title: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Antihypertensives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension remains a common condition in pediatric cardiac intensive care. The physiologic effects of hypertension in this population are complex and are impacted by patient age, comorbidities, and primary cardiac disease. The objective of this study is to review current pharmacotherapies for the management of systemic hypertension in the pediatric cardiac ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant literature to the treatment of systemic hypertension in children was included. Specific focus was given to literature studying the use of therapies in critically ill children and those with heart disease. Reference textbooks and drug packaging inserts were used for drug-specific pediatric guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database was performed to find literature about the management of hypertension in children. Metaanalyses and pediatric-specific studies were primarily considered and cross-referenced. Pertinent adult studies were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Once the studies for inclusion were finalized, priority for data extraction was given to pediatric-specific studies that focused on children with heart disease and critical illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic hypertension is common, and there is significant heterogeneity in the patient population with critical heart disease. There are limited large, prospective analyses of safety and efficacy for pediatric drug antihypertensive agents. Despite patient heterogeneity, most pharmacotherapies are safe and efficacious.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC. 2Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN. 3Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klugman
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents