title: Negative Acts at Work as Potential Bullying Behavior and Depression: Examining the Direction of the Association in a 2-Year Follow-Up Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the 2-year prospective association between exposure to negative acts at work and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire study was carried out among 3363 employees and followed up 2 years later. Negative acts as potential bullying behavior were assessed by the Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire and depression by The Major Depression Inventory or Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry interviews. Logistic regression analyses tested potential associations between depression and negative acts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to negative acts was associated with depression 2 years later; however, when adjusting for Sense of Coherence and depressive symptoms at baseline the association was no longer significant. Conversely, depression at baseline predicted self-reported exposure to negative acts at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression predicts exposure to negative acts at a 2-year follow-up, whereas negative acts do not predict depression after adjustment for Sense of Coherence and baseline depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology (Dr Hogh, Dr Conway, Dr Rugulies); Department of Public Health (Dr Grynderup, Rugulies, Hansen), University of Copenhagen; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Dr Gullander, Dr Bonde), Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen; Department of Occupational Health and Danish Ramazzini Centre (Dr Willert, Dr Kolstad), Aarhus University Hospital; CRECEA A/S (Dr Mikkelsen), Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Psychology (Dr Persson), Lund University, Sweden; Research Department P (Dr Mors), Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov; National Research Centre for the Working Environment (Dr Rugulies, Dr Hansen), Copenhagen; Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology (Dr Kaerlev), Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Center for Clinical Epidemiology (Dr Kaerlev), Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hogh
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Matias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grynderup
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gullander
authors.forename: Morten V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Willert
authors.forename: Eva G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bonde
authors.forename: Henrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kolstad
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mors
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rugulies
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaerlev
authors.forename: Åse Marie
authors.initials: ÅM
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000069581:Exposure to Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D060685:Sense of Coherence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064450:Workplace Violence / Q000523:psychology*