title: Expanding access to HIV testing and counseling and exploring vulnerabilities among spouses of HIV-positive men who inject drugs in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the utility of home and community-based HIV testing and counseling (HTC) to increase detection of undiagnosed HIV among female spouses and children of HIV-positive PWID in Punjab province, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2014 and March 2015, home-based HTC was provided by a local NGO to spouses of HIV-positive PWID in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Sargodha. Convenience sampling was used to identify 2400 married, HIV-positive men who inject drugs and who were currently registered and receiving harm reduction services from the NGO 'Roshan Rasta' and seek consent to approach their wives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained outreach teams conducted HTC and administered a short sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaire to consenting spouses in their homes. HIV-exposed children were also tested with parental consent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  of the 2400 married HIV positive male-injecting drug users, only 1959 spouses were approached and 1896 agreed to HTC (96.8%). HIV prevalence was 5.3% (n = 101) among spouses and they had very low level of HIV-related knowledge and protective behaviors
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Home and community-based HTC was effective in identifying undiagnosed HIV among spouses of PWID, the majority of whom reported low rates of prior HIV testing and low HIV-related knowledge. Expansion of HIV prevention services and linkages to treatment and care including PMTCT are urgently needed for this group.
authors.affiliation: aPunjab AIDS Control Program, Department of Health, Government of Punjab, Lahore bRoshan Rasta, Lahore cHealth Section, UNICEF Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan dHIV and AIDS Section, UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Mohammad Faisal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: Ahmad Bakhsh
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Awaan
authors.forename: Humayun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarfraz
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veronese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases; D018454:Spouses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult