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
authors.forename: Huiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
authors.forename: Haipeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China. Electronic address: shao5022@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D005937:Glucaric Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; C009194:saccharolactone; D005937:Glucaric Acid
keywords: Apple; Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; Quantification; d-Glucaric acid; d-Glucaro-1,4-lacton