title: B cell sub-types following acute malaria and associations with clinical immunity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repeated exposure to Plasmodium falciparum is associated with perturbations in B cell sub-set homeostasis, including expansion atypical memory B cells. However, B cell perturbations immediately following acute malaria infection have been poorly characterized, especially with regard to their relationship with immunity to malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  To better understand the kinetics of B cell sub-sets following malaria, the proportions of six B cell sub-sets were assessed at five time points following acute malaria in four to 5 years old children living in a high transmission region of Uganda. B cell sub-set kinetics were compared with measures of clinical immunity to malaria-lower parasite density at the time of malaria diagnosis and recent asymptomatic parasitaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atypical memory B cell and transitional B cell proportions increased following malaria. In contrast, plasmablast proportions were highest at the time of malaria diagnosis and rapidly declined following treatment. Increased proportions of atypical memory B cells were associated with greater immunity to malaria, whereas increased proportions of transitional B cells were associated with evidence of less immunity to malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the dynamic changes in multiple B cell sub-sets following acute, uncomplicated malaria, and how these sub-sets are associated with developing immunity to malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. Richard.Sullivan@UCSF.edu.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. sewyisaac@yahoo.co.uk.|Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. sewyisaac@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ssewanyana
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. wamalasamuel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wamala
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. nankyafelistas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Felistas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nankya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. prasannaj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. jwt0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Jordan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. hmk@chs.mak.ac.ug.|Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda. hmk@chs.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayanja-Kizza
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. marymkakuru@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Muhindo
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. earinaitwe@idrc-uganda.org.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arinaitwe
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Tororo, Uganda. mkamya@idrc-uganda.org.|Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda. mkamya@idrc-uganda.org.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. grant.dorsey@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. Margaret.Feeney@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Feeney
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Eleanor.Riley@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Chris.Drakeley@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Drakeley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. bgreenhouse@medsfgh.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenhouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. richard.sullivan@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D012008:Recurrence; D014454:Uganda