title: Change in parent-child conflict and the HPA-axis: Where should we be looking and for how long?
abstract: Salivary cortisol is increasingly used as a longitudinal indicator of change in neuroendocrine regulation and as a predictor of health outcomes in youth. The purpose of this study was to describe which indices of HPA-axis functioning are sensitive to changes in parent-child conflict over a three week period and to explore the time course under which these changes can be measured.
  
  
  
  Youth (n=47; ages 8-13) completed daily diaries of their conflict with parents for 56 days. On days 17-18 and 38-39, youth contributed saliva samples upon waking, 30-minutes post-waking, afternoon, and bedtime. We assessed change in average diurnal HPA-axis functioning between day 17-18 and day 38-39 as a function of the slopes of change in parent-child conflict over 3 weeks.
  
  
  
  Increasing parent-child conflict was positively associated with concurrent increases in total cortisol output (AUCg), flattening of the diurnal slope, and increases in cortisol at bedtime, but not with change in the cortisol awakening response (CAR). Further, associations between parent-child conflict and both AUCg and bedtime cortisol were observed with at least 14 days of daily diary reporting, whereas any additional ratings of conflict beyond 3 days of daily diaries did not improve model fit for changes in diurnal slope.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates the within-subject up-regulation of the HPA-axis across three weeks in a healthy sample of youth exposed to natural increases in family conflict. In particular, cortisol at bedtime may be the HPA-axis index that is most sensitive to change over time in parent-child conflict, above and beyond conflict occurring that day. Further, when testing associations between family stressors and diurnal cortisol, the optimal schedule for assessing parent-child conflict varies for different indices of HPA-axis functioning.
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Franz Hall 502, Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: krkuhlman@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Kate R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kuhlman
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Franz Hall 502, Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Rena L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Repetti
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Bridget M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Franz Hall 502, Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Theodore F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Robles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D054541:Family Conflict; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Daily diary; Diurnal cortisol; Family conflict; HPA-axis