title: The cost-utility of treating anemia with continuous erythropoietin receptor activator or Epoetin versus routine blood transfusions among chronic hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-utility of treating anemic dialysis patients with continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) once monthly or Epoetin Beta (EpoB) thrice weekly compared with a reference strategy of managing anemia with red blood cell transfusion (RBCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-utility analysis study design. Decision analysis model, National health care payer, over 1 year with the publicly funded health care system. Chronic hemodialysis patients with renal anemia were included. The outcome marker of this study was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained (incremental cost-utility ratio [ICUR]) of CERA or EpoB relative to RBCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total cost per patient (in US$) was estimated at $2,176.37, $4,107.01, and $4,356.69 for RBCT, CERA, and EpoB, respectively. The cost-utility ratio was calculated at 4,423.52, 6,955.50, and 7,406.38 $/QALY for RBCT, CERA, and EpoB, with an ICUR of CERA and EpoB in relation to RBCT at 19,606.40 and 22,466.09 $/QALY, respectively. In sensitivity analysis, the model was most sensitive to hospitalization costs, hospital stay, and annual number of RBCT units. Also, assuming utility and survival improvement with erythropoiesis stimulating agents use resulted in a decrease in ICUR at 13,429 $/QALY for CERA and 15,331 $/QALY for EpoB. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the main results of our model were unchanged; CERA and EpoB were more costly and more effective than RBCT below a threshold of 19,500 $/QALY. CERA was the best option for a willingness to pay over 19,500 $/QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some model parameters were obtained from observational data, the comparator RBCT is not the standard of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that managing anemia in dialysis patients with CERA or EpoB may result in better outcomes with higher overall costs. Considering different assumptions, we found substantial variability in the estimates of the cost-utility and incremental of using CERA or EpoB.
authors.affiliation: Research Team of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Hospital, Agadir, Morocco.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maoujoud
authors.affiliation: Research Team of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahid
authors.affiliation: Research Team of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Yahia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cherrah
keywords: anemia; continuous erythropoietin receptor activator; cost-effectiveness; cost-utility; dialysis; epoetin; erythropoiesis stimulating agents