title: Psychoeducation Improves Compliance and Outcome in Schizophrenia Without an Increase of Adverse Side Effects: A 7-Year Follow-up of the Munich PIP-Study.
abstract: Psychoeducation improves adherence and motivates patients to accept a maintenance therapy as recommended by the guidelines. This would mean a daily consumption of at least 300 chlorpromazine (CPZ) units in the long run and should lead to an increase of the antipsychotic dosage in comparison to patients with treatment as usual (TAU). This raises 2 important questions: whether more side effects are provoked and do the patients have a corresponding benefit with a better outcome. A total of 41 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder were randomized at study entry, either to bifocal psychoeducation (21), or to standard treatment (20). They were compared concerning compliance, type of medication, dosage (CPZ equivalents), motor side effects and number of days in hospital. The average daily antipsychotic medication 2 and 7 years after index discharge was 365 and 354 CPZ-units respectively in the intervention group (IG), but 247 and 279, respectively in the control group (CG). The extent of motor side effects was slightly smaller in the IG, but they showed a small and statistically not significant increase in the rate of tardive dyskinesia (TD) after 7 years. At the 7-year follow-up the patients in the IG had spent 74.7 days in hospital compared to 243.4 days for the patients in the CG (P < .05). The course of illness was significantly better in the IG without increasing motor side-effects. Therefore, psychoeducation should be integrated more systematically into the routine treatment. These data are part of a previous study, published 2007, with a sample size of 48 patients. Seven patients-3 of the IG and 4 of the CG-could not be included, because they were not able to complete the very complex "Computer-based kinematic analysis of motor performance." In this article all conclusions are referred to the new sample size, therefore some results are slightly different in comparison to the previous data.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany J.Baeuml@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bäuml
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitschel-Walz
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volz
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lüscher
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rentrop
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kissling
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000071057:Tardive Dyskinesia / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002746:Chlorpromazine
keywords: EPMS; psychoeducation; rehospitalization; schizophrenia; side effects; tardive dyskinesia