title: Impact of Improved Glycemic Control on Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of heart failure. Specific therapeutic interventions for diabetic heart disease are still elusive. We aimed to examine the impact of improved glycemic control on left ventricular (LV) function in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged 54±10 years) and poor glycemic control received optimization of treatment for blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol to recommended targets for 12 months. LV systolic and diastolic function, measured by LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and septal e' velocities, were compared before and after optimization. At baseline, patients had impaired LV systolic (GLS -14.9±3.2%) and diastolic function (e' 6.2±1.7 cm/s). After 12 months, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 10.3±2.4% to 8.3±2.0%, which was associated with significant relative improvement in GLS of 21% and septal e' of 24%. There was a progressively greater improvement in GLS as patients achieved a lower final HbA1c. Patients achieving an HbA1c of <7.0% had the largest improvement. The 15 patients whose HbA1c worsened experienced a decline in GLS. Patients who improved their HbA1c by ≥1.0% had a significantly higher relative improvement in e' than those who did not (32% versus 8%; P=0.003). Baseline GLS, decrease in body mass index, and treatment with metformin were additional independent predictors of GLS improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in glycemic control over a 12-month period led to improvements in LV systolic and diastolic function. This may have long-term prognostic implications.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., D.Y.L.); University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., V.W.W., D.Y.L.); Liverpool Diabetes Collaborative Research Unit, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (V.W.W.); Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.); and NHMRC CTC, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.). melissa@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., D.Y.L.); University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., V.W.W., D.Y.L.); Liverpool Diabetes Collaborative Research Unit, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (V.W.W.); Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.); and NHMRC CTC, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.).
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., D.Y.L.); University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., V.W.W., D.Y.L.); Liverpool Diabetes Collaborative Research Unit, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (V.W.W.); Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.); and NHMRC CTC, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.).
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., D.Y.L.); University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.L., V.W.W., D.Y.L.); Liverpool Diabetes Collaborative Research Unit, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (V.W.W.); Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.); and NHMRC CTC, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (M.H.).
authors.forename: Dominic Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: diabetes mellitus; diabetic cardiomyopathies; echocardiography; ventricular function, left