title: Sex estimation based on scapula analysis in a Japanese population using multidetector computed tomography.
abstract: Accurate sex estimation based on measurements of dimorphic dimensions in human unknown remains is important as the first step toward making individual identification. The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual dimorphism of the scapula and to quantify the accuracy of sex estimation in a contemporary Japanese forensic sample using scapular measurements based on three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images. A total of 218 cadavers (109 males, 109 females) that underwent postmortem CT and subsequent forensic autopsy were used. Ten scapular measurements were performed on 3D CT reconstructed images that extracted only bone data, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and discriminant function analyses (DFA). All measurements were dimorphic in terms of sex differences. Univariate DFA provided sex classification accuracy rates of 75.7-91.3%. Stepwise DFA yielded sex prediction accuracy rates of 93.1-94.5%. In conclusion, the scapular measurements using 3D CT images of a contemporary Japanese population may be useful for the estimation of skeletal sex in the field of forensic anthropology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: torimitsu-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torimitsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: ymakino-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yohsuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: hms1466@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: a.sakuma@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: acua2807@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Namiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: yajima.d@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: goinokuchi@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: aama0171@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: chibafumico@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: rymgch@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Rutsuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: kane.a.nite.01@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: yhoshioka@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Electronic address: iwase@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Hirotaro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwase
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D054881:Sex Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Forensic anthropology population data; Japanese; Multidetector computed tomography; Scapula; Sex estimation