title: HPV Serology Testing Confirms High HPV Immunisation Coverage in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reported human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage in England is high, particularly in girls offered routine immunisation at age 12 years. Serological surveillance can be used to validate reported coverage and explore variations within it and changes in serological markers over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual serum specimens collected from females aged 15-19 years in 2010-2011 were tested for anti-HPV16 and HPV18 IgG by ELISA. Based on these results, females were classified as follows: seronegative, probable natural infection, probable vaccine-induced seropositivity, or possible natural infection/possible vaccine-induced seropositivity. The proportion of females with vaccine-induced seropositivity was compared to the reported vaccination coverage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2146 specimens tested, 1380 (64%) were seropositive for both types HPV16 and HPV18 and 159 (7.4%) positive for only one HPV type. The IgG concentrations were far higher for those positive for both HPV types than those positive for only one HPV type. 1320 (62%) females were considered to have probable vaccine-induced seropositivity. Among vaccine-induced seropositives, antibody concentrations declined with increasing age at vaccination and increasing time since vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of females with vaccine-induced seropositivity was closest to the reported 3-dose coverage in those offered the vaccination at younger ages, with a greater discrepancy in the older females. This suggests either some under-reporting of immunisations of older females and/or that partial vaccination (i.e. one- or two-doses) has provided high antibody responses in 13-17 year olds.
authors.affiliation: HIV & STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mesher
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.affiliation: Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Findlow
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.affiliation: Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sukamal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pebody
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borrow
authors.affiliation: HIV & STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soldan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000276:immunology*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines