title: Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects.
abstract: Over the last ten years, an increasing number of authors have used the theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity non-invasively in the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy humans and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We here provide a comprehensive review of the LTP/LTD-like plasticity induced by TBS in the human M1.
  
  
  
  A workgroup of researchers expert in this research field review and discuss critically ten years of experimental evidence from TBS studies in humans and in animal models. The review also includes the discussion of studies assessing responses to TBS in patients with movement disorders.
  
  
  
  We discuss experimental studies applying TBS over the M1 or in other cortical regions functionally connected to M1 in healthy subjects and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We also review experimental evidence coming from TBS studies in animals. Finally, we clarify the status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neuromed Institute, IRCCS Pozzilli (IS), Rome, Italy. Electronic address: antonio.suppa@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suppa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.affiliation: The Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ridding
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheeran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Lazzaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziemann
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods
keywords: Animal model; Plasticity; Primary motor cortex; Theta burst stimulation