title: The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus removes and transforms Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins during fermentation of brewer's wort.
abstract: An investigation was conducted to determine the fate of deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin, during a four-day fermentation with the lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus. The influence of excessive mycotoxin concentrations on yeast growth, productivity and viability were also assessed. Mycotoxins were dosed at varying concentrations to 11.5° Plato wort. Analysis of yeast revealed that presence of the toxins even at concentrations up to 10,000 μg/L had little or no effect on sugar utilisation, alcohol production, pH, yeast growth or cell viability. Of the dosed toxin amounts 9-34% were removed by the end of fermentation, due to physical binding and/or biotransformation by yeast. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was not reverted to its toxic precursor during fermentation. Processing of full-scan liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) data with MetaboLynx and subsequent LC-QTOF-MS/MS measurements resulted in annotation of several putative metabolites. De(acetylation), glucosylation and sulfonation were the main metabolic pathways activated.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: alexis.nathanail@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Alexis V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nathanail
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes), Opastinsilta 12 B, FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Velimatti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ollilainen
authors.affiliation: Product Safety Unit, Control Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jestoi
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laitila
mesh_terms: D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005285:Fermentation; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D014255:Trichothecenes; C542050:deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C007262:deoxynivalenol; C012351:HT-2 toxin
keywords: Beer; Biotransformation; Deoxynivalenol (PubChem CID: 40024); Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (PubChem CID: 71312510); HT-2 toxin (PubChem CID: 10093830); Liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry; Metabolic fate; Modified mycotoxins; T-2 toxin (PubChem CID: 11969549)