title: On the capacity of ozonation to remove antimicrobial compounds, resistant bacteria and toxicity from urban wastewater effluents.
abstract: The degradation of erythromycin (ERY) and ethylparaben (EtP) in urban wastewater effluents at low concentration level during ozonation was investigated under different experimental conditions. Both substrates were rapidly eliminated within 2min at low ozone dose of 0.3mgL-1and the experimental data were well fitted in the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The ratio of HO- and O3-exposure (Rct) at the inherent pH was found to be 1.9×10-8. The degradation of ERY and EtP was pronounced at pH 8 compared to acidic pH conditions, while the degradation rate of both substrates was found to be matrix-depended. It was also shown that both O3- and HO-mediated pathways are involved in the degradation of EtP, whereas the saturated-rich structure of ERY renders it O3-recalcitrant. Under the optimum O3dose, the BrO3-concentration was found to be lower than 10μgL-1. Five and fifteen transformation products were elucidated during ERY and EtP oxidation, respectively. The root and shoot inhibition can be attributed to the oxidation products formed upon dissolved effluent organic matter transformation. Escherichia coli harbouring resistance to ERY survived ozonation better than EtP-resistant E. coli. However, neither ERY- nor EtP-resistant E. coli were detected after 15min of ozonation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Michael-Kordatou
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreou
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacovou
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Frontistis
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hapeshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: dfatta@ucy.ac.cy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fatta-Kassinos
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D010126:Ozone; D010226:Parabens; D062065:Wastewater; C012313:ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
keywords: Antimicrobials; Bacterial resistance; Ozonation; Phytotoxicity; Transformation products