title: Measurement of Outflow Facility Using iPerfusion.
abstract: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the predominant risk factor for glaucoma, and reducing IOP is the only successful strategy to prevent further glaucomatous vision loss. IOP is determined by the balance between the rates of aqueous humour secretion and outflow, and a pathological reduction in the hydraulic conductance of outflow, known as outflow facility, is responsible for IOP elevation in glaucoma. Mouse models are often used to investigate the mechanisms controlling outflow facility, but the diminutive size of the mouse eye makes measurement of outflow technically challenging. In this study, we present a new approach to measure and analyse outflow facility using iPerfusion™, which incorporates an actuated pressure reservoir, thermal flow sensor, differential pressure measurement and an automated computerised interface. In enucleated eyes from C57BL/6J mice, the flow-pressure relationship is highly non-linear and is well represented by an empirical power law model that describes the pressure dependence of outflow facility. At zero pressure, the measured flow is indistinguishable from zero, confirming the absence of any significant pressure independent flow in enucleated eyes. Comparison with the commonly used 2-parameter linear outflow model reveals that inappropriate application of a linear fit to a non-linear flow-pressure relationship introduces considerable errors in the estimation of outflow facility and leads to the false impression of pressure-independent outflow. Data from a population of enucleated eyes from C57BL/6J mice show that outflow facility is best described by a lognormal distribution, with 6-fold variability between individuals, but with relatively tight correlation of facility between fellow eyes. iPerfusion represents a platform technology to accurately and robustly characterise the flow-pressure relationship in enucleated mouse eyes for the purpose of glaucoma research and with minor modifications, may be applied in vivo to mice, as well as to eyes from other species or different biofluidic systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reina-Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jacques A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Barnaby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Darryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Overby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*