title: Cardiomyocyte generation from somatic sources - current status and future directions.
abstract: Transdifferentiation of one cell type to another has garnered significant research efforts in recent years. As cardiomyocyte loss following myocardial infarction becomes debilitating for cardiac patients, the option of an autologous source of cardiomyocytes not derived from multi/pluripotent stem cell sources is an attractive option. Such direct programming has been clearly realized with the use of transcription factors, microRNAs and more recently small molecule delivery to enhance epigenetic modifications, all albeit with low efficiencies in vitro. In this review, we aim to present a brief overview of the current in vitro and in vivo transdifferentiation strategies in the generation of cardiomyocytes from somatic sources. The interdisciplinary fields of tissue, cell, material and regenerative engineering offer many opportunities to synergistically achieve directly programmed cardiac tissue in vitro and enhance transdifferentiation in vivo. This review aims to present a concise outlook on this topic with these fields in mind.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Monaghan
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holeiter
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Layland
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: katja.schenke-layland@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schenke-Layland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D014157:Transcription Factors