title: Predictors of Depression Treatment Response in an Intensive CBT Partial Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression, a significant number of patients do not respond. Data examining predictors of treatment response in settings in which CBT is delivered naturalistically are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment outcome data collected at a CBT-based partial hospital (n = 956) were used to examine predictors of two types of treatment response: (a) a reliable and clinically significant change in depressive symptoms and (b) a self-rating of "very much" or "much" improved. In multiple logistic regression models, we examined predictors of response in the total sample and separately for patients with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) versus patients with other primary diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, higher treatment outcome expectations and fewer past hospitalizations predicted clinically significant improvement in depression symptoms, and higher treatment expectations and ethnoracial minority background predicted global improvement. In patients with primary MDD, higher treatment outcome expectations and being referred from the community (vs. inpatient hospitalization) predicted better depression response, and higher treatment outcome expectations predicted global improvement. In patients with other primary diagnoses, higher treatment outcome expectations and fewer borderline personality disorder traits predicted depression reduction, and higher treatment outcome expectations, less relationship difficulty, and female gender predicted global improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are generally consistent with data from randomized controlled trials on longer term outpatient CBT. Interventions that increase treatment expectancy and modifications to better target men may enhance treatment outcome. Future research should include objective outcome measures and examine mechanisms underlying treatment response.
authors.affiliation: McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: Cornell Medical School.
authors.forename: Aliza T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Boston University.
authors.forename: Bridget A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hearon
authors.affiliation: Boston University.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Kean J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Thröstur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Björgvinsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010045:Outpatients; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011379:Prognosis