title: Spatial-temporal functional mapping of language at the bedside with electrocorticography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility and clinical utility of using passive electrocorticography (ECoG) for online spatial-temporal functional mapping (STFM) of language cortex in patients being monitored for epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed and tested an online system that exploits ECoG's temporal resolution to display the evolution of statistically significant high gamma (70-110 Hz) responses across all recording sites activated by a discrete cognitive task. We illustrate how this spatial-temporal evolution can be used to study the function of individual recording sites engaged during different language tasks, and how this approach can be particularly useful for mapping eloquent cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) as the clinical gold standard for localizing language cortex, the average sensitivity and specificity of online STFM across 7 patients were 69.9% and 83.5%, respectively. Moreover, relative to regions of interest where discrete cortical lesions have most reliably caused language impairments in the literature, the sensitivity of STFM was significantly greater than that of ESM, while its specificity was also greater than that of ESM, though not significantly so.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the feasibility and clinical utility of online STFM for mapping human language function, particularly under clinical circumstances in which time is limited and comprehensive ESM is impractical.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York. ywang154@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Yujing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fifer
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Adeen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flinker
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korzeniewska
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Mackenzie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cervenka
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Dana F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Boatman-Reich
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Crone
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult