title: Distribution and Relationships of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants among Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin-Resistant or Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Rivers and Sewage Treatment Plants in India.
abstract: To determine the distribution and relationship of antimicrobial resistance determinants among extended-spectrum-cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant or carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from the aquatic environment in India, water samples were collected from rivers or sewage treatment plants in five Indian states. A total of 446 E. coli isolates were randomly obtained. Resistance to ESC and/or carbapenem was observed in 169 (37.9%) E. coli isolates, which were further analyzed. These isolates showed resistance to numerous antimicrobials; more than half of the isolates exhibited resistance to eight or more antimicrobials. The blaNDM gene was detected in 14/21 carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates: blaNDM-1 in 2 isolates, blaNDM-5 in 7 isolates, and blaNDM-7 in 5 isolates. The blaCTX-M gene was detected in 112 isolates (66.3%): blaCTX-M-15 in 108 isolates and blaCTX-M-55 in 4 isolates. We extracted 49 plasmids from selected isolates, and their whole-genome sequences were determined. Fifty resistance genes were detected, and 11 different combinations of replicon types were observed among the 49 plasmids. The network analysis results suggested that the plasmids sharing replicon types tended to form a community, which is based on the predicted gene similarity among the plasmids. Four communities each containing from 4 to 17 plasmids were observed. Three of the four communities contained plasmids detected in different Indian states, suggesting that the interstate dissemination of ancestor plasmids has already occurred. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the blaNDM-positive plasmids detected in this study with known sequences of related plasmids suggested that various mutation events facilitated the evolution of the plasmids and that plasmids with similar genetic backgrounds have widely disseminated in India.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan akiba@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekizuka
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Kumamoto Prefecture, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
authors.forename: Derrick Ian
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Joshua
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
authors.forename: Keshava
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishna
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bairy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Kaushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Natesan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Munuswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, India.
authors.forename: Ravindra K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Taketoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Keerthi S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Guruge
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D002511:Cephalosporins; D012722:Sewage