title: Optogenetic activation of mechanically insensitive afferents in mouse colorectum reveals chemosensitivity.
abstract: The sensory innervation of the distal colorectum includes mechanically insensitive afferents (MIAs; ∼25%), which acquire mechanosensitivity in persistent visceral hypersensitivity and thus generate de novo input to the central nervous system. We utilized an optogenetic approach to bypass the process of transduction (generator potential) and focus on transformation (spike initiation) at colorectal MIA sensory terminals, which is otherwise not possible in typical functional studies. From channelrhodopsin2-expressing mice (driven by Advillin-Cre), the distal colorectum with attached pelvic nerve was harvested for ex vivo single-fiber recordings. Afferent receptive fields (RFs) were identified by electrical stimulation and tested for response to mechanical stimuli (probing, stroking, and stretch), and afferents were classified as either MIAs or mechanosensitive afferents (MSAs). All MIA and MSA RFs were subsequently stimulated optically and MIAs were also tested for activation/sensitization with inflammatory soup (IS), acidic hypertonic solution (AHS), and/or bile salts (BS). Responses to pulsed optical stimuli (1-10 Hz) were comparable between MSAs and MIAs whereas 43% of MIAs compared with 86% of MSAs responded tonically to stepped optical stimuli. Tonic-spiking MIAs responded preferentially to AHS (an osmotic stimulus) whereas non-tonic-spiking MIAs responded to IS (an inflammatory stimulus). A significant proportion of MIAs were also sensitized by BS. These results reveal transformation as a critical factor underlying the differences between MIAs (osmosensors vs. inflammatory sensors), revealing a previously unappreciated heterogeneity of MIA endings. The current study draws attention to the sensory encoding of MIA nerve endings that likely contribute to afferent sensitization and thus have important roles in visceral pain.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania fengb@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sonali C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gebhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D055537:Light Signal Transduction; D008297:Male; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D062308:Optogenetics; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D012007:Rectum / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D012243:Rhodopsin
keywords: afferent sensitization; channelrhodopsin2; inflammatory soup; irritable bowel syndrome; silent afferents; single fiber