title: Pharmacological Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Weakness After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ICU-acquired weakness is a common complication of critical illness and can have significant effects upon functional status and quality of life. As part of preliminary work to inform the design of a randomized trial of a complex intervention to improve recovery from critical illness, we sought to identify pharmacological interventions that may play a role in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically reviewed the published literature relating to pharmacological intervention for the treatment and prevention of ICU-acquired weakness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL+, Web of Science, and both U.S. and European trial registries up to July 2014 alongside reviews and reference lists from populations with no age or language restrictions. We included studies that reported a measure of muscle structure or physical function as an outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated pooled odds ratios and 95% CI using data extracted from published articles or where available, original data provided by the authors. Assessment of bias was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The current body of evidence does not support the use of any pharmacological agent in this setting, although maintaining euglycemia may reduce the prevalence of critical illness polyneuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, no pharmacological intervention can be recommended to prevent or treat ICU-acquired weakness. Further research is required into this field to include more novel agents such as myostatin inhibitors. Challenges in the conduct of research in this area are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: 1Barts & The London School of Anaesthesia, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom. 2University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 3Centre for Peri-Operative Medicine & Critical Care Research, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. 4MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016638:Critical Illness; D005973:Glutamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010074:Oxandrolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011115:Polyneuropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007328:Insulin; D005973:Glutamine; D010074:Oxandrolone; D013006:Growth Hormone; D011433:Propranolol