title: C-reactive protein, Neopterin and Beta2 microglobulin levels pre and post TB treatment in The Gambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Analysis of the host immune response may help with generating point-of-care tests for personalised monitoring. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between immune activation markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), Beta2 microglobulin (B2M) and Neopterin, disease severity prior to treatment and response to therapy in adult pulmonary TB patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV negative adult pulmonary TB index cases (n = 91) were recruited from the TB clinic at MRC, The Gambia. Plasma samples were collected at enrolment and at 2 and 6 months following TB treatment initiation. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for evaluation of CRP, B2M and Neopterin levels and correlated with clinical and microbiological parameters including strain of infection. Disease severity was determined using Chest X-ray (CXR), Body Mass Index (BMI) and sputum smear grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of all three markers were highly elevated in patients at recruitment and declined significantly during TB therapy. No correlation with disease severity was seen at recruitment. CRP showed the most significant decrease by 2 months of treatment (p < 0.0001) whereas levels of B2M and Neopterin showed little change by 2 months but a significant decrease by 6 months of treatment (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001 respectively). At recruitment, B2M levels were significantly higher in subjects infected with Mycobacterium africanum (Maf) compared with those infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto (Mtb) (p = 0.0075). In addition, while CRP and Neopterin showed a highly significant decline post-treatment regardless of strain (p < 0.0001 for all), B2M showed differential decline depending on strain (p = 0.0153 for Mtb and p = 0.0048 for Maf) and levels were still significantly higher at 6 months in Maf compared to Mtb infected subjects (p = 0.0051).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that activation markers, particularly CRP, may have a role in identifying good response to TB therapy regardless of the strain of infection and could be further developed as point-of-care tests. In addition, B2M levels may allow differentiation between Mtb and Maf-infected subjects.
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. jomendy@mrc.gm.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendy
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. ttogun@mrc.gm.
authors.forename: Toyin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Togun
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. oowolabi@mrc.gm.
authors.forename: Olumuyiwa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Owolabi
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. sdonkor@mrc.gm.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donkor
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. otama@who.int.|Current address: World Health Organisation Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo. otama@who.int.
authors.forename: Martin O C
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia. jsutherland@mrc.gm.|MRC Unit, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia. jsutherland@mrc.gm.
authors.forename: Jayne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D005714:Gambia; D006801:Humans; D019798:Neopterin / Q000097:blood*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D019798:Neopterin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein