title: Choline and Geranate Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Broad-Spectrum Antiseptic Agent for Preventive and Therapeutic Applications.
abstract: Antiseptic agents are the primary arsenal to disinfect skin and prevent pathogens spreading within the host as well as into the surroundings; however the Food and Drug Administration published a report in 2015 requiring additional validation of nearly all current antiseptic agents before their continued use can be allowed. This vulnerable position calls for urgent identification of novel antiseptic agents. Recently, the ability of a deep eutectic, Choline And Geranate (CAGE), to treat biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica was demonstrated. Here it is reported that CAGE exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of drug-resistant bacteria, fungi, and viruses including clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans as well as laboratory strains of Herpes Simplex Virus. Studies in human keratinocytes and mice show that CAGE affords negligible local or systemic toxicity, and an ≈180-14 000-fold improved efficacy/toxicity ratio over currently used antiseptic agents. Further, CAGE penetrates deep into the dermis and treats pathogens located in deep skin layers as confirmed by the ability of CAGE in vivo to treat Propionibacterium acnes infection. In combination, the results clearly demonstrate CAGE holds promise as a transformative platform antiseptic agent for preventive as well as therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakrewsky
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.affiliation: Bioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, Dixie State University, Saint George, UT, 84770, USA.
authors.forename: Mattie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, Dixie State University, Saint George, UT, 84770, USA.
authors.forename: Rico E Del
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sesto
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Koppisch
authors.affiliation: Bioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitragotri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002794:Choline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012997:Solvents; D002794:Choline
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; antiseptics; beacterial infections; drug delivery; infection prevention