title: Predominantly night-time feeding and maternal glycaemic levels during pregnancy.
abstract: Little is known about the influence of meal timing and energy consumption patterns throughout the day on glucose regulation during pregnancy. We examined the association of maternal feeding patterns with glycaemic levels among lean and overweight pregnant women. In a prospective cohort study in Singapore, maternal 24-h dietary recalls, fasting glucose (FG) and 2-h postprandial glucose (2HPPG) concentrations were measured at 26-28 weeks of gestation. Women (n 985) were classified into lean (BMI<23 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI≥23 kg/m2) groups. They were further categorised as predominantly daytime (pDT) or predominantly night-time (pNT) feeders according to consumption of greater proportion of energy content from 07.00 to 18.59 hours or from 19.00 to 06.59 hours, respectively. On stratification by weight status, lean pNT feeders were found to have higher FG than lean pDT feeders (4·36 (sd 0·38) v. 4·22 (sd 0·35) mmol/l; P=0·002); however, such differences were not observed between overweight pDT and pNT feeders (4·49 (sd 0·60) v. 4·46 (sd 0·45) mmol/l; P=0·717). Using multiple linear regression with confounder adjustment, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG in the lean group (β=0·16 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·05, 0·26; P=0·003) but not in the overweight group (β=0·02 mmol/l; 95 % CI -0·17, 0·20; P=0·879). No significant association was found between maternal feeding pattern and 2HPPG in both the lean and the overweight groups. In conclusion, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG concentration in lean but not in overweight pregnant women, suggesting that there may be an adiposity-dependent effect of maternal feeding patterns on glucose tolerance during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: See Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tuck Seng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Marjorelee T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Colega
authors.affiliation: Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.|Department for International Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Yin Bun
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.|National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yap-Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Natarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Padmapriya
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Müller-Riemenschneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ngee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lek
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.|Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mary Foong-Fong
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jerry Kok Yen
authors.initials: JKY
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: 2HPPG 2-h postprandial glucose; FG fasting glucose; Feeding patterns; Glycaemic levels; Meal timings; Overweight pregnant women; Pregnancy; pDT predominantly daytime; pNT predominantly night-time