title: Prescription Pattern of Analgesic Drugs for Patients Receiving Palliative Care in a Teaching Hospital in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drugs used in the palliative care unit for managing symptoms are major contributors toward the expenditure occurring in palliative care. This study was conducted to understand the prescription pattern of analgesic drugs in the patients who are receiving palliative care in a teaching hospital in India by a retrospective study of case records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case record based, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted at the Pain and Palliative Care Department of St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru. Case record files of all patients referred to Pain and Palliative Care Department for the treatment of pain in the year of 2012 were studied. Patients' age, gender, diagnoses, numerical pain rating scale (0-10), drugs prescribed, dosage, frequency, route of administration were recorded. The difference in drug utilization between the genders was done using Chi-square test. Data were collected from 502 patients of which 280 (56%) were males and 222 (44%) were females. Twelve percent of patients had mild pain (1-3), 34% had moderate pain (4-6), and 54% had severe pain (7-10). The most commonly used analgesic drugs were opioids (47%), followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (36%). The opioids used were tramadol (56%), and morphine (38%). Ninety percent of patients with numerical pain scale more than 6 received morphine. There was no difference in analgesic drug utilization with regards to gender. Prescription pattern differed depending on the severity of pain. Opioids were the most commonly used drugs for pain management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that prescription pattern in palliative care unit of this hospital was in accordance with WHO pain management guidelines. The study showed the current trend in prescription of analgesic drugs in the teaching hospital where the study was conducted.
authors.affiliation: St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Vishma Hydie
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shoba N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soumya
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tarey
keywords: Analgesic; Drug utilization; Palliative