title: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Clinical Correlations.
abstract: Quantitative susceptibility mapping has been shown to assess iron content in cerebral cavernous malformations. In this study, our aim was to correlate lesional iron deposition assessed by quantitative susceptibility mapping with clinical and disease features in patients with cerebral cavernous malformations.
  
  
  
  Patients underwent routine clinical scans in addition to quantitative susceptibility mapping on 3T systems. Data from 105 patients met the inclusion criteria. Cerebral cavernous malformation lesions identified on susceptibility maps were cross-verified by T2-weighted images and differentiated on the basis of prior overt hemorrhage. Mean susceptibility per cerebral cavernous malformation lesion (χ̄lesion) was measured to correlate with lesion volume, age at scanning, and hemorrhagic history. Temporal rates of change in χ̄lesion were evaluated in 33 patients.
  
  
  
  Average χ̄lesion per patient was positively correlated with patient age at scanning (P < .05, 4.1% change with each decade of life). Cerebral cavernous malformation lesions with prior overt hemorrhages exhibited higher χ̄lesion than those without (P < .05). Changes in χ̄lesion during 3- to 15-month follow-up were small in patients without new hemorrhage between the 2 scans (bias = -0.0003; 95% CI, -0.06-0.06).
  
  
  
  The study revealed a positive correlation between mean quantitative susceptibility mapping signal and patient age in cerebral cavernous malformation lesions, higher mean quantitative susceptibility mapping signal in hemorrhagic lesions, and minimum longitudinal quantitative susceptibility mapping signal change in clinically stable lesions. Quantitative susceptibility mapping has the potential to be a novel imaging biomarker supplementing conventional imaging in cerebral cavernous malformations. The clinical significance of such measures merits further study.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois htan1@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8190-2553
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: L
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0700-4584
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: A G
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1880-1362
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikati
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5893-9315
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: O
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1899-1597
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: M D
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8775-1848
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fam
authors.affiliation: MedImageMetric (T.L.), New York, New York.
authors.forename: T
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2454-3312
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (Y.W.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.W.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
authors.forename: Y
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1404-8526
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (R.R.E.), NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois Department of Radiology (R.R.E.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: R R
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0013-8822
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (G.C.), Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3800-0340
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christoforidis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) (H.T., L.Z., A.G.M., R.G., O.K., M.D.F., I.A.A.), University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: I A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1510-602X
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Awad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007501:Iron