title: Radiative transfer equation modeling by streamline diffusion modified continuous Galerkin method.
abstract: Optical tomography has a wide range of biomedical applications. Accurate prediction of photon transport in media is critical, as it directly affects the accuracy of the reconstructions. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) is the most accurate deterministic forward model, yet it has not been widely employed in practice due to the challenges in robust and efficient numerical implementations in high dimensions. Herein, we propose a method that combines the discrete ordinate method (DOM) with a streamline diffusion modified continuous Galerkin method to numerically solve RTE. Additionally, a phase function normalization technique was employed to dramatically reduce the instability of the DOM with fewer discrete angular points. To illustrate the accuracy and robustness of our method, the computed solutions to RTE were compared with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations when two types of sources (ideal pencil beam and Gaussian beam) and multiple optical properties were tested. Results show that with standard optical properties of human tissue, photon densities obtained using RTE are, on average, around 5% of those predicted by MC simulations in the entire/deeper region. These results suggest that this implementation of the finite element method-RTE is an accurate forward model for optical tomography in human tissues.
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States.
authors.forename: Feixiao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Mathematical Science, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States.
authors.forename: Fengyan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Intes
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States.
authors.forename: Shiva P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kotha
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000379:methods*