title: Adaptation Independent Modulation of Auditory Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Channel Open Probability Implicates a Role for the Lipid Bilayer.
abstract: The auditory system is able to detect movement down to atomic dimensions. This sensitivity comes in part from mechanisms associated with gating of hair cell mechanoelectric transduction (MET) channels. MET channels, located at the tops of stereocilia, are poised to detect tension induced by hair bundle deflection. Hair bundle deflection generates a force by pulling on tip-link proteins connecting adjacent stereocilia. The resting open probability (P(open)) of MET channels determines the linearity and sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Classically, P(open) is regulated by a calcium-sensitive adaptation mechanism in which lowering extracellular calcium or depolarization increases P(open). Recent data demonstrated that the fast component of adaptation is independent of both calcium and voltage, thus requiring an alternative explanation for the sensitivity of P(open) to calcium and voltage. Using rat auditory hair cells, we characterize a mechanism, separate from fast adaptation, whereby divalent ions interacting with the local lipid environment modulate resting P(open). The specificity of this effect for different divalent ions suggests binding sites that are not an EF-hand or calmodulin model. GsMTx4, a lipid-mediated modifier of cationic stretch-activated channels, eliminated the voltage and divalent sensitivity with minimal effects on adaptation. We hypothesize that the dual mechanisms (lipid modulation and adaptation) extend the dynamic range of the system while maintaining adaptation kinetics at their maximal rates.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045 anthony.peng@ucdenver.edu aricci@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, and.
authors.forename: Radhakrishnan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gnanasambandam
authors.affiliation: Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, and.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-2240
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.affiliation: Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94025, anthony.peng@ucdenver.edu aricci@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ricci
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000166:cytology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009925:Organ of Corti / Q000166:cytology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011336:Probability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Ca2+ regulation; GsMTx4; hair cell; lipid regulation; mechanotransduction; stereocilia