title: An assessment of the association between soil pH and ovine Johne's disease using Australian abattoir surveillance data.
abstract: There has long been discussion in the literature about the role of soil on ovine Johnes disease (OJD). This is especially true of soil pH, however there is very little research to support an association between pH and OJD prevalence. The primary objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that there is an association between soil pH and OJD. Several additional hypotheses were also assessed. Sheep properties that were surveyed by the Australian National Sheep Health Monitoring Project where classified as OJD reactor positive or otherwise. A variety of explanatory variables such as soil (especially soil pH), environmental and management factors were examined. Spatial regression models were assessed using information theory to examine support for various hypotheses and to examine associations; especially that soil pH is associated with OJD. A total of 1213 properties from 10,578 were classified as OJD positive (11.5%, 95% CI: 10.9-12.1). Within the limitations of the study, only modest support was found for an association between soil pH and the presence or absence of OJD. Instead, OJD prevalence was affected by several factors concurrently, a so called multi-factorial model (hypothesis). In this supported multifactorial hypothesis soil pH was marginally associated with OJD (p=0.04) and had a relatively weak effect (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.00). OJD was strongly associated with a number of biosecurity and environmental factors such as the time since infection arrived in a region, absence of biosecurity programs (such as regional biosecurity programs or state based programs) and, to a lesser extent, solar irradiation. Soil pH may play a relatively small role in explaining OJD prevalence when evaluated as part of a multifactorial model. Biosecurity and other environmental factors appear to be more strongly associated with the presence of OJD in Australia.
authors.affiliation: AusVet Animal Health Services, P.O. Box 1278, 1a/109Herries Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia. Electronic address: brendan@ausvet.com.au.
authors.forename: Brendan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Cowled
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: AusVet Animal Health Services, P.O. Box 1278, 1a/109Herries Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madin
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Biosecurity; Ovine Johnes disease; Risk factors; Soil; pH