title: Effects of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention in adults with obesity: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adding mindfulness-based eating and stress management practices to a diet-exercise program improves weight loss and metabolic syndrome components.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study 194 adults with obesity were randomized to a 5.5-month program with or without mindfulness training and identical diet-exercise guidelines. Intention-to-treat analyses with multiple imputation were used for missing data. The primary outcome was 18-month weight change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated effects comparing the mindfulness to control arm favored the mindfulness arm in (a) weight loss at 12 months, -1.9 kg (95% CI: -4.5, 0.8; P = 0.17), and 18 months, -1.7 kg (95% CI: -4.7, 1.2; P = 0.24), though not statistically significant; (b) changes in fasting glucose at 12 months, -3.1 mg/dl (95% CI: -6.3, 0.1; P = 0.06), and 18 months, -4.1 mg/dl (95% CI: -7.3, -0.9; P = 0.01); and (c) changes in triglyceride/HDL ratio at 12 months, -0.57 (95% CI: -0.95, -0.18; P = 0.004), and 18 months, -0.36 (95% CI: -0.74, 0.03; P = 0.07). Estimates for other metabolic risk factors were not statistically significant, including waist circumference, blood pressure, and C-reactive protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mindfulness enhancements to a diet-exercise program did not show substantial weight loss benefit but may promote long-term improvement in some aspects of metabolic health in obesity that requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daubenmier
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kristeller
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acree
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kemeny
authors.affiliation: Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dallman
authors.affiliation: Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.affiliation: Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Milush
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.affiliation: Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laraia
authors.affiliation: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Laugero
authors.affiliation: Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.affiliation: Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Elissa S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Epel
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D009765:Obesity / Q000628:therapy*; D015431:Weight Loss; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs / Q000379:methods*