title: The effects of urban particulate matter on the nasal epithelium by gender: An experimental study in mice.
abstract: Nose is the first portion of the respiratory system into contact with air pollution particles, including organic compounds that could act as endocrine releasers. The objective was to identify and quantify estrogenic receptor-β (ERβ), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, and mucus profile in the nasal epithelium of mice. BALB/c mice male (n = 32) and female (n = 82) in proestrus, estrus and diestrus were divided into two groups: 1) exposed to ambient air; 2) concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) to achieve an accumulated dose (concentration vs. time product) of 600 μg/m(3), the time of the exposure was controlled to ensure the same concentration for all groups (5 days per week for 40-51 days). RT-PCR (Erβ-1, Erβ-2, Ahr, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1), immunohistochemistry and morphometry (ERβ, AhR) were used to analyze. The mucus profiles were examined using acid (Alcian Blue) and neutral (periodic acid Schiff's) stains. Exposed females had significantly lower levels of Erβ-2 mRNA than exposed males (p = 0.036). Cyp1b1 mRNA in diestrus females was significantly lower in the CAP-exposed group compared with the ambient air group (p ≤ 0.05). ERβ expression in the epithelium and submucosa nucleus was lower in estrus exposed to CAPs compared with ambient air. CAPs increases AhR in the epithelium (p = 0.044) and submucosa (p = 0.001) nucleus of female when compared with male mice. Exposure to CAPs, also led to relatively increased acidic content in the mucus of males (p = 0.048), but decreased acidic content in that of females (p = 0.04). This study revealed sex-dependent responses to air pollution in the nasal epithelium that may partially explain the predisposition of females to airway respiratory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: kellyyos@usp.br.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuziwara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T M N
authors.initials: TMN
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Surgery Division, Department of Cardiopneumology, InCor, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Amato-Lourenco
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo; National Institutes of Science and Technology (INCT), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departament of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brentani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P H N
authors.initials: PHN
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM05 - School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macchione
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution; D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585498:Cyp1b1 protein, mouse; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1
keywords: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR); Cytochrome P450 enzymes; Estrogen receptor; Hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatic; Nasal epithelium