title: Nicotine Addiction Development: From Epidemiology to Genetic Factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine addiction is a complex and multifactorial disease affecting the central nervous system and consists of a set of characteristic symptoms and signs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide an overview on smoking and the complexity of dependency, with special emphasis on the involvement of genetic factors, including neurexin and nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following two aspects are discussed in the present article: (i) epidemiology in Mexico; and (ii) a review of the published literature on genetic association studies using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database of the USA as a search tool. The search key words were: nicotine, smoking, dependence, genetic, tobacco, neurobiology and GWAS. The publication period of the reviewed articles was January 2005 to July 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are numerous studies that provide evidence of the involvement of a genetic component that contributes to the risk of developing nicotine addiction, but the multifactorial nature of addiction requires coordinated research from multiple disciplines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research is needed on the factors associated with genetic risk for nicotine addiction and their interaction with environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.|Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.|Medical Research Unit in Immunology, CMN S-XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sansores
authors.affiliation: Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Venegas
authors.affiliation: HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Camarena
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit in Immunology, CMN S-XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ramcés
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falfán-Valencia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic