title: High glucose and palmitate increases bone morphogenic protein 4 expression in human endothelial cells.
abstract: Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia and/or free fatty acids (palmitate, PAL) aff ect the expression level of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a proatherogenic marker, in endothelial cells and the potential role of BMP4 in diabetic vascular complications. To measure BMP4 expression, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose concentrations and/or PAL for 24 or 72 h, and the effects of these treatments on the expression levels of adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. BMP4 loss-of-function status was achieved via transfection of a BMP4-specific siRNA. High glucose levels increased BMP4 expression in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. PAL potentiated such expression. The levels of adhesion molecules and ROS production increased upon treatment with high glucose and/or PAL, but this eff ect was negated when BMP4 was knocked down via siRNA. Signaling of BMP4, a proinflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine marker, was increased by hyperglycemia and PAL. BMP4 induced the expression of infl ammatory adhesion molecules and ROS production. Our work suggests that BMP4 plays a role in atherogenesis induced by high glucose levels and/or PAL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
authors.forename: Oak-Kee
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyunggi-do 14647, Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Jib
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyunggi-do 14647, Korea.
authors.forename: Jang-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
authors.forename: Mee-Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong-Yun
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Hanjoong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk-Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kwon
keywords: Bone morphogenic protein 4; Diabetes mellitus; Free fatty acid; High glucose