title: Opportunity Cost and Policy: A Utilization Review of Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose in Manitoba, Canada.
abstract: Recently, there has been a re-evaluation of the frequency, benefits, and costs associated with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Based on little evidence of the benefit of frequent SMBG in patients with diabetes not using insulin, new guidelines and test strip limit policies have been suggested and implemented in various Canadian jurisdictions to promote a more selective practice of SMBG. The objective of this study was to assess the overall utilization and cost associated with test strips and lancets for SMBG in Manitoba from 2000 to 2013 as well as to explore the policy implications of the implementation of test strip quantity limits and its impact on overall and government costs.
  
  
  
  An analysis of prescription claims for blood glucose test strips (BGTSs) and lancets for all patients with diabetes in Manitoba from 2000 to 2013 was conducted. In each year, patients were stratified into 4 mutually exclusive hierarchical groups according to most intensive diabetes treatment. Test strip and lancet utilization and cost were assessed for each group in each year, and the potential cost savings associated with implementation of a BGTS limit policy was projected using autoregressive integrated moving average models.
  
  
  
  In the year 2000, 8 million test strips were dispensed in Manitoba, increasing by 170% to 21.7 million test strips in 2013. Insulin users accounted for the majority of test strip use. However, based on potential implementation of test strip limit policies, 95% of the reduction of test strip use is predicted to occur in the groups not using insulin. Based on current trends, the 5-year predicted additional cost associated with not implementing a test strip limit policy similar to that implemented in other Canadian provinces was estimated to be a total of $12.35 million.
  
  
  
  Implementation of the guideline-based policy limits is predicted to produce considerable savings, with 95% of potential savings occurring in patients not using insulin. There is, therefore, a significant opportunity cost associated with not implementing a policy to reduce BGTS utilization by patients with diabetes in Manitoba. Based on the lack of evidence to suggest significant outcome improvements with long-term frequent SMBG by patients not using insulin, more selective use of test strips for SMBG could allow for significant cost savings that could be redirected to other programs and interventions for the growing population of patients with diabetes in Manitoba.
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Serwylo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: Shawn.Bugden@umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugden
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008350:Manitoba; D014600:Utilization Review
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: diabetes; lancets; opportunity cost; self-monitoring; test strips; utilization