title: Biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: Biomarkers are widely used and studied in heart failure. Most studies have described the utility and performance of biomarkers in sub-studies of randomised clinical trials, where the vast majority of the patients suffered from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and not with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). As a result, there is a scarcity of data describing the levels, dynamics, clinical and biochemical correlates, and biology of biomarkers in patients suffering from HFpEF, whereas HFpEF is in fact a very frequent clinical entity. This article discusses the value of different biomarkers in HFpEF. We describe various aspects of natriuretic peptide measurements in HFpEF patients, with a focus on diagnosis, prognosis and the risk prediction of developing heart failure. Further, we will discuss several emerging biomarkers such as galectin-3 and suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and recently discovered ones such as growth differentiation factor-15 and syndecan-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. r.a.de.boer@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Boer
keywords: Biomarkers; Diagnosis; Heart failure; Natriuretic peptides; Preserved ejection fraction; Prognosis