title: Involvement of NADH Oxidase in Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus sanguinis.
abstract: Biofilms play important roles in microbial communities and are related to infectious diseases. Here, we report direct evidence that a bacterial nox gene encoding NADH oxidase is involved in biofilm formation. A dramatic reduction in biofilm formation was observed in a Streptococcus sanguinis nox mutant under anaerobic conditions without any decrease in growth. The membrane fluidity of the mutant bacterial cells was found to be decreased and the fatty acid composition altered, with increased palmitic acid and decreased stearic acid and vaccenic acid. Extracellular DNA of the mutant was reduced in abundance and bacterial competence was suppressed. Gene expression analysis in the mutant identified two genes with altered expression, gtfP and Idh, which were found to be related to biofilm formation through examination of their deletion mutants. NADH oxidase-related metabolic pathways were analyzed, further clarifying the function of this enzyme in biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiuchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 21008, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 21008, China.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jinlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 21008, China.
authors.forename: Fanxiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitten
authors.affiliation: Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C023107:NADH oxidase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases