title: A novel gene expression signature for bone metastasis in breast carcinomas.
abstract: Metastatic cancer remains the leading cause of death for patients with breast cancer. To understand the mechanisms underlying the development of distant metastases to specific sites is therefore important and of potential clinical value. From 157 primary breast tumours of the patients with known metastatic disease, gene expression profiling data were generated and correlated to metastatic behaviour including site-specific metastasis, metastasis pattern and survival outcomes. We analysed gene expression signatures specifically associated with the development of bone metastases. As a validation cohort, we used a published dataset of 376 breast carcinomas for which gene expression data and site-specific metastasis information were available. 80.5 % of luminal-type tumours developed bone metastasis as opposed to 41.7 % of basal and 55.6 % of HER2-like tumours. A novel 15-gene signature identified 82.4 % of the tumours with bone metastasis, 85.2 % of the tumours which had bone metastasis as first site of metastasis and 100 % of the ones with bone metastasis only (p 9.99e-09), in the training set. In the independent dataset, 81.2 % of the positive tested tumours had known metastatic disease to the bone (p 4.28e-10). This 15-gene signature showed much better correlation with the development of bone metastases than previously identified signatures and was predictive in both ER-positive as well as in ER-negative tumours. Multivariate analyses revealed that together with the molecular subtype, our 15-gene expression signature was significantly correlated to bone metastasis status (p <0.001, 95 % CI 3.86-48.02 in the training set; p 0.001, 95 % CI 1.54-5.00 in the independent set). The 15 genes, APOPEC3B, ATL2, BBS1, C6orf61, C6orf167, MMS22L, KCNS1, MFAP3L, NIP7, NUP155, PALM2, PH-4, PGD5, SFT2D2 and STEAP3, encoded mainly membrane-bound molecules with molecular function of protein binding. The expression levels of the up-regulated genes (NAT1, BBS1 and PH-4) were also found to be correlated to epithelial to mesenchymal transition status of the tumour. We have identified a novel 15-gene expression signature associated with the development of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. This bone metastasis signature is the first to be identified using a supervised classification approach in a large series of patients and will help forward research in this area towards clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.d.savciheijink@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: C Dilara
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Savci-Heijink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halfwerk
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.j.vandevijver@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: Organotropism; Pathology; Site-specific relapse