title: Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Apoptosis and Invasion of Human Cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 Cell Line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) on apoptosis and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro cultured cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cell line was exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 μg/ml HPD with 5, 10, and 15 J/cm2 light intensity, respectively. The optical density at 450 nm of the QBC939 cells was measured by CCK8 assay and its growth inhibition ratio was calculated. Flow cytometry and transwell migration assay were applied to detect cell apoptosis and invasion respectively. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry analyses were used to detect expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to examine the secretion of VEGF-C and COX-2 in QBC939 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to HPD-PDT can significantly suppress the growth of QBC939 cells (all P<0.05). HPD-PDT can promote apoptosis of QBC939 cells at the early stage. When the concentration of HPD was 2 μg/ml and light irradiation was 5 J/cm2, HPD-PDT had no obvious inhibitory effect on QBC939 cell growth, but can obviously inhibit cell invasion, and significant difference was observed between the HPD-PDT and control groups (P<0.01). The HPD-PDT can reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF-C, COX-2, and PCNA, and decrease the secretion of VEGF-C and COX-2 in QBC939 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDT could promote apoptosis and inhibit growth and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells QBC939 in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yun-jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Hai-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jing-yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen