title: Altered Appetitive Conditioning and Neural Connectivity in Subjects With Compulsive Sexual Behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been growing interest in a better understanding of the etiology of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB). It is assumed that facilitated appetitive conditioning might be an important mechanism for the development and maintenance of CSB, but no study thus far has investigated these processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore group differences in neural activity associated with appetitive conditioning and connectivity in subjects with CSB and a healthy control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups (20 subjects with CSB and 20 controls) were exposed to an appetitive conditioning paradigm during a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) predicted visual sexual stimuli and a second stimulus (CS-) did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood oxygen level-dependent responses and psychophysiologic interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a main result, we found increased amygdala activity during appetitive conditioning for the CS+ vs the CS- and decreased coupling between the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex in the CSB vs control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that neural correlates of appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity are altered in patients with CSB. The increased amygdala activation might reflect facilitated conditioning processes in patients with CSB. In addition, the observed decreased coupling could be interpreted as a marker for impaired emotion regulation success in this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: tim.klucken@psychol.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klucken
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wehrum-Osinsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schweckendiek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Onno
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001143:Arousal; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D004882:Erotica / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012201:Reward; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: C588010:COMT protein, human; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase
keywords: Amygdala; Conditioning; Emotion; Positive; Reward; Sexual Arousal