title: Role of intratumoral infiltrating macrophages after transarterial immunoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative transarterial immunoembolization (TIE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is effective for preventing recurrence. We aimed to investigate the intratumoral and peritumoral M1 macrophage-induced immune response following TIE treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 13 patients treated with TIE between 2003 and 2009 (TIE group) and 13 patients treated with surgery alone during the same period of time at our institute (control group) using an immunohistological study with CD68 and CD163 antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in clinicopathological characteristics, except for surgical time, were observed between the two groups. The 3-year recurrence-free survival outcome of the TIE group was quite different from that of the control group (100% vs. 38.5%, P = 0.034). In the histological investigation, lytic necrosis and coagulation necrosis of the main tumor along with the presence of multinuclear giant cells were observed in 10 of the 13 patients in the TIE group. The immunohistological study showed that not only the numbers of intratumoral CD68(+) cells, but also the numbers of intratumoral and peritumoral CD8(+) cells were significantly increased in the TIE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suppression of tumor recurrence induced by preoperative TIE might be induced by intratumoral M1 macrophages that are activated by OK-432 and fibrinogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan. a-kenjo@fmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kenjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marubashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsukazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotoh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010844:Picibanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010844:Picibanil; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Immune response; Macrophage; OK-432