title: Effect of low-intensity continuous training on lung function and cardiorespiratory fitness in both cigarette and hookah smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and lung function was higher in smokers. Training method could mitigate some of the negative consequences of smoking among smokers unable or unwilling to quit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of continuous training on lungs functional capability and cardiorespiratory fitness in smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen cigarette smokers, 14 hookah smokers, and 14 nonsmokers were assigned to low-intensity continuous training (20-30 minutes of running at 40% of maximum oxygen uptake (O2max)). Lung function and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters were determined using respectively spirometer and treadmill maximal exercise test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous training improved forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50 %) in all participants, smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). In contrast, forced vital capacity (FVC) improvement was significant only among cigarette smokers (CS) (+1.7±2.21%, p < 0.01) and hookah smokers (HS) (+1.3±1.7 %, p < 0.05). Likewise, an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness in both smokers groups without significant changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for CS group and in velocity at maximum oxygen uptake (vO2max) for HS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low-intensity continuous training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and reduces lung function decline in both cigarette and hookah smokers. It seems to be beneficial in the prevention programs of hypertension. It could have important implications in prevention and treatment programs in smokers unable or unwilling to quit.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Bizerte Sciences Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Carthage. Tunisia; Research Unit (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Abdessalem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koubaa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of cardio-circulatory, respiratory, and hormonal adaptations to muscular exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, University of Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Moez
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Triki
authors.affiliation: Research Unit (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hajer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trabelsi
authors.affiliation: Research Unit (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Liwa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masmoudi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Khaled N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Zeghal
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Zouhair
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sahnoun
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014416:Tunisia; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cigarette smokers; cardiorespiratory fitness; continuous training; hookah smokers; pulmonary function