title: Chlorination and dechlorination rates in a forest soil - A combined modelling and experimental approach.
abstract: Much of the total pool of chlorine (Cl) in soil consists of naturally produced organic chlorine (Clorg). The chlorination of bulk organic matter at substantial rates has been experimentally confirmed in various soil types. The subsequent fates of Clorg are important for ecosystem Cl cycling and residence times. As most previous research into dechlorination in soils has examined either single substances or specific groups of compounds, we lack information about overall bulk dechlorination rates. Here we assessed bulk organic matter chlorination and dechlorination rates in coniferous forest soil based on a radiotracer experiment conducted under various environmental conditions (additional water, labile organic matter, and ammonium nitrate). Experiment results were used to develop a model to estimate specific chlorination (i.e., fraction of Cl(-) transformed to Clorg per time unit) and specific dechlorination (i.e., fraction of Clorg transformed to Cl(-) per time unit) rates. The results indicate that chlorination and dechlorination occurred simultaneously under all tested environmental conditions. Specific chlorination rates ranged from 0.0005 to 0.01 d(-1) and were hampered by nitrogen fertilization but were otherwise similar among the treatments. Specific dechlorination rates were 0.01-0.03d(-1) and were similar among all treatments. This study finds that soil Clorg levels result from a dynamic equilibrium between the chlorination and rapid dechlorination of some Clorg compounds, while another Clorg pool is dechlorinated more slowly. Altogether, this study demonstrates a highly active Cl cycling in soils.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: malin.montelius@liu.se.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Teresia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: EDF, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 78401 Chatou, France.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lourino-Cabana
authors.affiliation: Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.affiliation: Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bastviken
keywords: Chloride; Chlorine cycling; Modelling; Organic chlorine; Radioactive chlorine-36