title: Uric acid and transforming growth factor in fructose-induced production of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle.
abstract: The consumption of fructose, a major constituent of the modern diet, has raised increasing concern about the effects of fructose on health. Research suggests that excessive intake of fructose (>50 g/d) causes hyperuricemia, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, de novo lipogenesis by the liver, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in muscle. In a number of tissues, uric acid has been shown to stimulate the production of ROS via activation of transforming growth factor β1 and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 4. The role of uric acid in fructose-induced production of ROS in skeletal muscle, however, has not been investigated. This review examines the evidence for fructose-induced production of ROS in skeletal muscle, highlights proposed mechanisms, and identifies gaps in current knowledge.
authors.affiliation: H.P. Madlala, G.J. Maarman, and E. Ojuka are with the Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. hlengiwe.madlala@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Hlengiwe P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Madlala
authors.affiliation: H.P. Madlala, G.J. Maarman, and E. Ojuka are with the Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Maarman
authors.affiliation: H.P. Madlala, G.J. Maarman, and E. Ojuka are with the Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ojuka
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014527:Uric Acid; D005632:Fructose; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors
keywords: fructose; mitochondrial dysfunction; reactive oxygen species; transforming growth factor; uric acid