title: Penile Fracture: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the causes and management of penile fracture and to compare between surgical and conservative management as well as immediate and delayed interventions in terms of overall and specific complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of all reported literature was conducted for all articles reporting on the management and outcomes of penile fractures. Full texts of relevant articles were obtained and screened according to the inclusion criteria. Outcomes measures were numbers of patients receiving surgical or conservative management, aetiology of fracture, length of admission, complications as well as the specifics of diagnostic approaches and operative management. Data was collated and where possible meta-analysed using Revman software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 58 relevant studies involving 3,213 patients demonstrated that intercourse accounts for only 48% of cases with masturbation and forced flexion accounting for 39%. Meta-analysis shows that surgical intervention was associated with significantly fewer complications vs. conservative management (p < 0.000001). Surgical intervention results in significantly less erectile dysfunction (ED), curvature and painful erection than conservative management. There was no significant difference in the number of patients developing plaques/nodules (p = 0.94). Meta-analysis shows that overall early surgery is preferable to delayed surgery but that rates of ED are not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early surgical intervention is associated with significantly fewer complications than conservative management or delayed surgery. The combined outcome of rapid diagnosis by history and clinical examination and swift surgical intervention is key for reconstruction with minimal long-term complications.
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chlosta
authors.forename: Salah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: AlBuheissi
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Omar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Aboumarzouk
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010343:Patient Admission; D010413:Penis / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D012107:Research Design; D012421:Rupture; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods