title: High intensity focused ultrasound induced in vivo large volume hyperthermia under 3D MRI temperature control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mild hyperthermia can be used as an adjuvant therapy to enhance radiation therapy or chemotherapy of cancer. However, administering mild hyperthermia is technically challenging due to the high accuracy required of the temperature control. MR guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) is a technology that can address this challenge. In this work, accurate and spatially uniform mild hyperthermia is demonstrated for deep-seated clinically relevant heating volumes using a HIFU system under MR guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mild hyperthermia heating was evaluated for temperature accuracy and spatial uniformity in 11 in vivo porcine leg experiments. Hyperthermia was induced with a commercial Philips Sonalleve MR-HIFU system embedded in a 1.5T Ingenia MR scanner. The operating software was modified to allow extended duration mild hyperthermia. Heating time varied from 10 min up to 60 min and the assigned target temperature was 42.5 °C. Electronic focal point steering, mechanical transducer movement, and dynamic transducer element switch-off were exploited to enlarge the heated volume and obtain uniform heating throughout the acoustic beam path. Multiple temperature mapping images were used to control and monitor the heating. The magnetic field drift and transducer susceptibility artifacts were compensated to enable accurate volumetric MR thermometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained mean temperature for the target area (the cross sectional area of the heated volume at focal depth primarily used to control the heating) was on average 42.0 ± 0.6 °C. Temperature uniformity in the target area was evaluated using T10 and T90, which were 43.1 ± 0.6 and 40.9 ± 0.6 °C, respectively. For the near field, the corresponding temperatures were 39.3 ± 0.8 °C (average), 40.6 ± 1.0 °C (T10), and 38.0 ± 0.9 °C (T90). The sonications resulted in a concise heating volume, typically in the shape of a truncated cone. The average depth reached from the skin was 86.9 mm. The results show that the heating algorithm was able to induce deep heating while keeping the near-field temperature uniform and at a safe level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capability of MR-HIFU to induce accurate, spatially uniform, and robust mild hyperthermia in large deep-seated volumes was successfully demonstrated through a series of in vivo animal experiments.
authors.affiliation: MR-Therapy, Philips Healthcare, Uusimaa 01510, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tillander
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hokland
authors.affiliation: MR-Therapy, Philips Healthcare, Uusimaa 01510, Finland.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Høgni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dam
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels Peter
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanderup
authors.affiliation: MR-Therapy, Philips Healthcare, Uusimaa 01510, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ylihautala
authors.affiliation: MR-Therapy, Philips Healthcare, Uusimaa 01510, Finland.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köhler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013552:Swine