title: Seeing is believing, PLGA microsphere degradation revealed in PLGA microsphere/PVA hydrogel composites.
abstract: The aim of this study was to understand the polymer degradation and drug release mechanism from PLGA microspheres embedded in a PVA hydrogel. Two types of microspheres were prepared with different molecular weight PLGA polymers (approximately 25 and 7 kDa) to achieve different drug release profiles, with a 9-day lag phase and without a lag phase, respectively. The kinetics of water uptake into the microspheres coincided with the drug release profiles for both formulations. For the 25 kDa microspheres, minimal water uptake was observed in the early part of the lag phase followed by substantial water uptake at the later stages and in the drug release phase. For the 7 kDa microspheres, water uptake occurred simultaneously with drug release. Water uptake was approximately 2-3 times that of the initial microsphere weight for both formulations. The internal structure of the PLGA microspheres was evaluated using low temperature scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Burst drug release occurred followed by pore forming from the exterior to the core of both microspheres. A well-defined hydrogel/microsphere interface was observed. For the 25 kDa microspheres, internal pore formation and swelling occurred before the second drug release phase. The surface layer of the microspheres remained intact whereas swelling, and degradation of the core continued throughout the drug release period. In addition, microsphere swelling reduced glucose transport through the coatings in PBS media and this was considered to be a as a consequence of the increased thickness of the coatings. The combination of the swelling and microdialysis results provides a fresh understanding on the competing processes affecting molecular transport of bioanalytes (i.e. glucose) through these composite coatings during prolonged exposure in PBS.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, Bioscience Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Storrs 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Xuanhao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, Institute of Material Science, Storrs 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papadimitrakopoulos
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs 06269, USA. Electronic address: d.burgess@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D014867:Water; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Cryo-SEM; Glucose diffusion; Heterogeneous degradation; Outside-in pore formation; Release mechanism; Swelling