title: Food insecurity among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
abstract: We estimated the prevalence of food insecurity among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Los Angeles and San Francisco and explored correlates of food insecurity.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study that measured 30 d food insecurity using the US Adult Food Security Survey ten-item Module developed by the US Department of Agriculture. Food insecurity was defined as including low and very low food security.
  
  
  
  Two cities in the state of California, USA.
  
  
  
  Male and female active PWID (n 777).
  
  
  
  Among participants, 58 % reported food insecurity and 41 % reported very low food security. Food-insecure PWID were more likely to report being homeless (prevalence ratio (PR)=1·20; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·37), chest pain in the past 12 months (PR=1·19; CI 1·06, 1·35), acquiring syringes from someone who goes to a syringe exchange programme (PR=1·27; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·43) and feeling at risk for arrest for possession of drug paraphernalia (PR=1·30; 95 % CI 1·15, 1·46).
  
  
  
  Current food insecurity was common among PWID in these two cities, yet few factors were independently associated with food insecurity. These data suggest that broad strategies to improve food access for this high-risk population are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Preventive Medicine,Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: 2RTI International,San Francisco,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Alex H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Preventive Medicine,Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: 2RTI International,San Francisco,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Lynn D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Preventive Medicine,Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Ricky N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bluthenthal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Food; Food insecurity; Hunger; Injection drug use; People who inject drugs; US Adult Food Security Survey ten-item Module; Violence