title: Hormones and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Beyond Estrogens and Androgens--Findings from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, multiple hormones have been investigated in relation to female sexual function. Because consumers can easily purchase products claiming to contain these hormones, a clear statement regarding the current state of knowledge is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the contribution of hormones, other than estrogens and androgens, to female sexual functioning and the evidence that specific endocrinopathies in women are associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and to update the previously published International Society of Sexual Medicine Consensus on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using several online databases with an emphasis on studies examining the physiologic role of oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone in female sexual function and any potential therapeutic effect of these hormones. The association between common endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, pituitary disorders, and obesity, and FSD also was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quality of data published in the literature and recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Education system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is no evidence to support the use of oxytocin or progesterone for FSD. Treating hyperprolactinemia might lessen FSD. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and metabolic syndrome could be associated with FSD, but data are limited. There is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and FSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is required; in particular, high-quality, large-scale studies of women with common endocrinopathies are needed to determine the impact of these prevalent disorders on female sexual function.
authors.affiliation: The Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Roisin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Worsley
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Research Program in Women's Health, Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Clinical Center; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Psychiatry Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.affiliation: The Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: Susan.Davis@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000150:complications; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012725:Sexual Behavior
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D010120:Oxytocics; D010121:Oxytocin
keywords: Endocrine Disorder; Oxytocin; Progesterone