title: The Association Between Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection and Subsequent HIV Acquisition in Tanzanian and Ugandan Women: A Nested Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to analyze the associations between cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, using cervical samples from previous studies in Tanzania and Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 161 adult women who acquired HIV infection during follow-up and 464 individually matched HIV-seronegative controls were selected from 5 cohorts of women working in bars and recreational facilities. Stored cervical samples were tested for 37 HPV genotypes, using a polymerase chain reaction assay (Roche Linear Array genotyping assay). Multivariate matched analysis using conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate HPV infection, persistence, and clearance as predictors of HIV acquisition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV seroconverters were significantly more likely than controls to frequently drink alcohol and to be infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or herpes simplex virus type 2. There was no evidence of an association between HIV acquisition and any detectable HPV at the visit prior to HIV seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, .66-1.57) or between HIV acquisition and persistent HPV infection (defined as 2 positive HPV genotype-specific test results at least 6 months apart), cleared HPV infection (defined as a positive HPV test result followed by negative HPV genotype-specific test result), or newly acquired HPV infection, compared with HPV-negative women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no evidence of association between HPV infection status and subsequent HIV acquisition. These results stand in contrast to other observational studies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baisley
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit.
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosskurth
authors.affiliation: Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallely
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit.
authors.forename: Saidi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiga
authors.affiliation: MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandepitte
authors.affiliation: MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Anatoli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Sanjosé
authors.affiliation: Mwanza Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Changalucha
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson-Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania; D014454:Uganda; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV (transmission, prevention); Sub-Saharan Africa; human papillomavirus