title: Delivery of vanillin by poly(lactic-acid) nanoparticles: Development, characterization and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity.
abstract: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles containing vanillin were prepared using an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique and were characterized and assessed for their in vitro antioxidant potential. Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and stability. Solid state and thermal properties were assessed using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, while in vitro drug release profile was also evaluated. Results showed PLA nanoparticles having a characteristic amorphous structure, sizes in the range of 240 nm with high homogeneity in size distribution, zeta potential of -22 mV and vanillin encapsulation efficiency of 41%. In vitro release study showed a slow and sustained release of vanillin governed by diffusion. Nanoparticles were stable over a period of three months. Antioxidant ability of the vanillin-loaded PLA nanoparticles in scavenging the radical 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was inferior to free vanillin and due to its prolonged release showed a profile that was both time and concentration dependent, while free vanillin showed concentration-dependent activity. The study concluded that PLA nanoparticles are potential carriers for vanillin delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Facco
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Dalmolin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Najeh Maissar
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: rubianamainardes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rubiana Mara
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mainardes
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); C100058:vanillin
keywords: Antioxidant; Nanotechnology; Particle size; Stability; Vanillin