title: A sustainable process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
abstract: In this work, an eco-friendly and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries has been proposed, which includes pretreatment, citric acid leaching, selective chemical precipitation and circulatory leaching. After pretreatment (manual dismantling, N-methyl pyrrolidone immersion and calcination), Cu and Al foils are recycled directly and the cathode active materials are separated from the cathode efficiently. Then, the obtained cathode active materials (waste LiCoO2) was firstly leached with 1.25 mol l(-1) citric acid and 1 vol.% H2O2 solution. Then cobalt was precipitated using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) under a molar ratio of 1:1.05 (H2C2O4: Co(2+)). After filtration, the filtrate (containing Li(+)) and H2O2 was employed as a leaching agent and the optimum conditions are studied in detail. The leaching efficiencies can reach as high as 98% for Li and 90.2% for Co, respectively, using filter liquor as leaching reagent under conditions of leaching temperature of 90°C, 0.9 vol.% H2O2 and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 60 ml g(-1) for 35 min. After three bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 90% Li and 80% Co can be leached under the same leaching conditions. In this way, Li and Co can be recovered efficiently and waste liquor re-utilization is achievable with this hydrometallurgical process, which may promise both economic and environmental benefits.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Bailin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Xiangping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China zhoutao@csu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Jinxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004566:Electrodes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D059027:Recycling; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012996:Solutions; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D019343:Citric Acid; D003035:Cobalt; D008094:Lithium; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Spent lithium-ion batteries; circulatory leaching; leaching; precipitation; recovery