title: Therapies in early development for the treatment of urinary tract inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract inflammation is a very common clinical condition. It is caused by several pathogens and antibiotic treatment is the mainstay of therapy. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and high recurrence rates represent a challenge. Consequently, there is an unmet need for new therapeutic options.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors discuss the rationale of emerging management strategies and current experimentation. Furthermore, they focus on both acute and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and examine a range of therapeutics, including new antibiotics, vaccines, mannosides, hyaluronic acid, probiotics, immunomodulant agents and novel compounds derived from nanotechnology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Basic science studies have elucidated the pathogenesis of UTIs and built up the ground for the development of new therapies. Evidence is mainly derived from animal studies on murine models of bacterial cystitis. However, clinical trials are scanty and cannot provide us with robust evidence. Hetereogeneity and virulence of uropathogens pose a threat that scientists and clinicians are struggling to overcome.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urogynaecology , Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital , Norwich , UK.
authors.forename: Martino Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zacchè
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urogynaecology , Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital , Norwich , UK.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giarenis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D036103:Nanotechnology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014612:Vaccines; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: Early development; novel treatments; urinary tract inflammation; uropathogens