title: Oral fluid drug analysis in the age of new psychoactive substances.
abstract: Oral fluid has become an important matrix for drugs of abuse analysis. These days the applicability is challenged by the fact that an increasing number of new psychoactive drugs are coming on the market. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones have been the main drug classes, but the diversity is increasing and other drugs like piperazines, phenethylamines, tryptamines, designer opioids and designer benzodiazepines are becoming more prevalent. Many of the substances are very potent, and low doses ingested will lead to low concentrations in biological media, including oral fluid. This review will highlight the phenomenon of new psychoactive substances and review methods for oral fluid drug testing analysis using on-site tests, immunoassays and chromatographic methods.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.|School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabeth Leere
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Øiestad
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Åse Marit Leere
authors.initials: ÅM
authors.lastname: Øiestad
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karinen
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; C023665:cathinone
keywords: chromatographic methods; designer benzodiazepines; designer opioids; immunoassay; new psychoactive substances; on-site testing; oral fluid; phenethylamines; synthetic cannabinoids; synthetic cathinones