title: Dentinal Tubule Disinfection with Propolis & Two Extracts of Azadirachta indica Against Candida albicans Biofilm Formed on Tooth Substrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the disinfection of dentinal tubules using Propolis, Azadirachta indica (alcoholic and aqueous extracts), 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and five human teeth were infected with Candida albicans for 2 days. Samples were divided into 7 groups. Group I- Propolis, Group II- Alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica, Group III- Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica, Group IV- 2% Chlorhexidine, Group V- Calcium hydroxide, Group VI- Ethanol and Group VII- Saline (negative control). At the end of 1,3 and 5 days, the antimicrobial efficacy of medicaments against Candida albicans was assessed at the depths of 200 µm and 400 µm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall percentage inhibition of fungal growth (at 200 µm and 400 µm depth) was 99.2% with 2% chlorhexidine gel. There was no statistical difference between propolis, alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) and 2% chlorhexidine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propolis and alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica performed equally well as that of 2% Chlorhexidine.
authors.affiliation: Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India.
authors.forename: Dakshita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joy Sinha
authors.affiliation: Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India.
authors.forename: Paridhi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Dr. Vibha Pathlabs, Moradabad, India.
authors.forename: Vibha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Dr. Vibha Pathlabs, Moradabad, India.
authors.forename: Edgar Richard
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Maccune
authors.affiliation: Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India.
authors.forename: Agrima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasudeva
keywords: Azadirachta indica; Candida albicans; calcium hydroxide; chlorhexidine; dentinal tubule disinfection; propolis.