title: Protection of Nerve Injury with Exosome Extracted from Mesenchymal Stem Cell.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the protective effect of Exosomes from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) in neural injury induced by glutamate and its possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characteristics of Exosomes from hAMSCs were identified by electron microscopy and Western blot analysis. Cytokines that might play a major role in the protective effect were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protective action of Exosome and its possible signaling pathway were researched by the in vitro neural injury induced by glutamate, including control group (without Glu), Glu group (dealing with Glu), Glu+Exo group (dealing with Glu +100 ng/ml Exo), Glu+Exo+Akt group (dealing with Glu+100 ng/ml Exo+10 μmol/L Akt), Glu+Exo+Erk group (dealing with 100 ng/ml Glu+100 ng/ml Exo+10 μmol/L Erk), and Glu+Exo+TrkB group (dealing with Glu+100 ng/ml Exo +10 μmol/L TrkB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exosomes from hAMSCs had similar sizes to those isolated from other kinds of cells, and expressed the characteristic proteins such as CD63, CD81, HSP70, and HSP90. Cytokines that had neurotrophic effects on Exosomes were mainly insulin-like growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor, with the concentration being 9336.49±258.63 and 58,645.50±16,014.62, respectively; brain derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor,and vascular endothelial growth factor had lower levels, with the concentration being 1928.25±385.47, 1136.94±5.99, and 33.34±9.43, respectively. MTS assay showed that the PC12 cell survival rates were 0.842±0.047, 0.306±0.024, 0.566±0.026, 0.461±0.016, 0.497±0.003, and 0.515±0.034 in the control group, Glu group, Glu+Exo group, Glu+Exo+Akt group, Glu+Exo+Erk group, and Glu+Exo+TrkB group; obviously, it was significantly lower in Glu group than in control group (P=0.02), significantly higher in Glu+Exo group than in Glu group (P=0.01), and significantly lower in Glu+Exo+Akt group than in Glu+Exo group (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exosomes secreted from hAMSCs have protective effect against neuron damage induced by glutamate, which may be mediated through activating the PI3/K-Akt signalling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Jun-ji
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China.
authors.forename: Yun-fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China.
authors.forename: Chun-ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Bai-tao
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China.
authors.forename: Ya-mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Xin-jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Ren-zhi
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100005,China.
authors.forename: Chun-hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000293:injuries*; D055354:Exosomes; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D018698:Glutamic Acid