title: Cross-border firing and injury patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-border firing are increasingly being common in the modern era. The injuries resulting from these low intensity conflicts are a source of anxiety among treating physicians and their respective governments. The provisions are required to minimise the suffering of the victims viz. Mode of injuries, mortality patterns, adequacy of treatment at pre-hospital and tertiary care hospital and provisions to decrease morbidity and mortality for the people living in these areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted in GMCH, Jammu who suffered injuries due to cross border firing in the month of October, 2014. 68 patients were reported in the causality wing. All the patients were referred from level 2 trauma centre. There were 51 males and 17 females out of which 5 were children. The cause of injury, involvement of organ system, cause of mortality and morbidity and loopholes in prehospital management were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sharpnel were the most common cause of injury followed by indirect trauma. The common cause of mortality was abdominal and thoracic injuries. There were 4 deaths at hospital 2 of which were brought dead and 2 died during the course of treatment. There were twenty patients with extremity injuries, fourteen with chest trauma, eleven with abdomen including parineal injuries, three with head injuries, eight with ENT injuries, three with eye injuries and nine with splinters in the back out of which two were in the spinal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prehospital stabilisation, early transport, in-transit resuscitation, immediate surgery if required and implementation of triage model and ATLS protocol has been the key to reduce mortality and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Nital
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Shafiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hackla
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Virendar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Satvir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
keywords: Cross-border firing; field triage; in-transit stabilization; splinters