title: The γH2AX DNA damage assay from a drop of blood.
abstract: DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and blocked replication forks activate the DNA damage response (DDR), a signaling pathway marked by phosphorylation of histone 2AX (H2AX). The phosphorylated form, γH2AX, accumulates at the site of damage and can be detected as foci by immunocytochemistry. Therefore, γH2AX is a sensitive and robust biomarker of DNA damage, notably DSB. Cells from peripheral blood are often used for studies on genotoxic exposure of humans. They are limited, however, by the amount of blood required and the costly blood purification method. Here, we present a method that enables the detection of DNA damage by the analysis of γH2AX foci in a drop of blood. The blood drop method (BDM) is simple, fast, inexpensive and allows large series of blood sampling and storage over time. It can be combined with genotoxic treatment of cells in the collected blood sample for experimental purposes on DNA damage induction and repair. The BDM is suitable for rapid and large-scale screenings of genetic damage in human and animal populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heylmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaina
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D004249:DNA Damage; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones