title: Genetic dissection of maize plant architecture with an ultra-high density bin map based on recombinant inbred lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant architecture attributes, such as plant height, ear height, and internode number, have played an important role in the historical increases in grain yield, lodging resistance, and biomass in maize (Zea mays L.). Analyzing the genetic basis of variation in plant architecture using high density QTL mapping will be of benefit for the breeding of maize for many traits. However, the low density of molecular markers in existing genetic maps has limited the efficiency and accuracy of QTL mapping. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is an improved strategy for addressing a complex genome via next-generation sequencing technology. GBS has been a powerful tool for SNP discovery and high-density genetic map construction. The creation of ultra-high density genetic maps using large populations of advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is an efficient way to identify QTL for complex agronomic traits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A set of 314 RILs derived from inbreds Ye478 and Qi319 were generated and subjected to GBS. A total of 137,699,000 reads with an average of 357,376 reads per individual RIL were generated, which is equivalent to approximately 0.07-fold coverage of the maize B73 RefGen_V3 genome for each individual RIL. A high-density genetic map was constructed using 4183 bin markers (100-Kb intervals with no recombination events). The total genetic distance covered by the linkage map was 1545.65 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers was 0.37 cM with a physical distance of about 0.51 Mb. Our results demonstrated a relatively high degree of collinearity between the genetic map and the B73 reference genome. The quality and accuracy of the bin map for QTL detection was verified by the mapping of a known gene, pericarp color 1 (P1), which controls the color of the cob, with a high LOD value of 80.78 on chromosome 1. Using this high-density bin map, 35 QTL affecting plant architecture, including 14 for plant height, 14 for ear height, and seven for internode number were detected across three environments. Interestingly, pQTL10, which influences all three of these traits, was stably detected in three environments on chromosome 10 within an interval of 14.6 Mb. Two MYB transcription factor genes, GRMZM2G325907 and GRMZM2G108892, which might regulate plant cell wall metabolism are the candidate genes for qPH10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, an ultra-high density accurate linkage map for a set of maize RILs was constructed using a GBS strategy. This map will facilitate identification of genes and exploration of QTL for plant architecture in maize. It will also be helpful for further research into the mechanisms that control plant architecture while also providing a basis for marker-assisted selection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. zzq880211@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. zhangchaoshu@126.com.
authors.forename: Chaoshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. Zhouyu0924@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. haozhuanfang@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Zhuanfang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. zhenhuawang_2006@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. zengxing980@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. dihongdh@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. limingshun@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Mingshun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. zhangdegui@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Degui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. yonghongjun@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. zhangshihuang@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Shihuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. wengjianfeng@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. lixinhai@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Xinhai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010641:Phenotype; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers