title: Airborne Bacterial Diversity from the Low Atmosphere of Greater Mexico City.
abstract: Greater Mexico City is one of the largest urban centers in the world, with an estimated population by 2010 of more than 20 million inhabitants. In urban areas like this, biological material is present at all atmospheric levels including live bacteria. We sampled the low atmosphere in several surveys at different points by the gravity method on LB and blood agar media during winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons in the years 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The colonial phenotype on blood agar showed α, β, and γ hemolytic activities among the live collected bacteria. Genomic DNA was extracted and convenient V3 hypervariable region libraries of 16S rDNA gene were high-throughput sequenced. From the data analysis, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the more abundant phyla in all surveys, while the genera from the family Enterobacteriaceae, in addition to Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Erwinia spp., Gluconacetobacter spp., Proteus spp., Exiguobacterium spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were also abundant. From this study, we conclude that it is possible to detect live airborne nonspore-forming bacteria in the low atmosphere of GMC, associated to the microbial cloud of its inhabitants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico. jgmena@cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Mena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Selvasankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murugesan
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ashael Alfredo
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pérez-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del IPN, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, 07320, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Espitia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Otoniel
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maya
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Monserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacinto-Montiel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monsalvo-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piña-Escobedo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lilianha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Malfavón
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.|CICATA-Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141, Colinas del Cimatario, 76090, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marlenne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.|Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78700, Matehuala, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cervantes-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, 04960, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Núñez-Cardona
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000391:Air Microbiology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D002947:Cities; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D041821:Gluconacetobacter / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008800:Mexico; D010802:Phylogeny; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Bioaerosols; Hemolysis; High-throughput sequencing; Ion torrent; MALDI-TOF MS; Mass spectrometry