title: Tribochemistry of Bismuth and Bismuth Salts for Solid Lubrication.
abstract: One of the main trends in the past decades is the reduction of wastage and the replacement of toxic compounds in industrial processes. Some soft metallic particles can be used as nontoxic solid lubricants in high-temperature processes. The behavior of bismuth metal particles, bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3), bismuth sulfate (Bi2(SO4)3), and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as powder lubricants was studied in a range of temperatures up to 580 °C. The mechanical behavior was examined using a high-temperature pin-on-disc setup, with which the friction force between two flat-contact surfaces was recorded. The bismuth-lubricated surfaces showed low coefficients of friction (μ ≈ 0.08) below 200 °C. Above the melting temperature of the metal powder at 271 °C, a layer of bismuth oxide developed and the friction coefficient increased. Bismuth oxide showed higher friction coefficients at all temperatures. Bismuth sulfide exhibited partial oxidation upon heating but the friction coefficient decreased to μ ≈ 0.15 above 500 °C, with the formation of bismuth oxide-sulfate, while some bismuth sulfate remained. All surfaces were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confocal microscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This study reveals how the partial oxidation of bismuth compounds at high temperatures affects their lubrication properties, depending on the nature of the bismuth compound.
authors.affiliation: Materials Innovation Institute (M2i) , Elektronicaweg 25, 2628 XG Delft, The Netherlands.|Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin J H
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: van den Nieuwenhuijzen
authors.affiliation: Surface Technology and Tribology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lette
authors.affiliation: Surface Technology and Tribology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dik J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ten Elshof
keywords: bismuth; bismuth oxide; bismuth sulfate; bismuth sulfide; friction coefficient; high temperature; pin-on-disc; solid lubricant