title: Galactic cosmic ray simulation at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory.
abstract: Most accelerator-based space radiation experiments have been performed with single ion beams at fixed energies. However, the space radiation environment consists of a wide variety of ion species with a continuous range of energies. Due to recent developments in beam switching technology implemented at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), it is now possible to rapidly switch ion species and energies, allowing for the possibility to more realistically simulate the actual radiation environment found in space. The present paper discusses a variety of issues related to implementation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulation at NSRL, especially for experiments in radiobiology. Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to developing a GCR simulator are presented. In addition, issues common to both GCR simulation and single beam experiments are compared to issues unique to GCR simulation studies. A set of conclusions is presented as well as a discussion of the technical implementation of GCR simulation.
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA. Electronic address: john.w.norbury@nasa.gov.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Norbury
authors.affiliation: East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schimmerling
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.
authors.forename: Tony C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Slaba
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Edouard I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Azzam
authors.affiliation: Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
authors.forename: Francis F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Badavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baiocco
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii - Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bindi
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Eleanor A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Blakely
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Blattnig
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boothman
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Borak
authors.affiliation: Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Britten
authors.affiliation: 11771 Sunset Ave. NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dingfelder
authors.affiliation: GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dynan
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Amelia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Eisch
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robin Elgart
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dudley T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Goodhead
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Heilbronn
authors.affiliation: German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hellweg
authors.affiliation: Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Tessa
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Derek I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: University of Rome Tor Vergata & INFN, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Narici
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ottolenghi
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Zarana S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rusek
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
authors.forename: Ann-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Schreurs
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Scott-Carnell
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Semones
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow 123007, Russia.
authors.forename: Vyacheslav A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Shurshakov
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Wien - Atominstitut, 1020 Vienna, Austria; EBG MedAustron GmbH, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
authors.forename: Lembit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sihver
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Story
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Turker
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchihori
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Lockheed Martin Information Systems & Global Solutions, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Cary J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zeitlin
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D007753:Laboratories; D011853:Radiobiology; D012106:Research; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
keywords: Galactic cosmic ray simulation; Space radiation