title: Lymph node content of supraclavicular and thoracodorsal-based axillary flaps for vascularized lymph node transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microvascular transfer of lymph node flaps has recently gained popularity as a treatment for secondary lymphedema often occurring after axillary, groin, or pelvic lymph node dissections. This study aimed to delineate the lymph node contents and pedicle characteristics of the supraclavicular (SC) and thoracodorsal (TD)-based axillary flaps as well as to compare lymph node quantification of surgeon vs pathologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  SC and TD flaps were dissected from fresh female cadavers. The surgeon assessed pedicle characteristics, lymph node content, and anatomy. A pathologist assessed all flaps for gross and microscopic lymph node contents. The κ statistic was used to compare surgeon and pathologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten SC flaps and 10 TD flaps were harvested and quantified. In comparing the SC and TD flaps, there were no statistical differences between artery diameter (3.1 vs 3.2 mm; P = .75) and vein diameter (2.8 vs 3.5 mm; P = .24). The TD flap did have a significantly longer pedicle than the SC flap (4.2 vs 3.2 cm; P = .03). The TD flap was found to be significantly heavier than the SC flap (17.0 ± 4.8 vs 12.9 ± 3.3 g; P = .04). Gross lymph node quantity was similar in the SC and TD flaps (2.5 ± 1.7 vs 1.8 ± 1.2; P = .33). There was good agreement between the surgeon and pathologist in detecting gross lymph nodes in the flaps (SC κ = 0.87, TD κ = 0.61).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SC and TD flaps have similar lymph node quantity, but the SC flap has higher lymphatic density. A surgeon's estimation of lymph node quantity is reliable and has been verified in this study by comparison to a pathologist's examination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. Electronic address: patrick.gerety@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gerety
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pannucci
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Marten N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Amber R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mies
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Suhail K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kanchwala
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008196:Lymph; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps