title: Comparison of Anesthesia Methods in Treatment of Staghorn Kidney Stones with Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in the treatment of staghorn calculi (SC) under spinal anesthesia (SA) versus general anesthesia (GA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SC who treated with PNL from 2011 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. In total, 100 patients were divided into 2 groups according to anesthesia type: SA (group 1, n = 47) and GA (group 2, n = 53). Demographics, perioperative parameters, and postoperative analgesic requirements were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in terms of age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, body mass index, or stone size between the two groups (P = .40, .30, .18, .20, and .50, respectively). The mean procedure times were 84.7 and 87.5 min in the SA and GA groups, respectively (P = .68). The complication rates were similar in the SA and GA groups (19.1% vs. 13.2%, respectively; P = .421). The stone-free rates were also similar in the SA and GA groups (61.7% vs. 52.8%, respectively; P = .374). No statistically significant difference was found in analgesic requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SA is a safe method without the risks of GA and may be used for conditions in which GA is contraindicated or in patients with concerns about GA. Our outcomes indicated that SC can be treated safely and effectively under SA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mevlana, Konya 42000, Turkey. ibrahimbuldu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buldu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tepeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaynar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mevlana, Konya 42000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karatag
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tosun
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umutogluv
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mevlana, Konya 42000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanriover
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mevlana, Konya 42000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Okan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Istanbulluoglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069856:Staghorn Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult