title: Electro-Optical Properties of Low-Temperature Growth Indium-tin-oxide Nanowires Using Polystyrene Spheres as Catalyst.
abstract: Polystyrene sphere was chosen as a catalyst to fabricate indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanowires (NWs) with a low-temperature (280-300 °C) electron-beam deposition process, bearing high purity. The ITO NWs with diameter of 20-50 nm and length of ~2 um were obtained. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscope show high crystal quality. The transmittance is above 90 % at a wavelength 400 nm or more, superior to the ITO bulk film. Owing to the unique morphology gradient of the ITO NWs, the effective refractive index of ITO NWs film is naturally graded from the bottom to the top. The ITO NWs have been used on LED devices (λ = 450 nm), which improved the light output power by 31 % at the current of 150 mA comparing to the one without NWs and did not deteriorate the electrical properties. Such ITO NWs open opportunity in LED devices to further improve light extraction efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. liqiang_ynu@126.com.|Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. liqiang_ynu@126.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.|Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lungang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Supernova Lighting Technology Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. fyun2010@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.|Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. fyun2010@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yun
keywords: Electron-beam evaporation; Indium-tin-oxide nanowires; Polystyrene spheres