title: Dilemmas surrounding the diagnosis of deep brain stimulation electrode infection without associated wound complications: A series of two cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When wounds are benign, diagnosis of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode infection and associated intraparenchymal infection can be challenging. Only a couple, such cases exist in literature. Since infections of the central nervous system can be life-threatening, prompt diagnosis is necessary to prevent neurological injury. Employed within the appropriate context, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, as well as laboratory data and clinical presentation, may help guide diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case 1 - A 55-year-old male with bilateral DBS electrodes and generators (49 days from last procedure), who presented with confusion and fever. Pertinent positive laboratory was white blood cell 20.5K. MRI of the brain showed edema with enhancement along the right DBS electrode. Wound exploration revealed gross purulence in the subgaleal space. The entire system was removed; cultures from subgaleal space revealed Propionibacterium acnes; cultures from electrode were negative. The patient was sent home on antibiotics. Case 2 - A 68-year-old male with a right DBS electrode (11 days from placement), who presented after an unwitnessed fall, followed by confusion and amnesia. Pertinent laboratory examinations were negative. MRI of the brain showed edema with enhancement along the DBS electrode. Wound exploration revealed no infection. The DBS system was left in place; final cultures were negative; no antibiotics were prescribed. Repeat MRI showed resolving fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal and contrast enhancement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast enhancement, T2 FLAIR, and diffusion weighted imaging are influenced by postoperative changes. Caution is stressed regarding dependence on these features for acute diagnosis of infection and indication for electrode removal. Timing of the imaging after surgery must be considered. Other factors, such as systemic signs and abnormal laboratory data, should be evaluated. Based on these guidelines, retrospectively, the patient in Case 2 should not have been rushed for a wound exploration; close observation with serial imaging and laboratory data may have prevented an unnecessary procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ha Son
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ninh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gelsomino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shabani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mueller
keywords: Cerebral infection; contrast enhancement; deep brain stimulation; edema; fluid attenuated inversion recovery; magnetic resonance imaging