title: Therapies on the horizon for Clostridium difficile infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile infections are a leading cause of healthcare facility outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness that may have serious complications and a high rate of recurrent disease. Despite the availability of standard antibiotic treatments, data from national surveillance programs indicate that the incidence of this disease continues to increase, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems. New emerging strategies are being tested to replace or augment these standard antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two current investigational agents focusing on different strategies for both prevention and treatment of C. difficile infections are reviewed. Data was gathered from a literature search of public databases for published trials from 1999-November 13, 2015 and from the author's compendium of knowledge. Agents reviewed included 13 antibiotics, two antibiotic inactivators, seven bacteria or yeasts acting to enhance the normal microbiome, seven immunizing agents and three toxin binders. Of the 32 investigational treatments reviewed, 8 (25%) showed significant efficacy in phase II or III clinical trials and are actively being developed as new therapies for C. difficile infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of potential treatments have floundered during their development process, while others have shown promising results. The strongest efficacy has been in the areas of newer antibiotics, probiotics, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. By targeting the pathogenic pathway of C. difficile infections, multiple strategies for prevention and treatment have been developed.
authors.affiliation: a Dept of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Lynne V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015507:Drugs, Investigational
keywords: Antibiotics; clostridium difficile; fecal microbial transplant; monoclonal antibodies; novel therapeutics; prevention; probiotics; toxin-binders; treatments; vaccines