title: Effects of aging and Parkinson's disease on joint coupling, symmetry, complexity and variability of lower limb movements during gait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural aging and disease processes such as Parkinson's disease often lead to gait impairment. This impairment often manifests as changes in symmetry, complexity, and variability of lower limb joint movements during gait as compared to young healthy adults. Current gait assessment tools primarily focus on discrete events during gait or are based on univariate statistical techniques. Therefore, they fall short in examining spatiotemporally complex gait characteristics including interactions across multiple segments and joints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treadmill walking data from ten healthy older adults and ten individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were collected at their self-selected speed. Additionally treadmill walking data from previously collected gait studies on 20 young adults were also used. This study utilized new gait assessment techniques that quantitatively examined joint coupling characteristics (via Condition Signature Analysis), variability and complexity of joint variables (via Phase Portrait Analysis), and movement asymmetry (via Regions of Deviation analysis) of the three different groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with Parkinson's disease had the highest asymmetry among the three groups. Aging and Parkinson's disease significantly decreased complexity of hip and ankle joint movements, respectively, while there were no significant differences in variability measures among the three groups. The Condition Signature Analysis method suggested significant differences of joint coupling patterns due to aging and Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new gait assessment techniques successfully captured changes in asymmetry, variability, complexity, and joint coupling patterns. Quantitative gait assessment using these tools can be used to detect various types of gait impairments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Science Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Trine University, Angola, IN 46703, USA.
authors.forename: Kiwon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Roemmich
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Elrod
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hass
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Science Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: ethw@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hsiao-Wecksler
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aging; Gait; Gait assessment; Parkinson's disease