title: Age-Related Changes Between the Level of Velopharyngeal Closure and the Cervical Spine.
abstract: The primary focus of this study was to assess age-related changes in the vertical distance of the estimated level of velopharyngeal closure in relation to a prominent landmark of the cervical spine: the anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra 1 (C1). Midsagittal anatomic magnetic resonance images were examined across 51 participants with normal head and neck anatomy between 4 and 17 years of age. Results indicate that age is a strong predictor (P = 0.002) of the vertical distance between the level of velopharyngeal closure relative to C1. Specifically, as age increases, the vertical distance between the palatal plane and C1 becomes greater resulting in the level of velopharyngeal closure being located higher above C1 (range 4.88-10.55 mm). Results of this study provide insights into the clinical usefulness of using C1 as a surgical landmark for placement of pharyngoplasties in children with repaired cleft palate and persistent hypernasal speech. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: *East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA †East Carolina University ‡Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Kazlin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riski
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D011627:Puberty; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology