title: Bone pain: current and future treatments.
abstract: Skeletal conditions are common causes of chronic pain and there is an unmet medical need for improved treatment options. Bone pain is currently managed with disease modifying agents and/or analgesics depending on the condition. Disease modifying agents affect the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and reduce as a secondary effect bone pain. Antiresorptive and anabolic agents, such as bisphosphonates and intermittent parathyroid hormone (1-34), respectively, have proven effective as pain relieving agents. Cathepsin K inhibitors and anti-sclerostin antibodies hold, due to their disease modifying effects, promise of a pain relieving effect. NSAIDs and opioids are widely employed in the treatment of bone pain. However, recent preclinical findings demonstrating a unique neuronal innervation of bone tissue and sprouting of sensory nerve fibers open for new treatment possibilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte Ørsted
authors.initials: CØ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke Rie
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: amhe@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Heegaard
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal