title: What influences 11-year-olds to drink? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drinking in youth is linked to other risky behaviours, educational failure and premature death. Prior research has examined drinking in mid and late teenagers, but little is known about the factors that influence drinking at the beginning of adolescence. Objectives were: 1. to assess associations of parental and friends' drinking with reported drinking among 11 year olds; 2. to investigate the roles of perceptions of harm, expectancies towards alcohol, parental supervision and family relationships on reported drinking among 11 year olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study on 10498 11-year-olds. The outcome measure was having drank an alcoholic drink, self-reported by cohort members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13.6 % of 11 year olds reported having drank. Estimates reported are odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. Cohort members whose mothers drank were more likely to drink (light/moderate = 1.6, 1.3 to 2.0, heavy/binge = 1.8, 1.4 to 2.3). Cohort members whose fathers drank were also more likely to drink but these estimates lost statistical significance when covariates were adjusted for (light/moderate = 1.3, 0.9 to 1.9, heavy/binge = 1.3, 0.9 to 1.9). Having friends who drank was strongly associated with cohort member drinking (4.8, 3.9 to 5.9). Associated with reduced odds of cohort member drinking were: heightened perception of harm from 1-2 drinks daily (some = 0.9, 0.7 to 1.1, great = 0.6, 0.5 to 0.7); and negative expectancies towards alcohol (0.5, 0.4 to 0.7). Associated with increased odds of cohort member drinking were: positive expectancies towards alcohol (1.9, 1.4 to 2.5); not being supervised on weekends and weekdays (often = 1.2, 1.0 to 1.4); frequent battles of will (1.3, 1.1 to 1.5); and not being happy with family (1.2, 1.0 to 1.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examining drinking at this point in the lifecourse has potentially important public health implications as around one in seven 11 year olds have drank, although the vast majority are yet to explore alcohol. Findings support interventions working at multiple levels that incorporate family and peer factors to help shape choices around risky behaviours including drinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. y.kelly@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy, The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK. A.Goisis@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goisis
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. a.sacker@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. n.cable@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. r.watt@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. a.britton@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Britton
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D006113:United Kingdom