title: Enjoying food without caloric cost: The impact of brief mindfulness on laboratory eating outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mindfulness-based interventions have been increasingly applied to treat eating-related problems ranging from obesity to eating disorders. Yet few studies have empirically examined the mechanisms of a mindful approach to eating. The current studies examine the potential of brief mindfulness instructions to enhance the psychological and behavioral dimensions of eating.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three experiments (total N = 319 undergraduates), we examined whether brief mindfulness instructions would enhance the positive sensory experience involved in tasting food as well as healthy eating behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to distraction control instructions, the first two studies demonstrated that brief mindfulness instructions increased the enjoyment of a commonly pleasurable food (chocolate; Study 1), and a food with generally more mixed associations (raisins; Study 2). The third study replicated and extended these findings to show that brief mindfulness instructions also led to lower calorie consumption of unhealthy food relative to distracted or no-instruction control conditions, an effect mediated by greater eating enjoyment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings demonstrated the power of brief mindfulness instructions to positively impact both health-relevant behavior and sensory experience associated with eating food. Implications for both theory and clinical applications of mindfulness are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB Muenzinger, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. Electronic address: Joanna.Arch@Colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Joanna J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Arch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA. Electronic address: kwbrown@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Kirk Warren
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA. Electronic address: goodman.rob@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA. Electronic address: matthewdellaporta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Della Porta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 West Franklin St, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA. Electronic address: kiken@kent.edu.
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kiken
authors.affiliation: University of Denver, 2199 South University Blvd, Denver, CO 80208, USA. Electronic address: drshannatillman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods*; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology; D057181:Pleasure; D011594:Psychometrics; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Calorie consumption; Eating; Eating disorders; Food; Mindfulness; Weight loss