title: Effectiveness of various interventions on maintenance of gingival health during 1 year - a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rinsing with the combined use of an oxygenating-agent (OA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) in addition to mechanical oral hygiene could improve and/or maintain good gingival health over a long period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study had an examiner-blinded, randomized, six-group parallel design consisting of two-phases: a 3-week treatment phase and a subsequent 12-month experimental phase. A total of 267 subjects in good general health (≥18 years), without periodontitis, with at least five teeth per quadrant, and with moderate to advanced gingivitis were enrolled. A 3-week treatment phase was initiated to improve gingival health. Subjects were assigned to one of the six groups: two basic oral hygiene groups (Control I & II), one professional oral hygiene instruction group (OHI), one professional prophylaxis group (PP), an OA&CHX rinse group and a group receiving a combination of all regimens (COMBI group), being OHI + PP + OA&CHX. Dental plaque, gingival bleeding and staining assessments were performed at the start of the treatment phase, at baseline and at 4, 7, 10, and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in dental plaque-scores for the OA&CHX and COMBI-group (0.51 [SD = 0.37], 0.38 [SD = 0.33] respectively) and a significant reduction in gingivitis scores for the OA&CHX and COMBI group (6.9% [SD = 14.0], 13.4% [SD = 13.4] respectively) from the start of the treatment phase to baseline. No clinically relevant changes were observed for the other four groups. After baseline, bleeding and plaque-scores increased back to a non-significant level between groups, and this level remained throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OA&CHX and COMBI-group showed a clinically relevant improvement after the treatment phase in terms of dental plaque and gingival bleeding levels. At the 4-month clinical assessment, there was no longer a significant difference between groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mpc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosema
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-5657
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Hennequin-Hoenderdos
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Van der Weijden
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001881:Borates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013644:Tartrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014099:Toothbrushing; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001881:Borates; D003802:Dentifrices; D004202:Disinfectants; D013644:Tartrates; C080535:Amosan; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: chlorhexidine; clinical trial; dental plaque; gingivitis; mouth rinse; oxygenating agents