title: Genetic diversity, acaricide resistance status and evolutionary potential of a Rhipicephalus microplus population from a disease-controlled cattle farming area in South Africa.
abstract: The Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of great veterinary and economic importance. Along with its adaptability, reproductive success and vectoring capacity, R. microplus has been reported to develop resistance to the major chemical classes of acaricides currently in use. In South Africa, the Mnisi community in the Mpumalanga region offers a unique opportunity to study the adaptive potential of R. microplus. The aims of this study therefore included characterising acaricide resistance and determining the level and pattern of genetic diversity for R. microplus in this region from one primary population consisting of 12 communal dip-stations. The level of acaricide resistance was evaluated using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that contribute to acaricide insensitivity. Additionally, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene fragments of collected individuals were sequenced and a haplotype network was constructed. A high prevalence of alleles attributed to resistance against formamidines (amitraz) in the octopamine/tyramine (OCT/Tyr) receptor (frequency of 0.55) and pyrethroids in the carboxylesterase (frequency of 0.81) genes were observed. Overall, the sampled tick population was homozygous resistant to pyrethroid-based acaricides in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGS) gene. A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the Mnisi R. microplus population from ITS2 analysis with no clear population structure. From these allele frequencies it appears that formamidine resistance in the Mnisi community is on the rise, as the R. microplus populations is acquiring or generating these resistance alleles. Apart from rearing multi-resistant ticks to commonly used acaricides in this community these ticks may pose future problems to its surrounding areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Luïse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robbertse
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nicolaas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van der Merwe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madder
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wilhelm H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Stoltsz
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa. Electronic address: christine.maritz@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maritz-Olivier
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017982:Receptors, Biogenic Amine / Q000235:genetics; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D017982:Receptors, Biogenic Amine; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels; C027604:norsynephrine receptor; D043182:Carboxylesterase
keywords: Acaricide resistance; Evolutionary potential; ITS2; Internal transcribed spacer 2; Population genetics; Rhipicephalus microplus