title: Effects of low-fat milk consumption on metabolic and atherogenic biomarkers in Korean adults with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: Previous studies of the health effects of low-fat milk or dairy consumption on the metabolic syndrome have yielded inconsistent results. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-fat milk consumption on traits associated with the metabolic syndrome, as well as inflammatory and atherogenic biomarkers, in Korean adults with the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  
  Overweight Koreans with the metabolic syndrome (n = 58) were recruited and randomly assigned to either the low-fat milk or control group. The low-fat milk group was instructed to consume two packs of low-fat milk per day (200 mL twice daily) for 6 weeks, and the control group was instructed to maintain their habitual diet. Clinical investigations were conducted during the screening visit, on study day 0, and after 6 weeks.
  
  
  
  No significant differences in changes in body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile and adiponectin levels, as well as levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers and atherogenic markers, were found between the low-fat milk and control groups. However, compared to the controls, significant favourable decreases in serum soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelin-1 levels were found in the 12 subjects with high blood pressure and in the 18 subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia in the low-fat milk group.
  
  
  
  The present study did not demonstrate an overall beneficial effect of low-fat milk consumption in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. However, low-fat milk consumption may have a favourable effect on atherogenic markers in subjects with high blood pressure or hypertriglyceridaemia.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-si, Korea.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: K-N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Bahn
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-si, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-si, Korea.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-si, Korea.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-si, Korea.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted / Q000208:ethnology; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: anthropometry; cardiovascular disease; dietary intervention