title: Phenotypes of intimate partner violence among women experiencing infertility in Kano, Northwest Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) among women attending a large urban fertility clinic in Kano, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviewers administered questionnaires to a cross-section of women attending an infertility clinic in Northwest Nigeria, regarding their experience of IPV and associated factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 373 individuals were interviewed. Of the individuals interviewed, 134 (35.9%; 95% confidence Interval [CI] 31.1%-41.0%) had experienced at least one form of IPV in the preceding year. Of the 134 patients who had encountered violence, 126 (94.0%), 111 (82.8%), 47 (35.1%), and 25 (18.7%) had experienced psychological, sexual, verbal, and physical forms of violence, respectively. Of the affected individuals, 34 (25.4%) experienced multiple forms of violence, with spouses being the main perpetrators. A lack of formal education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.21; 95%CI 1.21-7.43), employment in the informal sector (OR 2.01; 95%C: 1.02-4.52), and having an unemployed spouse (OR 1.56; 95%CI 1.02-3.15) or one with low level of education (OR 2.32; 95%CI 1.87-4.21) were independently associated with IPV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this setting, women who were infertile experienced a high incidence of IPV. Women presenting at fertility clinics should be screened for IPV and provided with links to appropriate support services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Public Health Section, School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Electronic address: ziliyasu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zubairu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iliyasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Hadiza S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Galadanci
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Public Health Section, School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Sanusi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Maryam S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Auwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
authors.forename: Chisom
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Odoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Hamisu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Salihu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Policy and Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, United States.
authors.forename: Muktar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aliyu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Infertility; Intimate partner violence; Nigeria; Prevalence; Risk factors