title: Improved prescription of taohechengqi-tang alleviates D-galactosamine acute liver failure in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of improved prescription of Taohechengqi-tang (IPTT) against acute liver failure (ALF) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy specific pathogen free male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (normal rats, n = 10), ALF group (ALF model, n = 20), Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) group (ALF model + SNMC, n = 20), and IPTT group (ALF model + IPTT, n = 20). The ALF model group was administered an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (1.4 g/kg), and the control group received normal saline intraperitoneally. The SNMC and IPTT groups were treated with SMMC (15.6 mg/kg) or IPTT (28.6 g/kg) by gavage at 24 h intervals, and the ALF and control groups were treated with normal saline. At 36 h after injection, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, and cholinesterase and prothrombin time were determined, and liver histopathological scores were observed by microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin staining. mRNA expression of high mobility group box (HMGB) 1, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-3 were analyzed via fluorescence quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry in liver tissue was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-galactosamine notably decreased the biochemical and coagulation profiles in serum. IPTT not only improved liver function and histopathology but also normalized the gene expression levels in liver tissue. Compared with the model group, in the IPTT and SNMC groups, HMGB1 mRNA/β-actin (0.06 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.04 vs 0.25 ± 0.04, P < 0.05); TLR4 mRNA/β-actin (0.07 ± 0.02, 0.22 ± 0.08 vs 0.41 ± 0.22, P < 0.05); NF-κB mRNA/β-actin (0.74 ± 0.41, 1.78 ± 0.64 vs 2.68 ± 1.35, P < 0.05); and caspase-3 mRNA/β-actin levels were all significantly reduced (1.61 ± 0.45, 2.57 ± 1.04 vs 3.41 ± 0.85, P < 0.05). The gene expression levels were significantly lower in the IPTT group than in the SNMC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the PCNA expression in liver tissue was significantly enhanced in the IPTT and SNMC groups (36.34 ± 4.91, 25.57 ± 2.94 vs 17.55 ± 2.40, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPTT attenuates inflammation in ALF via inhibition of HMGB1 production, which may contribute to limited liver regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Yang Zhang, Jian-Xing Luo, Xiao-Yu Hu, Sen Zhong, Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005688:Galactosamine; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C104200:Hbp1 protein, rat; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000613557:taohechengqi-tang; D005688:Galactosamine
keywords: Acute liver failure; High mobility group box 1; Inflammation; Taohechengqi-tang; Traditional Chinese medicine