title: Three-Dimensional Graphene: A Biocompatible and Biodegradable Scaffold with Enhanced Oxygenation.
abstract: Owing to its high porosity, specific surface area and three-dimensional structure, three-dimensional graphene (3D-C) is a promising scaffold material for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine as well as providing a more biologically relevant platform for living organisms in vivo studies. Recently, its differentiation effects on cells growth and anti-inflammation properties have also been demonstrated. Here, we report a complete study of 3D-C as a fully adequate scaffold for tissue engineering and systematically analyze its biocompatibility and biodegradation mechanism. The metabolic activities of liver cells (HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells) on 3D-C are studied and our findings show that cell growth on 3D-C has high cell viability (> 90%), low lactate production (reduced by 300%) and its porous structure also provides an excellent oxygenation platform. 3D-C is also biodegradable via a 2-step oxidative biodegradation process by first, disruption of domains and lift off of smaller graphitic particles from the surface of the 3D-C and subsequently, the decomposition of these graphitic flakes. In addition, the speed of the biodegradation can be tuned with pretreatment of O2 plasma.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.|CNRS International NTU Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeblein
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Integrated Micro-Mechatronic Systems (LIMMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Siu Hon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Wenjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Integrated Micro-Mechatronic Systems (LIMMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.affiliation: CNRS International NTU Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.|IEMN UMR 8520, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve D'Ascq Cedex, 59652, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coquet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.|CNRS International NTU Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Edwin Hang Tong
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006108:Graphite; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds; graphene; oxygenation; three-dimensional liver cells; tissue engineering