title: Food addiction associations with psychological distress among people with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between a food addiction (FA) model and psychological distress among a type 2 diabetes (t2d) sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 334 participants with t2d diagnoses were invited to complete a web-based questionnaire. We measured variables of psychological distress implementing the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and other factors associated with t2d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our study a novel finding highlighted people with t2d meeting the FA criterion had significantly higher depression, anxiety, and stress scores as compared to participants who did not meet the FA criterion. Moreover, FA symptomology explained 35% of the unique variance in depression scores, 34% of the unique variance in anxiety scores, and 34% of the unique variance in stress scores, while surprisingly, BMI explained less than 1% of the unique variance in scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified that psychological distress among people with t2d was associated with the FA model, apparently more so than BMI, thereby indicating further research being necessary lending support for future research in this realm. Moreover the FA model may be beneficial when addressing treatment approaches for psychological distress among people with t2d.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia. Electronic address: karren-lee.raymond@research.usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Karren-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia. Electronic address: glovell@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Geoff P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lovell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: BMI; Type 2 diabetes; depression; food addiction; psychological distress