title: To include or not to include: Evaluations and reasoning about the failure to include peers with autism spectrum disorder in elementary students.
abstract: Given the significant role that typically developing children play in the social lives of children with autism spectrum disorder, it is important to understand how they evaluate and reason about the inclusion/exclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder in social situations. The objective of this study is to determine elementary students' evaluations, reasoning patterns, and reasoning complexity regarding the failure to include children with autism spectrum disorder in social activities. Forty-four elementary-aged students participated in interviews, which included vignettes describing four contexts in which a child with autism spectrum disorder is not invited to a social event. Responses were analyzed according to social domain theory, an approach emphasizing that children identify and coordinate different domains of social knowledge, including the moral, personal, societal, and prudential. Results showed that regardless of grade and context, most children judge that failure to include on the basis of disability status is not acceptable. However, the complexity of children's reasoning (i.e. the extent to which they drew upon and coordinated multiple domains) was higher in older children. Mean complexity scores were also higher in a birthday party context as compared to a playdate context. We offer implications for future research and practice regarding the social inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder.
authors.affiliation: Boston College, USA kristen.bottema-beutel@bc.edu.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bottema-Beutel
authors.affiliation: University of California at Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turiel
authors.affiliation: Trumpet Behavioral Health, USA.
authors.forename: Mila N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: DeWitt
authors.affiliation: San Francisco State University, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wolfberg
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000523:psychology; D012929:Psychological Distance; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012574:Schools; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: autism spectrum disorder; elementary students; inclusion; moral reasoning; social domain theory