title: A descriptive report of end-of-life care practices occurring in two neonatal intensive care units.
abstract: In Canada and other developed countries, the majority of neonatal deaths occur in tertiary neonatal intensive care units. Most deaths occur following the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments.
  
  
  
  To explore neonatal death events and end-of-life care practices in two tertiary neonatal intensive care settings.
  
  
  
  A structured, retrospective, cohort study.
  
  
  
  All infants who died under tertiary neonatal intensive care from January 2009 to December 2013 in a regional Canadian neonatal program. Deaths occurring outside the neonatal intensive care unit in delivery rooms, hospital wards, or family homes were not included. Overall, 227 infant deaths were identified.
  
  
  
  The most common reasons for admission included prematurity (53.7%), prematurity with congenital anomaly/syndrome (20.3%), term congenital anomaly (11.5%), and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (12.3%). The median age at death was 7 days. Death tended to follow a decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatment with anticipated poor developmental outcome or perceived quality of life, or in the context of a moribund dying infant. Time to death after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment was uncommonly a protracted event but did vary widely. Most dying infants were held by family members in the neonatal intensive care unit or in a parent room off cardiorespiratory monitors. Analgesic and sedative medications were variably given and not associated with a hastening of death.
  
  
  
  Variability exists in end-of-life care practices such as provision of analgesic and sedative medications. Other practices such as discontinuation of cardiorespiratory monitors and use of parent rooms are more uniform. More research is needed to understand variation in neonatal end-of-life care.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joynt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada michaelv@ualberta.ca.|John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Manen
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care; D028761:Withholding Treatment
keywords: Death; end-of-life; neonatal; neonatal intensive care unit; palliative care