title: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Croton urucurana Baillon bark.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Croton urucurana (Euphorbiaceae) is popularly used in Brazil to treat inflammatory processes, pain, and gastric ulcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the methanol extract from the bark of C. urucurana (MECu) in mice and identify its chemical constituents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extract was characterized by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Extract doses of 25, 100, and 400mg/kg were employed in the biological assays. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity was based on paw edema and leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity of mice, both induced by carrageenan. Abdominal writhing caused by acetic acid and duration of formalin-induced paw-licking were the models employed to evaluate antinociceptive activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten compounds were identified in the extract: (+)-gallocatechin (1), procyanidin B3 (2), (+)-catechin (3), (-)-epicatechin (4), tembetarine (5), magnoflorine (6), taspine (7), methyl-3-oxo-12-epi-barbascoate (8), methyl-12-epi-barbascoate (9), and hardwickiic acid (10). This is the first report of compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10 in C. urucurana and compound 5 in the genus Croton. In addition to inhibiting paw edema and leukocyte recruitment (particularly of polymorphonuclear cells) into the peritoneal cavity of mice, MECu reduced the number of abdominal writhings induced by acetic acid and the duration of formalin-induced paw licking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methanol extract of C. urucurana bark exhibited anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties, corroborating its use in folk medicine. These effects may be related to the presence of diterpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia Wolff
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josyelen Lousada
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Felipe
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kauê Franco
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Malange
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pâmela Rafaela
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: do Prado
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Rodrigues
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Garcez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Cássia Freitas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walmir Silva
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Garcez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Electronic address: monica.kadri@ufms.br.
authors.forename: Mônica Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Toffoli-Kadri
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001060:Aporphines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001938:Brazil; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D029802:Croton / Q000737:chemistry*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001060:Aporphines; D044946:Biflavonoids; D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C003383:tembetarine; C074343:hardwickic acid; C479581:procyanidin B3; D002392:Catechin; D002351:Carrageenan; C057580:gallocatechol; C001670:magnoflorine; D019342:Acetic Acid; C018394:taspine
keywords: (+)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 9064); (+)-gallocatechin (PubChem CID: 65084); (−)-epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); Euphorbiaceae; Inflammation; Medicinal plants; Methyl-3-oxo-12-epi-barbascoate (8) methyl-12-epi-barbascoate (9); Pain; Sangra-d'água; hardwickiic acid (PubChem CID: 161454); magnoflorine (PubChem CID: 73337); procyanidin B3 (PubChem CID: 146798); taspine (PubChem CID: 215159); tembetarine (PubChem CID: 167718)