title: Could spot urine analysis of calcium and uric acid help predict density of urinary stone in computerized tomography? A preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This research studies if Hounsfield density of urinary stone can be predicted without computerized tomography (CT) caused by because increased radiation exposure in follow-up of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients with renal or ureteral stone were analyzed retrospectively for the time period between November 2013 and April 2014. The inclusion criteria defined were: no multiple stones; stone size ≥3 mm; presence of renal and ureteral stones; absence of staghorn stone. All CT images were assessed in abdominal windows by a single radiologist. Hounsfield Unit (HU) value of CT was used to interpret the density of the stone. The density of the stone was measured in the longest axis of the stone center (core) and the edges (periphery) of each stone. Biochemical analysis of spot urine calcium (Ca) and uric acid (UA) was done at the time of diagnosis. Correlation and linear regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty patients were included the study and median age of patients is 22 (IQR 21-28). Since the unit was a military hospital, most patients admitted to hospital were young male conscripts with low median age. It has been found that spot urine uric acid and uric acid/Ca ratio is associated with stone density as HU (P=0.004, P<0.001). Although predictive value appeared low, linear regression model statistically predicted stone density as HU (P<0.001 R2=0.32). Stone size has proved to be positively correlated with stone density (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the predictive value of urine analysis model is low, it may be considered to predict HU attenuation of stone. Spot urine analysis of calcium and uric acid may be helpful for both diagnosis and follow-up. We believe that controlled studies with larger patient populations will provide further insights into this issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Van Military Hospital, Van, Turkey - drodemiray@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Özay
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Demiray
authors.forename: Ferhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cüce
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Çevik
authors.forename: Berkay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çataloğlu
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalemci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D002118:Calcium