title: Eye Histology and Ganglion Cell Topography of Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris).
abstract: Northern elephant seals are one of the deepest diving marine mammals. As northern elephant seals often reach the bathypelagic zone, it is usually assumed that their eyes possess evolutionary adaptations that provide better ability to see in dim or scotopic environments. The purpose of this study was to carefully describe anatomical and histological traits of the eye that may improve light sensitivity. Northern elephant seals have large, somewhat elliptical eyes, with equatorial and anteroposterior diameters of 5.03 and 4.4 cm, respectively. The cornea is large in diameter and the lens is completely spherical. The iris has pronounced constrictor and dilator muscles, whereas the ciliary muscle is notably less developed. The tapetum lucidum is more prominent than in other pinnipeds, making up about 63% of retinal thickness in the posterior aspect of the globe. Within the retina, the pigmented epithelium lacks pigment except for the region close to the ora serrata. Parts of the photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers are folded. Although the photoreceptor layer is composed predominantly of rods, cone photoreceptors were also observed. Cells within the retinal ganglion cell layer are arranged in a single level. Ganglion cells reach their maximum density (∼1,300 cells per mm(2) ) dorsal to the optic disc, whereas the periphery of the retina is sparsely populated (<100 cells per mm(2) ). All above mentioned features are consistent with the predicted evolutionary adaptations to the photic environment of the bathypelagic zone. Anat Rec, 299:798-805, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California.
authors.forename: Hrvoje
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smodlaka
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California.
authors.forename: Wael A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Khamas
authors.affiliation: The Marine Mammal Care Center at Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, California.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia.
authors.forename: Josip A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Borovac
authors.affiliation: Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, W.M. Keck Science Department Claremont, California.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.affiliation: Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, W.M. Keck Science Department Claremont, California.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Northern elephant seals; anatomy; eye morphology; ganglion cells; retina; scotopic; vision