title: Review of the fossil matamata turtles: earliest well-dated record and hypotheses on the origin of their present geographical distribution.
abstract: The matamata (Chelus fimbriatus) is a highly aquatic chelid turtle known exclusively from northern South America. Due to its extremely modified morphology, it is well circumscribed among living taxa, but that is not the case of the two extinct species ascribed to the taxon, Chelus colombianus and Chelus lewisi. These were originally described for the Miocene of Colombia and Venezuela, respectively, and are known mostly from post-cranial material. Few traits have been considered diagnostic for these fossil taxa, and their shared geographic and temporal distributions raise doubts about their distinctiveness. Here, we describe new turtle remains from the early Miocene Castillo Formation, at Cerro la Cruz, northwestern Venezuela, assigning them to C. colombianus. We also review the taxonomy and diagnostic features of the fossil species of Chelus, comparing them with the variation recognized within C. fimbriatus. All alleged differences between the fossil Chelus species were found in our sample of the extant species, and may represent intraspecific variation of a single fossil species. Further, we reviewed the fossil record of Chelus spp. and proposed a paleobiogeographic hypothesis to explain its present geographic range.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil. gsferreirabio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Paleontología, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científcas (IVIC), Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ascanio D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rincón
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Paleontología, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científcas (IVIC), Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solórzano
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Max C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D005580:Fossils; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification*; D014687:Venezuela
keywords: Biogeography; Chelidae; Chelus; Miocene; Venezuela