title: Outcomes after surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary carcinoid tumors make up approximately one percent of all pulmonary tumors, and controversy exists regarding management and prognosis. We undertook a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1992 through 2014, 121 patients who underwent surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, pathologic data and long-term outcomes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 96 patients with typical carcinoid tumors and 25 patients with atypical carcinoid tumors. All patients received complete resection of their tumors, with 90 % (109/121) of patients undergoing anatomic resection. There were no peri-operative mortalities. Eighty-one percent (98/121) of patients were female. Mean age was 60.7 years. Five and ten year survival rates were 96 % and 88 % respectively for typical carcinoid tumors, as compared to 87 % and 69 % respectively for atypical carcinoid tumors. Tumor size was not associated with survival (p = 0.98). Nodal metastases were evident in 8 % (8/96) of typical carcinoid tumors and 28 % (7/25) percent of atypical carcinoid tumors. Among typical carcinoid cases, the presence of nodal metastases were not associated with overall survival (p = 0.55). Among atypical carcinoid cases, the presence of nodal metastases also was not associated with survival (p = 0.53). No patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiation treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excellent long-term outcomes can be achieved following surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. The presence of nodal metastases was not associated with overall survival. Tumor size was not associated with either recurrence rates or survival.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. iokereke@usasurg.org.
authors.forename: Ikenna C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Okereke
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taber
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Rogers C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult