title: Associations of Circulating Oxidized LDL and Conventional Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in a Cross-Sectional Study of the Navajo Population.
abstract: The prevalences of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have increased among the Navajo Native American community in recent decades. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a novel CVD biomarker that has never been assessed in the Navajo population. We examined the relationship of oxLDL to conventional CVD and T2D risk factors and biomarkers in a cross-sectional population of Navajo participants. This cross-sectional study included 252 participants from 20 Navajo communities from the Diné Network for Environmental Health Project. Plasma samples were tested for oxLDL levels by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the relationship of oxLDL and oxidized- to non-oxidized lipoprotein ratios to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6) and demographic and health variables. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and obesity are very prevalent in this Navajo population. HbA1c, CRP, body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were at levels that may increase risk for CVD and T2D. Median oxLDL level was 47 (36.8-57) U/L. Correlational analysis showed that although oxLDL alone was not associated with HbA1c, oxLDL/HDL, oxLDL/LDL and CRP were significantly associated with HbA1c and glucose. OxLDL, oxLDL/HDL and oxLDL/LDL were significantly associated with CRP. Multivariate analysis showed that triglycerides were a common and strong predictor of oxLDL, oxLDL/HDL and oxLDL/LDL. OxLDL was trended with HbA1c and glucose but did not reach significance, however, HbA1c was an independent predictor of OxLDL/HDL. CRP trended with oxLDL/HDL and was a weak predictor of oxLDL/LDL. This Navajo subset appears to have oxLDL levels comparable to subjects without evidence of CVD reported in other studies. The high prevalence of T2D, hypertension and obesity along with abnormal levels of other biomarkers including HbA1c indicate that the Navajo population has a worsening CVD risk profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shuey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cajero
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Selita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdei
authors.affiliation: Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramone
authors.affiliation: Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Teddy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community Environmental Health Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Johnnye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D007198:Indians, North American; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C508600:IL6 protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein