title: Overutilization of bracing in the management of penetrating spinal cord injury from gunshot wounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Penetrating gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the spinal column are stable injuries and do not require spinal orthoses or bracing postinjury. Nonetheless, a high number of GSW-related spinal cord injury (SCI) patients are referred with a brace to national rehabilitation centers. Unnecessary bracing may encumber rehabilitation, create skin breakdown or pressure ulcers, and add excessive costs. The aim of this study was to confirm the stability of spinal column injuries from GSWs and quantify the overutilization rate of bracing based on long-term follow-up. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was performed at a nationally renowned rehabilitation center. In total, 487 GSW-related SCI patients were transferred for rehabilitation and identified over the last 14 years. Retrospective chart review and telephone interviews were conducted to identify patients who were braced at the initial treating institution and determine if late instability, deformity, or neurological deterioration resulted in secondary surgery or intervention. In addition, 396 unoperated patients were available for analysis after 91 patients were excluded for undergoing an initial destabilizing surgical dissection or laminectomy, thereby altering the natural history of the injury. All of these 396 patients who presented with a brace had bracing discontinued upon reaching the facility. RESULTS In total, 203 of 396 patients were transferred with a spinal brace, demonstrating an overutilization rate of 51%. No patients deteriorated neurologically or needed later surgery for spinal column deformity or instability attributable to the injury. All patients had stable injuries. The patterns of injury and severity of neurological injury did not vary between patients who were initially braced or unbraced. The average follow-up was 7.8 years (range 1-14 years) and the average age was 25 years (range 10-62 years). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of brace overutilization for penetrating GSW-related SCI was 51%. Long-term follow-up in this study confirmed that these injuries were stable and thus did not require bracing. No patients deteriorated neurologically, whether or not they were initially braced. The unnecessary use of spinal orthoses increases costs and patient morbidity. Reeducation and dissemination of this information is warranted.
authors.affiliation: NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York, New York;
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eftekhary
authors.affiliation: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Torrance;
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nwosu
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Office of Student Affairs, Los Angeles; and.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.affiliation: Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Torrance, California.
authors.forename: Dudley
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.affiliation: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Torrance;|Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Torrance, California.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rolfe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001915:Braces / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D013997:Time Factors; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ASIA; ASIA = American Spinal Injury Association; GSW = gunshot wound; SCI = spinal cord injury; bracing; cervical; gunshot wound; instability; lumbar; penetrating trauma; spinal cord injury; spine; stability; surgery; thoracic