title: Hybrid and Mixed Matrix Membranes for Separations from Fermentations.
abstract: Fermentations provide an alternative to fossil fuels for accessing a number of biofuel and chemical products from a variety of renewable and waste substrates. The recovery of these dilute fermentation products from the broth, however, can be incredibly energy intensive as a distillation process is generally involved and creates a barrier to commercialization. Membrane processes can provide a low energy aid/alternative for recovering these dilute fermentation products and reduce production costs. For these types of separations many current polymeric and inorganic membranes suffer from poor selectivity and high cost respectively. This paper reviews work in the production of novel mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) for fermentative separations and those applicable to these separations. These membranes combine a trade-off of low-cost and processability of polymer membranes with the high selectivity of inorganic membranes. Work within the fields of nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and pervaporation has been discussed. The review shows that MMMs are currently providing some of the most high-performing membranes for these separations, with three areas for improvement identified: Further characterization and optimization of inorganic phase(s), Greater understanding of the compatibility between the polymer and inorganic phase(s), Improved methods for homogeneously dispersing the inorganic phase.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. C.J.Davey@bath.ac.uk.|Bath Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. C.J.Davey@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. D.J.Leak@bath.ac.uk.|Department of Biology &amp; Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. D.J.Leak@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leak
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. D.Patterson@bath.ac.uk.|Bath Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. D.Patterson@bath.ac.uk.|Centre for Advanced Separations Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. D.Patterson@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Darrell Alec
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Patterson
keywords: biofuel; fermentation; metal-organic frameworks; mixed-matrix membranes; pervaporation; separations; zeolites