title: EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE-INDUCED FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLES: The Clinical Features and Surgical Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and surgical outcomes in patients with epiretinal membrane-induced full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive cases with epiretinal membrane-induced FTMH followed by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed (study group, 24 cases). The criteria of epiretinal membrane-induced FTMH selection were 1) documented lamellar macular hole before FTMH formation, 2) FTMH with lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation at the hole edge, and 3) FTMH with wider inner opening and narrower base. Consecutively treated Stage 2 (Control A, 20 cases) and Stage 4 (Control B, 22 cases) MH patients served as controls. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the study group were younger and had a higher rate of high myopia than Controls A and B. The average hole size (203.6 ± 104.9 μm) was similar to that in Control A group and smaller than that in Control B group; the postoperative visual improvement (2-3 lines in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) was lower than that in Control A and B groups. Similar results were found when excluding high myopia cases from the study group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epiretinal membrane-induced FTMH has distinct features from the typical Stage 2 or 4 FTMH. Despite the small size, visual improvement is not as good as that in Stage 2 FTMH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yi-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Chung-May
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D058450:Endotamponade; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047728:Myopia, Degenerative / Q000175:diagnosis; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; C501944:chondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate drug combination; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D007208:Indocyanine Green