title: Risk Factors and In-Hospital Outcomes following Tracheostomy in Infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and in-hospital outcomes of tracheostomy in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed electronic medical records from 348 neonatal intensive care units for the period 1997 to 2012, and evaluated the associations among infant demographics, diagnoses, and pretracheostomy cardiopulmonary support with in-hospital mortality. We also determined the trends in use of infant tracheostomy over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 885 of 887 910 infants (0.1%) who underwent tracheostomy at a median postnatal age of 72 days (IQR, 27-119 days) and a median postmenstrual age of 42 weeks (IQR, 39-46 weeks). The most common diagnoses associated with tracheostomy were bronchopulmonary dysplasia (396 of 885; 45%), other upper airway anomalies (202 of 885; 23%), and laryngeal anomalies (115 of 885; 13%). In-hospital mortality after tracheostomy was 14% (125 of 885). On adjusted analysis, near-term gestational age (GA), small for GA status, pulmonary diagnoses, number of days of forced fraction of inspired oxygen >0.4, and inotropic support before tracheostomy were associated with increased in-hospital mortality. The proportion of infants requiring tracheostomy increased from 0.01% in 1997 to 0.1% in 2005 (P < .001), but has remained stable since.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheostomy is not commonly performed in hospitalized infants, but the associated mortality is high. Risk factors for increased in-hospital mortality after tracheostomy include near-term GA, small for GA status, and pulmonary diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore School of Medicine, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jan Hau
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: P Brian
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Duke-National University of Singapore School of Medicine, Singapore; Department of Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: M Bin Huey
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Laughon
authors.affiliation: Pediatrix-Obstetrix Center for Research and Education, Sunrise, FL.
authors.forename: Reese H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. Electronic address: christoph.hornik@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Christoph P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hornik
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000628:therapy; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000628:therapy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014139:Tracheostomy
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: database; infants; mechanical ventilation; mortality; neonates; tracheostomy