title: Novel Gold Nanoparticles Reduced by Sargassum glaucescens: Preparation, Characterization and Anticancer Activity.
abstract: The current study investigated the anticancer properties of gold nanoparticles (SG-stabilized AuNPs) synthesized using water extracts of the brown seaweed Sargassum glaucescens (SG). SG-stabilized AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The SG-stabilized AuNPs were stable and small at 3.65 ± 1.69 nm in size. The in vitro anticancer effect of SG-stabilized AuNPs was determined on cervical (HeLa), liver (HepG2), breast (MDA-MB-231) and leukemia (CEM-ss) cell lines using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, caspase activity determination, and MTT assays. After 72 h treatment, SG-stabilized AuNPs was shown to be significant (p < 0.05) cytotoxic to the cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values of SG-stabilized AuNPs on the HeLa, HepG2, CEM-ss, MDA-MB-231 cell lines were 4.75 ± 1.23, 7.14 ± 1.45, 10.32 ± 1.5, and 11.82 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, SG-stabilized AuNPs showed no cytotoxic effect towards the normal human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A). SG-stabilized AuNPs significantly (p < 0.05) arrest HeLa cell cycle at G2/M phase and significantly (p < 0.05) activated caspases-3 and -9 activities. The anticancer effect of SG-stabilized AuNPs is via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The study showed that SG-stabilized AuNPs is a good candidate to be developed into a chemotherapeutic compound for the treatment of cancers especially cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Innovation Center for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. z_azhdari@yahoo.com.|Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company, St 61th Daroupakhsh City, Km 18- Karaj Hiway, 1411816616 Tehran, Iran. z_azhdari@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ajdari
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. heshusr77@gmail.com.|College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Street 11, Zone 207, Sulaimani Nwe, 00964 Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. heshusr77@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Heshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Technology Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Ahmad Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. kamyarshameli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shameli
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. rasedee@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rasedee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Innovation Center for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. maaruf71@ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Maaruf
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abd Ghani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. skyeap2005@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Swee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. upmsahar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbasiliasi
authors.affiliation: Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, No. 297, West Fatemi Avenue, P. O. Box 14155-6116, 1411816616 Tehran, Iran. danielajdari@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ajdari
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. arbarif@biotech.upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Arbakariya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariff
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010316:Particle Size; D044647:Sargassum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006046:Gold; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9
keywords: Sargassum glaucescens; anticancer properties; cervical cancer; gold nanoparticles; in vitro study