title: The Effect of Diet and Exercise on Intestinal Integrity and Microbial Diversity in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gut microbiota is now known to play an important role contributing to inflammatory-based chronic diseases. This study examined intestinal integrity/inflammation and the gut microbial communities in sedentary and exercising mice presented with a normal or high-fat diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six, 6-week old C57BL/6NTac male mice were fed a normal or high-fat diet for 12-weeks and randomly assigned to exercise or sedentary groups. After 12 weeks animals were sacrificed and duodenum/ileum tissues were fixed for immunohistochemistry for occludin, E-cadherin, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The bacterial communities were assayed in fecal samples using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lean sedentary (LS) mice presented normal histologic villi while obese sedentary (OS) mice had similar villi height with more than twice the width of the LS animals. Both lean (LX) and obese exercise (OX) mice duodenum and ileum were histologically normal. COX-2 expression was the greatest in the OS group, followed by LS, LX and OX. The TRFLP and pyrosequencing indicated that members of the Clostridiales order were predominant in all diet groups. Specific phylotypes were observed with exercise, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzi, Clostridium spp., and Allobaculum spp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that exercise has a strong influence on gut integrity and host microbiome which points to the necessity for more mechanistic studies of the interactions between specific bacteria in the gut and its host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noji
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lora R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Häggblom
authors.affiliation: Chief Pathologist, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kerkhof
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D044822:Biodiversity; D015415:Biomarkers; D001835:Body Weight; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota; D062793:Occludin / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015820:Cadherins; D062793:Occludin; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S