title: Rapid Screening for Exposure to "Non-Target" Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Effluents by Combining HRMS-Based Suspect Screening and Exposure Modeling.
abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have raised considerable concern over the past decade due to their widespread detection in water resources and their potential to affect ecosystem health. This triggered many attempts to prioritize the large number of known APIs to target monitoring efforts and testing of fate and effects. However, so far, a comprehensive approach to screen for their presence in surface waters has been missing. Here, we explore a combination of an automated suspect screening approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and a model-based prioritization using consumption data, readily predictable fate properties and a generic mass balance model for activated sludge treatment to comprehensively detect APIs with relevant exposure in wastewater treatment plant effluents. The procedure afforded the detection of 27 APIs that had not been covered in our previous target method, which included 119 parent APIs. The newly detected APIs included seven compounds with a high potential for bioaccumulation and persistence, and also three compounds that were suspected to stem from point sources rather than from consumption as medicines. Analytical suspect screening proved to be more selective than model-based prioritization, making it the method of choice for focusing analytical method development or fate and effect testing on those APIs most relevant to the aquatic environment. However, we found that state-of-the-practice exposure modeling used to predict potential high-exposure substances can be a useful complement to point toward oversights and known or suspected detection gaps in the analytical method, most of which were related to insufficient ionization.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Annika E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wössner
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christa S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: McArdell
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fenner
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical