title: Bacteria-host relationship: ubiquitin ligases as weapons of invasion.
abstract: Eukaryotic cells utilize the ubiquitin (Ub) system for maintaining a balanced functioning of cellular pathways. Although the Ub system is exclusive to eukaryotes, prokaryotic bacteria have developed an armory of Ub ligase enzymes that are capable of employing the Ub systems of various hosts, ranging from plant to animal cells. These enzymes have been acquired through the evolution and can be classified into three main classes, RING (really interesting new gene), HECT (homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus) and NEL (novel E3 ligases). In this review we describe the roles played by different classes of bacterial Ub ligases in infection and pathogenicity. We also provide an overview of the different mechanisms by which bacteria mimic specific components of the host Ub system and outline the gaps in our current understanding of their functions. Additionally, we discuss approaches and experimental tools for validating this class of enzymes as potential novel antibacterial therapy targets.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Timurs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maculins
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Evgenij
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiskin
authors.affiliation: Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhogaraju
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dikic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D025801:Ubiquitin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases