title: Weathering of field-collected floating and stranded Macondo oils during and shortly after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
abstract: Chemical analysis of large populations of floating (n=62) and stranded (n=1174) Macondo oils collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico sea surface and shorelines during or within seven weeks of the end of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill demonstrates the range, rates, and processes affecting surface oil weathering. Oil collected immediately upon reaching the sea surface had already lost most mass below n-C8 from dissolution of soluble aliphatics, monoaromatics, and naphthalenes during the oil's ascent with further reductions extending up to n-C13 due to the onset of evaporation. With additional time, weathering of the floating and stranded oils advanced with total PAH (TPAH50) depletions averaging 69±23% for floating oils and 94±3% for stranded oils caused by the combined effects of evaporation, dissolution, and photo-oxidation, the latter of which also reduced triaromatic steroid biomarkers. Biodegradation was not evident among the coalesced floating oils studied, but had commenced in some stranded oils.
authors.affiliation: NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, LLC, 300 Ledgewood Pl., Suite 305, Rockland, MA, United States. Electronic address: sstout@newfields.com.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Payne Environmental Consultants, Inc., 1651 Linda Sue Lane, Encinitas, CA, United States.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, LLC, 300 Ledgewood Pl., Suite 305, Rockland, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Emsbo-Mattingly
authors.affiliation: NOAA, Assessment and Restoration Division, 345 Middlefield Rd., MS-999, Menlo Park, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060851:Gulf of America; D008800:Mexico; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomarkers; Oil spill; Photo-oxidation; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Weathering