title: The Association Between Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors and the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Middle-Aged and Older Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects included 445 men without a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, or dialysis treatment, who were not taking medications. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire and were defined as follows: 1) lack of habitual moderate exercise, 2) lack of daily physical activity, 3) slow walking speed, 4) fast eating speed, 5) late-night dinner, 6) bedtime snacking, and 7) skipping breakfast. The participants were divided into four categories, which were classified into quartile distributions based on the number of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (0-1, 2, 3, and ≥4 unhealthy behaviors).
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to a multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for CKD (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or proteinuria) was found to be significantly higher in the ≥4 group than in the 0-1 group (OR 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-14.40). Moreover, subjects' lack of habitual moderate exercise (OR 3.06; 95% CI, 1.13-8.32) and presence of late-night dinner (OR 2.84; 95% CI, 1.40-5.75) and bedtime snacking behaviors (OR 2.87; 95% CI, 1.27-6.45) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that an accumulation of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, especially those related to lack of habitual moderate exercise and presence of late-night dinner and bedtime snacking may be associated with the prevalence of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
authors.forename: Ryoma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michishita
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Shotaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyonaga
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morito
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D062410:Snacks / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires