title: Association of Oxidative Stress with Psychiatric Disorders.
abstract: When concentrations of both reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species exceed the antioxidative capability of an organism, the cells undergo oxidative impairment. Impairments in membrane integrity and lipid and protein oxidation, protein mutilation, DNA damage, and neuronal dysfunction are some of the fundamental consequences of oxidative stress.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this work was to review the associations between oxidative stress and psychological disorders. The search terms were the following: "oxidative stress and affective disorders," "free radicals and neurodegenerative disorders," "oxidative stress and psychological disorders," "oxidative stress, free radicals, and psychiatric disorders," and "association of oxidative stress." These search terms were used in conjunction with each of the diagnostic categories of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.
  
  
  
  Genetic, pharmacological, biochemical, and preclinical therapeutic studies, case reports, and clinical trials were selected to explore the molecular aspects of psychological disorders that are associated with oxidative stress. We identified a broad spectrum of 83 degenerative syndromes and psychiatric disorders that were associated with oxidative stress.
  
  
  
  The multi-dimensional information identified herein supports the role of oxidative stress in various psychiatric disorders. We discuss the results from the perspective of developing novel therapeutic interventions.
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Hamsa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noreen
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castro-Gomes
authors.forename: Imdadullah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohammadzai
authors.forename: Joao Batista Teixeira
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22453-900, Brazil. landeira@puc-rio.br.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landeira-Fernandez
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species