title: Abdominal injuries in communal crises: The Jos experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal injuries contribute significantly to battlefield trauma morbidity and mortality. This study sought to determine the incidence, demographics, clinical features, spectrum, severity, management, and outcome of abdominal trauma during a civilian conflict.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective analysis of patients treated for abdominal trauma during the Jos civil crises between December 2010 and May 2012 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 victims of communal conflicts with abdominal injuries were managed during the study period with 89 (81.7%) males and 20 (18.3%) females representing about 12.2% of the total 897 combat related injuries. The peak age incidence was between 21 and 40 years (range: 3-71 years). The most frequently injured intra-abdominal organs were the small intestine 69 (63.3%), colon 48 (44%), and liver 41 (37.6%). Forty-four (40.4%) patients had extra-abdominal injuries involving the chest in 17 (15.6%), musculoskeletal 12 (11%), and the head in 9 (8.3%). The most prevalent weapon injuries were gunshot 76 (69.7%), explosives 12 (11%), stab injuries 11 (10.1%), and blunt abdominal trauma 10 (9.2%). The injury severity score varied from 8 to 52 (mean: 20.8) with a fatality rate of 11 (10.1%) and morbidity rate of 29 (26.6%). Presence of irreversible shock, 3 or more injured intra-abdominal organs, severe head injuries, and delayed presentation were the main factors associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal trauma is major life-threatening injuries during conflicts. Substantial mortality occurred with loss of nearly one in every 10 hospitalized victims despite aggressive emergency room resuscitation. The resources expenditure, propensity for death and expediency of timing reinforce the need for early access to the wounded in a concerted trauma care systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Olorundare
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kenneth N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ozoilo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Augustine Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Sule
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ugwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Misauno
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Bashiru O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Ismaila
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Solomon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adeyinka A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adejumo
keywords: Abdominal trauma; Jos; Nigeria; conflicts; mortality; war