title: Chronic liquid nutrition intake induces obesity and considerable but reversible metabolic alterations in Wistar rats.
abstract: We have previously described the development of substantial, but reversible obesity in Wistar rats fed with palatable liquid nutrition (Fresubin). In this study, we investigated changes in serum hormone levels, glycemia, fat mass, adipocyte size, and gene expression of adipokines and inflammatory markers in adipose tissue of Wistar rats fed by Fresubin (i) for 5 months, (ii) up to 90 days of age, or (iii) after 90 days of age to characterize metabolic alterations and their reversibility in rats fed with Fresubin. An intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test was also performed to determine levels of serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and C-peptide in 2- and 4-month-old animals. In addition, mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissue weight, adipocyte diameter, and gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines and other markers were determined at the end of the study. Chronic Fresubin intake significantly increased adipocyte diameter, reduced glucose tolerance, and increased serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Moreover, gene expression of leptin, adiponectin, CD68, and nuclear factor kappa B was significantly increased in mesenteric adipose tissue of Fresubin fed rats. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased in mesenteric adipose tissue only in the group fed Fresubin during the entire experiment. In epididymal adipose tissue, fatty acid binding protein 4 mRNA levels were significantly increased in rats fed by Fresubin during adulthood. In conclusion, chronic Fresubin intake induced complex metabolic alterations in Wistar rats characteristic of metabolic syndrome. However, transition of rats from Fresubin to standard diet reversed these alterations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mikuska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vrabcova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tillinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balaz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ukropec
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia. boris.mravec@fmed.uniba.sk.|Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 813 72, Bratislava, Slovakia. boris.mravec@fmed.uniba.sk.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mravec
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D054392:Adipokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004044:Dietary Proteins; C524662:FABP4 protein, rat; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C048418:Fresubin
keywords: Adipokines; Fat tissue; Inflammatory signals; Liquid nutrition; Rat