title: Trends in food consumption and nutrient intake in Germany between 2006 and 2012: results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT).
abstract: The German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT) is a longitudinal and nationwide study to assess changes in food consumption and nutrient intake in Germany. A sample of 1840 participants (baseline age: 14-80 years) was drawn from the nationally representative German National Nutrition Survey (NVS) II (2005-2007). The participants have been interviewed by telephone annually since 2008. Food consumption was assessed by two 24-h recalls in the NVS II and the 4 years of NEMONIT (2008-2012/2013), respectively. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the German Nutrient Database 3.02. Diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index-NVS (HEI-NVS) II. Time trends were analysed by generalised estimating equation. Consumption of fruit/fruit products and fruit juice/nectar among men and women decreased, whereas consumption of water, soft drinks and coffee/tea increased over the 6-year period. Furthermore, increased consumption of confectionery and animal fats was observed among women. HEI-NVS II did not change since NVS II in both sexes. There were no changes in energy and protein intakes, but carbohydrate intake declined while fat intake increased over time. Regarding micronutrients, a decreasing intake of thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6 was observed in both sexes, but intake of Mg, Fe and niacin increased among women over time. In conclusion, food consumption and nutrient intake remained relatively stable between 2005-2007 and 2012/2013 within this German cohort. A few favourable and unfavourable changes were observed. Compared with national dietary guidelines, consumption of food of plant origin remained too low and consumption of meat/meat products remained too high in Germany.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Behaviour,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gose
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Behaviour,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krems
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Behaviour,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Behaviour,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002182:Candy; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D003069:Coffee; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012737:Sex Factors; D013662:Tea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D004041:Dietary Fats; D018977:Micronutrients; D013662:Tea
keywords: Food consumption; GEE generalised estimation equation; Germany; HEI-NVS II Healthy Eating Index-German National Nutrition Survey II; NEMONIT German National Nutrition Monitoring; Nutrient intake; Nutrition monitoring; SES socio-economic status; Trends