title: Development of immuno-oncology drugs - from CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations.
abstract: Since the regulatory approval of ipilimumab in 2011, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been experiencing a renaissance. This success is based on progress in both preclinical and clinical science, including the development of new methods of investigation. Immuno-oncology has become a sub-specialty within oncology owing to its unique science and its potential for substantial and long-term clinical benefit. Immunotherapy agents do not directly attack the tumour but instead mobilize the immune system - this can be achieved through various approaches that utilize adaptive or innate immunity. Therefore, immuno-oncology drug development encompasses a broad range of agents, including antibodies, peptides, proteins, small molecules, adjuvants, cytokines, oncolytic viruses, bi-specific molecules and cellular therapies. This Perspective summarizes the recent history of cancer immunotherapy, including the factors that led to its success, provides an overview of novel drug-development considerations, summarizes three generations of immunotherapies that have been developed since 2011 and, thus, illustrates the breadth of opportunities these new generations of immunotherapies represent.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoos
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000639:trends; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; C520704:tremelimumab