title: Associations between Infant Behaviors during the Face-To-Face Still-Face Paradigm and Oppositional Defiant and Callous-Unemotional Behaviors in Early Childhood.
abstract: Deficits in social orienting (i.e., gazing toward caregivers) during dyadic interactions and reactivity to stressful stimuli have been identified as behavioral correlates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors in older children. The goal of the current study was to investigate infants' mother-directed gaze and reactivity during the face-to-face and still-face episodes of the face-to-face stillface paradigm performed at 6 months in the prediction of ODD and CU behaviors in early childhood. Using data from the Durham Child Health and Development study (n = 206), hierarchical regression analyses revealed that infants' negative reactivity during the still-face episode and mother-directed gaze during the face-to-face episode predicted fewer ODD behaviors in early childhood. Examination of interaction effects suggested that mother-directed gaze attenuated the negative relation between reactivity and ODD and CU behaviors in early childhood. The current study is one of the first to extend downward the investigation of ODD and CU behaviors into infancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3270 Davie Hall, Room 217, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA. wagnern@live.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Stone Building Room 165E, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
authors.forename: W Roger
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mills-Koonce
authors.affiliation: Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 E. Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Cathi B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Propper
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Stone Building Room 165E, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
authors.forename: Pete D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rehder
authors.affiliation: Penn State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA.
authors.forename: Ginger A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3270, 215 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA.
authors.forename: Martha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Callous-unemotional; Infancy; Oppositional defiant; Parenting; Reactivity