title: High Prevalence and Putative Lineage Maintenance of Avian Coronaviruses in Scandinavian Waterfowl.
abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are found in a wide variety of wild and domestic animals, and constitute a risk for zoonotic and emerging infectious disease. In poultry, the genetic diversity, evolution, distribution and taxonomy of some coronaviruses have been well described, but little is known about the features of CoVs in wild birds. In this study we screened 764 samples from 22 avian species of the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes in Sweden collected in 2006/2007 for CoV, with an overall CoV prevalence of 18.7%, which is higher than many other wild bird surveys. The highest prevalence was found in the diving ducks--mainly Greater Scaup (Aythya marila; 51.5%)--and the dabbling duck Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos; 19.2%). Sequences from two of the Greater Scaup CoV fell into an infrequently detected lineage, shared only with a Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) CoV. Coronavirus sequences from Mallards in this study were highly similar to CoV sequences from the sample species and location in 2011, suggesting long-term maintenance in this population. A single Black-headed Gull represented the only positive sample from the order Charadriiformes. Globally, Anas species represent the largest fraction of avian CoV sequences, and there seems to be no host species, geographical or temporal structure. To better understand the eitiology, epidemiology and ecology of these viruses more systematic surveillance of wild birds and subsequent sequencing of detected CoV is imperative.
authors.affiliation: Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.affiliation: Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shaman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muradrasoli
authors.affiliation: Section for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Josef D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Järhult
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001717:Birds / Q000821:virology*; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000821:virology; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology; D005777:Geese / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases