title: Perspectives for immunotherapy: which applications might achieve an HIV functional cure?
abstract: The major advances achieved in devising successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) have enabled the sustained control of HIV replication. However, this is associated with costly lifelong treatment, partial immune restoration, chronic inflammation and persistent viral reservoirs. In this context, new therapeutic strategies deserve investigation as adjuncts to cART so as to potentiate immune responses that are capable of completely containing HIV pathogenicity, particularly if cART is discontinued. This may seem a dauntingly high hurdle given the results to date. This review outlines the key research efforts that have recently resurrected immunotherapeutic options, and some of the approaches tested to date. These areas include promising cytokines or vaccine strategies, using different viral or non-viral vectors based on polyvalent "mosaic" antigens and highly conserved HIV envelope peptides, broadly neutralizing antibodies or new properties of antibodies to improve the control of immune system homeostasis. These novel immunotherapeutic strategies appear promising per se, or in combination with TLR-agonists in order to bypass the complexity of the interplay between immune activation, massive CD4+ T-cell loss and viral persistence.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieillard
authors.affiliation: InnaVirVax, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gharakhanian
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.|InnaVirVax, Génopole, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lucar
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katlama
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, CIC 1417, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Launay
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Autran
authors.affiliation: InnaVirVax, Génopole, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ho Tsong Fang
authors.affiliation: InnaVirVax, Génopole, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crouzet
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debré
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007249:Inflammation; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D010455:Peptides
keywords: HIV; functional cure; immunotherapy