title: Influence of proximities to food establishments on body mass index among children in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past two decades, food environment has changed, and the obesity and overweight rates have increased dramatically in China. Previous studies have suggested an association between food environment and obesity, while most studies were based on the data from developed countries, and few were conducted in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study evaluated the influence of food establishments (distance to and types of grocery store, free market, restaurant, and food stall) on body mass index (BMI) in 348 children aged 6-17 years, surveyed in the 2009 and 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey in nine provinces. Food establishments were assessed using geographic information system (GIS) data. Weight and height of children were directly measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our longitudinal analysis suggested boys in the 2nd quartile of the proximity to the nearest grocery store had higher BMI (by 1.6 kg/m2, 95% CI, 0.07 to 3.24) as compared to those in the 1st quartile, while girls in higher quartiles had lower BMI (-1.78 kg/m2, 95% CI: -3.38 to - 0.18, 2nd quartile; -1.62 kg/m2, 95%: -3.22 to -0.01, 3rd quartile) as compared to those in the 1st quartile. Boys and girls in the 2nd quartile of the proximity to the nearest Chinese restaurant had lower BMI (-1.69 kg/m2, 95% CI: - 3.27 to -0.12; -1.76 kg/m2, 95% CI: -3.26, -0.27, respectively) as compared to those in the 1st quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food environment may affect children's BMI in China, while the association is inconsistent with previous studies. Further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.|Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Youfa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Email: wanghj128@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012147:Restaurants; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population