title: Functional Redundancy of Linuron Degradation in Microbial Communities in Agricultural Soil and Biopurification Systems.
abstract: The abundance of libA, encoding a hydrolase that initiates linuron degradation in the linuron-metabolizing Variovorax sp. strain SRS16, was previously found to correlate well with linuron mineralization, but not in all tested environments. Recently, an alternative linuron hydrolase, HylA, was identified in Variovorax sp. strain WDL1, a strain that initiates linuron degradation in a linuron-mineralizing commensal bacterial consortium. The discovery of alternative linuron hydrolases poses questions about the respective contribution and competitive character of hylA- and libA-carrying bacteria as well as the role of linuron-mineralizing consortia versus single strains in linuron-exposed settings. Therefore, dynamics of hylA as well as dcaQ as a marker for downstream catabolic functions involved in linuron mineralization, in response to linuron treatment in agricultural soil and on-farm biopurification systems (BPS), were compared with previously reported libA dynamics. The results suggest that (i) organisms containing either libA or hylA contribute simultaneously to linuron biodegradation in the same environment, albeit to various extents, (ii) environmental linuron mineralization depends on multispecies bacterial food webs, and (iii) initiation of linuron mineralization can be governed by currently unidentified enzymes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A limited set of different isofunctional catabolic gene functions is known for the bacterial degradation of the phenylurea herbicide linuron, but the role of this redundancy in linuron degradation in environmental settings is not known. In this study, the simultaneous involvement of bacteria carrying one of two isofunctional linuron hydrolysis genes in the degradation of linuron was shown in agricultural soil and on-farm biopurification systems, as was the involvement of other bacterial populations that mineralize the downstream metabolites of linuron hydrolysis. This study illustrates the importance of the synergistic metabolism of pesticides in environmental settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horemans
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karolien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bers
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz Romero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pose Juan
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dunon
authors.affiliation: Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Mot
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium dirk.springael@ees.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springael
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D020387:Food Chain; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism; D008044:Linuron / Q000378:metabolism*; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006540:Herbicides; D010575:Pesticides; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D008044:Linuron