title: Flexion Reflex Can Interrupt and Reset the Swimming Rhythm.
abstract: The spinal cord can generate the hip flexor nerve activity underlying leg withdrawal (flexion reflex) and the rhythmic, alternating hip flexor and extensor activities underlying locomotion and scratching, even in the absence of brain inputs and movement-related sensory feedback. It has been hypothesized that a common set of spinal interneurons mediates flexion reflex and the flexion components of locomotion and scratching. Leg cutaneous stimuli that evoke flexion reflex can alter the timing of (i.e., reset) cat walking and turtle scratching rhythms; in addition, reflex responses to leg cutaneous stimuli can be modified during cat and human walking and turtle scratching. Both of these effects depend on the phase (flexion or extension) of the rhythm in which the stimuli occur. However, similar interactions between leg flexion reflex and swimming have not been reported. We show here that a tap to the foot interrupted and reset the rhythm of forward swimming in spinal, immobilized turtles if the tap occurred during the swim hip extensor phase. In addition, the hip flexor nerve response to an electrical foot stimulus was reduced or eliminated during the swim hip extensor phase. These two phase-dependent effects of flexion reflex on the swim rhythm and vice versa together demonstrate that the flexion reflex spinal circuit shares key components with or has strong interactions with the swimming spinal network, as has been shown previously for cat walking and turtle scratching. Therefore, leg flexion reflex circuits likely share key spinal interneurons with locomotion and scratching networks across limbed vertebrates generally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spinal cord can generate leg withdrawal (flexion reflex), locomotion, and scratching in limbed vertebrates. It has been hypothesized that there is a common set of spinal cord neurons that produce hip flexion during flexion reflex, locomotion, and scratching based on evidence from studies of cat and human walking and turtle scratching. We show here that flexion reflex and swimming also share key spinal cord components based on evidence from turtles. Foot stimulation can reset the timing of the swimming rhythm and the response to each foot stimulation can itself be altered by the swim rhythm. Collectively, these studies suggest that spinal cord neuronal networks underlying flexion reflex, multiple forms of locomotion, and scratching share key components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 ari@ou.edu.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014426:Turtles
keywords: central pattern generator; locomotion; multifunctional; spinal cord; turtle; withdrawal