title: Hostile attitudes and effortful coping in young adulthood predict cognition 25 years later.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the relation of early-life (mean age 25 years) and mid-life (mean age 50 years) cognitive function to early measures of hostile attitudes and effortful coping.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 3,126 black and white men and women (born in 1955-1968) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), we used linear regression to examine the association of hostile attitudes (Cook-Medley questionnaire) and effortful coping assessed at baseline (1985-1986) to cognitive ability measured in 1987 and to a composite cognitive Z score of tests of verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function ascertained in midlife (2010-2011).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline hostility and effortful coping were prospectively associated with lower cognitive function 25 years later, controlling for age, sex, race, education, long-term exposure to depression, discrimination, negative life events, and baseline cognitive ability. Compared to the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of hostility performed 0.21 SD units lower (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.39, -0.02). Those in the highest quartile of effortful coping performed 0.30 SD units lower (95% CI -0.48, -0.12) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Further adjustment for cumulative exposure to cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the association with the cognitive composite Z score for hostility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worse cognition in midlife was independently associated with 2 psychological characteristics measured in young adulthood. This suggests that interventions that promote positive social interactions may have a role in reducing risk of late-age cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Whitmer
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Virginia G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Wadley
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco. launerl@nia.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult