title: Association Between Left Atrial Stiffness Index and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with significant abnormalities of left atrial (LA) systolic and diastolic function. This study describes a novel measure, LA stiffness index, that estimates LA diastolic function and its association with clinical outcomes of catheter ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 219 AF patients referred for ablation (59% paroxysmal, mean CHA2DS2VASc score 1.7 ± 1.4) were enrolled. Atrial pressure and volume loops were prepared from invasive pressure measures and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging volumetric data during sinus rhythm for all patients. An LA stiffness index was created, defined by the ratio of change in LA pressure to volume during passive filling of LA (ΔP/ΔV). Patients were followed prospectively. Mean LA stiffness index for AF patients was 0.6 ± 0.5 mm Hg/mL (paroxysmal AF 0.51 ± 0.4 and persistent AF 0.73 ± 0.6; P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a rise in the stiffness index with age, increasing at a rate of 0.02 mm Hg/mL per year (P < 0.001). The LA stiffness index was higher in patients with previous LA ablation(s) for AF (0.51 ± 0.35 versus 0.83 ± 0.70; P < 0.001). Forty of 160 patients had recurrence after AF ablation with a mean follow-up of 10.4 ± 7.6 months. Patients with recurrence had higher stiffness index than those without recurrence (0.83 ± 0.46 versus 0.40 ± 0.22; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA stiffness index, a novel measure to assess LA diastolic function, increases with age and is higher in persistent AF and in the setting of repeat AF ablation. Greater LA stiffness index was independently associated with recurrence of AF after LA ablation.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Irfan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Khurram
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Marine
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Spragg
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashikaga
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zipunnikov
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazarian
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cardiology (I.M.K., F.M., R.D.B., J.E.M., D.D.S., H.A., D.A.K., H.C., S.N.) and Radiology and Radiological Sciences (S.L.Z.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Departments of Biostatistics (V.Z.) and Epidemiology (S.N.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. stefan.zimmerman@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Stefan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D062185:Atrial Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003971:Diastole; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; magnetic resonance imaging; recurrence