title: PREventing Maternal And Neonatal Deaths (PREMAND): a study protocol for examining social and cultural factors contributing to infant and maternal deaths and near-misses in rural northern Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While Ghana is a leader in some health indicators among West African nations, it still struggles with high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates, especially in the northern areas. The clinical causes of mortality and morbidity are relatively well understood in Ghana, but little is known about the impact of social and cultural factors on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Less still is understood about how such factors may vary by geographic location, and how such variability may inform locally-tailored solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preventing Maternal And Neonatal Deaths (PREMAND) is a three-year, three-phase project that takes place in four districts in the Upper East, Upper West, and Northern Regions of Ghana. PREMAND will prospectively identify all maternal and neonatal deaths and 'near-misses', or those mothers and babies who survive a life threatening complication, in the project districts. Each event will be followed by either a social autopsy (in the case of deaths) or a sociocultural audit (in the case of near-misses). Geospatial technology will be used to visualize the variability in outcomes as well as the social, cultural, and clinical predictors of those outcomes. Data from PREMAND will be used to generate maps for local leaders, community members and Government of Ghana to identify priority areas for intervention. PREMAND is an effort of the Navrongo Health Research Centre and the University of Michigan Medical School.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PREMAND uses an innovative, multifaceted approach to better understand and address neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality in northern Ghana. It will provide unprecedented access to information on the social and cultural factors that contribute to deaths and near-misses in the project regions, and will allow such causal factors to be situated geographically. PREMAND will create the opportunity for local, regional, and national stakeholders to see how these events cluster, and place them relative to traditional healer compounds, health facilities, and other important geographic markers. Finally, PREMAND will enable local communities to generate their own solutions to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, an effort that has great potential for long-term impact.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1111 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. camoyer@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, PO Box 114, Navrongo, UE/R, Ghana. Raymond.Aborigo@navrongo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Aborigo
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1111 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. emaccorm@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kaselitz
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1111 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. MiraLGupta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mira L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, PO Box 114, Navrongo, UE/R, Ghana. Abraham.Oduro@navrongo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oduro
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, PO Box 114, Navrongo, UE/R, Ghana. John.Williams@navrongo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003906:Developing Countries; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000068104:Infant Health / Q000208:ethnology; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D000068097:Maternal Health / Q000208:ethnology; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States; D054702:United States Agency for International Development