title: Surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis: associations between morbidity, mortality and costs.
abstract: Surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as with increased resource utilization and costs. For risk and cost reduction, an understanding of contributing factors and interrelations is essential.
  
  
  
  Out of 1080 heart valve procedures performed between January 2010 and December 2012, 41 patients underwent surgery for PVE. Complete economic data were available for 30 of them (study cohort). The patients' mean age was 64 ± 12 years (range 37-79 years), and 73% were men. The clinical course was reviewed and morbidity, mortality and costs as well as associations between them were analysed. The cost matrix for each individual patient was obtained from the Institute for the Hospital Remuneration System (InEK GmbH, Germany). The median follow-up was 2.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 3.7 years; 100% complete].
  
  
  
  Preoperative status was critical (EuroSCORE II >20%) in 43% of patients. Staphylococci were the most common infecting micro-organisms (27%). The operative mortality rate (≤30 days) was 17%. At 1 year, the overall survival rate was 71 ± 9%. At least one disease- or surgery-related complication affected 21 patients (early morbidity 70%), >1 complication affected 12 patients (40%). There was neither a recurrence of endocarditis, nor was a reoperation required. The mean total hospital costs were 42.6 ± 37.4 Thousand Euro (T€), median 25.7 T€, IQR 28.4 T€ and >100 T€ in 10% of cases. Intensive care unit/intermediate care (ICU/IMC) and operation accounted for 40.4 ± 18.6 and 25.7 ± 12.1% of costs, respectively. There was a significant correlation (Pearson's sample correlation coefficient) between total costs and duration of hospital stay (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and between ICU/IMC costs and duration of ICU/IMC stay (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). The median daily hospital costs were 1.8 T€/day, but >2.4 T€/day in 25% of patients (upper quartile). The following pattern of associations was identified (P < 0.05). Early mortality was related to preoperative morbidity and postoperative renal failure. Early morbidity was associated with preoperative morbidity and urgency. Total costs were mainly explained by preoperative morbidity, postoperative morbidity and urgency. High EuroSCORE II, complex surgery, need for mechanical circulatory support as well as postoperative mortality and morbidity increased daily costs.
  
  
  
  The timely diagnosis and treatment of these patients must be a priority, as preoperative morbidity is the major contributor towards mortality, morbidity and costs after surgery for PVE.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kardiovaskuläre Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany herko.grubitzsch@charite.de.
authors.forename: Herko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grubitzsch
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kardiovaskuläre Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melzer
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kastrup
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treskatsch
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Kardiovaskuläre Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Konertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Aortic valve replacement; Costs; Morbidity; Mortality; Prosthetic valve endocarditis; Reoperation