title: Oral Contraceptive Use and Prevalence of Self-Reported Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glaucoma prevalence in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3406 female participants, aged 40 years or older, from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, who reported a presence or absence of glaucoma or ocular hypertension completed both the vision and the reproductive health questionnaires and underwent eye examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between OC use and self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension (n = 231 cases), controlling for potential confounders, including age, ethnicity, systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and stroke, ocular diseases such as cataract and diabetic retinopathy, and reproductive health factors, including age at menopause, age at menarche, history of hormone replacement therapy, and gynecological surgical history.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome variable was self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for confounders, those with ≥3 years of OC use had greater odds (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.07) of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Other factors associated with higher glaucoma or ocular hypertension prevalence included older age, African American race, and later age at menarche.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral contraceptive use may be associated with increased risk of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Ye Elaine
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kakigi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porco
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Kellogg Eye Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Third Hospital of Nanchang University Medical School, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China P.R.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Kuldev
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Glaucoma Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: lins@vision.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Shan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche; D008593:Menopause; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral