title: DAPHNE: A New Tool for the Assessment of the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) relies primarily on clinical features and remains challenging. The specificity of the recently revised criteria can be disappointing, justifying development of new clinical tools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We produced a behavioral inventory named DAPHNE. This scale (adapted from Rascovsky's criteria) explores six domains: disinhibition, apathy, perseverations, hyperorality, personal neglect and loss of empathy. It is composed of ten items (five answer categories). The aim was (1) to assess the validity and reliability of DAPHNE and (2) to evaluate its contribution in differentiating patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two scores were computed: DAPHNE-6 (screening) from the six domains and DAPHNE-40 (diagnosis) from the ten items. Reliability and reproducibility were assessed. External validity was studied with the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) and the Frontotemporal Behavioral Scale (FBS). Finally, the diagnostic performance of DAPHNE was compared to revised criteria, FBI and FBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAPHNE was administered to the caregivers of 89 patients, 36 with bvFTD, 22 with Alzheimer's disease, 15 with progressive supranuclear palsy and 16 with bipolar disorder. Reliability and reproducibility were excellent, as was external validity. DAPHNE-6 allowed bvFTD diagnosis (score ≥4) with a sensitivity of 92%, while DAPHNE-40 (score ≥15) had a specificity of 92%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate excellent psychometric features for DAPHNE. This quick tool could help for both diagnosing and screening bvFTD.
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM CIC 04, Université de Nantes, France; Laboratoire d'Etudes des Mécanismes Cognitifs, EA 3082, Université Lyon 2, Bron, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutoleau-Bretonnière
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM CIC 04, Université de Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evrard
authors.affiliation: EA 4275, Biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human Sciences Research Team, Université de Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Département de Méthodologie et Biostatistiques, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jean Benoît
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hardouin
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM CIC 04, Université de Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Laëtitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocher
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM CIC 04, Université de Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Tiphaine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Charriau
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, CHU Angers, Angers, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Etcharry-Bouyx
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auriacombe
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richard-Mornas
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, CHU Lille, Lille, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lebert
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, CHU Lille, Lille, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.affiliation: CAPPA Jacques Prévert Unité ECT-TMS-Liaison, UIC 18 'Addictions Comportementales et Troubles de l'Humeur Complexes', Service d'Addictologie et Psychiatrie de Liaison, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
authors.affiliation: CAPPA Jacques Prévert Unité ECT-TMS-Liaison, UIC 18 'Addictions Comportementales et Troubles de l'Humeur Complexes', Service d'Addictologie et Psychiatrie de Liaison, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulteau
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM CIC 04, Université de Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vercelletto
authors.affiliation: CHU Nantes, Centre Mémoire Ressource et Recherche, Département de Neurologie, Université de Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 913, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Derkinderen
authors.affiliation: EA3826, Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, UFR Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bretonnière
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Etudes des Mécanismes Cognitifs, EA 3082, Université Lyon 2, Bron, Lyon, France; Plein-Ciel, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas-Antérion
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Behavioral disorders; Bipolar disorder; Frontotemporal dementia; Progressive supranuclear palsy; Scale