title: Effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration on growth, photosynthesis, and carbonic anhydrase activity of macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).
abstract: There is potential for bicarbonate to improve crop yields and economic efficiency of marine algae. However, few studies have focused on the effect of bicarbonate on the growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity associated with carbon utilization, especially in commercial macroalgae. Here, the addition of bicarbonate (up to 420 mg L(-1)) to macroalgal cultures has been evaluated for Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae with respect to growth rate, photosynthetic activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, and biochemical composition. The results showed that the effects of NaHCO3 on growth, chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, photosynthetic oxygen evolution, photochemical parameters of PSI and PSII, carbonic anhydrase activity, and nitrogen content were significant (P < 0.05) and followed the same pattern in the three species. The parameter values were promoted in lower NaHCO3 concentrations (up to 252 or 336 mg L(-1)) and inhibited in higher NaHCO3 concentrations (>336 mg L(-1) for Gp. lemaneiformis and >420 mg L(-1) for the other two species). Moreover, species-specific differences induced by supplementation with bicarbonate were discovered during culture. Optimal concentrations of NaHCO3 used in this study were 252 mg L(-1) for Gp. lemaneiformis and 336 mg L(-1) for G. vermiculophylla and G. chouae. These results suggest that an adequate supplementation of sodium bicarbonate is a viable strategy for promoting growth and photosynthetic activity in some macroalgae as well as for improving biochemical composition. The study will help to accelerate the growth rate of algae and improve the quality of thalli, and will also be useful for enhancing the understanding of carbon utilization in macroalgae.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China. suizhengh@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenghong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jinguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yiyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeonnam, 550-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeonnam, 550-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.|Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Niaz
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Qingwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Que
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex / Q000187:drug effects; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000187:drug effects; D010799:Phycoerythrin / Q000187:drug effects; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D010799:Phycoerythrin; D002734:Chlorophyll; C085815:chlorophyll a'; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Carbonic anhydrase; Macroalgae; Photosynthesis; Pigments; Sodium bicarbonate