title: Heterogeneity of non-cancerous liver parenchyma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: an imaging biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma development in chronic liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify whether the heterogeneity of non-cancerous liver parenchyma (NLP) in the hepatobiliary phase on gadoxetic acid enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board approval was obtained, and the requirements for informed consent were waived for this retrospective study. The imaging characteristics of 84 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3T MRI between January 2013 and October 2014 were examined retrospectively. For the evaluation of the heterogeneity of the intensity in the hepatobiliary phase, the largest possible region of interest was placed on the NLP, and the skewness and kurtosis were calculated using ImageJ software. Skewness is the degree of asymmetry of a histogram, and kurtosis is a measure of the peak. Based on the median values of kurtosis and skewness, the patients were classified into four categories and the categories were compared between the 49 patients with HCC (HCC group) and the 35 patients without HCC (non-HCC group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kurtosis was significantly higher in the HCC group compared to the non-HCC group (1.19±1.15 versus 0.43±0.83; p=0.0006). Skewness was significantly lower in the HCC group than in the non-HCC group (1.19±1.15 versus 0.43±0.83; p=0.0152). In a multivariate logistic analysis, the category showing lower-than-the-median (-0.1185) skewness and higher-than-the-median (0.547) kurtosis was significantly and independently associated with HCC development (p=0.0031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterogeneity of NLP in the hepatobiliary phase on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI may reflect the development of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Electronic address: asayama@radiol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishie
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishigami
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology Informatics and Network, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Philips Electronics Japan, Kounan 2-13-37, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C073590:gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA