title: Smart respiratory monitoring: clinical development and validation of the IPI™ (Integrated Pulmonary Index) algorithm.
abstract: Continuous electronic monitoring of patient respiratory status frequently includes PetCO2(end tidal CO2), RR (respiration rate), SpO2(arterial oxygen saturation), and PR (pulse rate). Interpreting and integrating these vital signs as numbers or waveforms is routinely done by anesthesiologists and intensivists but is challenging for clinicians in low acuity areas such as medical wards, where continuous electronic respiratory monitoring is becoming more common place. We describe a heuristic algorithm that simplifies the interpretation of these four parameters in assessing a patient's respiratory status, the Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI). The IPI algorithm is a mathematical model combining SpO2, RR, PR, and PetCO2into a single value between 1 and 10 that summarizes the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation at that point in time. The algorithm was designed using a fuzzy logic inference model to incorporate expert clinical opinions. The algorithm was verified by comparison to experts' scoring of clinical scenarios. The validity of the index was tested in a retrospective analysis of continuous SpO2, RR, PR, and PetCO2readings obtained from 523 patients in a variety of clinical settings. IPI correlated well with expert interpretation of the continuous respiratory data (R = 0.83, p <<< 0.001), with agreement of -0.5 ± 1.4. Receiver operating curves analysis resulted in high levels of sensitivity (ranging from 0.83 to 1.00), and corresponding specificity (ranging from 0.96 to 0.74), based on IPI thresholds 3-6. The IPI reliably interpreted the respiratory status of patients in multiple areas of care using off-line continuous respiratory data. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate IPI in real time in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Medtronic, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ronen
authors.affiliation: Medtronic, Jerusalem, Israel. Rachel.weissbrod@medtronic.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissbrod
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Roper St Francis Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Overdyk
authors.affiliation: Medtronic, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ajizian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000776:Anesthesiology; D019296:Capnography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D009726:Nurses; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012138:Respiratory Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Capnography; Composite index; IPI; Respiratory compromise; Respiratory monitoring