title: Investigational drugs for bladder pain syndrome (BPS) / interstitial cystitis (IC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) is associated with sensory lower urinary tract symptoms. Unfortunately, many of the existing oral treatments are ineffective in most patients of BPS/IC, which is the motivation for developing new drugs and therapeutic approaches. This review covers the latest drugs that have been investigated in BPS/IC patients. Intravesical treatments offer the opportunity to directly target the painful bladder with less systemic side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors analyze the existing literature supporting the treatment of BPS/IC with conventional drugs including heparin, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, investigational drugs such as tanezumab and adalimumab, capable of sequestering nerve growth factor (NGF), and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) are discussed. Investigational treatments such as liposomes, botulinum toxin (BTX), liposomal BTX, PD-0299685 (a Ca(2+) channel ɑ2δ ligand), continuous intravesical lidocaine, and AQX-1125 (a novel SHIP1 activating compound) are also covered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New investigational drugs offer promising improvements in clinical outcomes for BPS/IC patients; however, BPS/IC is a chronic pain disorder that is very vulnerable to a strong placebo effect. In addition, BPS/IC is a heterogeneous disorder that can be classified into several phenotypes. Since different phenotypes of BPS/IC respond differently to systemic and intravesical treatments, the authors believe that new drugs developed for BPS/IC are more likely to meet their predetermined clinical endpoints if the inclusion/exclusion criterion is tailored to specific phenotype of BPS/IC patients.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.|b Institute of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: c Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chermansky
authors.affiliation: c Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.affiliation: c Department of Urology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyagi
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000818:Animals; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015507:Drugs, Investigational
keywords: Bladder pain syndrome; botulinum toxin; interstitial cystitis; intravesical therapy; liposome