title: Effects of ankle instability on running gait ankle angles and its variability in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considering that proprioceptive deficits seem to be responsible for chronic ankle instability, the precise control of ankle angles during running may be impaired. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of chronic ankle instability on intra-individual variability of ankle kinematics during running.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lower extremity running gait kinematics of 12 recreational athletes with chronic ankle instability (mean age: 24 years, SD: 3 years; strides analyzed: 40.0, SD=1.7) and 12 matched healthy controls (mean age: 27 years, SD: 6 years; strides analyzed: 40.2, SD=2.5) were registered on a treadmill. Mean ankle angles (inversion/eversion, plantarflexion/dorsiflexion) and intra-individual standard deviations (variability) were calculated at each percent of the running gait cycle. Group differences were examined using statistical parameter mapping. To estimate effect sizes, Hedges' g was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No group differences in the inversion/eversion or plantar-/dorsiflexion ankle angle were found. The inversion/eversion variability was significantly higher (P<.050) in individuals with chronic ankle instability during the stance and swing phase. The highest Hedges' g values were registered at 15% (g=0.575, P<.000) and 95% (g=0.551, P=.002) of the running gait cycle. The plantar-/dorsiflexion ankle angle variability showed no significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic ankle instability exhibit a higher variability of ankle kinematics during running. This indicates altered sensorimotor control which is probably an underlying mechanism of chronic ankle instability. Thus, variability measures may help to better quantify treatment effects in future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: Daniel.hamacher@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Turmweg 2, 20148, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zech
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ankle injuries; Kinematics; Proprioception; Running; Variability