title: The Relation Between the Presence of Aspiration or Penetration and the Clinical Indicators of Dysphagia in Poststroke Survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between the presence of penetration or aspiration and the occurrence of the clinical indicators of dysphagia. The presence of penetration or aspiration is closely related to the clinical indicators of dysphagia. It is essential to understand these relationships in order to implement proper diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight poststroke survivors were divided into two groups: patients with or without penetration or aspiration. Medical records and videofluoroscopic swallowing examinations were reviewed. The occurrence of clinical indicators of dysphagia between two groups was analyzed with Cross Tabulation and the Pearson chi-square test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poststroke survivors with penetration or aspiration had significantly high occurrences of delayed initiation of the swallow (p=0.04) and reduced hyolaryngeal elevation (p<0.01) than those without penetration or aspiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that delayed initiation of the swallow is a strong physiological indicator of penetration or aspiration during the oral stage of swallowing in poststroke survivors. For the pharyngeal stage of swallowing, hyoid and laryngeal elevation is a key event related to occurrence of penetration or aspiration. Clinical indicators should be investigated further to allow appropriate implementation of treatment strategies for stroke survivors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Gayoung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ahyoung
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Communication Sciences and Disorders, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Taeok
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Doheung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunhee
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Youngsun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Aspiration; Dysphagia; Indicators; Penetration; Stroke