title: Chronic orchialgia: Review of treatments old and new.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic orchialgia is historically and currently a challenging disease to treat. It is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for physicians. Conservative therapy has served as the first line of treatment. For those who fail conservative therapy, surgical intervention may be required. We aim to provide a review of currently available surgical options and novel surgical treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of current literature was performed using PubMed. Literature discussing treatment options for chronic orchialgia were identified. The following search terms were used to identify literature that was relevant to this review: Chronic orchialgia, testicular pain, scrotal content pain, and microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of chronic orchialgia has been increasing over time. In the USA, it affects up to 100,000 men per year due to varying etiologies. The etiology of chronic orchialgia can be a confounding problem. Conservative therapy should be viewed as the first line therapy. Studies have reported poor success rates. Current surgical options for those who fail conservative options include varicocelectomy, MDSC, epididymectomy, and orchiectomy. Novel treatment options include microcryoablation of the peri-spermatic cord, botox injection, and amniofix injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic orchialgia has been and will continue to be a challenging disease to treat due to its multiple etiologies and variable treatment outcomes. Further studies are needed to better understand the problem. Treatment options for patients with chronic orchialgia are improving. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the long-term durability of this treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Bayo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tojuola
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Layman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kartal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gudelogul
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Jamin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brahmbhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA.
authors.forename: Sijo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parekattil
keywords: Chronic orchialgia; chronic scrotal pain; testicular pain