title: [COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY STUDIES OF ADJUVANTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES AND WITH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF ACTION FOR INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINES].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct immunogenicity comparison of adjuvants from various sources and with different mechanisms of action for inactivated influenza vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly twice with an inactivated whole-virion influenza vaccine based on A/California/07/2009 X-179A (H1N1) strain. The following adjuvants were added to the vaccine (10 in total): aluminium hydroxide, oligonucleotide CpG, complete Freund's adjuvant, poly(lactide-coglycolide) microparticles, monophosphoryl lipid A and polyoxidonium, as well as 2 adjuvants based on characterized chitosan substances with different physical/chemical properties and 2 experimental complex formulations (a multi-component adjuvant and an oil-in-water emulsion based on squalene and tocopherol). Immuogenicity was determined by HAI and MN (MDCK) sera antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different adjuvants increased immunogenicity of the vaccine against the homologous strain in varying patterns. Experimental complex formulations were the most immunogenic (antibody titer increase reached 48 - 96 times compared with unadjuvanted vaccines). Chitosan based adjuvants showed high immunogenicity. Not all the adjuvants significantly increased immunogenicity, and in some cases even an immunogenicity decrease was noted with the addition of certain adjuvants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research and development of chitosan based adjuvants with characterization and standardization issues addressed, as well as complex adjuvants, both multi-component and emulsion based, are the most promising approaches that could lead to next generation vaccines against influenza and other human and animal infectious diseases.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Chernikova
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Kashirina
authors.forename: Yu M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Vasiliev
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008050:Lipid A; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010879:Piperazines; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; C033616:poly(lactide); D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D048271:Chitosan; C540909:azoximer bromide; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A