title: Minimalist Running Shoes and Injury Risk Among United States Army Soldiers.
abstract: Minimalist running shoes (MRS) are lightweight, are extremely flexible, and have little to no cushioning. It has been thought that MRS will enhance running performance and decrease injury risk.
  
  
  
  To compare physical characteristics, fitness performance, and injury risks associated with soldiers wearing MRS and those wearing traditional running shoes (TRS).
  
  
  
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  
  Participants were men in a United States Army brigade (N = 1332). Physical characteristics and Army Physical Fitness Test data were obtained by survey. Fitness performance testing was administered at the brigade, and the types of footwear worn were identified by visual inspection. Shoe types were categorized into 2 groups: TRS (stability, cushioning, and motion control) and MRS. Injuries from the previous 12 months were obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. A t test was used to determine mean differences between personal characteristics, training, and fitness performance metrics by shoe type. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were calculated to determine injury risk by shoe type, controlling for other risk factors.
  
  
  
  A majority of soldiers wore cushioning shoes (57%), followed by stability shoes (24%), MRS (17%), and motion control shoes (2%). Soldiers wearing MRS were slightly younger than those wearing TRS (P < .01); performed more push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups (P < .01); and ran faster during the 2-mile run (P = .01). When other risk factors were controlled, there was no difference in injury risk for running shoe type between soldiers wearing MRS compared with TRS.
  
  
  
  Soldiers who chose to wear MRS were younger and had higher physical performance scores compared with soldiers wearing TRS. When these differences are controlled, use of MRS does not appear to be associated with higher or lower injury risk in this population.
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA tyson.l.grier.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Tyson
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grier
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canham-Chervak
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushman
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Fort Carson, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: North
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center (Provisional), Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries*; D012775:Shoes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: exercise; footwear; performance; shod