title: Epigenetic suppression of neprilysin regulates breast cancer invasion.
abstract: In women, invasive breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death. Therefore, identifying novel regulators of breast cancer invasion could lead to additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Neprilysin, a cell-surface enzyme that cleaves and inactivates a number of substrates including endothelin-1 (ET1), has been implicated in breast cancer, but whether neprilysin promotes or inhibits breast cancer cell progression and metastasis is unclear. Here, we asked whether neprilysin expression predicts and functionally regulates breast cancer cell invasion. RT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed decreased neprilysin expression compared with normal epithelial cells. Expression was also suppressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) compared with normal tissue. In addition, in vtro invasion assays demonstrated that neprilysin overexpression decreased breast cancer cell invasion, whereas neprilysin suppression augmented invasion. Furthermore, inhibiting neprilysin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased ET1 levels significantly, whereas overexpressing neprilysin decreased extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) activation, indicating that neprilysin negatively regulates ET1-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. To determine whether neprilysin was epigenetically suppressed in breast cancer, we performed bisulfite conversion analysis of breast cancer cells and clinical tumor samples. We found that the neprilysin promoter was hypermethylated in breast cancer; chemical reversal of methylation in MDA-MB-231 cells reactivated neprilysin expression and inhibited cancer cell invasion. Analysis of cancer databases revealed that neprilysin methylation significantly associates with survival in stage I IDC and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer subtypes. These results demonstrate that neprilysin negatively regulates the ET axis in breast cancer, and epigenetic suppression of neprilysin in invasive breast cancer cells enables invasion. Together, this implicates neprilysin as an important regulator of breast cancer invasion and clarifies its utility as a potential biomarker for invasive breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Majmudar
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blaylock
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cosminsky
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Utreja
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.affiliation: Lipscomb University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, 1 University Park Drive, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Conway