title: Using Pre-Exercise Photobiomodulation Therapy Combining Super-Pulsed Lasers and Light-Emitting Diodes to Improve Performance in Progressive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skeletal muscle fatigue and exercise performance are novel areas of research and clinical application in the photobiomodulation field, and positive outcomes have been reported in several studies; however, the optimal measures have not been fully established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acute effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining superpulsed lasers (low-level laser therapy) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on muscle performance during a progressive cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty untrained male volunteers (age = 26.0 ± 6.0 years, height = 175.0 ± 10.0 cm, mass = 74.8 ± 10.9 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received PBMT with either combined superpulsed lasers and LED (active PBMT) or placebo at session 1 and the other treatment at session 2. All participants completed a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill after each treatment. For active PBMT, we performed the irradiation at 17 sites on each lower limb (9 on the quadriceps, 6 on the hamstrings, and 2 on the gastrocnemius muscles), using a cluster with 12 diodes (four 905-nm superpulsed laser diodes with an average power of 0.3125 mW, peak power of 12.5 W for each diode, and frequency of 250 Hz; four 875-nm infrared LED diodes with an average power of 17.5 mW; and four 640-nm red LED diodes with an average power of 15 mW) and delivering a dose of 30 J per site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distance covered, time until exhaustion, pulmonary ventilation, and dyspnea score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distance covered (1.96 ± 0.30 versus 1.84 ± 0.40 km, t19 = 2.119, P < .001) and time until exhaustion on the cardiopulmonary test (780.2 ± 91.0 versus 742.1 ± 94.0 seconds, t19 = 3.028, P < .001) was greater after active PBMT than after placebo. Pulmonary ventilation was greater (76.4 ± 21.9 versus 74.3 ± 19.8 L/min, t19 = 0.180, P = .004) and the score for dyspnea was lower (3.0 [interquartile range = 0.5-9.0] versus 4.0 [0.0-9.0], U = 184.000, P < .001) after active PBMT than after placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of lasers and LEDs increased the time, distance, and pulmonary ventilation and decreased the score of dyspnea during a cardiopulmonary test.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, and.
authors.forename: Eduardo Foschini
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Adriane Aver
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vanin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Shaiane Silva
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tomazoni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, and.
authors.forename: Vanessa dos Santos
authors.initials: Vdos S
authors.lastname: Grandinetti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, and.
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto Vicente
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: de Paiva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.
authors.forename: Caroline dos Santos Monteiro
authors.initials: Cdos S
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Kadma Karênina Damasceno Soares
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Heliodora Leão
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Casalechi
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Tarso
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, and.|Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise.|Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, and.|Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil;
authors.forename: Ernesto Cesar Pinto
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Leal-Junior
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: fatigue; light-emitting diode therapy; low-level laser therapy; progressive-intensity exercise