title: Metformin prescription patterns among US adolescents aged 10-19 years: 2009-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metformin is the only oral antihyperglycemic agent approved for use in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are reports of metformin used to treat conditions such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). It is important to understand metformin prescription patterns and underlying diagnoses in adolescents as it can provide estimates of the extent of on-label (i.e. treatment of T2DM) and off-label use of metformin in this population. Our study sought to assess metformin prescription patterns among US adolescents from 2009 to 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) database, the MarketScan(®) Commercial Claims and Encounters database and the Multi-State Medicaid database were analysed. The proportion of diagnoses associated with metformin that was recommended during a clinical visit was identified in the NDTI database. In the MarketScan(®) Commercial and Medicaid databases, adolescents with at least one metformin prescription with ±6 months continuous enrolment from the date of the index metformin prescription were included in the analyses. All diagnosis and procedure codes were extracted within ±6 months of the index metformin prescription. The proportion of T2DM was calculated irrespective of any other medical conditions, whereas all other prespecified conditions were classified as positive only if no concurrent T2DM diagnosis codes were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the NDTI database, the most common diagnoses associated with metformin use were diabetes (34·9%), followed by metabolic syndrome (20·9%), PCOS (17·2%) and obesity (6·5%). In the MarketScan(®) Commercial database, T2DM was the most common diagnosis among girls aged 10-14 years (22·8-23·6%), boys aged 10-14 years (20·5-24·5%) and boys aged 15-19 years (37·1-43·1%), whereas PCOS (24·1-28·3%) was the most common diagnosis among girls aged 15-19 years. In the Medicaid database, T2DM was the most common diagnosis among all four groups and the proportions were higher than their counterparts in the Commercial database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses from three separate US data sources suggest that off-label prescribing of metformin is common among US adolescents aged 10-19 years. To avoid potential overestimation, caution should be exercised when utilizing metformin prescription as a proxy measure to estimate the burden of T2DM in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senderak
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Shankar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056687:Off-Label Use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin
keywords: adolescents; metformin; off-label use; type 2 diabetes