title: Lung Functional and Biologic Responses to Variable Ventilation in Experimental Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The biologic effects of variable ventilation may depend on the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We compared variable and conventional ventilation in experimental pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administered intratracheally (pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, n = 12) or intraperitoneally (extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, n = 12). After 24 hours, animals were randomly assigned to receive conventional (volume-controlled ventilation, n = 6) or variable ventilation (n = 6). Nonventilated animals (n = 4 per etiology) were used for comparison of diffuse alveolar damage, E-cadherin, and molecular biology variables. Variable ventilation was applied on a breath-to-breath basis as a sequence of randomly generated tidal volume values (n = 600; mean tidal volume = 6 mL/kg), with a 30% coefficient of variation (normal distribution). After randomization, animals were ventilated for 1 hour and lungs were removed for histology and molecular biology analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variable ventilation improved oxygenation and reduced lung elastance compared with volume-controlled ventilation in both acute respiratory distress syndrome etiologies. In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, variable ventilation 1) decreased total diffuse alveolar damage (median [interquartile range]: volume-controlled ventilation, 12 [11-17] vs variable ventilation, 9 [8-10]; p < 0.01), interleukin-6 expression (volume-controlled ventilation, 21.5 [18.3-23.3] vs variable ventilation, 5.6 [4.6-12.1]; p < 0.001), and angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 ratio (volume-controlled ventilation, 2.0 [1.3-2.1] vs variable ventilation, 0.7 [0.6-1.4]; p < 0.05) and increased relative angiopoietin-1 expression (volume-controlled ventilation, 0.3 [0.2-0.5] vs variable ventilation, 0.8 [0.5-1.3]; p < 0.01). In extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, only volume-controlled ventilation increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA expression (volume-controlled ventilation, 7.7 [5.7-18.6] vs nonventilated, 0.9 [0.7-1.3]; p < 0.05). E-cadherin expression in lung tissue was reduced in volume-controlled ventilation compared with nonventilated regardless of acute respiratory distress syndrome etiology. In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, E-cadherin expression was similar in volume-controlled ventilation and variable ventilation; in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, it was higher in variable ventilation than in volume-controlled ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variable ventilation improved lung function in both pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. Variable ventilation led to more pronounced beneficial effects in biologic marker expressions in pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome but preserved E-cadherin in lung tissue only in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, thus suggesting lower damage to epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: 1Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 4Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 5Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 6Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Samary
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Cintia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huhle
authors.forename: Raquel S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Debora S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ornellas
authors.forename: Nathane S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Vera L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Capelozzi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schanaider
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: Marcelo Gama
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Abreu
authors.forename: Patricia R M
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides