title: Percutaneous Transpedicular Fixation: Technical tips and Pitfalls of Sextant and Pathfinder Systems.
abstract: METHODS
  The efficacy of the operative techniques, possible benefits as well as pitfalls and limitations of the techniques are discussed. Potential drawbacks are also detected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to report indications, techniques, and our experience with the use of the Sextant and PathFinder percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation systems.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous pedicle screw insertion is a novel technique. Successful percutaneous placement of pedicle screws requires surgical skill and experience because of lack of anatomic surface landmarks. Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous placement of pedicle screws is effective. Many systems are now available.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective operative and postoperative analysis of 40 patients with absolute indication for thoracic or lumbar instability between January 2009 and June 2013. All procedures were performed with the Sextant (group A) and PathFinder (group B) systems under fluoroscopic guidance. Operative techniques are discussed and the results compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation minimizes the morbidity associated with open techniques without compromising the quality of fixation. A total of 190 screws were inserted. There was no additional morbidity. Postoperative computed tomography images and plain X-rays were analyzed. Reduction of visual analog scale scores of back pain was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous pedicular screws are feasible and can be safely done. Current systems allow multi-segmental fixation with significantly less difficulties. The described techniques have acceptable intra- and postoperative complication rates, and overall sufficient pain control with early mobilization of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mohi Eldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed Salah Aldin
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hassan
keywords: Minimally invasive; Percutaneous; Screw fixation; Transpedicular