title: Method for the assessment of neuromuscular integrity and burrowing choice in vermiform animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study of locomotion in vermiform animals has largely been restricted to animals crawling on agar surfaces. While this has been fruitful in the study of neuronal basis of disease and behavior, the reduced physical challenge posed by these environments has prevented these organisms from being equally successful in the study of neuromuscular diseases. Our burrowing assay allowed us to study the effects of muscular exertion on locomotion and muscle degeneration during disease (Beron et al., 2015), as well as the natural burrowing preference of diverse Caenorhabditis elegans strains (Vidal-Gadea et al., 2015).
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a simple, rapid, and affordable set of assays to study the burrowing behavior of nematodes and other vermiform organisms which permits the titration of muscular exertion in test animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that our burrowing assay design is versatile and can be adapted for use in widely different experimental paradigms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous assays for the study of neuromuscular integrity in nematodes relied on movement through facile and homogeneous environments. The ability of modulating substrate density allows our burrowing assay to be used to separate animal populations where muscular fitness or health are not visible differentiable by standard techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simplicity, versatility, and potential for greatly facilitating the study of previously challenging neuromuscular disorders makes this assay a valuable addition that overcomes many of the limitations inherent to traditional behavioral tests of vermiform locomotion.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, 339 Science Laboratory Building, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bainbridge
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, 339 Science Laboratory Building, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, 339 Science Laboratory Building, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA. Electronic address: avidal@ilstu.edu.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vidal-Gadea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000502:physiology; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Burrowing; C. elegans; Locomotion