title: Risk of nerve injury during arthroscopy portal placement in the elbow joint: A cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elbow arthroscopy has become a routine procedure now. However, placing portals is fraught with dangers of injuring the neurovascular structures around elbow. There are not enough data documenting the same amongst the Indians. We aimed to determine the relative distances of nerves around the elbow to the arthroscopy portals and risk of injury in different positions of the elbow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six standard elbow arthroscopy portals were established in 12 cadaveric upper limbs after joint distension. Then using standard dissection techniques all the nerves around the elbow were exposed, and their distances from relevant portals were measured using digital vernier caliper in 90° elbow flexion and 0° extension. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for describing distance of the nerves from relevant portal. Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman's test were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no major nerve injury at all the portals studied in both positions of the elbow. The total incidence of cutaneous nerve injury was 8.3% (12/144); medial cutaneous nerve of forearm 10/48 and posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm 2/24. No significant changes were observed in the distance of a nerve to an individual portal at 90° flexion or 0° extension position of the elbow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the risk of injury to different nerves at the standard portals of elbow arthroscopy. In practice, the actual incidence of nerve injury may still be lower. We conclude that elbow arthroscopy is a safe procedure when all precautions as described are duly followed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prashant N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Chaware
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Abhijit P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pakhare
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bertha A D
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rathinam
keywords: Arthroscopy; Arthroscopy portals; complication; elbow; elbow joint; intraoperative complications; nerve injury; peripheral nerve injury