title: A Healthy Nordic Diet Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile in Adults with Features of Metabolic Syndrome in a Multicenter Randomized Dietary Intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A healthy Nordic diet is associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, but the effect on lipidomic profile is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate how a healthy Nordic diet affects the fasting plasma lipidomic profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women (n = 200) with features of metabolic syndrome [mean age: 55 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 31.6] were randomly assigned to either a healthy Nordic (n = 104) or a control (n = 96) diet for 18 or 24 wk at 6 centers. Of the participants, 156 completed the study with plasma lipidomic measurements. The healthy Nordic diet consisted of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, berries, vegetable oils and margarines, fish, low-fat milk products, and low-fat meat. An average Nordic diet served as the control diet and included low-fiber cereal products, dairy fat-based spreads, regular-fat milk products, and a limited amount of fruits, vegetables, and berries. Lipidomic profiles were measured at baseline, week 12, and the end of the intervention (18 or 24 wk) by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The effects of the diets on the lipid variables were analyzed with linear mixed-effects models. Data from centers with 18- or 24-wk duration were also analyzed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in 21 plasma lipids differed significantly between the groups at week 12 (false discovery rate P < 0.05), including increases in plasmalogens and decreases in ceramides in the healthy Nordic diet group compared with the control group. At the end of the study, changes in lipidomic profiles did not differ between the groups. However, when the intervention lasted 24 wk, changes in 8 plasma lipids that had been identified at 12 wk, including plasmalogens, were sustained. There were no differences in changes in plasma lipids between groups with an intervention of 18 wk. By the dietary biomarker score, adherence to diet did not explain the difference in the results related to the duration of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A healthy Nordic diet transiently modified the plasma lipidomic profile, specifically by increasing the concentrations of antioxidative plasmalogens and decreasing insulin resistance-inducing ceramides. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00992641.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lankinen
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolehmainen
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuulikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seppänen-Laakso
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.|Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tuulia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyötyläinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brader
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marklund
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lieselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cloetens
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Önning
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland and Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland and Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Ingibjorg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Åkesson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars Ove
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Dragsted
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.|Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orešič
keywords: Nordic diet; human; lipidomics; lipids; nutrition; randomized controlled trial