title: Randomized Trial of Labor Induction in Women 35 Years of Age or Older.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of antepartum stillbirth at term is higher among women 35 years of age or older than among younger women. Labor induction may reduce the risk of stillbirth, but it also may increase the risk of cesarean delivery, which already is common in this older age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, controlled trial involving primigravid women who were 35 years of age or older. Women were randomly assigned to labor induction between 39 weeks 0 days and 39 weeks 6 days of gestation or to expectant management (i.e., waiting until the spontaneous onset of labor or until the development of a medical problem that mandated induction). The primary outcome was cesarean delivery. The trial was not designed or powered to assess the effects of labor induction on stillbirth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 619 women underwent randomization. In an intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant between-group differences in the percentage of women who underwent a cesarean section (98 of 304 women in the induction group [32%] and 103 of 314 women in the expectant-management group [33%]; relative risk, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.14) or in the percentage of women who had a vaginal delivery with the use of forceps or vacuum (115 of 304 women [38%] and 104 of 314 women [33%], respectively; relative risk, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.77). There were no maternal or infant deaths and no significant between-group differences in the women's experience of childbirth or in the frequency of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among women of advanced maternal age, induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation, as compared with expectant management, had no significant effect on the rate of cesarean section and no adverse short-term effects on maternal or neonatal outcomes. (Funded by the Research for Patient Benefit Programme of the National Institute for Health Research; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN11517275.).
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bugg
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macpherson
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wildsmith
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gordon C S
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences (K.F.W., M.M., C.M., J.G.T.), and Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (L.B.), and the University of Nottingham, the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (G.J.B., N.G.), Nottingham, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, London (C.W.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge (G.C.S.S.) - all in the United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D020073:Gravidity; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D007751:Labor, Induced; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D050497:Stillbirth; D057832:Watchful Waiting