title: Heroin-dependent patients attempting and not attempting suicide: a comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heroin dependence is a serious illness associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour. There are many risk factors associated with heroin dependence. The current study examined the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a number of young adult heroin-dependent patients who had attempted suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a group of 108 young adult heroin-dependent patients in our in-patient clinics. All diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I-II Disorders (SCID-I, II). The age range of patients was 18-24 years. Their substance abuse histories were assessed by semistructured interview. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was administered to all the patients. Serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were routinely measured. In the statistical analyses, Student's t test, and chi-squared tests were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 108 heroin-dependent patients, 40 (37.0%) had histories of attempted suicide. There was a statistically significant difference in the age at which heroin use had commenced between female attempters [mean = 16.82, standard deviation (SD) = 3.06] and nonattempters (mean = 18.32, SD = 2.68, t= 2.25, P < 0.05). Both the male (mean = 33.35, SD = 4.05) and the female (mean = 28.00, SD = 5.36) attempters had significantly higher ASI scores than did the male (mean = 20.16, SD = 3.80) and the female (mean = 18.88, SD = 4.14) nonattempters (t= 14.34, P < 0.001; t= 5.25, P < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference in total cholesterol (mean = 131.8, SD = 19.3; mean = 172.2, SD = 21.3, t= 3.9, P < 0.05) and HDL-C (mean = 30.9, SD = 1.0 and mean = 54.8, SD = 13.7; t= 5.1, P < 0.05) levels between the group of violent and nonviolent suicide attempters was revealed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that suicide attempts in young adult heroin-dependent patients are associated with more profound biopsychosocial pathology and decreased serum cholesterol levels. In particular, low levels of total cholesterol and HDL-C might indeed be associated with violent suicide attempts in young heroin-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalyoncu
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mırsal
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özkan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Pektaş
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Devran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mansur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyazyürek