title: Effects of yohimbine and drug cues on impulsivity and attention in cocaine-dependent men and women and sex-matched controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits in executive function have been associated with risk for relapse. Data from previous studies suggest that relapse may be triggered by stress and drug-paired cues and that there are significant sex differences in the magnitude of these responses. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the pharmacological stressor and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine and cocaine cues on executive function in cocaine-dependent men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, cocaine-dependent men (n=12), cocaine-dependent women (n=27), control men (n=31) and control women (n=25) received either yohimbine or placebo prior to two cocaine cue exposure sessions. Participants performed the Connors' Continuous Performance Test II prior to medication/placebo administration and immediately after each cue exposure session
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy controls had a significant increase in commission errors under the yohimbine condition [RR (95% CI)=1.1 (1.0-1.3), χ(2)1=2.0, p=0.050]. Cocaine-dependent individuals exhibited a significant decrease in omission errors under the yohimbine condition [RR (95% CI)=0.6 (0.4-0.8), χ(2)1=8.6, p=0.003]. Cocaine-dependent women had more omission errors as compared to cocaine-dependent men regardless of treatment [RR (95% CI)=7.2 (3.6-14.7), χ(2)1=30.1, p<0.001]. Cocaine-dependent women exhibited a slower hit reaction time as compared to cocaine-dependent men [Female 354 ± 13 vs. Male 415 ± 14; t89=2.6, p=0.012].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data add to a growing literature demonstrating significant sex differences in behaviors associated with relapse in cocaine-dependent individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States. Electronic address: moranm@musc.edu.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moran-Santa Maria
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McRae-Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Prisciandaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015016:Yohimbine; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; Drug-cues; Executive control; Sex differences; Stress; Yohimbine