title: Efficiency of the male effect with photostimulated bucks does not depend on their familiarity with goats.
abstract: In ewes, the ovulatory response of females exposed to familiar rams is lower than the response of those exposed to novel ones. In goats, males rendered sexually active by exposure to long days are more efficient to induce ovulation in seasonal anestrous females than untreated males. Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) whether male goats remain familiar to females after 45days of separation; and 2) whether photostimulated males are able to stimulate the sexual activity of females, independently of their familiarity with them. In Experiment 1, three groups of goats (n=10 goats per group) were put in contact with males (n=2 per group) during 10days in November (familiarization period). These males were called familiar males. After 15, 30 and 45days of separation from the males, females of each group were exposed to familiar or novel males during 10min. In each test, goats in contact with novel males displayed more distress bleats, escapes, head butts, and sniffing than those in contact with familiar males (P<0.05). In Experiment 2, we used sexually inactive (n=4 control males), and sexually active males (n=4 photostimulated males). In February, two groups of goats (n=50 each) were put in contact with control or photostimulated males (n=2 each) during 10days ("familiar" control or photostimulated male, respectively). After 45days of separation from the males, both groups of females were further divided into two groups (n=25 goats per group). In April, two groups were re-exposed to "familiar" control or "familiar" photostimulated males (n=2 per group), whereas the other two groups were exposed to "novel" control or "novel" photostimulated males (n=2 per group). The photostimulated males displayed a higher level of sexual behavior than the controls. The proportion of goats that ovulated and displayed estrus was higher when exposed to the photostimulated males than when exposed to control ones (≥80% vs. 0%; P<0.05). These proportions did not differ between groups exposed to familiar or novel photostimulated males (P>0.05). We concluded that after 45days of separation, males are still familiar to females. The photostimulated males are able to induce the sexual activity of seasonally anestrous goats independently of their familiarity with them.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Aroña
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, Agreenium, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moussu
authors.affiliation: ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Briefer
authors.affiliation: Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, Agreenium, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chemineau
authors.affiliation: Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, Agreenium, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, C.P. 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico. Electronic address: joaldesa@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delgadillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Anovulatory goats; Familiarity; Male effect; Ovulation; Photoperiodic treatment; Social recognition