title: The change of plasma galectin-3 concentrations after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galectin-3 plays a significant role in microglia activation. Its increased circulating concentration has been associated with some inflammatory diseases. In-hospital major adverse events (IMAEs), including acute traumatic coagulopathy, progressive hemorrhagic injury and posttraumatic cerebral infarction, have high prevalence and are strong predictors of mortality after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). The present study was designed to investigate the relationships between plasma galectin-3 concentrations and trauma severity, in-hospital mortality and IMAEs following STBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma galectin-3 concentrations of 100 STBI patients and 100 controls were determined. Diagnosis of progressive hemorrhagic injury and posttraumatic cerebral infarction was made on the follow-up computerized tomography scan. Acute traumatic coagulopathy was defined based on coagulation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma galectin-3 concentrations were significantly higher in patients as compared to controls and also associated highly with Glasgow Coma Scale scores and plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. Galectin-3 emerged as an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality and IMAEs. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curve of plasma galectin-3 concentrations were similar to those of Glasgow Coma Scale scores for prediction of in-hospital morality and IMAEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma galectin-3 concentrations have close relation to inflammation, trauma severity and clinical outcome, suggesting that galectin-3 should have the potential to be a good prognostic biomarker after STBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Tumor Hospital of Hangzhou City, 34 Yanguan Lane, Hangzhou 310002, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China. Electronic address: dxqhyy@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Tumor Hospital of Hangzhou City, 34 Yanguan Lane, Hangzhou 310002, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Bo
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Tonglu TCM Hospital, 25 Guangchang Road, Tonglu 311500, China.
authors.forename: Gang-Qun
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China.
authors.forename: Zu-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D037502:Galectin 3
keywords: Acute traumatic coagulopathy; Galectin-3; Mortality; Posttraumatic cerebral infarction; Progressive hemorrhagic injury; Traumatic brain injury