title: Probing the binding of two 19-nortestosterone derivatives to human serum albumin: insights into the interactions of steroid hormone drugs with functional biomacromolecule.
abstract: Norethindrone acetate (NETA) is a fatty acid ester of norethindrone (NET) that can convert to its more active parent compound NET when orally administered. To study the interactions of NETA and NET with human serum albumin (HSA), we applied fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and molecular docking. The effects of metal ions on the HSA-NETA/NET system were also explored. Fluorescence data showed that the quenching mechanism of HSA by NETA and NET was consistent with a static model and that the binding constant of NETA was higher than that of NET. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were the main forces maintaining the stability of the HSA-NETA/NET complex. Molecular modeling studies revealed that NETA and NET were bound within subdomain IIA of HSA, in accordance with the site probe results. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy further confirmed that the binding of NETA/NET to HSA changed the secondary structure of the protein. All other metal ions, except for Ca(2+) , decreased the K value of the HSA-NETA/NET system with enhancement of the maximum effectiveness of NETA/NET. Three commercially available steroid hormone drugs influenced the binding ability of NETA on HSA to different extents. This study provides novel insights into the interactions between HSA and NETA/NET, as well as a solid foundation for future research on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Xiangling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Hongqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Kailin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D000072417:Protein Domains / Q000502:physiology; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human
keywords: fluorescence spectroscopy; human serum albumin; interference experiments; molecular modeling; norethindrone; norethindrone acetate