title: Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, control group included patients who referred to a specialized clinic in the same city and hospitals where patients had been registered. Data were entered into SPSS software. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for occupational variables and other characteristics. Then, using logistic regression, the association between cancer and drugs was studied while smoking was controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoking, even after quitting, was also associated with bladder cancer (OR = 2.549). Considering the classification of occupations, the OR of working in metal industry in patients was 10.629. Multivariate analysis showed that use of the drug by itself can be a risk factor for bladder cancer. Drug abuse together with the control of smoking increased the risk of bladder cancer by 4.959.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the findings of this study, contact with metal industries such as welding, and working with tin was found as a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, cigarette smoking and opium abuse individually were associated with bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Tayeb
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghadimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gheitasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Sayran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nili
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
keywords: Bladder cancer; cigarette; drugs; occupational factors; risk factors