title: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care: Sedation, Analgesia and Muscle Relaxant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews pharmacotherapies currently available to manage sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade for pediatric cardiac critical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The knowledge base of an expert panel of pharmacists, cardiac anesthesiologists, and a cardiac critical care physician involved in the care of pediatric cardiac critical patients was combined with a comprehensive search of the medical literature to generate the data source.
  
  
  METHODS
  The panel examined all studies relevant to management of sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade in pediatric cardiac critical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each member of the panel was assigned a specific subset of the studies relevant to their particular area of expertise (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical care) to review and analyze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The panel members each crafted a comprehensive summary of the literature relevant to their area of expertise. The panel, as a whole, then collaborated to cohesively summarize all the available, relevant literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the cardiac ICU, management of the cardiac patient requires an individualized sedative and analgesic strategy that maintains hemodynamic stability. Multiple pharmacological therapies exist to achieve these goals and should be selected based on the patient's underlying physiology, hemodynamic vulnerabilities, desired level of sedation and analgesia, and the projected short- or long-term recovery trajectory.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Sarah Scarpace
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Viviane G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: Angelica J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: Meredyth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiNardo
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000592:standards*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000592:standards*; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents