title: Cardioscopic Tool-delivery Instrument for Beating-heart Surgery.
abstract: This paper describes an instrument that provides solutions to two open challenges in beating-heart intracardiac surgery - providing high-fidelity imaging of tool-tissue contact and controlling tool penetration into tissue over the cardiac cycle. Tool delivery is illustrated in the context of tissue removal for which these challenges equate to visualization of the tissue as it is being removed and to control of cutting depth. Cardioscopic imaging is provided by a camera and illumination system encased in an optical window. When the optical window is pressed against tissue, it displaces the blood between the camera and tissue allowing clear visualization. Control of cutting depth is achieved via precise extension of the cutting tool from a port in the optical window. Successful tool use is demonstrated in ex vivo and in vivo experiments.
authors.affiliation: A. Ataollahi, I. Berra, N. Vasilyev, Z. Machaidze and P. Dupont are with Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. {first.last}@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Asghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ataollahi
authors.affiliation: A. Ataollahi, I. Berra, N. Vasilyev, Z. Machaidze and P. Dupont are with Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. {first.last}@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berra
authors.affiliation: A. Ataollahi, I. Berra, N. Vasilyev, Z. Machaidze and P. Dupont are with Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. {first.last}@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Nikolay V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Vasilyev
authors.affiliation: A. Ataollahi, I. Berra, N. Vasilyev, Z. Machaidze and P. Dupont are with Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. {first.last}@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Zurab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Machaidze
authors.affiliation: A. Ataollahi, I. Berra, N. Vasilyev, Z. Machaidze and P. Dupont are with Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. {first.last}@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Pierre E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Dupont