title: Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Mei-Kwan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Junxian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Ligong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Fairlie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010330:Patents as Topic; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2
keywords: Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2); agonist; antagonist; antibodies; patent