title: Decreased IL-10(+) regulatory B cells (Bregs) in lupus nephritis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by B cell-dependent autoantibody production. Recently, a new B-cell subset was discovered that has a regulatory capacity. The aim of this study was to analyse regulatory B cells (Bregs) in SLE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) of 34 SLE patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE and 21 healthy controls (HC) were included. PBMCs were stained for CD19, CD24, and CD38 and analysed by flow cytometry. In vitro stimulated PBMCs with CpG and restimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin were investigated for IL-10(+) Bregs .
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of circulating CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) cells in HC were not different those in from SLE patients. The percentages of IL-10(+) Bregs were significantly decreased in SLE patients, in particular those with lupus nephritis (LN), compared to HC. The proportion was independent of disease activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate a decrease in IL-10-producing B cells in LN patients compared to HC, reflecting an impaired regulatory function.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: b Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoerning
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tebbe
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kribben
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nephrology , University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Witzke
authors.affiliation: c Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital Essen, University-Duisburg Essen , Essen , Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dolff
mesh_terms: D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000276:immunology; D060151:B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051927:CD24 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D061207:Calcium Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018941:Antigens, CD19; C000604811:CD19 molecule, human; D051927:CD24 Antigen; C497889:CD24 protein, human; D061207:Calcium Ionophores; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015759:Ionomycin; C016658:phorbolol myristate acetate; C498154:CD38 protein, human; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate