title: Multiple Mechanisms Increase Levels of Resistance in Rapistrum rugosum to ALS Herbicides.
abstract: Rapistrum rugosum (turnip weed) is a common weed of wheat fields in Iran, which is most often controlled by tribenuron-methyl (TM), a sulfonylurea (SU) belonging to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides group. Several cases of unexplained control failure of R. rugosum by TM have been seen, especially in Golestan province-Iran. Hence, there is lack of research in evaluation of the level of resistance of the R. rugosum populations to TM, using whole plant dose-response and enzyme assays, then investigating some potential resistance mechanisms Results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) for resistant (R) populations was 2.5-6.6 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant. Neither foliar retention, nor (14)C-TM absorption and translocation were the mechanisms responsible for resistance in turnip weed. Metabolism of TM was the second resistant mechanism in two populations (Ag-R5 and G-1), in which three metabolites were found. The concentration of TM for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro showed a high level of resistance to the herbicide (RFs were from 28 to 38) and cross-resistance to sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate (PTB) and triazolopyrimidine (TP), with no cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI). Substitution Pro 197 to Ser 197 provided resistance to four of five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including SU, TP, PTB, and SCT with no resistance to IMI. These results documented the first case of R. rugosum resistant population worldwide and demonstrated that both RST and NRST mechanisms are involved to the resistance level to TM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hatami
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Javid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gherekhloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rojano-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Agrarian Research Center "Finca La Orden" Valdesequera Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Osuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alcántara
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Golestan University Golestan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sadeghipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Prado
keywords: 14C-TM; ALS-inhibiting herbicides; Rapistrum rugosum; TSR and NTSR-mechanisms; dose-response