title: Effects of Dexamethasone Concentration and Timing of Exposure on Chondrogenesis of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dexamethasone is known to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis, although the effects of dose and timing of exposure are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate these variables using a laboratory model of MSC chondrogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equine MSCs were encapsulated in agarose and cultured in chondrogenic medium with 1 or 100 nM dexamethasone, or without dexamethasone, for 15 days. Samples were analyzed for extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase secretion, and gene expression of selected collagens and catabolic enzymes. Timing of exposure was evaluated by ECM accumulation after dexamethasone was withdrawn over the first 6 days, or withheld for up to 3 or 6 days of culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECM accumulation was not significantly different between 1 and 100 nM dexamethasone, but was suppressed ~40% in dexamethasone-free cultures. Prostaglandin E2 secretion, and expression of catabolic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinase 13, and type X collagen was generally lowest in 100 nM dexamethasone and not significantly different between 1 nM and dexamethasone-free cultures. Dexamethasone could be withheld for at least 2 days without affecting ECM accumulation, while withdrawal studies suggested that dexamethasone supports ECM accumulation beyond day 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One nanomolar dexamethasone supported robust cartilage-like ECM accumulation despite not having an effect on markers of inflammation, although higher concentrations of dexamethasone may be necessary to suppress undesirable hypertrophic differentiation. While early exposure to dexamethasone was not critical, sustained exposure of at least a week appears to be necessary to maximize ECM accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Suwimol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangtrongsup
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kisiday
keywords: chondrogenesis; dexamethasone; extracellular matrix; mesenchymal stem cell