title: Depressive symptoms are associated with worsened severity of the metabolic syndrome in African American women independent of lifestyle factors: A consideration of mechanistic links from the Jackson heart study.
abstract: Depression and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are both risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prior studies in predominantly White populations demonstrated that individuals with depressive symptoms at baseline are more likely to develop future MetS. We tested the hypothesis that depressive symptoms would contribute to a more pronounced increase in MetS severity among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS).
  
  
  
  We used repeated-measures modeling among 1743 JHS participants during Visits 1-3 over 8 years of follow-up to evaluate relations between depressive symptom score (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression (CES-D)) at baseline and a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS severity Z-score at each visit.
  
  
  
  20.3% of participants had a CES-D score ≥16, consistent with clinically-relevant depressive symptoms. Higher depressive-symptom scores were associated with higher MetS severity in women but not men (p=0.005 vs. p=0.490). There was no difference by depressive symptom score with rate of change in MetS severity over time. Both depressive-symptom score and MetS severity Z-score were associated with lower levels of physical activity and higher levels of C-reactive protein; however, addition of these to the regression model did not attenuate the association between depressive symptoms and MetS severity.
  
  
  
  African American women but not men in the JHS exhibit relationships between baseline depressive symptoms and MetS severity over an 8-year period. These data may have implications for targeting of MetS-associated lifestyle changes among individuals with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gurka
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vishnu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Olivia I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Okereke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39213, United States.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39213, United States.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, P.O. Box 800386, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: deboer@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: DeBoer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Depression; Metabolic syndrome; Risk