title: Association of polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with gestational diabetes mellitus in Indian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous genes have been reported in relation with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the findings were not consistently replicated across populations, or there have been no detailed studies on them. Previous literatures suggested that, out of all angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms, only ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism has a strong association with GDM in Asian Indian women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was devoted to evaluate the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ACE A240T, C1237T, G2350A and I/D with GDM and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study recruited 105 GDM cases, 119 Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and 120 controls. PCR-RFLP was used for identifying genotypes of ACE A240T, C1237T and G2350A and PCR was performed in the case of ACE I/D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations of ACE SNP's, C1237T, and G2350A with GDM were observed. Haplotype analysis revealed the remarkably significant evidence of association with SNP combination ACE A240T, C1237T, G2350A, and I/D with GDM patients (P = 0.024). Individuals possessing haplotype "TTAI" (frequency 30% in GDM and 0 in controls) derived from these SNPs had 185 fold increased risk of developing GDM (95% of confidence interval: 11.13-3102.15), which was highest when compared with other 15 haplotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shorter-range haplotypes were also significant, but the only consistently associated alleles were found to be in ACE C1237T, G2350A, and I/D. These results suggested that the variant in close proximity to ACE C1237T, G2350A and/or I/D modulates susceptibility to GDM and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Parul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nutan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Formerly Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nibhriti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalal
keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; gestational diabetes mellitus; haplotype; polymorphisms