title: Norm comparisons of the Spanish-language and English-language WAIS-III: Implications for clinical assessment and test adaptation.
abstract: This study provides a systematic comparison of the norms of 3 Spanish-language Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-III) batteries from Mexico, Spain, and Puerto Rico, and the U.S. English-language WAIS-III battery. Specifically, we examined the performance of the 4 normative samples on 2 identical subtests (Digit Span and Digit Symbol-Coding) and 1 nearly identical subtest (Block Design). We found that across most age groups the means associated with the Spanish-language versions of the 3 subtests were lower than the means of the U.S. English-language version. In addition, we found that for most age ranges the Mexican subsamples scored lower than the Spanish subsamples. Lower educational levels of Mexicans and Spaniards compared to U.S. residents are consistent with the general pattern of findings. These results suggest that because of the different norms, applying any of the 3 Spanish-language versions of the WAIS-III generally risks underestimating deficits, and that applying the English-language WAIS-III norms risks overestimating deficits of Spanish-speaking adults. There were a few exceptions to these general patterns. For example, the Mexican subsample ages 70 years and above performed significantly better on the Digit Symbol and Block Design than did the U.S. and Spanish subsamples. Implications for the clinical assessment of U.S. Spanish-speaking Latinos and test adaptation are discussed with an eye toward improving the clinical care for this community. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Funes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas.
authors.forename: Juventino
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2311-4687
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California.
authors.forename: Steven Regeser
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lopez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012016:Reference Values; D013030:Spain; D014481:United States; D014888:Wechsler Scales; D055815:Young Adult