title: Environmental lead and childhood blood lead levels in US children: NHANES, 1999-2006.
abstract: Although blood lead levels in the United States have fallen dramatically since 1980, there remain subgroups of children with high blood lead levels. We assessed the relationship between environmental lead sources and blood lead levels in children ages 1 to 5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006. Modeled ambient air lead levels and industrial lead releases at the census-tract level were assigned to each child's residence with adjustment for confounding factors. Of 3,223 children, 272 (8.4%) had blood lead levels ≥ 5 ug/dL. Industrial releases (2,252 vs 1,696 lbs/mi2) and ambient air lead levels (2.28 vs 1.75 ng/m3) were greater in exposed versus unexposed children. For every 10,000 lb/mi2increase in inverse distance squared weighted exposure, there was a 1.13% increase (95% CI: 0.45%, 1.81%) in blood lead (p = .001).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Stacey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Evelyn O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Talbott
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: LuAnn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biostatistics , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: c Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Ravi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biostatistics , Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Blood lead levels; National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); environmental lead