title: Summer rainfall over the southwestern Tibetan Plateau controlled by deep convection over the Indian subcontinent.
abstract: Despite the importance of precipitation and moisture transport over the Tibetan Plateau for glacier mass balance, river runoff and local ecology, changes in these quantities remain highly uncertain and poorly understood. Here we use observational data and model simulations to explore the close relationship between summer rainfall variability over the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (SWTP) and that over central-eastern India (CEI), which exists despite the separation of these two regions by the Himalayas. We show that this relationship is maintained primarily by 'up-and-over' moisture transport, in which hydrometeors and moisture are lifted by convective storms over CEI and the Himalayan foothills and then swept over the SWTP by the mid-tropospheric circulation, rather than by upslope flow over the Himalayas. Sensitivity simulations confirm the importance of up-and-over transport at event scales, and an objective storm classification indicates that this pathway accounts for approximately half of total summer rainfall over the SWTP.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Wenhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yanluan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jonathon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton/NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6649, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.|State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Science and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Wenyu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jianbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Lide
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yiran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Fanghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu