title: Simultaneous screening for lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in marine harmful algae using a serially coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation system with high-resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: The presence of toxins in harmful algal blooms (HABs) poses considerable concerns because of their potential adverse effects on ecological environments and human health. When marine HABs occur, efficient screening and identification of toxins in different kinds of HAB algae remains a challenge. In this study, the applicability of serial coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) for the simultaneous screening and identification of various kinds of known lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in HAB algae was investigated for the first time. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was explored to extract both lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in algae simultaneously. As in most cases, toxin standards were not available; therefore, an identification procedure based on accurate mass data and chromatographic behavior was proposed. According to this procedure, eight known lipophilic toxins and 11 hydrophilic toxins were successfully detected in a single injection, and the proposed method was validated. Satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability (RSD <14.87%) and recovery (89.4-105.8%) of the method were achieved. A major advantage of the proposed method is that it can almost detect members of all eight groups of marine algal toxins in a single run. Using this method, several known toxins in different marine toxigenic algae including Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium minutum and Prorocentrum lima were successfully observed and identified. This work demonstrates that RPLC/HILIC-HR-MS combined with an accurate mass list of known marine algal toxins may be used as a powerful tool for screening of different classes of known toxins in marine harmful algae.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China. Electronic address: craige2000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Junhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Liyuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Jingxi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Chengjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; D005068:Eutrophication; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008386:Marine Biology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Harmful algal blooms; Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; Marine algal toxins; Reversed phase liquid chromatography; Suspects screening; Time of flight mass spectrometry