title: The Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis with Chlorhexidine against Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro Study.
abstract: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on planktonic Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans, and their single-species biofilms by agar dilution and broth microdilution test methods. Both agents inhibited the growth of all planktonic species. On the other hand, CHX exhibited lower minimum bactericidal concentrations than EEP against biofilms of A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. aureus, and E. faecalis whereas EEP yielded a better result against Lactobacilli and P. intermedia. The bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of both agents were found to be equal against biofilms of Streptecocci, P. gingivalis, A. israelii, and C. albicans. The results of this study revealed that propolis was more effective in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative bacteria in their planktonic state and it was suggested that EEP could be as effective as CHX on oral microorganisms in their biofilm state.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Mahmutbey, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A Eralp
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2740-7508
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Akca
authors.affiliation: Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology, Emek, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülçin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akca
authors.affiliation: Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Center for Dental Sciences, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Etlik, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fulya Toksoy
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Topçu
authors.affiliation: Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Analytical Toxicology, Etlik, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Enis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macit
authors.affiliation: Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Dentistry, Section of Periodontology, Haydarpasa, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pikdöken
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Mahmutbey, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: I Şerif
authors.initials: IŞ
authors.lastname: Özgen
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011429:Propolis / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D011429:Propolis; D002710:Chlorhexidine