title: Characterization of muscle oxygenation response to vascular occlusion: implications for remote ischaemic preconditioning and physical Performance.
abstract: Remote ischaemic preconditioning is a non-invasive intervention with potential to protect a number of organs against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and possibly improve athletic performance. Little mechanistic evidence exists to support either limb choice or cuff inflation pressure that is most effective. This preliminary study aimed to establish the dose-response effect of different occlusion pressures on skeletal muscle oxygenation and blood flow in healthy males (n = 6). In a randomized controlled crossover study, cuff inflation pressures (140,160 and 180 mmHg) were used to induce limb ischaemia (× 3 cycles of 5-min) in upper (UL) and lower (LL) limbs on three separate occasions. Muscle oxygenation and blood flow properties of UL (flexor carpi ulnaris) and LL (vastus lateralis) were assessed using near infrared spectroscopy. Higher deoxyhaemoglobin (ΔHHb) values were consistently observed in UL (versus LL; P<0·05), no difference between pressures. Occlusion at 140 mm Hg failed to elicit decreases in tissue oxyhaemoglobin (ΔHbO2) from resting baseline (UL and LL), with significant HbO2decreases only observed at 180 mmHg in LL (P<0·05). Increases in ΔHbO2and muscle oxygenation index (Hbdiff) above baseline were observed with cuff deflation, lasting up to 15 min into recovery in LL irrespective of occlusion pressure (P<0·05). Muscle oxygenation properties are influenced by choice of limb occluded and findings show that tissue ischaemia can be induced at much lower absolute pressures than traditionally used in RIPC studies. Blood flow and muscle oxygenation may be enhanced for at least 15 min following the last occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.|English Institute of Sport, Bisham Abbey, Marlow, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunniffe
authors.affiliation: UCL, The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK.|Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.|Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.affiliation: UCL, The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yellon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008131:London; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D000074286:Preliminary Data; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: blood flow; cuff pressure; exercise; occlusion; oxygenation