title: The Metabolic Prospective and Redox Regulation of Macrophage Polarization.
abstract: Macrophage plasticity is an important feature of these innate immune cells. Macrophage phenotypes are divided into two categories, the classically activated macrophages (CAM, M1 phenotype) and the alternatively activated macrophages (AAM, M2 phenotype). M1 macrophages are commonly associated with the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and often associated with tumor progression and fibrosis development. Macrophages produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent evidence suggests ROS can potentially regulate macrophage phenotype. In addition, macrophages phenotypes are closely related to their metabolic patterns, particularly fatty acid/cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in macrophage polarization with special attention to their relevance to specific disease conditions and metabolic regulation of polarization. Understanding these metabolic switches can facilitate the development of targeted therapies for various diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: A Brent
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Carter
keywords: Alternative activation; Fatty acid oxidation; Macrophage; Macrophage polarization; Mitochondria; Pulmonary fibrosis; Reactive oxygen species