title: Codeine-spiked beer in a date rape case?
abstract: A case of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault, involving codeine and acetaminophen, possibly mixed in beer, was recently addressed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. To examine the case, a small study was performed, spiking beer with preparations containing codeine and acetaminophen and observing the concentrations, appearance, and taste of the solutions. The study revealed the majority of the preparations to be quickly soluble in beer, achieving high concentrations, but at the expense of strong taste and drastic visible changes in the beer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway. stinemarie.havig@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Stine Marie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-2246
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Havig
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiik
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karinen
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gerd Wenche
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Brochmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vevelstad
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000032:analysis; D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D003116:Color; D003415:Crime; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011902:Rape; D012995:Solubility; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009294:Narcotics; D000082:Acetaminophen; D003061:Codeine
keywords: Codeine; Date rape drug; Drug-facilitated sexual assault; Solubility; Spiking