title: Biofuels and Their Co-Products as Livestock Feed: Global Economic and Environmental Implications.
abstract: This review studies biofuel expansion in terms of competition between conventional and advanced biofuels based on bioenergy potential. Production of advanced biofuels is generally more expensive than current biofuels because products are not yet cost competitive. What is overlooked in the discussion about biofuel is the contribution the industry makes to the global animal feed supply and land use for cultivation of feedstocks. The global ethanol industry produces 44 million metric tonnes of high-quality feed, however, the co-products of biodiesel production have a moderate impact on the feed market contributing to just 8-9 million tonnes of protein meal output a year. By economically displacing traditional feed ingredients co-products from biofuel production are an important and valuable component of the biofuels sector and the global feed market. The return of co-products to the feed market has agricultural land use (and GHG emissions) implications as well. The use of co-products generated from grains and oilseeds can reduce net land use by 11% to 40%. The proportion of global cropland used for biofuels is currently some 2% (30-35 million hectares). By adding co-products substituted for grains and oilseeds the land required for cultivation of feedstocks declines to 1.5% of the global crop area.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sectoral Economics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. popp.jozsef@econ.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sectoral Economics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. rakos.monika@econ.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: Mónika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harangi-Rákos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Business Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. zoltangabnai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gabnai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sectoral Economics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. balogh.peter@econ.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balogh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sectoral Economics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. antal.gabriella@econ.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Business Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary. bai.attila@econ.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000191:economics; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D000431:Ethanol; D058751:Livestock; D059205:Renewable Energy / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: bioenergy; biofuels; co-products; feed potential; substitution