title: Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of Galectin-9 is increased in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Galectin-9 is produced by activated astrocytes, induces a pro-inflammatory response in microglia and may be important to the pathogenesis of secondary progressive MS. In this study, Galectin-9 concentrations in CSF samples from healthy controls and two independent patient cohorts of MS patients were determined by ELISA. Patients from one of the cohorts underwent MRI as well. Galectin-9 concentrations in CSF were higher in SPMS patients than healthy controls and RRMS patients in both cohorts. Galectin-9 concentrations correlated with the number of lesions on T1-weighted images, but not with gadolinium enhancing lesions, IgG index or CSF cell count.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: joachim.burman@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University and University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svenningsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D037161:Galectins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D037161:Galectins; C105032:LGALS9 protein, human
keywords: Biomarker; CSF; Galectin-9; Multiple sclerosis