title: In Silico Modelling of Transdermal and Systemic Kinetics of Topically Applied Solutes: Model Development and Initial Validation for Transdermal Nicotine.
abstract: The purpose was to develop a mechanistic mathematical model for predicting the pharmacokinetics of topically applied solutes penetrating through the skin and into the blood circulation. The model could be used to support the design of transdermal drug delivery systems and skin care products, and risk assessment of occupational or consumer exposure.
  
  
  
  A recently reported skin penetration model [Pharm Res 32 (2015) 1779] was integrated with the kinetic equations for dermis-to-capillary transport and systemic circulation. All model parameters were determined separately from the molecular, microscopic and physiological bases, without fitting to the in vivo data to be predicted. Published clinical studies of nicotine were used for model demonstration.
  
  
  
  The predicted plasma kinetics is in good agreement with observed clinical data. The simulated two-dimensional concentration profile in the stratum corneum vividly illustrates the local sub-cellular disposition kinetics, including tortuous lipid pathway for diffusion and the "reservoir" effect of the corneocytes.
  
  
  
  A mechanistic model for predicting transdermal and systemic kinetics was developed and demonstrated with published clinical data. The integrated mechanistic approach has significantly extended the applicability of a recently reported microscopic skin penetration model by providing prediction of solute concentration in the blood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK. t.chen@surrey.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3941-1603
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.|Unilever Research Colworth, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kattou
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020405:Dermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D012996:Solutions / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: diffusion; disposition; percutaneous absorption; physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling; toxicokinetics