title: Patient-Related Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are dreaded complications of total joint arthroplasties. The risk of developing PJIs is likely to be influenced by several patient factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and medical and surgical histories. However, the nature and magnitude of the long-term longitudinal associations between these patient-related factors and risk of developing PJIs are uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the associations between several patient-related factors and PJI.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies from inception to September 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal studies with at least one-year of follow-up for PJIs after total joint arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. A consensus was reached with involvement of a third. The relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals was used as the summary measure of association across studies. Study-specific RRs with 95% confidence intervals were meta-analysed using random effect models and were grouped by study-level characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six observational (23 prospective cohort and 43 retrospective cohort or case-control) studies with data on 512,508 participants were included. Comparing males to females and smokers to non-smokers, the pooled RRs for PJI were 1.36 (1.18-1.57) and 1.83 (1.24-2.70) respectively. There was no evidence of any significant associations of PJI with age and high alcohol intake. Comparing BMI ≥ 30 versus < 30 kg/m(2); ≥ 35 versus < 35 kg/m(2); and ≥ 40 versus < 40 kg/m(2); the pooled RRs were 1.60 (1.29-1.99); 1.53 (1.22-1.92); and 3.68 (2.25-6.01) respectively. Histories of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, steroid use, and previous joint surgery were also associated with increased risk of PJI. The results remained similar when grouped by relevant study level characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several potentially modifiable patient-related factors are associated with the risk of developing PJIs. Identifying patients with these risk factors who are due to have arthroplasty surgery and modulating these risk factors might be essential in reducing the incidence of PJI. Further research is however warranted to assess the potential clinical utility of these risk factors as risk assessment tools for PJI.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015023485.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Setor K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kunutsor
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ashley W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Beswick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class