title: Salt intake and iodine status of women in Samoa.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine iodine nutrition status and whether iodine status differs across salt intake levels among a sample of women aged 18-45 years living in Samoa. A cross-sectional survey was completed and 24-hr urine samples were collected and assessed for iodine (n=152) and salt excretion (n=119). The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among the women was 88 μg/L (Interquartile range (IQR)=54-121 μg/L). 62% of the women had a UIC <100 μg/L. The crude estimated mean 24-hr urinary salt excretion was 6.6 (standard deviation 3.2) g/day. More than two-thirds (66%) of the women exceeded the World Health Organization recommended maximum level of 5 g/day. No association was found between median UIC and salt excretion (81 μg/L iodine where urinary salt excretion >=5 g/day versus 76 μg/L where urinary salt excretion <5 g/day; p=0.4). Iodine nutrition appears to be insufficient in this population and may be indicative of iodine deficiency disorders in Samoan women. A collaborative approach in monitoring iodine status and salt intake will strengthen both programs and greatly inform the level of iodine fortification required to ensure optimal iodine intake as population salt reduction programs take effect.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia. Email: maland@georgeinstitute.org.au; maryanne_land@hotmail.com.|School of Medicine, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mary-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Land
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia.|School of Medicine, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqui L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbell town, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: The School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Samoa, Apia, Samoa.
authors.forename: Sarah Asi Faletoese
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Su'a
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Samoa, Apia, Samoa.
authors.forename: Merina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ieremia
authors.affiliation: Medical Specialist Clinic and Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa National Health Service Samoa, Apia, Samoa.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viali
authors.affiliation: University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faeamani
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: A Colin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: The School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quested
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia.|School of Medicine, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.affiliation: International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders-Global Network, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Creswell J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Eastman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018947:Samoa; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D007455:Iodine