title: The Etiology and Clinical Features of Non-CAH Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty: A Multicenter Study.
abstract: The causes of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty are diverse, and often have overlapping clinical and biochemical features. With the exception of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), disorders that cause gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty (GIPP) are uncommon. The literature is devoid of any large-scale studies on the etiologic distribution of GIPP. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of each etiology in a cohort of patients with GIPP (excluding those with CAH), and to evaluate the clinical and laboratory features of these patients.
  
  
  
  This multicenter, nationwide web-based study collected data on patients who presented with non-CAH GIPP in Turkey.
  
  
  
  Data were collected for 129 patients (102 girls and 27 boys) from 29 centers. Based on the data collected, the estimated prevalence of non-CAH GIPP in the studied population was 14 in 1 000 000 children. Functional ovarian cyst was the most common etiology, accounting for 37% of all cases, followed by McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) (26%). Among the patients with MAS, 11.7% had fibrous dysplasia, 32.3% had café-au-lait spots, and 52.9% had both. Human chorionic gonadotrophin-secreting tumors included choriocarcinoma of the liver, hepatoblastoma, and germ cell tumors of the sellar-suprasellar region and mediastinum. Patients with adrenocortical tumors presented at an earlier age than those with other etiologies. Ovarian tumors included mature cystic teratoma, dysgerminoma, juvenile granulosa tumor, and steroid cell tumor. Despite overlapping features, it was possible to identify some unique clinical and laboratory features associated with each etiology.
  
  
  
  This largest cohort of patients with non-CAH GIPP to date yielded an estimation of the frequency of non-CAH GIPP in the general pediatric population and showed that girls were affected at a rate 4-fold greater than that of boys owing to functional ovarian cysts and MAS, which were the two most common etiologies. The data collected also provided some unique characteristics associated with each etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Atay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ediz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yesilkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Senay Savas
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Erdeve
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Leyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doger
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aycan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zehra Yavas
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Abali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysşehan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Siklar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Samim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tayfun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tutunculer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulcan Seymen
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karaguzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cetinkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saglam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bideci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurtoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tulay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University Medical School (Z.A., S.T., T.G., A.B.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gulhane Military Medical School (E.Y., E.S.), Ankara Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research Hospital (S.S.E., Z.A., S.C.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School (L.A., S.K.), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Medical School (E.E., H.S.), Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University Medical School (E.D., A.B.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University Medical School (Z.Y.A.), Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Inonu University Medical School (A.A.), Malatya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University Medical School (Z.S.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ege University Medical School (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School (C.K.), Samsun, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diskapi Research Hospital (M.T.), Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Trakya University Medical School (F.T.), Edirne, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kocaeli University Medical School (G.S.K.), Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical School (G.K.), Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bereket
mesh_terms: D019080:Cafe-au-Lait Spots / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005357:Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone / Q000150:complications*; D005359:Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000150:complications*; D011629:Puberty, Precocious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014421:Turkey