title: Squalene isolated from Schizochytrium mangrovei is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist that regulates lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor that has critical roles in the treatment of atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Squalene is a novel nature PPARα agonist, identified from reporter gene assay and qPCR analysis. Cultured hepatocytes stimulated with squalene exhibited significantly decreased cellular triacylglycerols and cholesterol concentrations, while cellular uptake of fatty acids was increased. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that expression of genes related to fatty acid uptake, fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and reverse cholesterol transport metabolism were upregulated, while that of genes related to fatty acid synthesis were suppressed in cell treated with squalene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Squalene is hypolipidemic by activation of PPARα via a ligand-mediated mechanism that regulates the expression of lipid metabolism genes in hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. hoangminhhien@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Thi Minh Hien
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Cam Ha
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Thom
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Huong Quynh
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Hoai Thu
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Lan Anh
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Diem Hong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Dang
mesh_terms: D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry*; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000819:agonists*; D013185:Squalene / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D013185:Squalene
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Hepatic steatosis; Hypolipidemia; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha; Schizochytrium mangrovei; Squalene